Jaina Rock Cut Caves in Western India

Author(s): Viraj Shah
Publisher: Agam Kala Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/011021/1

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN
WESTERN INDIA
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAHARASHTRA
Vol. II
VIRAJ SHAH
AGAM
AGAM KALA PRAKASHAN
DELHI-110052

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First Published : 2008
Viraj Shah (1973)
ISBN : 978-81-7320-078-6
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ol transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the Author and Publisher.
Published by : Dr. Agam Prasad, M.A, Ph.D., Diploma in Museology for Agam Kala Prakashan 34, Central Market, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052 Ph. : 27212195, 65688806-7 • Fax : 27212195
Laser Typesetting by : Elegant Printographics 319. Ird Floor, R.G. Complex-I, Sector-14, Rohini, Delhi-85.
Printed at : Chawla Offset Delhi - 110052
Printed in INDIA

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To
Nani, my late grandmother, whose zest for life
was
unparallel

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PREFACE
It was at Ellora, the only site with well-known Jaina caves in Maharashtra, that I first visited a Jaina cave. These similar-looking caves with rows and rows of meditating figures of Jinas, repetitive themes of Parsvanatha-Bahubali and same pair of yaksa-yaksi, appeared very monotonous, especially after the vibrant, varied Brahmanical iconography with massive, almost life-like sculptures and exquisite Kailasa monolith. But even within this apparent monotony, the large hall of Indra Sabha with beautiful purnaghata carrying pillars, completely relieved pilasters in the shrine doorway and large, almost polished icons of Sarvanubhuti-Ambika made an impression that convinced me that it was not the 'degeneration' of art as most scholars had assumed, but rather the nature of the ascetic sect that had produced such iconographic programme and icons with seemingly 'similar expressions. Eventually I tried to learn more about other Jaina caves of the region and realised that the material was very scanty and scattered. Most scholars were not even aware of the existence of these caves. Thus, began the present study, initially aimed at brining these caves into light by recording them in detail and tentatively fixing the chronology. As I started visiting these sites, I began to see them in their historical setting, occupying specific space in the surrounding landscape, both physical as well as cultural. And the study of historical development of each 'site' and Jainism in the region became imperative.
This work was submitted in 2001 to Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute, Pune, as a dissertation towards obtaining Ph.D. degree. Since then I have updated some data with recently published material. A lot of description of the original thesis has been edited and presented here in tabular form to make it more reader-friendly. But since documenting these neglected caves is one of the major thrusts of the present study, some description, though tedious, has become inevitable. This rather drab description is illustrated with a large number of line drawings of almost all architectural components and costume-ornament details of icons and numerous photographs. The glossary, drawn from the Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, published by American Institute of Indian Studies, includes only the architectural terms that have been used in the text and other more commonly used terms have been excluded. Similarly, individual names, place names and some of the familiar terms are not italicized to avoid cluttering the text.
Only the previously reported sites have been studied and no claim is made here to have explored the entire region. Further explorations may bring into light hitherto unknown Jaina caves. Though all these caves had been recorded briefly, locating some of these sites proved to be difficult, as most have been forgotten even by the local people. For the conven

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Vill
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
ience of those interested in visiting these sites, local names of the caves and bearings of exact locations are given in as much details as possible.
The experiences during innumerable field visits to these sites have been varied. While most caves lay neglected and in ruins, it has been interesting to see how more and more such old sites are being taken over by Jainas and how their attempts to 'develop' these caves, which include tiling the floors, painting the icons, whitewashing the walls and of course, building temples and dharmashalas at the base of the hill, have changed entire face of not only these caves, but also the surrounding village. With such drastic changes made to an ancient site and recognising the right of a community over its religious place, it is hoped that at least a proper study would be allowed before our rich heritage and past is lost forever.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of individuals and institutes have extended their support and help in different ways to make this work possible. Foremost among them is my research supervisor, Prof. Gouri Lad, whose constant guidance, support and inspiration till date has made this research possible. I express my sincere gratitude to her. I owe my academic career to Deccan College, an institution where I learnt my first lessons in archaeology and which gave me a rigorous training in academics. I am grateful to Prof. Paddayya, the Director of Deccan College, for availing me the facilities of the institute and extending support throughout. I thank all my teachers at Deccan College for teaching me nuances of archaeology.
Time and again, Dr. G. B. Deglurkar, Dr. A. P. Jamkhedkar and Prof. M. S. Mate have spared their valuable time to discuss with me various aspects of this work and have extended their guidance and suggestions. To them, I am most grateful. My sincere gratitude to Prof. S. Settar for his constructive comments and suggestions. It was at the workshop of Prof. Spink at Ajanta that I learnt different ways to 'see' caves. I will always remain thankful to him for teaching me intricacies of cave architecture.
This research was initially funded by fellowships provided by Mr. C. N. Sanghavi, Mumbai, Mr. Sardarmalla Kankaria, Kolkata and Justice K. T. Telang Fellowship of Asiatic Society of Bombay, Mumbai. The major part of the research was funded by the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) of Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), Delhi. I sincerely thank all the institutes, especially ICHR, for their financial support.
The library staff of Deccan College has been more than helpful in locating all sorts of journals and books and also making a few books available. I thank them all, especially, the librarian, Ms Tripti More and also Ms Urmila Jagtap, Mr. Kute and Mr. Survase. I am very thankful to the librarians of Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Pune, Heras Institute; Mumbai, Asiatic Society of Bombay; Mumbai and Shivaji University; Kolhapur for availing me the facilities of these libraries.
I am thankful to the authorities at Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule and Nasik Regional Museum, Nasik for permitting me to take photographs in these museums. I also extend my sincere thanks to the Jaina organisation at Mangi-Tungi, Nasik for allowing me to take photographs at the site. To all those unknown villagers, who extended their warm hospitality and help during fieldtrips to these sites, I am most grateful.

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X
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
This work would not have been completed without the help, support and affection of all my friends. My deepest gratitude to Geeta Jain for everything she has done for me. I am very grateful to my friends Sangeeta, Sharmi, Vaishali, Vasundhara and Nilesh for their invaluable help during fieldwork and for standing by me. Vaishali and I have had some of the most memorable experiences during our common fieldtrips and I appreciate her help and support. Sukanya, Rhea and Kurush have always been there for me. This work has immensely benefited from the discussions I have had with Sharmi. I thank her for her suggestions and for believing in me.
Two special friends, Drs. S. K. Aruni and Richa Jhaldiyal, have been most supportive throughout. I am very grateful to both of them for their encouragement, guidance and help in all possible ways. Another friend, who deserves special mention, is Dr. Alok Kanungo. If it had not been for his constant reminders and encouragement, almost amounting to harassment through series of text messages, e-mails and phone calls, I would have never got around editing my thesis and publishing it. I sincerely thank him for his support and help. To Dr. Shahida Ansari, I owe moments of laughter and fun. Dr. Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee and Dr. Sushma Deo have remained close friends, confidantes and great support. With Aditi and Shubhangi, I have shared some of the best moments of my life. I appreciate and cherish their love and friendship.
My family has been the source of inspiration for me. I am immensely grateful to my sister, Fora, who accompanied me to most of my fieldtrips and did all the line drawings at the site. Without her love and help, this work would not have been possible. My parents have stood by all my decisions and have always encouraged me to do what I like and not just tread the conventional path. It has only been their love, support and encouragement that has helped me go through all situations and pursue an unconventional career against all odds From my late grandmother I learnt the rich tradition of folk songs, riddles and stories Unfortunately, she did not survive to see this publication. But I cherish her love and memory To her, I dedicate this work.
I am thankful to the publisher, Dr. Agam Prasad and his efficient staff for bringing out the book in such a short time.
Lastly, I am indebted to all the scholars on whose research this work has been based. Any mistakes that might have cropped up in this work are entirely mine.

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Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
:
:
Figure 5
:
Figure 6
:
:
Figure 7 Figure 8
:
Figure 9:
Figure 10:
Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13:
Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20:
Figure 21:
Figure 22:
Figure 23: Figure 24:
Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29:
Physical Features of Maharashtra
Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra Ground Plan of Cave II at Dharashiva Pillars in Cave II at Dharashiva
Ground Plan of Cave III at Dharashiva Pillars & Hall Doorway of Cave III
Ground Plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva
Ground Plan, Pillars and Shrine Doorway of Cave at Ambejogai Ground Plan of Cave at Kharosa
Pillars at Ellora Pillars at Ellora Pillars at Ellora Pillars at Ellora
Doorways at Ellora
Ground Plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-JI & J2 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora
Ground Plan of J5, J6 and Lower Storey of Indra Sabha
Costume and Jewellery-J6 at Ellora
Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J11 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J12 at Ellora
List of Figures
Costume and Jewellery-J13, J15 & J16 at Ellora
Costume and Jewellery-J14 at Ellora
Costume and Jewellery-J17 at Ellora
Ground Plan of J14, J16 and Upper Storey of Indra Sabha Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora

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xii
Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33: Figure 34:
Figure 35 Figure 36:
Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39 Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42 Figure 43:
Figure 44: Figure 45:
Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48: Figure 49
Figure 50
Figure 51
Figure 52
Figure 53: Figure 54
Figure 55 Figure 56:
Figure 57
Figure 58 Figure 59:
Figure 60
Figure 61: Figure 62: Figure 63
Figure 64 Figure 65:
Figure 66: Figure 67
Figure 68 Figure 69
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora
Placement of Paintings in J18, J19 and J20 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J19A & J19 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J20A & J20 at Ellora Ground Plan of Upper Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Costume and Jewellery-J21 at Ellora
Placement of Paintings in J21 at Ellora
Ground Plan of Lower Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Costume and Jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J23 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J24 at Ellora Costume and Jewellery-J26 at Ellora Ground Plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi Ground Plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi Ground Plan of Cave at Pandu Lena Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave at Patne
Ground Plan of Cave I & II at Chambhar Lena Ground Plan of Cave at Anjaneri
Hall Doorway and Ceiling of Cave at Anjaneri
Ground Plan & Hall Doorway of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai
Pillars & Plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai
Gound Plan, Hall Doorway & Plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai
Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai
Ground Plan, Plinth & Hall Ceiling of Cave III at Ankai-Tankai Pillars in Cave III at Ankai-Tankai
Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IV
Ground Plan and Pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai
Ground Plan, Plinth and Pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai
Ground Plan and Pillars of Cave VII
Ground Plan and Hall Doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai
Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IX and Ground Plan of Cave X at AnkaiTankai
Ground Plan, Pillar, Pilaster, Facade and Plinth of the Cave at Tringalwadi Verandah Ceiling of Cave at Tringalwadi
Ground Plan of Cave at Vase
Plinth, Hall Doorway & Pillar of Cave at Vase
Ground Plan, Kaksasanas, shrine doorway and pillar at Daulatabad
Ground Plan of Cave at Junnar
Ground Plan of Cave at Bhamer
Ground Plan of Cave at Chandor Ground Plan of Cave I at Mohida

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List of Figures
Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72: Figure 73: Figure 74 Figure 75 Figure 76: Figure 77
Ground Plan of Cave II at Mohida
Ground Plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora Site Plan of Caves on Mangi-Tungi Peaks Ground Plan of C and I on Mangi Peak Ground Plan of G on Mangi Peak
Ground Plan and Pillar of J on Mangi Peak
xiii
Ground Plan of Caves on Tungi Peak
Chart Showing Approximate Dates and Chronological Sequence of the Jaina Caves

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List of Plates
Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24
: Caves on the norther side of the ravine, Dharashiva : Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva : Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva : Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva : Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva : Gana figures on the plinth, Cave II, Dharashiva : Right end of verandah and traces of passage, Cave II, Dharashiva : Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva : Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva : Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva : Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva : Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva
Cave at Ambejogai : Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai : Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai : Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main excavation, Ambejogai : Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave, Ambejogai : Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora : J3-Small cave in the courtyard of Chhota Kailasa, Ellora : J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora : Indrasabha or Cave XXXII, Ellora : J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the upper storey of Indrasabha,
Ellora : J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J21 and J23-Jagganathasabha, Ellora
Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27

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List of Plates
Plate 28
Plate 29 Plate 30
:
:
Plate 31
Plate 32:
Plate 33
Plate 34:
Plate 35:
Plate 36
:
Plate 37: Plate 38: Plate 39: Plate 40 : Plate 41 Plate 42 Plate 43
:
:
Plate 44
Plate 63
Plate 64
:
Plate 45
Plate 46
Plate 47
Plate 48
Sarasvati flanking the shrine doorway-J13, Ellora
Plate 49 Plate 50
Sarasvati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora
Plate 51
Plate 52 : Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 53 Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora Plate 54 : Shrine in sukanasa on the roof of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 55 : Plate 56 :
Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 57 :
Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 58
:
Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora
Plate 59
:
Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora
Plate 60
Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora
Plate 61 :
Exterior of J18, Ellora
Plate 62
:
Hall of J18, Ellora
:
:
:
:
:
:
J26, Ellora
Parapet wall with vimana models, J18-Ellora Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora Elephants on the mattavarana-J10, Ellora Pillar in J24, Ellora
:
Plate 65 :
Plate 66
Plate 67 Plate 68 :
Auspicious dreams above the doorway-J20, Ellora Makara torana in front of the shrine doorway-J26, Ellora Jina figures and Ambika on the back wall of J21, Ellora Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall of J21, Ellora Jina figures on the sidewall of hall-J18, Ellora Shrine image of J21, Ellora
Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end-J18, Ellora' Ambika in the verandah end-J18, Ellora
Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J6, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora
Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora
Chakresvari in gopura of Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora
Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora
Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18, Ellora Paintings on the sidewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora
Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19, Ellora
Painting on the stone beam between pillars of hall-J19, Ellora
Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora
XV

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Plate 69 : Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 70 : Painted panel of Bahubali on the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Plate 72 : Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Plate 73 : Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 74 : Painting on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 75 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 76 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 77 : Sarvasarana on hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 78 : Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 79 : Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 80 : Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora Plate 81 : Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora Plate 82 : Jina with devotees and inscription below-J25, Ellora Plate 83 : Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave XVI, Ellora Plate 84 : Mangi-Tungi hills, Nasik district Plate 85 : Lower caves, Mangi hill Plate 86 : Jina and Chakresvari, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 87 : Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 88 : Sarvanubhuti, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 89 : Ambika, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 90 : Penance of Bahubali, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 91 : Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 92 : Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 93 : Goddess, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 94 : Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 95 : Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena Plate 96 : Ambika and Sarvanubhuti on the sidewall, Pandu Lena Plate 97 : Jaina cave, Patne Plate 98 : Icons on rough pillars, Patne Plate 99 : Niches in the sidewall, Patne Plate 100: Ambika, Patne Plate 101 : Seated Jina on backwall, Patne Plate 102 : Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 103 : Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 104 : Colossal of Parsvanatha, Cave III, Chambhar Lena Plate 105 ; Jaina cave, Anjaneri Plate 106 : Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 107 : Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri Plate 108: Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

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List of Plates
хиї
Plate 109: Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 110 : Ankai-Tankai hills Plate 111 : Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 113: Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 114 : Ganesa as child seated on lap of Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 115 ; Cave III, Ankai-Tankai Plate 116: Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 117 : Female deities on stambha sakha of hall doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 118: Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai Plate 119; Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V, Ankai-Tankai Plate 120: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top, Ankai-Tankai Plate 121 : Plinth, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 122 : Shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 123 : Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 124 : Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai Plate 125 : Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai Plate 126; Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi Plate 127 : Figures on the verandah ceiling, Tringalwadi Plate 128: Hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 129 : Dharanendra on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 130 : Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 131 : Cave at Vase Plate 132 : Plinth, Vase Plate 133 : Structural pillar in the verandah, Vase Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of hall, Vase Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot in the fort at Daulatabad Plate 136: Kaksasanas and pillars enclosing the verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 137 : Jina figure on the pillar in hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad Plate 138 : Niches in the sidewall of hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into Jaina cave, Junnar Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar Plate 141 : Bhairava, Junnar Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer Plate 143 : Jaina cave at Bhmer Plate 144 : Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah,
Bhamer Plate 145 : Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer Plate 146 : Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor

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Plate 147
Plate 148
Plate 149 Plate 150
Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor
Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor
Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of Chandraprabha, Chandor Plate 152 Ambika, Chandor
Plate 156 Plate 157 Plate 158:
Plate 154 Cave I, Mohida
Plate 159
Plate 160 Plate 161:
Plate 162
Plate 163 Plate 164 Plate 165:
Chauvisi, Chandor Sarasvati, Chandor
Plate 166
Plate 167 Plate 168
Plate 169
Plate 170
Plate 171
Plate 172
Plate 173
Plate 174 :
Plate 175:
Plate 176: Plate 177: Plate 178:
Plate 179 Plate 180: Plate 181
Plate 182 Plate 183
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Couple standing under a tree with seated Jina above, Chandor
Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida
Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall, Cave I, Mohida
Bahubali, Cave I, Mohida
Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida
Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida
Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave I, Mohida
Cave II, Mohida
Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall, Cave II, Mohida
Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and Ambika, Cave II, Mohida
Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora
Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora
Colossal of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Devotee and Dharanendra to the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Devotee and Padmavati to the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora
Elephant flanking J30, Ellora
Attendant flanking the doorway, J30, Ellora
Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora
Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora
Painted panel of seated Jina on the back wall of hall, J30, Ellora Phamasana roof, J32, Ellora
Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Sculpture like chaumukha or memorial stone, 'D', Mangi peak
Stupa and seated Jina, 'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha, Mangi peak 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 184 'I' or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'I', Mangi peak

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List of Plates
xix
Plate 186 : Loose icon of Ambika in I' or Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak Plate 187 : Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak Plate 188: Jinas on rock face with narrow path around, 'P', Mangi peak Plate 189: Standing figures of monks with padukas in front, 'Q', Mangi peak Plate 190: Connecting ridge between Mangi and Tungi peaks Plate 191 : Caves on Tungi peak Plate 192: Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak Plate 193: Standing figures of Jinas or 'Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Plate 194 : Lanchhana of Neminatha, 'Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Plate 195 : Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule Plate 196: Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai Plate 197 : Standing figure of Jina of Svetambara sect, Daulatabad fort Plate 198 : Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional
Museum, Nasik Plate 199 : Tungi peak Plate 200: Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Plate 201 : Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Plate 202: Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district Plate 203: Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district

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Contents
Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Plates
1-18
Chapter 1 Introduction A survey of Jaina caves from other parts of the country 1 Region 4
Physical features 4 Maharashtra as regional entity 5
Political history 6 Jaina Caves in Maharashtra 9 Jainism: Philosophy and iconography 14
Chapter 2 Description and Chronology of Caves
19-254 Pale 19
Description 19; Date 20 Dharashiva 20 Description 21; Date 34; Claim of Buddhist origin of the site 39; Rock-cut structure in the courtyard 40 Ambejogai 41
Description 42, Date 46 Kharosa 49
Description 50; Date 51 Ellora (Early caves) 51
Architectural features 53; Iconographic features 58; Sculptural style 65; Paintings 65; Description 69; Date 124; Intra-site chronology 126; Iconographic trends 130; Intrusive icons 131 Mangi-Tungi (Lower caves) 132 Description 133; Date 144

Page #21

xxii
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Pandu Lena 145
Description 145; Date 147 Patne 147
Description 148; Date 151 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 152
Description 152; Date 160 Anjaneri 160
Description 161; Date 165 Ankai-Tankai 166
Description 167, Date 190 Tringalwadi 193
Description 193; Date 197 Washale or Vase 198
Description 198; Date 200 Daulatabad 200
Description 201; Date 202 Junnar 203
Description 203; Date 205 Bhamer 205
Description 206; Date 208 Chandor 209
Description 209; Date 217 Mohida-tarf-haveli 218
Description 218; Date 225 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 227
Description 227; Date 227 Ellora (Later caves) 228 .
Description 228; Date 237 Mangi-Tungi (Upper caves) 238
Description 238; Date 253 Other sites 254
otaphic featuresi 263; Choralas 265;06; Monk fişe
Chapter 3 Architectural and Iconographic Trends
255-274 Architectural features 255 Iconographic features 257
Stages in the development of iconographic features 257; Jina parikara 259; Ambika 261; Sarvanubhuti 262; Occurrence of yaksa-yaksi 263; Chakresvari 263; Padmavati 263; Sarasvati 264; Sarasvati or Mahamanasi? 264; Dikpalas 265; Hanuman 265; Ganesa and Kshetrapala 265; Parents of Jina or yaksa-yaksi couple 266; Monk figures
266; Indra 266; Auspicious dreams 267; Colossus 267; Donor figures 268; Influences 269

Page #22

Contents
Influence from south India 269
Influence from north, central and western India 269 Loose Jaina icons 271 Paintings 272 Summary 272
Chapter 4 Site: Location and Importance
275-308 The concept of sacred space 276 The Brahmanical concept of 'tirtha' 276 The Jaina concept of 'tirtha' 278 Jaina texts on tirthas 278 Texts referring to tirthas in Maharashtra 278 Development of a sacred place 279 Pale 281 Dharashiva 281
Epigraphic references 282; Literary references 282; Proximity to Ter 282;
Other architectural remains 283 Ambejogai 284
Epigraphic references 284; Literary references 284; Other architectural remains 284 Kharosa 285
Other architectural remains 285 Ellora 286
Epigraphic references 286; Literary references 286; Other architectural remains 287 Mangi-Tungi 288
Epigraphic references 288; Literary references 290; Other architectural remains 290;
Location 290; Development of the site 291 Pandu Lena 292 Patne 293
Epigraphic references 293; Other architectural remains 294 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 295
Epigraphic references 295; Literary references 295; Other architectural remains,
Development of the site 296 Anjaneri 296
Epigraphic references 297; Literary references 297; Other architectural remains 297;
Proximity to Tryambakesvara 298; Ankai-Tankai 299
Literary references 299; Other architectural remains 299 Tringalwadi 300 Washale or Vase 301 Daulatabad 301

Page #23

xxiv
Junnar 302
Chandor 303
Other architectural remains 303
Bhamer 304
Epigraphic references 304; Other architectural remains 305 Mohida-tarf-haveli 306
Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 306
Chapter 5 Cultural Milieu of Jaina Caves: Socio-Religious Background 309-342 Socio-religious Background 309
Jainism in Maharashtra 311
Overview of general trends in the spread of Jainism 311
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Early Phase: South India 312; North India 313; Central India 313;
Western India 314
Later Phase 315
History and Development of Jainism in Maharashtra 316
List of Jaina remains in Maharashtra 317
Jaina strongholds in Maharashtra 327
Socio-Religious and Economic base of Jainism in Maharashtra 329
Index
Religious practices 329
Sub-sects 331
Chapter 6 Conclusion
Architectural features of the caves 345
Iconographic features 346
Iconographic development 347
References
Digambara sub-sects mentioned in the inscriptions from Maharashtra 333 Svetambara communities 335
Interaction with other religions 335
Patronage 336
Rise in popularity of Jainism in post 9th-10th century CE period 338
Paintings 349
Inter-site relationships 349 Selection of site location 350 Socio-economic base 351
Glossary of Architectural Terms
343-356
357-374
375-377
378-384

Page #24

98332
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-eco.
rs
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Bart
Scae 11. - 36 km
Figure 1 Physical features of Maharashtra

Page #25

MADHYA PRADESH
NANDURA
GUJARAT
CHHATISGARH
CHANDRAPUR
20° F
URANCA
REGOU
MUMBAI24
ANDHRA PRADESH
ARABIAN SEA
RATNAGOS
1 Dharashtra 2 Kharosa 3 Anbefal
KARNATAKA
11 Gambhar Lena 12 Awamerl 13 Cheader 14 Tringalwadi 15 Aakal-Taukai 1&MT 17 Desdatabed 18 Etter 19 Nendeglori
NA
5 Patus 6 Harer 7 Mobile & Make 9 Jenser 10 Prodelas
. napadu
•
Cave-site District Headquarters
Figure 2 Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra

Page #26

1
10
-DI
L
LILIT 111 11
1 & 2 Dvarapala
3 Seated Parshvanatha
4 Seated Parshvanatha
5 Standing Jina
6 & 7 Seated Jina
8 Chaumukha
9 Panchatrithika
10 to 14 Chaumukha
15 Standing Parshvanatha
16 Seated Jina
8 to 16 loose icons
1
Figure 3 Ground plan of Cave II at Dharashiva
(after Burgess 1878)
20
122
لا
(approx.)

Page #27

b.
MARMARADNADET
14
Figure 4 Pillars in Cave II at Dharashiva (after Burgess 1878)

Page #28

er af
2.Je
(appron)
1 Seated Parshvanatha 2 & 3 Sated Jina
Loose sculpture of an animal Figure 5 Ground plan of Cave III at Dharashiva
(after Burgess 1878)

Page #29

..
nxana
STAVY
2. Shakhas of hall doorway of Cave 111
DA
boot
102
Lexicon
Necklace
on the plan
b. Pilar A on the plan c. Pillar
(after Rurgent 1878)
Loner garment
d. Chauri bearers in the shrine of Cave III
Figure 6 Pillars & hall doorway of Cave 111

Page #30

0
lm
(approx.)
1 Seated Parsvanatha 2 Suparsvanatha (Loose icon)
Ground plan of Cave IV
(after Burgess 1878)
Figure 7 Ground plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva

Page #31

left
Right
d. Crowns of choun
bcarers in central shrine
b. Central two pilars in the back row of
verandah of main mendapa (Not to scale)
(appror)
I to 4 Sealed Parshvanatha S Seated Jina 6 & 7 Scanding Jina & Thirteen stated Jinas 9 Loose chanmukha
(approu.)
a. Ground plan (after Berge 158)
c. Central shrinc doorway of main mendapa
Figure 8 Ground plan. pillars & shrine doorway of cave at Ambejogai

Page #32

1 Seated Jina
(approx)
Figure 9 Ground plan of cave at Kharosa

Page #33

a. Variety ! J6-on kaksharana
b. Variety
of toate
c. Variety 3 316
Figure 10 Pillars at Ellora

Page #34

(approx.)
320-kaksbasaDAS
a. Variety 4
J18-kakshasanas
Figure 11 Pillars at Ellora
(after Burgess 1883)
J20-plasters
b. Variety 5
318-corner pillars in hall

Page #35

EZ
Hauard
4.Van
..
TOTTINTI
Simon
TANTOA
SHIB
AY
M
SIE
honduce
J24-lakshasaras
1.
(approx.)
318-os panpet wall
JIB-central pillar sie hall
b. Variety 6
2 Variety 5
Figure 12 Pillars at Ellora
(after Burgess 1883)

Page #36

321-ball
(after Fergusson & Burgess 1880) a. Variety 7
23
(approx)
321-ball
b. Variety 8
Figure 13 Pillars at Ellora
AIGARAO POUCE
33
c. Variety 9
(not to scale)
38
1m
311
(after Burgess 1883)
d. Variety 10

Page #37

NAI
OSTALE
a. Shrine doorway of .110
in to vale)
b. Shrine doorway of 118 (atter Fergusson & Burgess 1880)
Figure 14 Doorways at Eltora

Page #38

WD 0 0 03 on.
51 Sedlunmadre E2 Goddes Eataramalin
It 3 Stel van 4 Cheureuvari
Hat 1 Attack on armastha 21, Need 3 HS A
A todo & Sh, Head Nor
6. Needs Allerken vantha A Pepes of L aw Ya, b, contra 1610, 10 hotele Ite. Ib. 11 Raid. 12. 126, 12 senede IM 13h. Ik Neuted J 14 14 14 Jan I Need live
Hall 1 Sabad 5 An MA (1) tadiny (2) Berted Jim (30) Suadiye (Jh) Standing laruan (4A) eind Rubh the 14h Send 146) Yeted me 16) New Jea [6h) Walthe (6) Need (Ahad in (Thy Seni da (le) Sedlo (H) Swedlog
Astrobot 16 4 I uding en
Sariae 18 S ed J 19 Chakra 20, 21 & 22 sented
Anledu.aber
Kanatha'mark i Panache 4ron Rabbal
as
Isbr
Seated HOA -
--
-
(oof to scale)
Figure 15 Ground plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora
(after Perein 1977)

Page #39

a. 1-Chew bearers
b. Chatres vari
I ower girtrat
Harris
Necklace
Hair styk
Arialet
Female attendants
Neelace
JZ c. El Saudharmendra
Lower Rabeat
Armlet
Upay
lewer germest
Figure 16 Costume and jewellery-J1 & J2 at Elloru

Page #40

J2 a. Dvarapale of rain hall doorway
ON
Writet
Dod
070
Necdece
on
Eung
COD
Lower garment
Shrine D. IN Chauri bearers
Shrine in the shikhara c. 1-Chauri bearers
d. 3-Chauri hearers
Lower Farben
Netlace
Neeldet, portta. darbandha & chbasavir
(4) Chaard bearers
Lower germeer
Crem
Crown Figure 17 Costume and jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora

Page #41

JIZ
110
4
Ground plan of lower storey of ladra sabha
(aftei Ferg & Haurgess 1880)
(Hot to
sle)
Figure 18 Ground plan of J5. J6 and lower storey of Indra sahha

Page #42

J6 1 Kamatha's attack on Parantha la Seated Reabhunatha 2 Sarvanubhad 3 Seated Jina 4 Amblloa Sa Seated Jha S Penance of Bahubali
J12 1 Saryanabbuti 2 Two seated Jiaa 3 Kamath's attack on Paryvanatha 4 Seated Jias 5 Penance of Bahubali 6 Two seated Jhan 7 Ambika
J10 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 Seated Jina 5 Ambika 6 Jina and Dikpalas 7 Penance of Babuball 8 Attack on Parvanaths (1) Seated Jina (2) & (3) Standing Jina (4) Seated Jina (5) Standing Jhaa (6) Penance of Bahubali (7) Seated Reabhanatha (8) Standing figure
JL3 1 & 2 Standing Jias 4 Attack on Partyanatha 3 Seated Jan 6 Sarvaubbati 7 & 9 Sarasvati 8 Seated Jins 10 Ambika 101 Seated Jins 11 Seated Jlan 12 Penance of Bahubali 13 Seated Rsabhapatha 131 Standing Jas
JIS 1 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jina
J11 1 Kanthe's attack on Parsvanatha 1. Seated Jina 2 Sarvanuh hati 3 Seated Jina 4 Anbiks 5a Seated Jins 5 Penance of Bahubali
J17 1 Kamstha's attack on Parsvanstha 2 Sarvinubbuti 3 Seated Jins 4 Anbika 5 Parance of Bahubali

Page #43

J6
a. 1 Attack on Parshua Padmavati
(tv) Figare with adaramada
Headdress
Necklace
Lower parmest
Armlet
Lower guten
Kamaths
/
/
Hair style
Neldece
Attendants
b. 2 Sarvanubhuti
Pepoot
Necklace
Lower garmest
Crowa
Ardet
loner garment
c. 4.4mbika
Bramans
Lower garment Figure 19 Costume and jewellery-J6 at Ellora

Page #44

J10
1 Attack on Parstva
Padmavati
(ü) Stone thrower
28
000
woberce
Necklace & thousavir
lower garmret
Cartaad around the shoulder
OR
(vi) Man with darrer
4101100
Hair style & earriago (vii) Man on lion
Il air style
(vii) Man with dagger
Upevita
Hair style
Necklace
Hair style
Hair style
Kamatha
Queen
TO
Crowa
Right armlet
Necklace
lettarlet
Rair style
Armlet
Figure 20 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

Page #45

J10 1.2 Attack on Purshva Padmavati
Kamath
Queen
CORA
0180)
Neeldace
Vecdace
llair style
Hair style (u) Stone thrower
Wala hand
Lower garment
Hair style
Elephant
b. 3 Sarvanu bhuti
non
0408
Veeldace
Head band
Crom
Earring
Lower urmeal & waist baad
Nerware
c. Ambika
Attendants
Ovodovodec
Neeloc
Brahamsa
Wolst hand
Hair style
20.8.
ovo
vooo
Lo
P
Armiet
Lower garment
Lower fanent
Armlet
Figure 21 Costume and jewellery -J10 At Ellora

Page #46

J10 13Penance of Bahubali Female on right Female on left
Flying make
Hair style
Nee Wace
lower garmest
Lower garmest
Armlet
trying female
Musicias
@ Armler Musteina
Bharata
Necklace
Armlet
Flying mak
tattarale
Com
Right armlet
Necklace
Armlet
Lower gardent
Armler
Waist baad
D. 8 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
c. 4 Seated Jina Right chaur bearer
@
o
Nerklece
Nrelace & bhaunvtra
Kamatha
Armlet
Lower garment
O Neeldace
Left cbaun bearer
Walat band
Arpilet
Crowa Queen
ooooo
WIZ
Neclere
Bale style
Figure 22 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

Page #47

ກາ
a. 1 Padmavati
I ower garment
Hair style Kamatha
(rown
Lower garment
Flying females
Lower garment
b. 2 Sarvanubhuti
d. Penance of Bahubali Females
0000000000000
Armles
abga
Necklace, chest hand & apavita
Crown
Flying males
Crown
Crown
c. 4 Ambika
Lower garment
Armlet
Crown
yoyoyoy
e. 3 Seated Jina Right chauri bearer
Anklet
Lower garment
Wristlet
Crown
Neeldner, chest band & upavits Left chaur bearer
ON
Wristlet
Necklace
Cushion of Sarsanubhuti & Ambiles
Earring
Figure 23 Costume and jewellery-J11 at Ellora
Hair style
Armlet
Necklace, chest band & upavita

Page #48

J12 a. 1 Sarvanubhuti
b. Attack on Penha
Padmavati
Ralpsyle
Necklare & upah
rerin
d. 7 Ambita
Earrier c. 4 Seated Jina
Chaun bearer
Seekisc
Laner garmrat
Lower treet
Aralet
88890124H
Ankler
Crowa
Figure 24 Costume and jewellery-J12 at Ellora

Page #49

J13
a. 4 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
Lower garment
d. 8 Scated Jina Chauri bearers
Lower garment
J15
g. Seated Jina
Chauri bearers
Lower garment
Necklace & chest ornamen
Hair style
Crown of
right chauri bearer
Crows of left chauri bearer
Necklace
Chest band of right chauri bearer
0000000
Chest band of
left chauri bearer
Armlet
Armlet
(rows
e. Ambika
Hairstyle
Croma
Armlet
Chest band
b. 6 Sarvanubhuti
Wristlet
Lower garment
Crows
Armlet
J16 Lower garment b. la Sarvanubhuti i, 2 Seated Jina
Necklace Hair style Female on left
Crown
L. 12 Penance of Bahubali Female on right
Necklace Hair style
Crown
Lower garment Flying males
c. 7 Sarasvati
Lower garment
∞xxxxxx Wristlet
Crown
Armlet
Figure 25 Costume and jewellery-J13, J15 & J16 at Ellora
Bharata
Lower garment
Chauri bearer
Armlet
**-0o0OQ Necklace.
chest band & upavita
Armlet

Page #50

J14 1. Attack on Parstva Padmavati
(1) Man with trident (1) Man on bel
b. 2 Sarvan bewi
Hair style
Necklace, thest band &
merita
perita
Walet bud
Nerdact
Lower garment
(0) Stone thrower
Lower garment
Neeldace
Armler
Elephant's head baad
Armlet
te. . Chest bend
c. 3 Seated Jina
Chouribearers
Neckast
Hair style
Lower garnest Kamatba
Queen
Hair style
Necklace
d. 4 Ambika
Necklace. best band &
Hair style
Armlet
lower gerneat
prvita
DEPOLLO
6 Penance of Bahubali
Females
Armlet
Earrier
Necklace
Border around habe
Hair style of
Lower garment
female oe riehr
Hair style of female na len
Bharata
Hair style
Lower farment Chaar bearer
Garland bearers
Child
Weelde
Cymbal player
Com
er garmest
Lower rament
Necklace Hair style
Watlet
Arniket Figure 26 Costume and jewellery-J14 at Ellora

Page #51

J17 a. 1 Attack ua Parstva
Padmavati
(i) Stone thrower
(IV) Man with darger
b. 2 Sarvanuhhuh
rool
Vecklace
Farring
Queen
2006 Areal
Arolst
Aly
Neridace & apavite
Crowd Chauri bearer
Hair avle
1
Armlet
Latr syte
Neeldace
Necdet
Arkt
Odowoooo Wrtotlet
('ruwa
Armlet
JANE Pret
e. S Penance of Bahubali
Females
d. Ambika
c. 3 Scated Jina
(hauri bearers
All
TIE
1oner
Aca
Nec duce
Neckare SU
africa (dan)) Hair style of Hair style of right female left female
Lower garment
Lawer garmrat
JAN
ONION
JUODON Arket
Bharata
Armlet
URON
INS
Hair style Chwari bearer
Feruale
S
o
Nerlines
Armjet
Necklace &
pesta
Tower garant Female on right
Necklace
Harityte
Brahman
COM
Cmwa
Armee
Carring
Arialet
Neelduce
Hairstyle
Armlet
Lower garmeat Lower met Figure 27 Costume and jewellery-J17 at Ellora

Page #52

N
12 1314 15 16
9 S
J20
J14
(Below J20)
(ای
22
J18
15
Ground plan of upper storey of Indra sabba (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)
L
1 J16
f
la
(Below J19)
fl
0
(not to scale)
Figure 28 Ground plan of J14, J16 and upper storey of Indra sabha
3m

Page #53

J14 1 kumtha's attack on Parsvanathe 2 Sarvanubhatt 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5 Two seated Jidas 5 Penance of Bahubali
J19A 1 Four-armed goddess 2 Three seated Jipas 3 Sarvanubhuti
316 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 14 Sarvanubhuti 2 Scated Jina 3 l'enance of Bahubali
J19 1 & 2 Two seated Jinas 3 Kamantha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 & 5 Two seated Jinas 68, 6 Seated Jina 6b Seated Parsvanatba 7 Standing JLDS 8a, 8, 8b Seated Jina 9 Standing Jina 10m, 10, 10b Seated Jinu 11 & 12 Two seated Jinas 13 Pedance of Bahuhali 14 Two seated Jidas 15 Ambika
J20A 1 Ambika 2 Chaloresvari
J18 I Sarunubhuti 2 & 3 Two scated Jinas 4 Seated Jina 5 to 7 Two seated Jina # Seated Jina 9 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 10 Standing.Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 Standing Jina 13 Penance of Bebubali 14 Scated Jins 15 to 17 Two scated Jinas 18 Seated Jina 19 & 20 Two seated Jinas 21 Ambika 22 & 23 Standing Jioa (1) Panchaparmeshthis (2) Man entering temple (3) Temple (4) Padmavati (5) Sarasvati (6) Scated Jina (7) Scated Jina (8) Goddess on lotus (9) Standing Jinn (10) Standing Jina (11) Standing Parsvanatha (12) Two standing Jinas (13) Standing Rsabbanatba (14) Standing Jina (15) Standing Jina (16) Standing Parsvanatha
J20 1 Sarvapubbuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 5 & 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Seated Jina 8 Standing Jins 9 Seated Jins 20 Standing Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 & 13 Two seated Jioas 14 Penance of Babubali 15 & 16 Two seated Jinas

Page #54

J18 1. 1 Servanubhadi
Attendana
Left attendant
Analet
Neckett
ecco
0 Gooooooooooo
Writtet
Сграм Reglat atteadant
Lore garment
Necklace, ebest bend & spovita
-79
Lower garment
o
Chest bead
Vee klare De
Armket
c. 11 Sented Jins
chauri bearers
Right chaur boarer
orienced ODEL
S
/N
Crow
Anket
21 Ambita
VIINID Necklace
Upevita Сом Left ebeerd bearer
Child
Wrlater
Andet
Lower garmest
Necdact
Arealet 4. (5) Santi
Walat bapd
Mole chagri bearer
ROOD
Cooooooooo
BTW
Lomer parut
Necklace
3.000
Lower garant
Lower Earcuf
Corone
550con Wristiet
te
woooy
Uperit
Arolet
no
Femake on right
46 Necklace
caroon Ardet
Hair style
Artelet
U Hair style Figure 29 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora

Page #55

J18
1.9 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
lower garment
(ix) Man on hoe
Lower garment
Lower garment
Necklace
Armlet
b. 13 Penance of Bahubali Females
Necklace & apavita
Necklace
Armlet
Anklet
Bair style
(ii) Stone thrower
Necklace
Crown
Kamatha
Lower garment
Necklace & upavita
Bharata
Crown
Lower garment
Necklace & upavita
(vi)
N
Necklace chest band & apavita
Hair style
Crown
Crown
Armlet
(viii)
Lower garment
Necklace
Queen
Lower garment
Hair style
Figure 30 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora
Armlet
Armlet
Crow
Necklace
c. 5 Seated Jina Chauri bearers
Lower garment

Page #56

Sur
HE
WA :
7
1
M
14
110
J18
Jill
T
J20
J19
J18
J20
1 Lotus 2 lotus 3 Lotus 4 Seven Figures 5 Figures 6 Six Males 7 Two Couples 8 Three Couples 9 Flying Figures 10 Flying Figures 11 Floral Design
J19 1 Flying Couples 2 Flying Couples 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra & Figures 6 Two Couples & Four Fernales 7 Couple 8 Two Couples & a Fighting Scene 9 Two Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures 12 Figures 13 Figures
1 Figures 2 Figures 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra 6 Figures 7 Figures 8 Couples 9 Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures
Figure 31 Placement of paintings in J18 J19 and J20 at Ellora

Page #57

J19A & J19
Elephant
J19A 2. 3 Sanblati
PE000
Forehead mustat
Crow
Necklace, chest band & upavita
0000
oc
focool
Autlet
RUIS
IAR C
at
Andet
SO
Earria
Armalet
Chest band
b. 15 Ambika
Brahmann
Make Chaunt bearer
c. & Seated Jine
Cheari bearers
Nec Hace
Crowd
Lomer garment
Hair style
d. 13 Bakubali
Ferales
Lower garmeni e. 3 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
( Mas on bufalo
(iv)
Rair style
Neeloce
Lomer garantat
Hair style Kamatba
Lower formel
Lower
Beat
Bharata
Rair styk
Ducer
Armlet
Baie wyle
Quece
Crowa
Hace
Hair style
Upevita
Lower garment
ower garment
Neeldaet
style
Anket
Figure 32 Costume and jewellery-J19A & J19 at Elora

Page #58

J20A & J20
J20A
a. 1 Ambika
Lower garment J20
c. 1 Sarvanubhuti
I ower garment Elephant
Head ornament
Armlet
Lower garment
888888
Andet
Wristlet
Necklace
Chest band
e. 9 Seated Jino-chauri bearers
Upper secklace DODD
Chest band xxxxxxx Anklet
Crowa
Female chouri bearer b. 2 Chakreskvari
Hair style
Male chauri bearer
Lower garment
d. 4 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
Lower garment
Hair style
Earring
0000
Neeldace, chest band & upavits
Wristlet
Crown
Necklace
(M)
Lower garment
Necklace
(14)
Necklace
gens
Necklace Kamatha
非
Lower garment
Armlet
(ix)
E
Lower garment
Crown
£ 14 Penance of Bahubali. Upavita Female on right
Female on left
Lower garment
Hair style
Armlet
Lower garment
Devotee
Crows
Neeldace
Figure 33 Costume and jewellery-320A & J20 at Ellora
(vii)
Armlet
Earring
Lower garment: xxxxxx Anklet
(၉
Necklace
Necklace
Queen Armlet
Necklace
Queen
(echthi
Odi
Hair style
Armlet
Necklace

Page #59

N
1
(10)
J21
J21
1 Seated Paravanatha 2b & 2e Two seated Jinas 3b, 3c Two seated Jinas 4b Two sented Jinns 4c Seated Jina
E
5b Standing Parsvanatha and seated Jina Se Two seated Jinas 6b & 6c Two seated Jinas 7 Two seated Jinas 8 Sarvanabhuti 9 Standing Jina 10 Seated Jinn 11 Standing Jina 12 Ambika 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Two seated Jinas 15 Two seated Jinas 16b & 16e Two seated Jinas
17b Two seated Jinas 17c Three seated Jinas 18b & 18c Two seated Jinas
(12) 12
13 (14X13X15) 14
(1) Seated Jina (2) Three seated Jinas (38) Seated Jina (3b) Standing Parvanatha (4) Standing Parsvanatha (5a) & (5b) Seated Jins (5c) Two seated Jinas (6) Seated Jina
(7) Seated Jina
(8) Seated Paravanatha
(9) Seated Jinn
(10) Seated Jina
(11) Seated Jina
(12) Seated Jina
(13) Seated Raabhanatha
(14) Sented Jina
(15) Seated Jinn
(16) Seated Jina
0
(19) Seated Jina
(20) Standing Parvanatha (206) Seated Jina (21) Standing Jina
(22) Scated Jina (23) Seated Jina
3m
(approx.)
(17a) Kamatha's attack on Parsvanstha
(17b) Standing Parsvanatha
(18) Seated Jins
Figure 34 Ground plan of upper storey of Jagganatha sabha (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)

Page #60

J21 a. 1 Attack on Parshva b. 7 Two seated Jine Chauri hearers
Chevri bearers
c. Unfinished Dvarapala
on façade
DO
OLZA
COM
Neckart, ebest band &
upavita
karnie
Lower garmest
Nerace
d. 8 Sarvanubhavi
e. 13 Two seated Jinas-cburi bearers
Right Jina
Left Jina
10
(ryw
Neeldast á uparita
Necklace, e best band &
apavita
Wristlet
Lower garment
Arbalet Earring Elephant Cocoooooo Need bund
Earring
Armjet
L 10 Seated Jina
Cbaari bearers
Crowa
h. 12 Ambika
Booooooooooo
sunny 147/
UNOP1/
Necklace & upevtta
Necklace
Lower garbest
Lower garment
Arlet
Hair style
des
Croma
Figure 35 Costume and jewellery-J21 at Ellora

Page #61

M
12
20
W.CHIGA, TOTO LITA. LOKDOM. AL
J21
1 Figures 2 Jina 3 Figures 4 Figures 5 Figures 6 Figures 7 Samvasarana 8 Jina 9 Standing Jina
10 Seated Jina 11 Bahubali & Seated Jina 12 Two Seated Jinas 13 Couple 14 Figures 15 Figures 16 Dancing Figures 17 Two Couples
Figure 36 Placement of paintings in J21 at Ellora

Page #62

SA
.
B
(TT)
-125
()
(5) c.
)
K
KARMA
2
W
L
Figure 37 Ground plan of lower storey of Jagganatha sabha
(after Fergusson & Burgem 1886)
(approx.)

Page #63

J22 1 Standing Paranatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Seated Jina 4 Standing Rabbanatha 5 Kantha's attack a Parsyunatha 6 Sarvnaabhati 7 Seated Jina 8 Ambika 9 & 9b Two seated Jose 10 Kamatba's attack on Parsvanatha 11 Seated Jina 12a Saryanabbuti 12b Seated Jina 12c Devotee 12d Ambika 13 Sented Jian
125 1 Saryanubbuti 2 Seated Fino 3 Kamathe attack on Parsvanathe 4 Soutad jina 54, S6 & Sc Two seated Jinxs 6 P e of Bahubali 7 Seated Jina & Ambilan (la) Sented Jins (1b) Two seated Jinas (2) Seated Nos (3a) & (3b) Seated Jiaa (3c) Standing Jina with devotees (4a) Sented Parsvanatha (4b) Sented Jina (54, b), (6, b), (7a, b, c), (a, b) (9) (10), (112b) (12, b, c) (134, b) (14), (15), (164, b) Seated Jina (16) Standing Ima with devotees (17a) & (176) Seated Jins (176) Standing in with devotees (18) Seated Jina (190) Seated Jina (19b) Standing Jina with devotees (19c) Seated Jins (19d) Two seated Jina (190, 1, b) Seated Jina (20) Standing Parsvanatha
J23 1 Seated Jina 2 Kamatha's attack a Parsvanatha 3 Sarvangbbuti 4 to 6 Seated Jina 7 Ambika 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jina
J26
J24 1 Saryanubhuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 5 & 6 Two seated Jines 7 Scated Jina 8 Standing Jipa 9 Seated Jina 10 Standing Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 & 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Penance of Bahabali 15 & 16 Two seated JIOR 17 Ambika
1 Two seated Jinas 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Two soated Jinas 4 Sarvanuhhuti 5 Seated Jina 6 Ambila 7 T wo sented Jines 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jiaa

Page #64

J22 2. 1 Attack on Parshva
Padmavti
b. 2 Attack on Parshwa Padmavati
Kamatha
1. Sarasvati
Hair style
Lower cormcat
Lawer arbat
Necklace
d. 7 Seated Jina
(hauri bearers
e. 8. Ambika
f. IC Attack on Parstva
Padmavati
Kamatba
Halr style
ille born By LI>
Bar style Attendant
lower Turnen
Lower garment
Necklace
Crown
J25 S. 1 Sananubhuti
b. 3 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
(UD) Man with tridcat
i. 8 Ambika
Har style
Armlet
(roma
Lower garment
019
Lower garment
Necklace 17 Scated Jina-chauri bearers
j. 4 Seated Jina
(hauri bearers
k. 6 Bahubali
Females
Crow
Lower garment
"
Necklace, chest hand &
povita
Lower garment Aralet
Armlet
WHladet Figure 38 Costume and jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora
M

Page #65

B
J23 a. 2 Attack on Parstva
Padmavati
b. 3 Saranubluti
(lv) Man
Hoe
Left attendant
Needece
Hair style
I
!
NO
Armlet
19. On
Anklet
Lower germent
Aaldet
Armlet
Queen
Back
lower
Parmest
Kamatha
Neeldace
Necklace Elephant 8999999 UIDDODD
Neclect c. 7 Ambika
LO
garokat
Head bend
lower garment
Armlet Earring
Hair style
VIDA
V
Artoket
Earring
d. 5 Seated Jina
Chauri bearen
Hair style
Crowd
Lett chaurl bearers
c. 8 Peuance of Bahubali
Femake on left Female on right
Needuce Right chaurl bearer
Hair style Flying males
Net Dace
Lower gamal
Bharata
Lower farea
Qocco
Wrhdet
Antalet
Crom
Upavita
Croma
lower garment
Figure 39 Costume and jewellery-J23 at Ellora
Lower garment

Page #66

J24 a. 1 Sarvarubhuti
Elephant
Male attendent on len
Female attendent on left
CD
DOOD
000OOO
Head ornament
Necklace & purita Male attendent on right
malet
Earning
Lower gert
Omer parent
UNP
errorat
Armlet
Necklace & spavalta Crown Female chauri bearers
Wristiet Male attendaal
Armlet h. 17 Amhita
Balr style
Crown
UN
Necklace
SHE
Armlet
Lower garment
Child
Male attendant
Neckdece & apavita
Necklace
fait tants
Lower garment
Waist bead
Aaldet
Hair style
Armlet.
Halr style
c. 9 Scated Vina-chaar bearers
Kight outer Left outer
d. 4 Attack on Parshwa
Padmavau
Left lazer
Right inner
CLOT
Earrier
ower Part
Hale style Kanatha
eu
Crew
Liperita Figure 40 Costume and jewellery-J24 at Ellora

Page #67

J26
2.2 Attack on Parshva Pwed
b. 4 Sardubhu
Attendant on right
(lv) Man with trident
Crom
Crowa Necklare & upartta
Attendant ou len
Elephant
TO
Lower Earnest
3
Arulet
Hair style
Need ureat
LOKOTO Arolet
pevita
Kamerhe
Lower garmer c. 5 Scated Jina-chauri bearers
Outer chart bearer Toner chauri bearer
Hair style
(1) Man on ball
Crew
Queen
Crown
Armlet
Lower garment
Crown
tower armcat
d. 6 Ambika
Armlet
e. 8 Penance of Bahnhalt
Female on right
M
IGIE
(I IWB
Hair style
a
Hair style
low Inment
W
ethet
boom
Armalt
Brahmana
Armlet
Necklace & -pavite
Neece
Nekake
Figure 41 Costume and jewellery-J26 at Flora

Page #68

w
18
25
17
26
-
13 12
15 14
(approx.)
1 Sented Jin 2 Chakresvari 3 Kamatta's attack on Parsvanatha 4 Saryanabbat 5, 6, 7 Sented Jian 8 & 9 Dvarapala 10 Ambika 11 Penance of Bahubali 12 Scated Jina 13 Sarasvati
14 Seated Jan 15 Two seated Jiaas 16 Sented Supersvanatha 17, 18 Seated Jos 19 Seated Superyvanatha 20, 21 Seated Jinn 22 Two seatod Jions 23 Scated Jina 24 Standing Jipa 25, 26 Seated Jina
Figure 42 Ground plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi

Page #69

Z
SL53 54 55
21
22
23
24
25
86
12 20
66
11 19
46 47
of
10 17 18
1
15 16
48 49
+
13 14
50
51 52
s+
(appros.)
1 Standing Jina 2 Seated Suparsvanatha 3 Sarvanubbuti 4 to 12 Seated Joa 13 to 20 Standing Jina 21 Seated Jina 22 Standing Jina 23 Standing Suparanatha 24 Standing Jins 25 Goddess 26 Standing ina 27 Sarasvati 28 Dvarapala 29 Sarasvati
30 Dvarapala 31 to 34 Saited Jina 35 to 37 Standing Jina 38 39 Seated Jtos 40 Standing in 41 to 4 Seated JIDA 45 Ambika 46 to 48 Standing van 49 Seated Suparsvanatha 50 Seated Jina 51 Seated Parsvanatha 52 Couple 53 to 56 Sented Jina
Figure 43 Ground plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi

Page #70

1 Seated Jina
2 Ambika
3 Sarvanubhuti
Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lens
(after Dhavalikar 1984)
(approx.)
10
b. Ambika
Hair style
Lower garment of brahamana
c Sarvanubhuti
Crown
Figure 44 Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lena

Page #71

TAL
.
Sarwanubki 2 Ambika 3 to 5 Seated Jinu 6 Standing Jina
c. Ground plan of Sita's sabai
(after Cousens 1931)
a. Ground plan of Nagarjuna's kotri
(alter Corsens 1931)
(approc.)
b. Verandah Pillar Figure 45 Ground plan & pillar of cave at Patne

Page #72

GUI
12
13
14
15
TOT 6
ca
1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Chanvisi 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Sarvara bhuti 6 Seated Parshvanatha 7 Ambika 8 Seated Parshvanatha A to I Modero loose icons
1 Goddess (appror.)
2 & 3 Standing Tina 4 mhika 5 to 7 Standing Jina
Two seated Jinas 9 to 11 Standing Jina 12 Devotee 13 to 15 Standing find
16 T wo seated lines a. Crvel
17 Amhika
b. Cave II Figure 46 Ground plan of Cavel & ll at Chambhar Lena

Page #73

Niche
2
1 Morden Wall
(appron)
1 Kshetrapala 2 Standing Suparshvanatha 3 Hanuman 4 Snake 3 Standing Parshvanatha 6 Chakreshwari 7 Three seated devotees 8 Suruwubhuti 9 Standing Jina 10 Scated Parshwanatha 11 Standing Rshabhandha 12 Ambike
Figure 47 Ground plan of cave at Anjaneri

Page #74

1. Lotus on verandah ceiling
OD
Pay
Nerdere
C.O.OO.
e. Chateshwari
Armlet
h. Hal doorway
Aretare
d. Ambika
(not to me) Figure 48 Hall doorway and ceiling of cave at Anjaneri

Page #75

0
1.3
(approx)
1 Dhurapala 2 Darapala a. Ground plan of lower storey
b. Ground plan of upper storey
TET
2012
IN W
X12411 ADM
U
SCINAS
2.13
12 USD
SEAT
(approx.) c. Hall doorway Figure 49 Ground plan & hall doorway of Cave I at Ankki- ankai
(after Fergusson & Burgess 1890)

Page #76

OS HOTE
3
Scho
Deity Delty
Danma
Southeastern pillar Northwestern pillar
耳
Southwestern pillar
b. Hall pillars in lower storey
c. Pillar in upper storey
(ant to scale)
Figure 50 Pillars & plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai
d. Pilaster in upper storey
L་དང་ད་
a. Plinth

Page #77

201
1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Ambika
a. Ground plan of lower storey (after Burgess 1883)
jm (approx.)
b. Ground plan of upper storey (after Burgess 1883)
00000H
d. Hall doorway (after Burgess 1883)
c. Plinth
(not to scale)
Figure 51 Ground plan, hall doorway & plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai
(approx.)

Page #78

a. Pilaster in the perforated screen
AOKE
b. Hall pilaster
(Not to scale)
Figure 52 Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai
Lo
c. Hall pillar

Page #79

N
•
1.50
Ay SVAN
1 Sarvard 2 Ambita 3 Staeding Shantinatha 4 Attack on Parshvanatha
52
2 Ground plan (after Burgess 1883)
KEL
c. Hall ceiling (after Burgess 1883)
Appror)
(ut erak)
b. Pliath
Figure 53 Ground plan, plinth & hall ceiling of Cave II at Ankui-Tankai

Page #80

Doonowo
Standing Parabra
(not to scale)
Pilaster in the perforated screen
b. Pilaster in the papel of Shantinatha
Snotheastern pilar
Vortheastera & southwesten piller Northwestera pillar
c. Hall pillars
Figure 54 Pillars in Cave III at Ankai-Tankai

Page #81

Ἐ
0 1.5m
a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1883)
W
ЕЭ
b. Hall pillar c. Hall pilaster
(not to scale)
Figure 55 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IV

Page #82

To ('we VI
1 Standing Jina 2 Bakubali 3 Standing Jina 4 Panchatirthika 5 Seated Rshabhanatha
(approx.)
Middle storey
1. Lower storey
c. Pilaster in the verandab of middle storey (Norto male)
Figure 56 Ground plan and pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai

Page #83

10
To Cave V
SEBASE
01
b
Plinth
(sot te scale)
(approl)
Groand plan
e Pilar 《Met}
Figure 57 Ground plan. plinth and pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai

Page #84

159
a. Ground plan
Im
(approx.)
c. Hall pillar (not to scale)
b. Verandah Pillar
Figure 58 Ground plan & pillars of Cave VII

Page #85

ᄆ
Pit
Im
a Ground plan (approx.)
b Hall doorway of Cave VIII (not to seale)
Figure 59 Ground plan and hall doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai

Page #86

Cave IX
im
(approa)
c. Ground plan of Cave X
1m
(approx.)
.. Ground plan
b. Verandal pillar (Bot to sale)
Figure 60 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IX and ground plan of Cave X at Ankai-Tankai

Page #87

c. Kakshasaras & plint
e Hall pillar
-
TTU
A
h. Façade
(uppror.) 1. Seated Rshabharatha
d. Window in verandah
(after Chereas 1031)
Not to scale)
Hal Pilasters
a. Gromad plaa (her Cound 1931
Figure 61 Ground plan, pular, pilaster, façade and pliath of the cave at Tringalwadi

Page #88

PO
Net nee
b. Lotus on the stone beams of central aisle of
verandab
c. Loose icon of a femake outside the cave
Lotus on the ceiling of side aisles of verandab
(not to scale)
Figure 62 Verandah ceiling of cave at Tringalwadi

Page #89

1 & 2 Standing Jina
(approx.)
Figure 63 Ground plan of cave at Vase

Page #90

d. Haal doorway
b. Design on the step to verandah
a. Pliath
c. Pillar
(not to scale)
Figure 64 Plinth, hall doorway & pillar of cave at Vase

Page #91

→N
0
ᄆ
a. Ground plan
0
DB
d. Shrine doorway
b. Kakshasanas
(approx)
Man
(pot to scale)
W
DEARBE
c. Northwestern pillar
(approx.)
Figure 65 Ground plan, kaksasanas, shrine doorway & pillar of cave at Daulatabad
Southwestern pitter
Eastern Thee

Page #92

UPPER STOREY
XXX
2
(approx)
1 Seated Jina 2 Tritinthika 3 Ambika 4 Bhairava 5 Sested figure
Ground plan of cave at Junnar
(after Jadhav 1980) Figure 66 Ground plan of cave at Junnar

Page #93

Bh Beach
(approx)
1 Padmavati 2 Dharanendra
Seated devotee couple 4 Sarvarbati 5 Panchaturthika 6 Самя 7 Standing Jina 8 Seated Parshvanatha 9 Scanding Jina 10 Tritinthika 11 Panchatinthika 12 to 15 Scated Jina
(not to sale)
a. Ground plan
b. Niche of Padmavati Figure 67 Ground plan of cave at Bhamer

Page #94

b. & Sarasvan
19 20
02 21 22 23
right
10 11 12
Hurring
E SER UN
HAMV
Lower garment
17 Standing males
MS
A
LIENS
0
m
(appron)
lumer garment
d. 21 Ambiku
1 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jinu 3 Bhairava 4 Seated Jina 5 Panchatirthika 6 Channisi 7. Ambika X Sarasvati 9 to 12 Sated Jina 13 Ambika 14 Panchuirthika 15 Standing Jing 16 Saraw bhuti 17 Staading males 18 Seated Chandraprabha 19 & 20 Standing Jina 21. Ambika
22 Seated Jina 23 Trinithika 24 Standing Parshvanatha 25 Scated Jina 26 Chauvisi 27 Seated Jina 28 Chauviss 29 Standing Parshvanatha 30 Ganesha 31 Goddess 32 Seated Jina 33 Panchatirthika 34 Standing Suparshvanatha 35 Standing Jina 36 Sarasvati 37 Standing couple 38 Seated Jina
Armlet
Hair style
2. Ground plan (ofer Couses 1931)
Figure 68 Ground plan of cave at Chandor

Page #95

28
26
29
25
30
24
23
23
22
22
21
#1 91
21 S1
11
01
(approi.)
1 Scated Chandraprabha 2 Sested Pushpadanta 3 Standing figure 4 Standing devotee couple 5 to 7 Standing Jina 8 Standing Bahubali 9 Seated Jina 10 Seated Mallinatha 11 Sented Jina 12 Devotees 13 Gorkha 14 Dhananendra
15 & 16 Scated Jina 17 Chareshwari 18 Ambita 19 Seated Jina 20 Kshatrapala 21 to 23 Standing Jina 24 Seated Suparshvanatha 25 Seated Padmaprabha 26 Seated Sumatinatha 27 Seated Rshabhanatha 28 to 30 Seated Jina
Figure 69 Ground plan of Cavel at Mohida

Page #96

1
-
N
CE
25 26
10 S
Step
1
IZ
OZ
61
1
81 41 211
71
(approx.)
1 Standing Jina
18 Dharanendra 2 Seated Jina
19 Chakreshvari 3 Standing figure
20 Ambika 4 to 8 Seated Jine
21 Standing devotees 9 Standing figure
22 & 23 Standieg Jina 10 Seated figure
24 Seated Rshabhanatha 11 to 13 Seated Jina 25 Standing devotee 14 Gomukha
26 Standing figure 15 Elephant
27 Standing Jina 16 & 17 Standing devotee 28 to 32 Seated Jina
Figure 70 Ground plan of Cave II at Mohida

Page #97

24
Elephant
J5
1 Panchatirthika
2 Seated Jina
3 Ambika
4 Triarthika
5 Kshetrapala
6 Tritirthika
7 Panchatirthika
8 Seated Suparsvanatha 9 Chauvisi
327
1 Devotee
2 Dharanendra
3 Parsvanatha
4 Padmavati
5 Devotee
J27
J29
330
J28
口
J32
1 Tritirthika
2 Bahubali
3 Panchatirthika
4 Tritirthika
D
J30
1 Attendant
2 Attendant
3 Gomukha
4 & 5 Seated Males
6 Female devotee
7 to 9 Male Devotee
10 & 11 Seated Males
Empty shrine
J31
4a Seated Parsvanatha
5 Panchatirthika
7 Saptairthika
8 Panchatirthika
9 Santinatha
6 Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha
Elephant
Figure 71 Ground plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora
(after Pereira 1977)
J32
(not to scale)

Page #98

$
_19HIST
&
ON
MIWILLY
a. Mangi peak
b. Tungi peak
(aot to seale)
A Two seated Jinas B Ambika C Cave D Cave E Pancha Pandawa or icons of Mahavira,
Parshwanatha, Nerinatha, Mallinatha, & Rshobhanatha
A Standing monks B Standing monk C Cave III or Mahavira gupha D Eight seated Jinas & a
standing couple E Two seated Jinas F Balabhadra swami gopha G Shri Adinatha gupta H Nandishvara temple or
Moders chaurrakha
I Shantimatha gepha J Parshvanatha gupha K Twenty seated Jinas L Thirty-three seated Jinas M Ninfeen seated Jinas N Nine scated Jinas
Thirteco seated Jinas P Thirteen seated Jinas Q Two standing monks
Figure 72 Site plan of caves on Mangi-Tungi peaks

Page #99

4 3 2
1 to 7 Seated Jina
a. Cave III or Mabavira gupha
(approx.)
Im
11 12
2 J
13
14 15 16
17
1 Four standing monks
2 Seated Jina
3 Three vertical rows of two seated Jinas each
Figure 73 Ground plan of C and I on Mangi peak
4, 5 Seated Jina
6 to 10 Seated Jina-standing monk in vertical row
11 to 16 Seated Jina
17 Two standing monks
18 to 20 Two seated Jinus in vertical row
21 to 25 Seated Jina
22
b. I or Shantinatha gupha
23
24
25

Page #100

25 24 27 28 29 %
31 32 1 4 35 *
7 *
39 40
2J 24
IS 15
50 49
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
44 45 46 47
11
9S
01 6
Im
(approx.)
i Chaurrakha
33 Seated Jing 2 Churmukha
34 & 35 Devotee couple 3 & 4 Seated Jinas
36 to 39 Seated Jing S Two seated Jinas in vertical row 40 Seated Jina-Devotee couple 6 to 8 Three seated Jinas in vertical rows in vertical row 9 & 10 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 41 Standing monk 11 to 20 Seated Jing and standing monk 42 Figure in vertical row
43 Standing topk 21 Two sested Sings in vertical row 44 to 46 Scated Jina 22 Panchatinthika
47 Tritirthika 23 Seated Sina-Devotee couple
48 Sis standing monks in vertical row
49 & 50 Scated Jina 24 to 31 Seated Jina
51 & 52 Two seated Jinas in 32 Devolet couple
vertical row
Figure 74 Ground plan of G on Mangi peak

Page #101

12 12 12 17
9 S
Im
(apprns.)
I love ton of thetrapala 2 to 5 Ihree seated Jonas in vertical row 4. Panchaturthika
Seated Parsvanatha 8 & Three seated Jinas in vertical row 10 Sented Jina-monk in vertical run 11 & 12 Seated Ima 13 Seuled Parsvanatha 14 Seated Jina 15 Tritirthika 16 Seuted Jina 17 Seated Parsi anatha 18 Seated Soparsvanatha 19 Four standing monks 20 & 21 Standing monk 22 & 23 Seated Parsvanatha 24 to 28 Two seated Jinas in vertical ron 29 Like icon of Ainbika
b. Pillar (aat to Kale)
a. Ground plan
Figure 75 Ground plan & pillar of J on Mangi peah

Page #102

10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
1 to 7 Seated Fina
a. Cave C
(approx.)
1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Standing Suparsvanatha 1 to 14 Sented Jina 15 Standing Suparsvanatha 16 & 17 Seated Jina 18 Seated Suparsvanatha
b. Cave D
Figure 76 Ground plan of caves on Tungi peak

Page #103

SITE
B.C. A.D. 100 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700 750 AM 850 900 95
DATE 1000 1650 1 1150 1200 1234 35 1250 1300 139 140 1450 150
Pale Dharashira Ambejogai Khares Elora (lower caves) Mang-Tuad Cave Pande Lesa Mau-Tuare II Patne Mangi peak D Loose bons on Mangi peak Chambhar Lena Anjaneri Aakal-Taalai Cwel, 11 and III Tringalwadi Vax Danlatabad Januar Bhamer Casador Naadagiri Ellor15 Auksi-Taaksi Cheves IV to X Mohalda Loose icons at Dharuhis Ellora J27 Elora J28 to 132 Pancha Pandey on Thugi peak Con Mungi and Tungi peaks Rest of the caves on MaagiTungi peaks
indicates approximate time-frame within which these caves could have been excavated and does not indicate total time span of the excavation activity.
Figure 77 : Chart showing approximate dates and chronological sequence of the Jaina caves

Page #104

La
Plate1 Caves on the norther side of the ravine, Dharashiva
Plate 2 : Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 3: Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #105

Plate 4: Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 5 Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 6. Gana figures on the plinth, Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #106

tu Un
Plate 7: Right end of verandah and traces of passage,
Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 8: Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva
IMA
*
Plate 9: Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #107

Plate 10 Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 11: Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva
Plate 12: Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva

Page #108

Plate 13: Cave at Ambejogai
Plate 14: Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai
Plate 15: Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai

Page #109

Plate 16: Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main
excavation, Ambejogai
Plate 17. Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave,
Ambejogai
Plate 18: Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora

Page #110

Plate 19: J3-Small cave in the courtyard of
Chhota Kailasa, Ellora
Plate 20: J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora
Plate 21 : Indrasabha or Cave
XXXII, Ellora

Page #111

Plate 22: J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of
Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 23: J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 24: J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the
upper storey of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #112

aces
**
OSS
Plate 25: J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 26: J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 27: J21 and 323-Jagganathasabha, Ellora

Page #113

Plate 28: J26, Ellora
2
Plate 29: Parapet wall with Vimana models,
J18-Ellora
Plate 30: Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora

Page #114

Plate 31 : Elephants on the mattavarana-J10,
Ellora
Plate 32: Pillar in J24, Ellora
Plate 33: Auspicious dreams above the
doorway-J20, Ellora

Page #115

Plate 34: Makara torana in front of the
shrine doorway-J26. Ellora
Plate 35: Jina figures and Ambika on the
back wall of J21, Ellora
Plate 36: Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall
of J21, Ellora

Page #116

Plate 37: Jina figures on the sidewall
of hall-J18. Ellora
Plate 38: Shrine image of J21, Ellora
Plate 39: Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end
J18, Ellora

Page #117

.
Plate 40: Ambika in the verandah
end-J18, Ellora
Plate 41 : Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J6, Ellora
Plate 42: Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora
l

Page #118

Plate 43: Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora
Plate 44 : Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora
Plate 45: Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora

Page #119

Plate 46: Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora
Plate 47: Chakresvari in gopura of
Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora
Plate 48 : Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora

Page #120

Plate 49: Sarasvati flanking the
shrine doorway-J13. Ellora
Plate 50: Sarasvati near the doorway
leading to J20A-J18, Ellora
Plate 51 : Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora

Page #121

Plate 52: Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 53: Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora
Plate 54: Shrine in sukanasa
on the roof of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
SA

Page #122

Plate 55: Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 56 : Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 57: Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #123

Plate 58: Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora
Plate 60: Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora
Plate 59: Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora

Page #124

1
Plate 61 : Exterior of J18, Ellora
Plate 62: Hall of J18, Ellora
Plate 63. Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora

Page #125

Plate 64: Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18,
Ellora
Plate 65: Paintings on the idewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora
AR
Plate 66: Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19. Ellora

Page #126

Plate 67: Painting on the stone beam between pillars of
hall-J19, Ellora
Plate 68: Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora
Plate 69: Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora

Page #127

Plate 70: Painted panel of Bahubali on
the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora
Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine
celing-J20, Ellora
Plate 72: Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora

Page #128

KA
Plate 73: Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam
between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora
Plate 74: Painting on the stone bearn between pillars in
verandah-J21, Ellora
Plate 75: Samvasarana with narrative panel around,
Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora

Page #129

Plate 76: Samvasarana with narrative panel around,
Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora
Plate 77: Samvasarana on hall ceiling-121, Ellora
Plate 78: Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora

Page #130

Plate 79 Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora
Plate 80: Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora
Plate 81: Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora

Page #131

EASY
Plate 82: Jina with devotees and inscription
below-J25, Ellora
es
Plate 83: Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave
XVI, Ellora
Plate 84: Mangi-Tungi hills,
Nasik district

Page #132

Plate 85: Lower caves, Mangi hill
G
Plate 86: Jina and Chakresvari,
Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 87: Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha,
Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #133

Plate 88: Sarvanubhuti, Cave I,
Mangi hill
Plate 89: Ambika, Cave I, Mangi nill
Plate 90: Penance of Bahubali,
Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #134

L
Plate 91: Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 92: Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 93: Goddess, Cave II, Mangi hill

Page #135

M
Plate 94 Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II,
Mangi hill
Plate 95: Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena
Plate 96: Ambika and Sarvanubhuti on the sidewall, Pandu Lena

Page #136

Plate 97: Jaina cave, Patne
.
Plate 98 : Icons on rough pillars, Patne
Plate 99: Niches in the sidewall, Patne

Page #137

Plate 100: Ambika, Patne
Plate 101 Seated Jina on backwall, Patne
Plate 102: Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena

Page #138

Plate 103 : Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II,
Chambhar Lena
Plate 104: Colossal of Parsvanatha,
Cave III, Chambhar Lena
Plate 105: Jaina cave, Anjaneri

Page #139

Plate 106: Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri
Plate 107: Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri
Plate 108 Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

Page #140

Plate 109 Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting
Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri
Plate 110: Ankai-Tankai hills
Plate 111: Cave I, Ankai-Tankai

Page #141

Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 113 Cave II, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 114: Ganesa as child seated on lap of Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai

Page #142

Plate 115: Cave III, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 116: Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 117: Female deities on stambha sakha of hall doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai

Page #143

Plate 120: Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai
histori
Plate 119: Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V,
Ankal-Tankai
Plate 118: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top,
Ankai-Tankai

Page #144

Plate 121: Plinth, Cave VI.
Ankai-Tankai
Plate 122: Shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai
edas
Plate 123: Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai

Page #145

Plate 124: Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway,
Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 125: Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway,
Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 126: Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi

Page #146

Plate 127: Figures on the verandah ceiling,
Tringalwadi
EN
Plate 128 : Hall doorway,
Tringalwadi
Plate 129: Dharanendra on the stambha
sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi

Page #147

Plate 130: Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi
Plate 131: Cave at Vase
Plate 132: Plinth, Vase

Page #148

Plate 133: Structural pillar in the
verandah, Vase
Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of
hall, Vase
Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot
in the fort at Daulatabad

Page #149

Plate 136: Kaksasanas and pullars enclosing the
verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad
3E
Plate 137 : Jina figure on the pillar in
hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad
Plate 138: Niches in the sidewall of
hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad

Page #150

Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into
Jaina cave, Junnar
Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar
Plate 141: Bhairava, Junnar

Page #151

Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer
Plate 143: Jaina cave at Bhmer
R
Plate 144 Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah, Bhamer

Page #152

Plate 145: Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer
BOGO
Plate 146: Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor
!
Plate 147: Chauvisi, Chandor

Page #153

7
Plate 148: Sarasvati, Chandor
SON
Plate 149: Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor
Plate 150: Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor
or

Page #154

3
Plate 151. Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of Chandraprabha, Chandor
४
Plate 152: Ambika, Chandor
Plate 153: Couple standing under a tree with seated Jina above, Chandor

Page #155

Plate 154 Cave I, Mohida
Plate 155 Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 156: Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall, Cave 1, Mohida

Page #156

Plate 157 Bahubali, Cave I,
Mohida
Plate 158: Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 159 : Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida

Page #157

Plate 160: Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the Sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 161: Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave 1, Mohida
Plate 162: Cave II, Mohida

Page #158

Plate 163: Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall,
Cave II, Mohida
Plate 164: Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and
Ambika, Cave II, Mohida
Plate 165 : Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the
backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida

Page #159

Plate 166: Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora
Plate 167: Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora
le
Plate 168: Colossal of Parsvanatha,
J27, Ellora

Page #160

229
Plate 169: Devotee and Dharanendra to
the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Plate 170: Devotee and Padmavati to
the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Plate 171: Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora

Page #161

·
Plate 172 : Elephant flanking J30, Ellora
Plate 172 : Elephant flanking 13
Plate 173: Attendant flanking the
doorway, J30, Ellora
Plate 174: Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora

Page #162

Plate 175: Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora
Plate 176: Painted panel of seated Jina on the back
Wall of hall, J30, Ellora
Plate 177: Phamasana roof, 32, Ellora

Page #163

Plate 178 : Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha,
Mangi peak
Plate 179: Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or
Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 180: Sculpture like chaumukha or
memorial stone, D', Mangi peak

Page #164

-AGENS
Plate 181: Stupa and seated Jina, 'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha,
Mangi peak
OX
Plate 182. G or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 183: Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or
Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak

Page #165

Plate 184: l'or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 185: Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'T', Mangi peak
Plate 186: Loose icon of Ambika in 'I' or
Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak

Page #166

Plate 187: Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak
"the
Plate 188: Jinas on rock face with narrow path around,
'P', Mangi peak
RAS
Plate 189: Standing figures of monks with padukas in
front, 'Q'. Mangi peak

Page #167

Plate 190: Connecting ridge between Mangi and
Tungi peaks
Plate 191: Caves on Tungi peak
Plate 192: Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak

Page #168

Plate 193: Standing figures of Jinas or 'Pancha Pandava'. Tungi peak
Plate 194: Lanchhana of Neminatha, 'Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak
Plate 195. Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule

Page #169

A
Plate 196: Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai
Plate 197: Standing figure of Jina of
Svetambara scct, Daulatabad fort
Plate 198: Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional Museum, Nasik

Page #170

Plate 200: Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik
Plate 199: Tungi peak
Plate 201: Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik

Page #171

40
Plate 202: Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district
2010
T
VA
KA
Y.
Plate 203: Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district

Page #172
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