Jaina Rock Cut Caves In Western India Part 02

Author(s): Viraj Shah
Publisher: Agam Kala Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022811/1

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA Viraj Shah

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About the Book The hilly region of Maharashtra on the western coast of India is famous for a long and rich tradition of rock-cut architecture with some of the famous and world heritage Buddhist and Brahmanical cave-sites such as Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta. Compared to these, the Jaina caves of the region, except those at Ellora, are little known. This book attempts to bring to light these less-known Jaina caves, about seventy caves scattered over western, hilly areas and excavated over a span of 1500 years, from 1st century BCE to 14th-15th century CE, with largest number excavated during 9th to 14th15th century CE. It documents each Jaina cave of the region that has come to light so far, in minute details recording architectural, iconographic and stylistic features, provides an analytical chronological framework and places the caves in historical context by analyzing the cultural milieu of contemporary society and discussing the issues of patronage and continuance with cave architecture by the Jainas till as late as 14th-15th century CE. The placement of each cave-site within contemporary physical as well as cultural landscape is discussed. These Digambara caves, following regional architectural trends, are quite plain and rough excavations, with the exception of a few decorative ones, but display a wealth of icons, thus emphasizing very focused interests of the patrons. Excavated against the backdrop of reviving trade activities and varied socio-religious contexts of a changing society, these caves form an important evidence of later phase of rock-cut architecture, of which these are the only examples. Rs. 4,900/- Per Set (Set in two Volumes)

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAHARASHTRA) Vol. II VIRAJ SHAH AGAM AGAM KALA PRAKASHAN DELHI-110052

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First Published : 2008 Viraj Shah (1973) ISBN: 978-81-7320-078-6 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Author and Publisher. Published by : Dr. Agam Prasad, M.A., Ph.D., Diploma in Museology for Agam Kala Prakashan 34, Central Market, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052 Ph. : 27212195, 65688806-7. Fax : 27212195 Laser Typesetting by : Elegant Printographics 319, IIIrd Floor, R.G. Complex-I, Sector-14, Rohini, Delhi-85. Printed at: Chawla Offset Delhi - 110052 Printed in INDIA

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To Nani, my late grandmother, whose zest for life was unparallel

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PREFACE It was at Ellora, the only site with well-known Jaina caves in Maharashtra, that I first visited a Jaina cave. These similar-looking caves with rows and rows of meditating figures of Jinas, repetitive themes of Parsvanatha-Bahubali and same pair of yaksa-yaksi, appeared very monotonous, especially after the vibrant, varied Brahmanical iconography with massive, almost life-like sculptures and exquisite Kailasa monolith. But even within this apparent monotony, the large hall of Indra Sabha with beautiful purnaghata carrying pillars, completely relieved pilasters in the shrine doorway and large, almost polished icons of Sarvanubhuti-Ambika made an impression that convinced me that it was not the 'degeneration of art as most scholars had assumed, but rather the nature of the ascetic sect that had produced such iconographic programme and icons with seemingly 'similar' expressions. Eventually I tried to learn more about other Jaina caves of the region and realised that the material was very scanty and scattered. Most scholars were not even aware of the existence of these caves. Thus, began the present study, initially aimed at brining these caves into light by recording them in detail and tentatively fixing the chronology. As I started visiting these sites, I began to 'see them in their historical setting, occupying specific space in the surrounding landscape, both physical as well as cultural. And the study of historical development of each 'site' and Jainism in the region became imperative. This work was submitted in 2001 to Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute, Pune, as a dissertation towards obtaining Ph.D. degree. Since then I have updated some data with recently published material. A lot of description of the original thesis has been edited and presented here in tabular form to make it more reader-friendly. But since documenting these neglected caves is one of the major thrusts of the present study, some description, though tedious, has become inevitable. This rather drab description is illustrated with a large number of line drawings of almost all architectural components and costume-ornament details of icons and numerous photographs. The glossary, drawn from the Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, published by American Institute of Indian Studies, includes only the architectural terms that have been used in the text and other more commonly used terms have been excluded. Similarly, individual names, place names and some of the familiar terms are not italicized to avoid cluttering the text. Only the previously reported sites have been studied and no claim is made here to have explored the entire region. Further explorations may bring into light hitherto unknown Jaina caves. Though all these caves had been recorded briefly, locating some of these sites proved to be difficult, as most have been forgotten even by the local people. For the conven

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India ience of those interested in visiting these sites, local names of the caves and bearings of exact locations are given in as much details as possible. The experiences during innumerable field visits to these sites have been varied. While most caves lay neglected and in ruins, it has been interesting to see how more and more such old sites are being taken over by Jainas and how their attempts to 'develop' these caves, which include tiling the floors, painting the icons, whitewashing the walls and of course, building temples and dharmashalas at the base of the hill, have changed entire face of not only these caves, but also the surrounding village. With such drastic changes made to an ancient site and recognising the right of a community over its religious place, it is hoped that at least a proper study would be allowed before our rich heritage and past is lost forever. vill

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of individuals and institutes have extended their support and help in different ways to make this work possible. Foremost among them is my research supervisor, Prof. Gouri Lad, whose constant guidance, support and inspiration till date has made this research possible. I express my sincere gratitude to her. I owe my academic career to Deccan College, an institution where I learnt my first lessons in archaeology and which gave me a rigorous training in academics. I am grateful to Prof. Paddayya, the Director of Deccan College, for availing me the facilities of the institute and extending support throughout. I thank all my teachers at Deccan College for teaching me nuances of archaeology. Time and again, Dr. G. B. Deglurkar, Dr. A. P. Jamkhedkar and Prof. M. S. Mate have spared their valuable time to discuss with me various aspects of this work and have extended their guidance and suggestions. To them, I am most grateful. My sincere gratitude to Prof. S. Settar for his constructive comments and suggestions. It was at the workshop of Prof. Spink at Ajanta that I learnt different ways to 'see' caves. I will always remain thankful to him for teaching me intricacies of cave architecture. This research was initially funded by fellowships provided by Mr. C. N. Sanghavi, Mumbai, Mr. Sardarmalla Kankaria, Kolkata and Justice K. T. Telang Fellowship of Asiatic Society of Bombay, Mumbai. The major part of the research was funded by the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) of Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), Delhi. I sincerely thank all the institutes, especially ICHR, for their financial support. The library staff of Deccan College has been more than helpful in locating all sorts of journals and books and also making a few books available. I thank them all, especially, the librarian, Ms Tripti More and also Ms Urmila Jagtap, Mr. Kute and Mr. Survase. I am very thankful to the librarians of Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Pune, Heras Institute; Mumbai, Asiatic Society of Bombay; Mumbai and Shivaji University; Kolhapur for availing me the facilities of these libraries. I am thankful to the authorities at Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule and Nasik Regional Museum, Nasik for permitting me to take photographs in these museums. I also extend my sincere thanks to the Jaina organisation at Mangi-Tungi, Nasik for allowing me to take photographs at the site. To all those unknown villagers, who extended their warm hospitality and help during fieldtrips to these sites, I am most grateful.

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India This work would not have been completed without the help, support and affection of all my friends. My deepest gratitude to Geeta Jain for everything she has done for me. I am very grateful to my friends Sangeeta, Sharmi, Vaishali, Vasundhara and Nilesh for their invaluable help during fieldwork and for standing by me. Vaishali and I have had some of the most memorable experiences during our common fieldtrips and I appreciate her help and support. Sukanya, Rhea and Kurush have always been there for me. This work has immensely benefited from the discussions I have had with Sharmi. I thank her for her suggestions and for believing in me. Two special friends, Drs. S. K. Aruni and Richa Jhaldiyal, have been most supportive throughout. I am very grateful to both of them for their encouragement, guidance and help in all possible ways. Another friend, who deserves special mention, is Dr. Alok Kanungo. If it had not been for his constant reminders and encouragement, almost amounting to harassment through series of text messages, e-mails and phone calls, I would have never got around editing my thesis and publishing it. I sincerely thank him for his support and help. To Dr. Shahida Ansari, I owe moments of laughter and fun. Dr. Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee and Dr. Sushma Deo have remained close friends, confidantes and great support. With Aditi and Shubhangi, I have shared some of the best moments of my life. I appreciate and cherish their love and friendship. My family has been the source of inspiration for me. I am immensely grateful to my sister, Fora, who accompanied me to most of my fieldtrips and did all the line drawings at the site. Without her love and help, this work would not have been possible. My parents have stood by all my decisions and have always encouraged me to do what I like and not just tread the conventional path. It has only been their love, support and encouragement that has helped me go through all situations and pursue an unconventional career against all odds. From my late grandmother I learnt the rich tradition of folk songs, riddles and stories. Unfortunately, she did not survive to see this publication. But I cherish her love and memory. To her, I dedicate this work. I am thankful to the publisher, Dr. Agam Prasad and his efficient staff for bringing out the book in such a short time. Lastly, I am indebted to all the scholars on whose research this work has been based. Any mistakes that might have cropped up in this work are entirely mine.

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List of Figures Figure 1 : Physical Features of Maharashtra Figure 2 : Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra Figure 3 : Ground Plan of Cave II at Dharashiva Figure 4 : Pillars in Cave II at Dharashiva Figure 5 : Ground Plan of Cave III at Dharashiva Figure 6 : Pillars & Hall Doorway of Cave III Figure 7 : Ground Plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva Figure 8 : Ground Plan, Pillars and Shrine Doorway of Cave at Ambejogai Figure 9 : Ground Plan of Cave at Kharosa Figure 10: Pillars at Ellora Figure 11 : Pillars at Ellora Figure 12: Pillars at Ellora Figure 13: Pillars at Ellora Figure 14 : Doorways at Ellora Figure 15 : Ground Plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora Figure 16 : Costume and Jewellery-J1 & J2 at Ellora Figure 17: Costume and Jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora Figure 18: Ground Plan of J5, J6 and Lower Storey of Indra Sabha Figure 19: Costume and Jewellery-J6 at Ellora Figure 20: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 21: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 22: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 23: Costume and Jewellery-J11 at Ellora Figure 24: Costume and Jewellery-J12 at Ellora Figure 25: Costume and Jewellery-J13, J15 & J16 at Ellora Figure 26 : Costume and Jewellery-J14 at Ellora Figure 27 : Costume and Jewellery-J17 at Ellora Figure 28 : Ground Plan of J14, J16 and Upper Storey of Indra Sabha Figure 29: Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India Figure 30 : Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora Figure 31 : Placement of Paintings in J18, J19 and J20 at Ellora Figure 32: Costume and Jewellery-J19A & J19 at Ellora Figure 33: Costume and Jewellery-J20A & J20 at Ellora Figure 34 : Ground Plan of Upper Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Figure 35: Costume and Jewellery-J21 at Ellora Figure 36 : Placement of Paintings in J21 at Ellora Figure 37 : Ground Plan of Lower Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Figure 38 : Costume and Jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora Figure 39 : Costume and Jewellery-J23 at Ellora Figure 40: Costume and Jewellery-J24 at Ellora Figure 41 : Costume and Jewellery-J26 at Ellora Figure 42: Ground Plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi Figure 43 : Ground Plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi Figure 44 : Ground Plan of Cave at Pandu Lena Figure 45 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave at Patne Figure 46 : Ground Plan of Cave I & II at Chambhar Lena Figure 47 : Ground Plan of Cave at Anjaneri Figure 48: Hall Doorway and Ceiling of Cave at Anjaneri Figure 49 : Ground Plan & Hall Doorway of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai Figure 50: Pillars & Plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai Figure 51 : Gound Plan, Hall Doorway & Plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai Figure 52: Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai Figure 53 : Ground Plan, Plinth & Hall Ceiling of Cave III at Ankai-Tankai Figure 54 : Pillars in Cave III at Ankai-Tankai Figure 55 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IV Figure 56 : Ground Plan and Pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai Figure 57 : Ground Plan, Plinth and Pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai Figure 58: Ground Plan and Pillars of Cave VII Figure 59: Ground Plan and Hall Doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai Figure 60 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IX and Ground Plan of Cave X at Ankai Tankai Figure 61: Ground Plan, Pillar, Pilaster, Facade and Plinth of the Cave at Tringalwadi Figure 62: Verandah Ceiling of Cave at Tringalwadi Figure 63: Ground Plan of Cave at Vase Figure 64 : Plinth, Hall Doorway & Pillar of Cave at Vase Figure 65 : Ground Plan, Kaksasanas, shrine doorway and pillar at Daulatabad Figure 66: Ground Plan of Cave at Junnar Figure 67 : Ground Plan of Cave at Bhamer Figure 68: Ground Plan of Cave at Chandor Figure 69 : Ground Plan of Cave I at Mohida

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List of Figures Figure 70: Ground Plan of Cave II at Mohida Figure 71 : Ground Plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora Figure 72 : Site Plan of Caves on Mangi-Tungi Peaks Figure 73 : Ground Plan of C and I on Mangi Peak Figure 74 : Ground Plan of G on Mangi Peak Figure 75 : Ground Plan and Pillar of Jon Mangi Peak Figure 76 : Ground Plan of Caves on Tungi Peak Figure 77 : Chart Showing Approximate Dates and Chronological Sequence of the Jaina Caves

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List of Plates Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24 : Caves on the northern side of the ravine, Dharashiva : Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva : Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva : Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva : Gana figures on the plinth, Cave II, Dharashiva : Right end of verandah and traces of passage, Cave II, Dharashiva : Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva : Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva : Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva : Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva : Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva : Cave at Ambejogai : Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai : Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai : Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main excavation, Ambejogai : Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave, Ambejogai : Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora : J3-Small cave in the courtyard of Chhota Kailasa, Ellora : J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora : Indrasabha or Cave XXXII, Ellora : J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the upper storey of Indrasabha, Ellora : J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J21 and J23-Jagganathasabha, Ellora Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27

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List of Plates Plate 28 Plate 29 Plate 30 Plate 31 Plate 32 Plate 33 Plate 34 Plate 35 Plate 36 Plate 37 Plate 38 Plate 39 Plate 40 Plate 41 Plate 42 Plate 43 Plate 44 Plate 45 Plate 46 Plate 47 Sarasvati flanking the shrine doorway-J13, Ellora Plate 48 Plate 49 Plate 50 Plate 51 : Sarasvati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora : Plate 52 : Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 53 Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora Shrine in sukanasa on the roof of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora : : : Plate 59 Plate 60 Plate 61 Plate 62 Plate 63 Plate 64 Plate 65 Plate 66 Plate 67 Plate 68 : : : : : : .......... : : : : : : : : Plate 54 : Plate 55 : Plate 56 : Plate 57 Plate 58 ...................... J26, Ellora Parapet wall with vimana models, J18-Ellora Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora Elephants on the mattavarana-J10, Ellora Pillar in J24, Ellora Auspicious dreams above the doorway-J20, Ellora Makara torana in front of the shrine doorway-J26, Ellora Jina figures and Ambika on the back wall of J21, Ellora Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall of J21, Ellora Jina figures on the sidewall of hall-J18, Ellora Shrine image of J21, Ellora Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end-J18, Ellora Ambika in the verandah end-J18, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J6, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora : : Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora Chakresvari in gopura of Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora Exterior of J18, Ellora Hall of J18, Ellora Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora : Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18, Ellora Paintings on the sidewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19, Ellora Painting on the stone beam between pillars of hall-J19, Ellora Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora XV

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Xvi Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India Plate 69 : Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 70 : Painted panel of Bahubali on the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Plate 73 : Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 74 : Painting on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 75 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 76 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 77 : Samvasarana on hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 78 : Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 79 : Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 80 : Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora Plate 81 : Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora Plate 82 : Jina with devotees and inscription below-J25, Ellora Plate 83 : Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave XVI, Ellora Plate 84 : Mangi-Tungi hills, Nasik district Plate 85 : Lower caves, Mangi hill Plate 86 : Jina and Chakresvari, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 87 : Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 88 : Sarvanubhuti, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 89 : Ambika, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 90 : Penance of Bahubali, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 91 : Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 92 : Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 93 : Goddess, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 94 : Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 95 : Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena Plate 96 : Ambika and Sarvanubhuti on the sidewall, Pandu Lena Plate 97 : Jaina cave, Patne Plate 98 : Icons on rough pillars, Patne Plate 99 : Niches in the sidewall, Patne Plate 100: Ambika, Patne Plate 101 : Seated Jina on backwall, Patne Plate 102 : Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 103: Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 104 : Colossal of Parsvanatha, Cave III, Chambhar Lena Plate 105 : Jaina cave, Anjaneri Plate 106 : Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 107 : Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri Plate 108 : Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

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List of Plates khvii Plate 109: Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 110 : Ankai-Tankai hills Plate 111: Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 113 : Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 114 : Ganesa as child seated on lap of Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 115 : Cave III, Ankai-Tankai Plate 116 : Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 117 : Female deities on stambha sakha of hall doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 118 : Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai Plate 119: Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V, Ankai-Tankai Plate 120: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top, Ankai-Tankai Plate 121 : Plinth, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 122 : Shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 123 : Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 124 : Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 125 : Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 126 : Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi Plate 127 : Figures on the verandah ceiling, Tringalwadi Plate 128 : Hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 129 : Dharanendra on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 130 : Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 131 : Cave at Vase Plate 132 : Plinth, Vase Plate 133: Structural pillar in the verandah, Vase Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of hall, Vase Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot in the fort at Daulatabad : Kaksasanas and pillars enclosing the verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 137 : Jina figure on the pillar in hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad Plate 138 : Niches in the sidewall of hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into Jaina cave, Junnar Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar Plate 141 : Bhairava, Junnar Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer Plate 143 : Jaina cave at Bhmer Plate 144 : Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah, Bhamer Plate 145: Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer Plate 146 : Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor

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xviii Plate 147 : Plate 148: Plate 149: Plate 150: Plate 151 : Plate 152: Plate 154: Plate 156 Plate 157 Plate 158 Plate 159 Plate 160 Plate 161: Plate 162 Plate 163 Plate 164 Plate 165 Plate 166: Plate 167 Plate 168 Plate 169: Plate 170 : Plate 171: Plate 172 Plate 173: Plate 174 : Plate 175: Plate 176: Plate 177: Plate 178 : Plate 179 Plate 180: Plate 181 Plate 182 Plate 184 Plate 185 Chauvisi, Chandor Sarasvati, Chandor Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of Chandraprabha, Chandor Ambika, Chandor Couple standing under a tree with seated Jina above, Chandor Cave I, Mohida Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall, Cave I, Mohida Bahubali, Cave I, Mohida Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave I, Mohida Cave II, Mohida Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall, Cave II, Mohida Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and Ambika, Cave II, Mohida Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora Colossal of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Devotee and Dharanendra to the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Devotee and Padmavati to the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora Elephant flanking J30, Ellora Attendant flanking the doorway, J30, Ellora Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora Painted panel of seated Jina on the back wall of hall, J30, Ellora Phamasana roof, J32, Ellora Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak Sculpture like chaumukha or memorial stone, 'D', Mangi peak Stupa and seated Jina, 'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha, Mangi peak 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak 'I' or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'I', Mangi peak

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List of Plates xix Plate 186 : Plate 187 : Plate 188 : Plate 189 : Plate 190 : Plate 191 : Plate 192: Plate 193 : Plate 194 : Plate 195 : Plate 196 : Plate 197 : Plate 198 : Loose icon of Ambika in 'J' or Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak Jinas on rock face with narrow path around, 'P', Mangi peak Standing figures of monks with padukas in front, 'Q', Mangi peak Connecting ridge between Mangi and Tungi peaks Caves on Tungi peak Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak Standing figures of Jinas or Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Lanchhana of Neminatha, Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai Standing figure of Jina of Svetambara sect, Daulatabad fort Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional Museum, Nasik Tungi peak Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district Plate 199 : Plate 200: Plate 201 : Plate 202 : Plate 203:

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Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Plates 1-18 Chapter 1 Introduction A survey of Jaina caves from other parts of the country 1 Region 4 Physical features 4 Maharashtra as regional entity 5 Political history 6 Jaina Caves in Maharashtra 9 Jainism: Philosophy and iconography 14 Chapter 2 Description and Chronology of Caves 19-254 Pale 19 Description 19; Date 20 Dharashiva 20 Description 21; Date 34; Claim of Buddhist origin of the site 39; Rock-cut structure in the courtyard 40 Ambejogai 41 Description 42, Date 46 Kharosa 49 Description 50; Date 51 Ellora (Early caves) 51 Architectural features 53; Iconographic features 58; Sculptural style 65; Paintings 65; Description 69; Date 124; Intra-site chronology 126; Iconographic trends 130; Intrusive icons 131 Mangi-Tungi (Lower caves) 132 Description 133; Date 144

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India Pandu Lena 145 Description 145; Date 147 Patne 147 Description 148; Date 151 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 152 Description 152; Date 160 Anjaneri 160 Description 161; Date 165 Ankai-Tankai 166 Description 167; Date 190 Tringalwadi 193 Description 193; Date 197 Washale or Vase 198 Description 198; Date 200 Daulatabad 200 Description 201; Date 202 Junnar 203 Description 203; Date 205 Bhamer 205 Description 206; Date 208 Chandor 209 Description 209; Date 217 Mohida-tarf-haveli 218 Description 218; Date 225 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 227 Description 227; Date 227 Ellora (Later caves) 228 Description 228; Date 237 Mangi-Tungi (Upper caves) 238 Description 238; Date 253 Other sites 254 Chapter 3 Architectural and Iconographic Trends 255-274 Architectural features 255 Iconographic features 257 Stages in the development of iconographic features 257; Jina parikara 259; Ambika 261; Sarvanubhuti 262; Occurrence of yaksa-yaksi 263; Chakresvari 263; Padmavati 263; Sarasvati 264; Sarasvati or Mahamanasi? 264; Dikpalas 265; Hanuman 265; Ganesa and Kshetrapala 265; Parents of Jina or yaksa-yaksi couple 266; Monk figures 266; Indra 266; Auspicious dreams 267; Colossus 267; Donor figures 268; Influences 269

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Contents Influence from south India 269 Influence from north, central and western India 269 Loose Jaina icons 271 Paintings 272 Summary 272 Chapter 4 Site: Location and Importance The concept of sacred space 276 The Brahmanical concept of 'tirtha' 276 The Jaina concept of 'tirtha' 278 Jaina texts on tirthas 278 Texts referring to tirthas in Maharashtra 278 Development of a sacred place 279 Pale 281 Dharashiva 281 Epigraphic references 282; Literary references 282; Proximity to Ter 282; Other architectural remains 283 Kharosa 285 Ambejogai 284 Epigraphic references 284; Literary references 284; Other architectural remains 284 Other architectural remains 285 Ellora 286 Epigraphic references 286; Literary references 286; Other architectural remains 287 Mangi-Tungi 288 Epigraphic references 293; Other architectural remains 294 xxiii 275-308 Epigraphic references 288; Literary references 290; Other architectural remains 290; Location 290; Development of the site 291 Pandu Lena 292 Patne 293 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 295 Epigraphic references 295; Literary references 295; Other architectural remains, Development of the site 296 Literary references 299; Other architectural remains 299 Anjaneri 296 Epigraphic references 297; Literary references 297; Other architectural remains 297; Proximity to Tryambakesvara 298; Ankai-Tankai 299 Tringalwadi 300 Washale or Vase 301 Daulatabad 301

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xxiv Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India Junnar 302 Chandor 303 Other architectural remains 303 Bhamer 304 Epigraphic references 304; Other architectural remains 305 Mohida-tarf-haveli 306 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 306 Chapter 5 Cultural Milieu of Jaina Caves: Socio-Religious Background 309-342 Socio-religious Background 309 Jainism in Maharashtra 311 Overview of general trends in the spread of Jainism 311 Early Phase: South India 312; North India 313; Central India 313; Western India 314 Later Phase 315 History and Development of Jainism in Maharashtra 316 List of Jaina remains in Maharashtra 317 Jaina strongholds in Maharashtra 327 Socio-Religious and Economic base of Jainism in Maharashtra 329 Religious practices 329 Sub-sects 331 Digambara sub-sects mentioned in the inscriptions from Maharashtra 333 Svetambara communities 335 Interaction with other religions 335 Patronage 336 Rise in popularity of Jainism in post 9th-10th century CE period 338 343-356 Chapter 6 Conclusion Architectural features of the caves 345 Iconographic features 346 Iconographic development 347 Paintings 349 Inter-site relationships 349 Selection of site location 350 Socio-economic base 351 References 357-374 Glossary of Architectural Terms 375-377 Index 378-384

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SANDRALE MUMBAI Narma DADRA & DAMANNAGAR HAVEL Damar & Clu 389 ARABIAN SEA ALIBAG Raiga Janjira Rajpuri Creek Tapi GUJARAT Suvarnadurg Dahitol Creek Bor Goal Jaigad Creek ORM Kalgabar RATNAGIRI abal Parol Kumbhani Vidar Creek Vijaydurg s Sangade Vishalgad Sindudarg Prionda Ghai SINDHUDURG NAGARI Terekhul Creek Saptshringgad NASHIK Godavari GALNA HILLS Panjhra DURBAR PUNE Amba Ghat Bhima KOPUR RANGE Pravara Daulatabada AURANGABAD Godavari Amapa Chat Mula Nira SANGLI Michgangs AGAR Krishna Bhimg Man JALGA Purana A BULDANA JALNA RANGE HINGOLI Paranda 83 OSMANABA Dadhes Sindphana BEED Bhima GAVILGAD RANGE SOLAPUR PARBHAN JONGOLI HILLS N Godavari Gavilgad Kandhar WASHIM Scale 1cm-35 km AMRAVATI Adan Painganga NANDED MAHARASHTRA PHYSICAL MUDKHED HILL Manjara KARNATAKA Munar Wardha YAVATMAL GARAMSUR HILLS Mahur D Godavari NAGPUR Figure 1 Physical features of Maharashtra CHANDRAPUR ANDHRA State Boundary State Capita District Headquarters Forts Peaks Ghats PRADESH X LEGEND GONDIA A Godavari CHHATTISGARH Altitude in Metres 1200 and Above 900 600 300 6 Sea Level

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jVENDURBAN MADHYA PRADESH GUJARAT NAGPUR BRANDARA MARAVATI DALT JALGAS WAS CDANA CHHATISGARH NASIK 13 WASHIM CHANDRAPUR 20 YAVATMAL 2001 AURANGABAD TINGOLI GARHCUIROL AIRMADNAG MUMBAI ANDHRA PRADESH ARABIAN SEA RATNAGIRI SANGLI KARNATAKA 1 Dharashiva 2 Kbarosa 3 Ambejogai 4 Vase 5 Patac 6 Bhamer 7 Mobida 8 Pale 9 Junnar 10 Pandu Leda 11 Chambbar Leo 12 Anjaneri 13 Chaador 14 Tringalwadi 15 Ankai-Taakai 16 Mangl-Tungi 17 Daulatabad 18 Ellora 19 Napdagiri SINDILDURG Cave-site District Headquarters 1691 760 78deg Figure 2 Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra

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VAASA 174151676 - 0 m appror.) 1 & 2 Drarapala 3 Seated Parshvanatha 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Standing Jina 6 & 7 Scated Jina 8 Chau mukha 9 Panchatrithika 10 to 14 Chaumukha 15 Standing Parshvanatha 16 Seated Jina 8 to 16 loose icons Figure 3 Ground plan of Cave II at Dharashiva (after Burgess 1878)

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10 13 ago dura Figure + Pillars in Cave Il at Dharashiva Cafter Burgess 1879)

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VARN PEPPI : 0 2.3m (appro) 1 Seated Parshvanatha 2 & 3 Seated Jina 4 Loose sculpture of an animal Figure 5 Ground plan of Cave III at Dharashiva (after Burgess 1878)

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RT someo al GSC VALLA 3539 XIX JUST a. Shakhas of hall doorway of Cave III bucat 20000 brood ESKORTELIN Necklace (ruwn b. Pillar A on the plan c. Pillar B on the plan (after Burgess 1878) Lorer garment d. Chauri bearers in the shrine of Cave III Figure 6 Pillars & hall doorway of Cave III

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6 0 lm (approx.) 1 Seated Parsvanatha 2 Suparsvanatha (Loose icon) Ground plan of Cave IV (after Burgess 1878) Figure 7 Ground plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva

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6 7 EUR 1 to 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Seated Jina 6 & 7 Standing Jina 8 Thirteen seated Jinas 9 Loose chaumukha a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1878) 0 Im (approx.) 163 1 Left b. Central two pillars in the back row of verandah of main mandapa (Not to scale) Right d. Crowns of chauri bearers in central shrine Figure 8 Ground plan, pillars & shrine doorway of cave at Ambejogai (approx.) Im c. Central shrine doorway of main mandapa

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N 1 Seated Jina Figure 9 Ground plan of cave at Kharosa 0 (approx.) 1 m

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a. Variety 1 J6-on kakshasanas b. Variety 2 J6- ht (not to scale) Figure 10 Pillars at Ellora c. Variety 3 Jio-hall

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0 (approx.) J20-kaksbasanas a. Variety 4 BAMSOW J18-kakshasanas Figure 11 Pillars at Ellora (after Burgess 1883) J20-pilasters 1 m b. Variety 5 J18-corner pillars in hall

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ZA ALE POSTS III Tal 1m J24-kaks basa nas Sla (approx.) J24-ball J18-un parapet wall 1 ui J18-central pillar sin ball b. Variety 6 a. Variety 5 Figure 12 Pillars at Ellora (after Burgess 1883)

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SON Mill VANT 1915440RADIR I NIN W TTTrang so (after Burgess 1883) d. Variety 10 J21-ball J3 (not to scale) J21-ball (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880) a. Variety 7 (approx.) b. Variety 8 c. Variety 9 Figure 13 Pillars at Ellora

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RS a. Shrine doorway of 110 (not to scale) b. Shrine doorway of J18 (affer Fergussou & Burgess 1880) Figure 14 Doorways at Ellora

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19 21 18 22 O WOD D013 nly 12 22 LO O D (8) (2) (y) IL12 El Saudharmendra E2 Geddess E Saudarmendra 1 to 3 Seatellina 1 # Chakresvari 1 Altincka ratha Halt 2.21. Sexted Jina 1 Sarvanuthuri Ja, 3 Seufed Jina 15 Annika 4a, 4 Seated Jins (1) Stunding Jina Sa. Sh. 3e Seated Jina Sextual Jina (s. 6h, or Sustains (3) Standing Sims Attack on vanatha n Standing Parsyanat Penance of Ruhubali (41) Scated Rsabharatha b. Seatina (4h) Seated linn 10a, 10h, the Sente! Jina (4 Srated lina 12 IIb, Ile Seatest Jina Theated Jina la 120, 12e SealedJina (6) Santed.lin I a. 131, 13e Neutel Time () Satelina 141, 141, 14 Sent Jinni In Seated Jinu IS lliba (71 Sealed! linn (re) Seated Tiua Antechamber (8) Stauding Jian 16 & 1? Stauding Jina Anlechunilher Shrine Karatha's attack Parsvanatha 18 Seated in 4 Penance of Bahubali 19 Chakravari 20, 21 & 22 Sealet Jina Shrine 3 Seated Jina (not to scale) Figure 15 Ground plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora (after Pereira 1977)

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J1 a. 1-Chauri bearers Crown Hair style J2 c. El Saudharmendra Crown Lower garment Armlet Upavita Armlet b. 4 Chakreshvari Crown Necklace (9) Farring Female attendants Figure 16 Costume and jewellery-J1 & J2 at Ellora 00000000 Necklace Lower garment Lower garment

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J 2 a. Dvarapala of main hall doorway Armlet Necklace Crown Shrine b. 18 Chauri bearers Necklace, apavita, udarbandha & chhanavira 8000 Crown BUDDOOOOO Lower garment cabad Wristlet Earring Shrine in the shikhara c. 1-Chauri bearers Lower garment Crown Figure 17 Costume and jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora H Lower garment 13 d. 3-Chauri bearers Crown Neklace (4) Chauri bearers. Crown

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N 1 J10 313 262 su J15 37 J8 Ground plan of lower storey of Indra sabha (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880) J12 Guo JS (not to scale) Figure 18 Ground plan of J5, J6 and lower storey of Indra sabha 3m 5

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J6 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha la Seated Rsabhanatha 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5a Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali J12 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Two seated Jinas 3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Ambika J10 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 Scated Jina 5 Ambika 6 Jina and Dikpalas 7 Penance of Bahubali 8 Attack on Parsvanatha (1) Seated Jina (2) & (3) Standing Jina (4) Seated Jina (5) Standing Jina (6) Penance of Bahubali (7) Seated Rsabhanatha (8) Standing figure J13 1 & 2 Standing Jina 4 Attack on Parsvanatha 5 Seated Jina 6 Sarvanubhuti 7 & 9 Sarasvati 8 Seated Jina 10 Ambika 10a Seated Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 Penance of Bahubali 13 Seated Rsabhanatha 13a Standing Jina J15 1 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jina 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha la Seated Jina 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5a Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali J17 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5 Penance of Bahubali

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J6 a. 1 Attack on Parshva Padmavati Lower garment Hair style b. 2 Sarvanubhuti Lower garment c. 4 Ambika Necklace Armlet Kamatha DOO Neklace Crown Brahmana Headdress Necklace Lower garment A Crown Co Armlet (iv) Figure with adaramukha Attendants Lower garment Lower garment Figure 19 Costume and jewellery-J6 at Ellora Crown

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J10 I Attack on Parshva Padmavati (ii) Stone thrower Necklace & cbhanavira Lower garment Garland around the shoulder 30207 (vi) Man with dagger MICO Lower garment Hair style & earrings (viii) Man on lion HIxir style. (vii) Man with dagger Uipavita Hair style !! Necklace Hair style Hair style Kamatba Queen Necklace proper Crown Right armlet Necklace Left armlet Hair style Armlet Figure 20 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

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J10 a. 2 Attack on Parshva Padmavati Kamatha Queen Necklace BEL Necklace Ilair style Hair style (ii) Stone thruwer OOON Waist band Necklace Lower garment Necklace Hair style Elephant b. 3 Sarvanubhuti XY Necklace Head band Earring Armlet Lower garment & waist band Necklace c. Ambika Attendants ovodgovou Necklace Brahamana Wrist bead Hair style CO 2.0.0.0 200AA Doud Crown or Armlet lower arment Lower garment Armlet Necklace Figure 21 Costume and jewellery -J10 at Ellora

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J10 a3Penance of Bahubali Female on rightFemale on left Flying male OOMS Hair style Vecklace 1.ower garment Lower garment 2) Flying female Armlet Armlet Musician Musician Bharata Necklace Armlet Flying male left armlet Necklace Right armlet Necklace Armlet Lower garment Armlet Waist band b. 8 Attack on Parshva Padmavati c. 4 Scated Jina Right chxuri bearer Necklace Necklace &ebhannvir Kamatha Armlet 1.ower garment Left chauri bearer K Necklace Waist band Armlet Crown Queen Oooooy Du Crown DOADO WI Necklace 11xir style Figure 22 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

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J11 a. 1 Padmavati Lower garment Hair style Kamatha Crown Lower garment Flying females b. 2 Sarvanubhuti 000000 d. Penance of Bahubali Females Lower garment Necklace, chest band & upavita Armlet bobo 00000 Crown Flying males Crown Crown c. 4 Ambika Lower garment Armlet Crown Anklet e. 3 Seated Jina Right chauri bearer Lower garment oooog Wristlet Crown Hair style Wristlet WONG Cushion of Sarvanubhuti & Ambiks Necklace, chest band & upavita Left chauri bearer Earring Figure 23 Costume and jewellery-J11 at Ellora Necklace Armlet HOLON Necklace, chest band & upavita

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J12 2. 1 Sarvanubiuti b. Attack un Parshy Padmavati YO Hair style Vecklace hamatha Vecklace & upavita Lower garment Vecklace Lawer garment ve Lower garmeat Crowa Armiet d. 7. Ambika Earring c. 4 Seated Jina Chauri bearers we C Necklace Ler garment rinlet Lower garmen 888081829 Ankler Figure 24 Costume and jewellery-J12 at Ellora

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J13 a. 4 Attack on Parsha Padmavati b. 6 Sunanubhuti c. 7 Saranati Necklace & chest ornament Erucat Armlet lower garment Ooondoo Wristlet Hair style Armlet Crown d. 8 Scated Jina Chauri bearers e. Ambika Armlet f. 12 Penance of Bahubali Female on right Bharata Necklace flair style Female on left Crown of right chaurl bearer Loper garment Hair style Neeldace Hair styte Lower garment Crown of left chaori bearer JIS g. Seated Jing Chauri bearers Armlet J16 Lower garment h. la Sarvanubhuti i 2 Seated Jing Chauri bearer HD ODDS Necklace Coro OOO The LOON ouogo Necklace, chest band & apavita Crown Chest band of right cauri bearer Armlet Lower garment 0000000 Chest band Flying males Armlet en Crowa Crown Lower garment Chest band of left chauri bearer Wristlet Figure 25 Costume and jewellery-J13 J15 & J16 at Ellora

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J14 a. Attack on Parshva Padmavati (i) Man with trident (ii) Man on bull b. 2 Survanu bhuti Guest Creemon 00 DO San Bordo Loner garment Hair style Necklace, hest band & pevita Waist band Necklace Lower garment (11) Stone thrower Crown Armlet Necklace OO Elephant's head band Armiet Coro Chest band c. 3 Seated Jina Chauri bearers Necklace SO 6 Lower garment Hair style Kamatha Qucen Ilair style Necklace Necklace, ebest band & Armlet d. 4 Ambika Hair style Lower garment "upavita e. 6 Penance of Bahubali Females ocoon Armlet Earring Border around balo Hair style of female on right Lower garment Hair style of female on lent Bharata Lower garment Ilair style Garland bearers Earring Chauri bearer Child Crown Necklace Crowu Cymbal player Lower garment Necklace Lower garment Hair style z Wristlet Turban Armlet Figure 26 Costume and jewellery-J14 at Ellora

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J17 a. 1 Attack on Parshva Padmavati Lower garment Hair style Kamatha Lower garment c. 3 Seated Jina Chauri bearers Lower garment Crown Necklace Armlet Earring (i) Stone thrower Lower garment mocas Necklace $900 Hair style Crown COD Armlet Hair style Chauri bearer Crown d. Ambika Lower garment T Necklace & apavits Armlet Jiri Armlet (iv) Man with dagger Hair style Lower garment Crown Queen Necklace Armlet Female 00000000 Wristlet Armlet Necklace Hair style OLTO Brahman 0000000 Anklet Necklace Necklace b. 2 Sarvanubhuti 0000000 Fro0000 Lower garment Crown Chauri bearer Lower garment Lower garment Bharata e. 5 Penance of Bahubali Females 1161 Lower garment Female on right Lower garment Necklace & upavits Crown Crown Lower garment Figure 27 Costume and jewellery-J17 at Ellora Hair style of right female Crown loy Armlet Farring Necklace Armlet BUDO Hair style Necklace Hair style of left female Armlet xxxxxxx Armlet

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16 17 18 19 20 373) 13 14 15 SA U ! 03 m Ground plan of upper storey of Indra sabha (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880) J14 (Below J20) (Below 119) inot to seale) Figure 28 Ground plan of J14, J16 and upper storey of Indra sabha

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J14 1 Kamtha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5 Two seated Jinas 5 Penance of Bahubali J16 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha la Sarvanubhuti 2 Seated Jina 3 Penance of Bahubali J18 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Seated Jina 5 to 7 Two seated Jina 8 Seated Jina 9 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 10 Standing Jina 11 Scated Jina 12 Standing Jina 13 Penance of Bahubali 14 Seated Jina 15 to 17 Two scated Jinas 18 Seated Jina 19 & 20 Two seated Jinas 21 Ambika 22 & 23 Standing Jina (1) Panchaparmeshthis (2) Man entering temple (3) Temple (4) Padmavati (5) Sarasvati (6) Scated Jina (7) Scated Jina (8) Goddess on lotus (9) Standing Jina (10) Standing Jina (11) Standing Parsvanatha (12) Two standing Jinas (13),Standing Rsabhanatha (14) Standing Jina (15) Standing Jina (16) Standing Parsvanatha J19A 1 Four-armed goddess 2 Three seated Jinas 3 Sarvanubhuti J19 1 & 2 Two seated Jinas 3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 & 5 Two seated Jinas 6a, 6 Seated Jina 6b Seated Parsvanatha 7 Standing Jina 8a, 8, 8b Seated Jina 9 Standing Jina 10a, 10, 10b Seated Jina 11 & 12 Two seated Jinas 13 Penance of Bahubali 14 Two seated Jinas 15 Ambika J20A 1 Ambika 2 Chakresvari J20 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 5 & 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Seated Jina 8 Standing Jina 9 Seated Jina 10 Standing Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 & 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Penance of Bahubali 15 & 16 Two seated Jinas

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J18 a. 1 Sarvanubhuti Attendants Left attendant 7 ose Armlet RSS Necklace poocom Wristlet ththththth CocoDOU oooooooooongoModa B Crown Right attendant men Nee Necklace, chest band & upavita deca Cbest band Lower garment CV-906 Verklace TU Armlet uu:pthaa 000000 Right chauri bearer c. 11 Seated Jina chauri bearers Conoce Corocco VAX204/32 *** To 16 Armlet Armlet Crown VICA Necklace Upavita ooroo Wristlet b. 21 Ambika Child Left chauri beurer Anklet Lower garment Necklace googoorong 8 8 8 8 8 Arinlet d. (5) Sarasvati Waist baud Male cbauri bearer Dooocoon 20-0-0 3 Cup A 28 loner Necklace Amos Lower garment Lower parment 80.000 po 30000 Wristlet Armlet l/pavita 100003powe // Female on right Necklacet Hair style 00000000 Anklet Armlct V iair style Figure 29 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora

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J18 a. 9 Attack on Parshva Padmavati google Lower garment (ix) Man on lion Lower garment Lower garment bed Necklace Necklace Armlet b. 13 Penance of Bahubali Females Necklace & upavita Armlet Anklet Hair style (iii) Stone thrower Necklace B Crown Crown Kamatha Lower garment Necklace & upavita Bharata Lower garment Necklace & upavita (vi) NIGHTE goocturna Necklace chest band & upavita Hair style Crown Crown Armlet (viii) Lower garment Necklace Queen Lower garment Hair style Figure 30 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora Armiet Armlet Necklace c. 5 Seated Jina Chauri bearers 000 Lower garment Crown

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J18 J19 Scale J19 J20 J18 1 Lotus 2 Lotus 3 Lotus 4 Seven Figures 5 Figures 6 Six Males 7 Two Couples 8 Three Couples 9 Flying Figures 10 Flying Figures 11 Floral Design 1 Flying Couples 2 Flying Couples 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra & Figures 6 Two Couples & Four Females 7 Couple 8 Two Couples & a Fighting Scene 9 Two Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures 12 Figures 13 Figures 1 Figures 2 Figures 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra 6 Figures 7 Figures 8 Couples 9 Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures Figure 31 Placement of paintings in J18, J19 and J20 at Ellora

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J19A & J19 Elephant J19A a. 3 Sangrubhuti ODON Odo Forehead ornament Crown Necklace, cbest bend & upavita 0000 94 Aoklet Lower garment Aaket Earring Chest band b. 15 Ambika Brahmana NOI Male Chauri bearer C. 8 Scated Jina Chaeri bearers DO Koy/ toooo Necklace Lower garment Hair style d. 13 Bahubali Females DaVita Lower garment e. 3 Attack on Parshva Padmavati (1) Man on buffalo (iv) Hair style Lower gartnent Necdace Hair style Lower garmeat lower garment Kamatha Bharata (vi) Hair style ORS Queen Armlet Hair style Queen Necklace Anklet Hair style Upavita Lower garment Necklace Hair style Lower garment Armlet Anklet Figure 32 Costume and jewellery-J19A & J19 at Ellora

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J20A & J20 J20A 2.1 Ambika ! Female chauri berrer b. 2 Chakreshvari Devotee Har style 998899 Male chauri bearer ALAD Crow Necklace Crown Lower garment Lower garmeat V00 Lower garment Necklace J20 c. 1 Sarvanubhuti d. 4 Attack on Parshva Padmavati (ii) (vii) TA (005 a Upper Decklace DOOD Lower garmeot Chest hand GI Necklace woor Anklet Necklace Lower garment Necklace Kamatba Hair style Elephant (ii) Queen Armiet pocooooo CUNDU Hair style Lower garment Lomer garment 0 Necklace Head oroiment Chest band c. 9 Seated Jina-chauri bearers Anklet f. 14 Penance of Bahubali Upxvita Female on right Female on left Queen Seks spodlete) Flair styte rmlet Armlet Crown Armlet B t 281111 Wristlet WN Lower garmest grenent lower earment badus 000009 S8 Necklace Sonchosco Ariolet Necklace, e best baud & upavita Necklace Necklace Figure 33 Costume and jewellery-J20A & J20 at Elora

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(12) 1 13 (14X13)(19) 14 15 (16) 16 (17) J21 17 (18) 2 pa LF (5) (6) 18(19)(20) 3m (approx.) J21 1 Seated Parsvanatha 2b & 2c Two seated Jinas 3b, 3e Two seated Jinas 4b Two seated Jinas 4c Seated Jina 5b Standing Parsvanatha and seated Jina Se Two seated Jinas 6b & 6e Two seated Jinas 7 Two seated Finas 8 Sarvanubhuti 9 Standing Jina 10 Seated Jina 11 Standing Jina 12 Ambika 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Two seated Jinas 15 Two seated Jinas 165 & 16e Two seated Jinas 17b Two seated Jinas 17c Three seated Jinas 18b & 18c Two seated Jinas (1) Seated Jina (2) Three seated Jinas (3a) Seated Jina (3b) Standing Parsvanatha (4) Standing Parsvanatha (5a) & (50) Seated Jina (5c) Two seated Jinas (6) Sented Jina (7) Seated Jina (8) Seated Parsvanatha (9) Seated Jina (10) Seated Jina (11) Seated Jina (12) Seated Jina (13) Seated Rsabhanatha (14) Seated Jina (15) Seated Jina (16) Seated Jina (17a) Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha (175) Standing Parsvanatha (18) Seated Jina (19) Seated Jina (20a) Standing Parsvanatha (20) Seated Jina (21) Standing Jina (22) Seated Jina (23) Seated Jina Figure 34 Ground plan of upper storey of Jagganatha sabha (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)

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J21 a. 1 Attack on Parshva Chauri bearers d. 8 Sarvanubhuti Crown Armlet Elephant Head band Lower garment PS 10 Seated Jina Chauri bearers Earring Earring Lower garment b. 7 Two seated Jina Chauri bearers Necklace & upavita EXXXTRAVE Wristlet Crown Necklace, chest band & upavita Earring Necklace & upavits Necklace, chest band & upavita e. 13 Two seated Jinas-chauri bearers Right Jina 1000 Ni Liang Armlet DogE g. 12 Ambika www UG00000 Lower garment Earring Crown c. Unfinished Dvarapala on facade Crown AWW Hair style Figure 35 Costume and jewellery-J21 at Ellora Necklace Lower garment Left Jina Crown Necklace Armlet

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13 14 Scaler 10 J21 1 Figures 2 Jina 15 Tid 0x0 3 Figures 4 Figures 5 Figures 6 Figures 7 Samvasarana 8 Jina 9 Standing Jina 16 7 2 321 pra 55.2" 3 S 6 Ri W.GRIGGS, PHOTO LITH. LONDON. S. E 10 Seated Jina 11 Bahubali & Seated Jina 12 Two Seated Jinas 13 Couple 14 Figures 15 Figures 16 Dancing Figures 17 Two Couples Figure 36 Placement of paintings in J21 at Ellora or fus.

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SONO V UN BE WWW 17 ; 6 (13) FCL J25 MIL 16 (9) $ (s) . 2224 0 m Figure 37 Ground plan of lower storey of Jagganatha sabha appro.) (after Ferguson & Burgess 1880)

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J22 1 Standing Parsvanatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Seated Jina 4 Standing Rsabbanatha 5 Kamatha's attack on Parsyanatha 6 Sarvanubhuti 7 Seated Jina 8 Ambika 9a & 9b Two seated Jinas 10 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 11 Seated Jina 12a Sarvanubhuti 12b Seated Jina 12c Devotee 12d Ambika 13 Seated Jina J25 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Seated Jino 3 Kamatha' attack on Parsvanatha 4 Seated Jina 5a, Sb & 5c Two seated Jinas 6 Penance of Bahubali 7 Seated Jina 8 Ambika (1a) Seated Jina (1b) Two seated Jinas (2) Seated Jina (3a) & (3b) Seated Jina (3c) Standing Jina with devotees (4a) Seated Parsvanatha (4b) Seated Jina (5a, b), (6a, b), (7a, b, c), (8a, b) (9), (10), (11a, b), (12 a, b, c) (13a, b), (14), (15), (16a, b) Seated Jina (16e) Standing Jina with devotees (17a) & (176) Seated Jina (17c) Standing Jina with devotees (18) Seated Jina (19) Seated Jina (19b) Standing Jina with devotees (19c) Seated Jina (190) Two seated Jina (19e, f, g, h) Seated Jina (20) Standing Parsvanatha J23 1 Seated Jina 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatba 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 to 6 Seated Jina. 7 Ambika 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jina J24 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 5 & 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Seated Jina 8 Standing.Jina 9 Seated Jina 10 Standing Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 & 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Penance of Bahubali 15 & 16 Two seated Jinas 17 Ambika J26 1 Two seated Jinas 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Sarvanubhuti 5 Seated Jina 6 Ambika 7 Two seated Jinas 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jina

Page #67
J22 a. 1 Attack on Parshva Padmavti b. 2 Attack on Parshwa Padir hyri Kamatha c. Sarasvati Flair style Lower garment Lower garment Necklace Armlet e. 8.4mbika d. 7 Seated Jina Chauri bearers f. 1C Attack on Parshva Padmavati Kamatha Hair style Nair style Attendant Crown Lower garment Lower garment Necklace Crowd J25 9.1 Sarvanubhuti h. 3 Attack on Parshva Padmavati (i) Man with trident 1. 8. Ambika Hair style Lower garment 0700 Lower garment Necklace 1. 7 Seated Jina-chauri bearers j. 4 Seated Jinu Chanri bearers Females Crown Lower garment Necklace Necklace, chest band & opavita Lower garment Armlet Armlet Wristlet Figure 38 Costume and jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora

Page #68
J23 a. 2 Attack on Parshva Padmavati b. 3 Sarvarubhuti (iv) Man on lion Left attendant TVN Necklace Hair style 10 Necklace Ankle! Armlet 00000000 Aaklet Lower garment od 0 1000 3*, Rio D!) Armlet Queen Lower garment Kamatha TOROS Necklace lo Crown Necklace Elephant 8999898 ALDDDDD Necklace c. 7 Ambika garment Head band Earring Lower garment Armle Earring Hair style Farring Armlet Crown Hair style d. 5 Seated Jina Chauri bearers Left chauri bearers e. 8 Penance of Bahubali Female on left Female on right Necklace Right chaori bearer Armlet Hair style Flying males Necklace ower garment Lower garmest Armlet Bharata Crowa lower Earment Queen Crown DE Wristlet Armlet Crown Crowa Upavita lower garment Figure 39 Costume and jewellery-J23 at Ellora Lower garment

Page #69
J24 a. 1 Sarvanubhuti Elephant Male attendant on left Female attendant on left DOO R 0000 Head ornament Necklact Necidace & upavita Male attendant on right Armlet Earring Lower garnet armest Armlet Necklace & apavaita Crown Female chauri bearers Wristlet Male attendant Hair style Armlet h. 17 Amhika Crowd Necklace condo oko Armiet Lower garment od Child Male attendant Necklace & upavita DODO Necklace ower garment brood HAGRAAGIS Waist band 1 wer arme Anklet Hair style Armlet. Hair style c. 9 Seated Jina-chauri bearers Right outer Left outer d. 4 Attack on Parshva Padmavati Left inner Right ioner F.arring Crown sent Hair style Kamatba Crown tipavfta Figure 40 Costume and jewellery-J24 at Ellora

Page #70
J26 a. 2 Attack on Parshva Padmavati b. 4 Sarvanubhuti Attendant on right (iv) Man with trident O Crown Crown lower garment Neeldace & apavita Elephant Attendant on left TO Lower garment Armiet Lower garment Hair style Head ornament CUOIO 10 Armlet pavita Kamarhe Lower garment c. 5 Seated Jina-chauri bearers Outer chauri bearer Inner chauri bearer Hair style (1) Man op bull Crown Queen Crown Armlet Lower garment Crown Lower garment d. 6 Ambika Armlet e. 8 Penance of Bahubali Female on right WIGIL Hair style Hair style wer garment Wristlet Armlet Loner garment Brahmana Armlet Necklace & apavita Necklace Neckalce Figure 41 Costume and jewellery-J26 at Ellora

Page #71
18 25 17 1 1 - 13 12 15 14 (approx.) 1 Seated Jina 2 Chakresvari 3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 Sarvanubhuti 5, 6, 7 Seated Jina 8 & 9 Dvarapala 10 Ambika 11 Penance of Bahubali 12 Seated Jina 13 Sarasvati 14 Seated Jina 15 Two seated Jinas 16 Seated Suparsvanatha 17, 18 Seated Jina 19 Seated Suparsvanatha 20, 21 Seated Jina 22 Two seated Jinas 23 Seated Jina 24 Standing Jina 25, 26 Seated Jina Figure 42 Ground plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi

Page #72
53 54 55 1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 30 35 36 38 12 20 11 19 39 46 47 40 41 10 15 16 17 18 9 48 49 42 8 13 14 7 43 50 44 51 52 45 1 m (approx.) 1 Standing Jina 2 Seated Suparsvanatha 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 to 12 Seated Jina 13 to 20 Standing Jina 21 Seated Jina 22 Standing Jina 23 Standing Suparsvanatha 24 Standing Jina 25 Goddess 26 Standing Jina 27 Sarasvati 28 Dvarapala 29 Sarasvati 30 Dvarapala 31 to 34 Seated Jina 35 to 37 Standing Jina 38, 39 Seated Jina 40 Standing Jina 41 to 44 Seated Jina 45 Ambika 46 to 48 Standing Jina 49 Seated Suparsvanatha 50 Seated Jina 51 Seated Parsvanatha 52 Couple 53 to 56 Seated Jina Figure 43 Ground plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi

Page #73
b. Ambika Hair style DET! Lower garment of brahamana (c) Sarvunubhuti 1 in (approx.) Crown 1 Seated Jina 2 Ambika 3 Sarvanubhuti # Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lepa (after Dhavaliker 1984) Figure 44 Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lena

Page #74
1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Ambika 3 to 5 Seated Jina 6 Standing Jina 1m 1. Ground plan of Nagarjuna's kotri (after Cousens 1931) 1m -N (approx.) b. Verandah Pillar Figure 45 Ground plan & pillar of cave at Patne c. Ground plan of Sita's nahni (after Cousens 1931) 1 m

Page #75
GET 12 13 14 15 9 10 11 8 5 6 7 1m 1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Chauvisi 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Sarvanubhuti 6 Seated Parshvanatha 7 Ambika 8 Seated Parshvanatha A to I Modern loose icons 1 Goddess (approx.) 2 & 3 Standing Jina 1. Imbika 5 to 7 Standing Jina 8 Two seated Jinas 9 to 11 Standing Jina 12 Devotee 13 to 15 Standing Jina 16 Two seated Jinas a. Cavel 17 Ambika b. Cave II Figure 46 Ground plan of Cave I & II at Chambhar Lena

Page #76
N Niche 1 2 8 1 Kshetrapala 2 Standing Suparshvanatha 3 Hanuman 4 Snake 5 Standing Parshvanatha 6 Chakreshvari 7 Three seated devotees 8 Sarvanubhuti ------ 9 Standing Jina 10 Seated Parshvanatha 11 Standing Rshabhanatha 12 Ambika Mordern Wall -------- 10 11 Pit 5 12 (approx.) Figure 47 Ground plan of cave at Anjaneri 1 m

Page #77
2. Locus on verandah ceiling bod horor co Coro 2.8 192 Necklace Qc00000 c. Chakreshiuri Armlet h. Hall doorway Necklace root to scale) Figure 48 Hall doorway and ceiling of cave at Anjaneri d. mhika

Page #78
1.5m (approx.) 1 Dvarapala 2 Dvarapala a. Ground plan of lower storey b. Ground plan of upper storey AFERS HEB RUBUTUSSA LG RANS OS RAISA DETECTARES 13 ARTS T 18 UNE (approx.) c. Hall doorway Figure 49 Ground plan & hall doorway of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)

Page #79
Eddy Deity Deity d. Pilaster in upper storey c. Pillar in upper storey a. Plinth (vor to scxlc) Southeastera pillar Northwestern pillar Southwestera pillar b. Hall pillars in lower storey Figure 50 Pillars & plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Lankai

Page #80
SA OCIDOJUMS SURA ESTES VOORDAAD A 1 . 1952 On L b (approx.) . Ground plan of upper storey (after Burgess 1883) (approx.) laranuhhuti Imbika a. Ground plan of lower storey (after Burgess 1883) d. Hall doorway (after Burgess 1883) C. Plinth (not to scale) Figure 51 Ground plan, hall doorway & plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai

Page #81
3 A San b. Hall pilaster (Not to scale) c. Hall pillar a. Pilaster in the perforated screen Figure 52 Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai

Page #82
0 1.5m 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Ambika 3 Standing Shantinatha 4 Attack on Parshvanatha a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1883) (not to scale) b. Plinth CAFTE c. Hall ceiling (after Burgess 1883) Figure 53 Ground plan, plinth & hall ceiling of Cave III at Ankai-Tankai (approx.) 1m

Page #83
Standing Parshva (not to scale) l'ilaster in the perforated screen b. Pilaster in the panel of Shantinatha Southeastern pillar Northeastern & southwestern pillar Northwestern pillar Figure 54 Pillars in Cave Ill at Ankai-Tankai c. Hall pillars

Page #84
0 1.5m a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1883) b. Hall pillar c. Hall pilaster (not to scale) Figure 55 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IV

Page #85
1 1 Standing Jina 2 Bahubali 3 Standing Jina 4 Panchatirthika 5 Seated Rshubhanatha a. Lower storey To Cave VI 1 m (approx.) b. Middle storey Figure 56 Ground plan and pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai c. Pilaster in the verandah of middle storey (Not to scale)

Page #86
To Cave V = a Ground plan m 0 1 m (approx.) Q 0 0 0 0 0 I b Plinth (not to scale) Figure 57 Ground plan, plinth and pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai c Pillar (not to scale)

Page #87
b. Verandah Pillar (not to scale) c. Hall pillar a. Ground plan (approx.) Figure 58 Ground plan & pillars of Cave VII

Page #88
KXXXXXXXXX 1m a Ground plan (approx.) b Hall doorway of Cave VIIT (not to scale) Figure 59 Ground plan and hall doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai

Page #89
a. Ground plan 0 1 m (approx.) Cave IX 300 O 0 1 m (approx.) c. Ground plan of Cave X b. Verandah pillar (not to scale) Figure 60 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IX and ground plan of Cave X at Ankai-Tankai

Page #90
AS - c. Kakshasanus & plinth e. Hall pillar 1m o Im b. Facade (Apprus.) 1. Seated Rshahhanatha d. Window in verandah (after Caesens 1931) (Not to seale) . Hall Pilasters a. Ground plan (after Cousens 1931) Figure 61 Ground plan, pillar, pilaster, facade and plinth of the cave at Tringalwadi

Page #91
a. Lotus on the ceiling of side aisles of verandah b. Lotus on the stone beams of central aisle of verandah (not to scale) Figure 62 Verandah ceiling of cave at Tringalwadi Lower garment Necklace c. Loose icon of a female outside the cave

Page #92
Cistern 1 & 2 Standing Jing (approx.) Figure 63 Ground plan of cave at Vase

Page #93
d. Hall doorway b. Desiga on the step to veraodah c. Pillar a. Plinth (not to scale) Figure 64 Plinth, hall doorway & pillar of cave at Vase

Page #94
Soathwestern pillar Eastern face d. Shrine doorway (approx) b. Kakshasanas IM fnot to scale) a. Ground plan ferprox.) c. Northwestern pillar Figure 65 Ground plan, kaksasanas, shrine doorway & pillar of cave at Daulatabad

Page #95
A UPPER STOREY XXX 02 m (at pprox.) 1 Seated Jina 2 Tritinthika 3 Ambika Bhuiruva 5 Seated figure Ground plan of cave at Junnar (after Jadhav 1980) Figure 66 Ground plan of cave at Junnar

Page #96
- N High Bench High Beach (approx.) 1 Padmavati 2 Dhananendra Seated devotee couple 4 Sarvanubhuti 5 Panchatinthika 6 Chauvisi 7 Standing Jina 8 Seated Parshvanatha 9 Standing Jina 10 Tritirthika 11 Panchatirthika 12 to 15 Seated Jina (not to scale) a. Ground plan b. Niche of Padmavati Figure 67 Ground plan of cave at Bhamer

Page #97
n. 8 Saraswati 18 19 20 02-01 21 22 23 WA 30 31 righr arring J LEF SEHEN 10wer arment c 17 Standing males 0 m (approx.) ower arment d. 21 imbika 1 Seated Jina 22 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jinu 23 Tritirthika 3 Bhaira 24 Standing Parshvanatha 4 Seated Jina 25 Seated Jina 5 Punchatirthika 26 Chauvisi 6 Chavisi 27 Seated Jina 7. Ambika 28 Chauvisi 8 Saraswui 29 Standing Parshvanatha 9 to 12 Sated Jina 30 Ganesha 13. Ambika 31 Goddess 14 Panchatirthika 32 Seated Jina 15 Standing Jina 33 Panchatirthika 16 Sanarubhuti 34 Standing Suparshvanatha 17 Standing males 35 Standing Jina 18 Seated Chandruprabha 36 Sarasvati 19 & 20 Standing Jina 37 Standing couple 21.4mbika 38 Seated Jina Armle Hair style Necklace a. Ground plan (ster Cousens 1931) Figure 68 Ground plan of cave at Chandor

Page #98
26 25 29 24 30 3 + 5 2 6 2 7 12 61 I 1! 8121 91 SI I 11 01 (approx.) 1 Seated Chandraprabha 2 Seated Pushpadania 3 Standing figure 4 Standing devotee couple 5 to 7 Standing Jina 8 Standing Bahubali 9 Seated Jina 10 Seated Mallinutha 11 Seated Jina 12 Devotees 13 Gormukha 14 Dharanendra 15 & 16 Seated Jina 17 Chakreshvari 18 Ambika 19 Seated Jina 20 Kshetrapala 21 to 23 Standing Jina 24 Seated Suparshvanatha 25 Seated Padmaprabha 26 Seated Sumatinatha 27 Seated Rshabhanatha 28 to 30 Seated Jina Figure 69 Ground plan of Cave I at Mohida

Page #99
- N 29 31 28 32 27 24 25 26 910 Step 02 61 81 21 91 21 11 (appro..) 1 Standing Jina 18 Dharanendra 2 Seated Jina 19 Chakreshvari 3 Standing figure 20 Ambika 4 to 8 Seated Jina 21 Standing devotees 9 Standing figure 22 & 23 Standing Jina 10 Seated figure 24 Seated Rshabhanatha 11 to 13 Seated Jina 25 Standing devotee 14 Gomukha 26 Standing figure 15 Elephant 27 Standing Jina 16 & 17 Standing devotee 28 to 32 Seated Jina Figure 70 Ground plan of Cave II at Mohida

Page #100
1 2 3 4 5 J27 J28 J29 Elephant Elephant J32 Empty shrine J31 (not to scale) J5 1 Panchatirthika 2 Seated Jina 3 Ambika 4 Tritirthika 5 Kshetrapala 6 Tritirthika 7 Panchatirthika 8 Seated Suparsvanatha 9 Chauvisi J30 1 Attendant 2 Attendant 3 Gomukha 4 & 5 Seated Males 6 Female devotee 7 to 9 Male Devotee 10 & 11 Seated Males J27 1 Devotee 2 Dharanendra 3 Parsvanatha 4 Padmavati 5 Devotee J32 1 Tritirthika 2 Bahubali 3 Panchatirthika 4 Tritirthika 4a Seated Parsvanatha 5 Panchatirthika 6 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 7 Saptairthika 8 Panchatirthika 9 Santipatha Figure 71 Ground plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora (after Pereira 1977)

Page #101
( 12) HILIW & a a. Mangi peak b. Tungi peak (not to scale) A Two seated Jinas B Ambika C Cave D Cave E Pancha Pandava or icons of Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, Mallinatha, & Rshabhanatha A Standing monks B Standing monk C Cave III or Mahavira gupha D Eight seated Jinas & a standing couple E Two seated Jinas F Balabhadra swami gupha G Shri Adinatha gupha H Nandishvara temple or Modern chaumukha I Shantinatha gupha J Parshvanatha gupha K Twenty seated Jinas 1 Thirty-three seated Jins M Ninteen seated Jinas N Nine scated Jinas Thirteen seated Jinas P Thirteen seated Jinas Q Two standing monks Figure 72 Site plan of caves on Mangi-Tungi peaks

Page #102
43 2 Ito 7 Seated Jina a. Cave III or Mahavira gupha N 1 (approx.) Im 13 14 15 16 12 IZ 10 11 12 2 J 1 Four standing monks 2 Seated Jina 3 Three vertical rows of two seated Jinas each 17 Two standing monks 18 to 20 Two seated Jinus in vertical row 21 to 25 Seated Jina Figure 73 Ground plan of C and I on Mangi peak 18 19 20 4, 5 Seated Jina 6 to 10 Scated Jina-standing monk in vertical row 11 to 16 Seated Jina b. I or Shantinatha gupha. 22 23 24 25

Page #103
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 23 24 zs 15 50 49 Lt 9 st 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 01689S (approx.) 1 Chaumukha 2 Chanmukha 3 & 4 Seated Jinas 5 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 6 to 8 Three scated Jinas in vertical rows 9 & 10 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 11 to 20 Scated Jina and standing monk in vertical row 21 Two seated Jinas in vertical rox 22 Panchatirthika 23 Seated Jina-Devotee couple in vertical row 24 to 31 Seated Jina 32 Devotee couple 33 Seated Jina 34 & 35 Devotee couple 36 to 39 Seated Jina 40 Seated Jina-Devotee couple in vertical row 41 Standing monk 42 Figure 43 Standing monk 44 to 46 Seated Jina 47 Tritirthika 48 Six standing monks 49 & 50 Seated Jina 51 & 52 Two seated Jinas in vertical row Figure 74 Ground plan of G on Mangi peak

Page #104
12 11 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 (approx.) I Loose icon of kshetrapala 2 10 5 Three seated Jinas in vertical row 6 Panchatirthika 7 Seated Parsvanatha 8 & 9 Three seated Jinas in vertical row 10 Seated Jina-monk in vertical row 11 & 12 Seated Jina 13 Seated Parsvanatha 14 Seated Jina 15 Tritirthika 16 Seated Jina 17 Seated Parsvanatha 18 Seated Suparsvanatha 19 Four standing monks 20 & 21 Standing monk 22 & 23 Seated Parsvanatha 24 to 28 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 29 Loose icon of Ain bika b. Pillar (uot to scale) a. Ground plan Figure 75 Ground plan & pillar of Jon Many peith

Page #105
10 11 12 2 67 14 1 15 15 16 16 17 18 1 to 7 Seated Jina a. Cave C 1m (approx.) 1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Standing Suparsvanatha 4 to 14 Seated Jina 15 Standing Suparsvanatha 16 & 17 Seated Jina 18 Seated Suparsvanatha b. Cave D Figure 76 Ground plan of caves on Tungi peak

Page #106
SITE DATE B. C. A.D. 100 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1234 -35 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 Pale Dharashiva Ambejogai Kharosa Ellora (lower caves) Mangi-Tungi Cave Pandu Lena Mangi-Tungi Cave II Patne Mangi peak D Loose icons on Mangi peak Chambhar Lena Anjaneri Ankal-Tankai Caves I, II and III Tringalwadi Vase Daulatabad Junnar Bhamer Chandor Nandagiri Ellora JS Ankai-Tankai Caves IV to X Mohida Loose icons at Dharashiva Ellora J27 Ellora J28 to J32 Pancha Pandava on Tungi peak Con Mangi and Tungi peaks Rest of the caves on MangiTungi peaks ----- indicates approximate time-frame within which these caves could have been excavated and does not indicate total time span of the excavation activity. Figure 77 : Chart showing approximate dates and chronological sequence of the Jaina caves

Page #107
Plate 1 : Caves on the northern side of the ravine, Dharashiva Plate 2: Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 3: Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #108
Plate 4 : Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 5 : Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 6. Gana figures on the plinth, Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #109
Plate 7: Right end of verandah and traces of passage, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 8: Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 9: Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #110
Plate 10 : Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva Plate 11 : Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva Plate 12: Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva

Page #111
Plate 13: Cave at Ambejogai Plate 14: Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai Plate 15: Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai

Page #112
Plate 16: Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main excavation, Ambejogai Plate 17.Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave, Ambejogai Plate 18: Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora

Page #113
Plate 19: J3-Small cave in the courtyard of Chhota Kailasa, Ellora Plate 20: J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora Plate 21 : Indrasabha or Cave XXXII, Ellora

Page #114
Plate 22: J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora Plate 23: J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora Plate 24: J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the upper storey of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #115
Plate 25: J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora Plate 26: J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora Plate 27: J21 and J23-Jagganathasabha, Ellora

Page #116
Plate 28: J26, Ellora Plate 29: Parapet wall with vimana models, J18-Ellora Plate 30: Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora

Page #117
Plate 31 : Elephants on the mattavarana-J10, Ellora Plate 32: Pillar in J24, Ellora Plate 33: Auspicious dreams above the doorway-J20, Ellora

Page #118
Plate 34: Makara torana in front of the shrine doorway-J26, Ellora Plate 35: Jina figures and Ambika on the back wall of J21, Ellora Plate 36: Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall of J21, Ellora

Page #119
Plate 37: Jina figures on the sidewall of hall-J18, Ellora Plate 38: Shrine image of J21, Ellora Plate 39: Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end J18, Ellora

Page #120
Plate 40: Ambika in the verandah end-J18, Ellora Plate 41 : Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J, Ellora Plate 42: Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora

Page #121
Plate 43: Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora Plate 44 : Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora Plate 45: Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora

Page #122
Plate 46: Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora Plate 47: Chakresvari in gopura of Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora Plate 48 : Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora

Page #123
Plate 49: Sarasvati flanking the shrine doorway-J13, Ellora Plate 50: Sarasvati near the doorway _ leading to J20A-J18, Ellora Plate 51 : Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora

Page #124
Plate 52: Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 53: Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora Plate 54: Shrine in sukanasa on the roof of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora

Page #125
Plate 55: Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 56 : Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 57: Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #126
Plate 58: Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora Plate 60: Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora Plate 59: Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora

Page #127
Plate 61: Exterior of J18, Ellora Plate 62: Hall of J18, Ellora Plate 63. Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora

Page #128
Plate 64 : Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18, Ellora Plate 65: Paintings on the sidewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora Plate 66: Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19, Ellora

Page #129
Plate 67: Painting on the stone beam between pillars of hall-J19, Ellora Plate 68: Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 69: Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora

Page #130
Plate 70: Painted panel of Bahubali on the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Plate 72: Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora

Page #131
Plate 73: Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 74: Painting on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 75: Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora

Page #132
Plate 76: Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 77: Samvasarana on hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 78: Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora

Page #133
Plate 79. Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 80: Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora Plate 81: Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora

Page #134
2013 ht Plate 82: Jina with devotees and inscription below-J25, Ellora Plate 83: Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave XVI, Ellora Plate 84: Mangi-Tungi hills, Nasik district

Page #135
Plate 85: Lower caves, Mangi hill Plate 86: Jina and Chakresvari, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 87: Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha, Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #136
Plate 88: Sarvanubhuti, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 89: Ambika, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 90: Penance of Bahubali, Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #137
Plate 91 : Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 92: Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 93: Goddess, Cave II, Mangi hill

Page #138
Plate 94 : Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 95: Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena Plate 96: Ambika and Sarvanubhuti on the sidewall, Pandu Lena

Page #139
Plate 97: Jaina cave, Patne Plate 98: Icons on rough pillars, Patne Plate 99: Niches in the sidewall, Patne

Page #140
Plate 100: Ambika, Patne Plate 101 : Seated Jina on backwall, Patne Plate 102 : Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena

Page #141
OBAMAL Plate 103 Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II, Chambhar Lena guptadAnapeTI Plate 104: Colossal of Parsvanatha, Cave III, Chambhar Lena Plate 105 Jaina cave, Anjaneri

Page #142
Plate 106: Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 107: Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri 353 Plate 108: Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

Page #143
Plate 109. Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 110: Ankai-Tankai hills Plate 111: Cave I, Ankai-Tankai

Page #144
Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 113: Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 114: Ganesa as child seated on lap of Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai

Page #145
WONDER Plate 115: Cave III, Ankai-Tankai Plate 116: Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 117: Female deities on stambha sakha of hall doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai

Page #146
Plate 120: Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai Plate 119: Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V, Ankai-Tankai Plate 118: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top, Ankai-Tankai

Page #147
Plate 121: Plinth, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 122: Shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 123: Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai

Page #148
Plate 124: Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 125: Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 126: Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi

Page #149
Plate 127: Figures on the verandah ceiling, Tringalwadi Plate 128 : Hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 129: Dharanendra on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi

Page #150
Plate 130: Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 131: Cave at Vase Plate 132: Plinth, Vase

Page #151
Plate 133: Structural pillar in the verandah, Vase Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of hall, Vase Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot in the fort at Daulatabad

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Plate 136: Kaksasanas and pillars enclosing the verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 137: Jina figure on the pillar in hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad Plate 138: Niches in the sidewall of hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad

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Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into Jaina cave, Junnar Plate 141: Bhairava, Junnar

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Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer Plate 143 Jaina cave at Bhmer Plate 144: Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah, Bhamer

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Plate 145: Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer Plate 146: Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor Plate 147: Chauvisi, Chandor

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Plate 148: Sarasvati, Chandor Plate 149: Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor Plate 150: Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor

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Plate 152: Ambika, Chandor Plate 151. Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of Chandraprabha, Chandor Plate 153: Couple standing under a tree with seated Jina above, Chandor

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Plate 154: Cave I, Mohida Plate 155: Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida Plate 156: Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall, Cave I, Mohida

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Plate 157. Bahubali, Cave I, Mohida Plate 158: Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida Plate 159 : Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida

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Plate 160: Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the Sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida Plate 161: Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave I, Mohida Plate 162: Cave II, Mohida

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Plate 163: Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall, Cave II, Mohida Plate 164: Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and Ambika, Cave II, Mohida Plate 165 : Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida

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Plate 166: Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora Plate 167: Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora Plate 168: Colossal of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora

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A Plate 169: Devotee and Dharanendra to the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Plate 170: Devotee and Padmavati to the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Plate 171: Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora

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Plate 173: Attendant flanking the doorway, J30, Ellora Plate 174: Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora Plate 172 Elephant flanking J30, Ellora

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Plate 175: Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora Plate 176 Painted panel of seated Jina on the back Wall of hall, J30, Ellora Plate 177: Phamasana roof, J32, Ellora

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Plate 178: Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak Plate 179: Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak Plate 180: Sculpture like chaumukha or memorial stone, 'D', Mangi peak

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pAda kA darzana Plate 181: Stupa and seated Jina, 'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha, Mangi peak CIK Plate 182: 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak Plate 183: Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak

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Caa Plate 184: 'I' or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak Plate 185 Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'T', Mangi peak Plate 186: Loose icon of Ambika in 'J' or Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak

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Plate 187: Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak Plate 188: Jinas on rock face with narrow path around, 'P', Mangi peak Plate 189: Standing figures of monks with padukas in front, 'Q', Mangi peak

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Plate 190: Connecting ridge between Mangi and Tungi peaks Plate 191: Caves on Tungi peak Plate 192: Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak

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Plate 193: Standing figures of Jinas or Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Plate 194: Lanchhana of Neminatha, Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Plate 195. Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal. Dhule

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Plate 196: Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai Plate 197: Standing figure of Jina of Svetambara sect, Daulatabad fort Plate 198: Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional Museum, Nasik

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Plate 200: Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Plate 199: Tungi peak Plate 201: Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik

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Plate 202: Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district Plate 203: Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district

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About the Author Viraj Shah is an archaeologist, specialised in ancient Indian art, architecture, iconography and socioreligious history. She has master's degrees in Ancient Indian Culture and Archaeology from Deccan College, Pune and in History from Mumbai University. She completed her doctoral dissertation in 2002 from Deccan College (Deemed University), Pune. Since then, she has been working on different projects on temple institution in medieval Maharashtra and archaeological remains in coastal areas of Konkan. She has published a few research papers in well-known journals and in edited volumes. Her areas of interest are socio-economic-religious history, religious architecture, iconography, and pilgrimage and landscape studies. She is specifically interested in the study of early medieval society, especially in Deccan. ISBN: 978-81-7320-078-6

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AGAM KALA PRAKASHAN DELHI