Jaina Rock Cut Caves In Western India Part 02

Author(s): Viraj Shah
Publisher: Agam Kala Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/022811/1

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES
IN WESTERN INDIA
Viraj Shah

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About the Book
The hilly region of Maharashtra on the western coast of India is famous for a long and rich tradition of rock-cut architecture with some of the famous and world heritage Buddhist and Brahmanical cave-sites such as Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta. Compared to these, the Jaina caves of the region, except those at Ellora, are little known.
This book attempts to bring to light these less-known Jaina caves, about seventy caves scattered over western, hilly areas and excavated over a span of 1500 years, from 1st century BCE to 14th-15th century CE, with largest number excavated during 9th to 14th15th century CE. It documents each Jaina cave of the region that has come to light so far, in minute details recording architectural, iconographic and stylistic features, provides an analytical chronological framework and places the caves in historical context by analyzing the cultural milieu of contemporary society and discussing the issues of patronage and continuance with cave architecture by the Jainas till as late as 14th-15th century CE. The placement of each cave-site within contemporary physical as well as cultural landscape is discussed.
These Digambara caves, following regional architectural trends, are quite plain and rough excavations, with the exception of a few decorative ones, but display a wealth of icons, thus emphasizing very focused interests of the patrons. Excavated against the backdrop of reviving trade activities and varied socio-religious contexts of a changing society, these caves form an important evidence of later phase of rock-cut architecture, of which these are the only examples.
Rs. 4,900/- Per Set (Set in two Volumes)

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA

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JAINA ROCK-CUT CAVES IN WESTERN INDIA
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAHARASHTRA)
Vol. II
VIRAJ SHAH
AGAM
AGAM KALA PRAKASHAN
DELHI-110052

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First Published : 2008
Viraj Shah (1973)
ISBN: 978-81-7320-078-6
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Author and Publisher.
Published by : Dr. Agam Prasad, M.A., Ph.D., Diploma in Museology for Agam Kala Prakashan 34, Central Market, Ashok Vihar, Delhi-110052 Ph. : 27212195, 65688806-7. Fax : 27212195
Laser Typesetting by : Elegant Printographics 319, IIIrd Floor, R.G. Complex-I, Sector-14, Rohini, Delhi-85.
Printed at: Chawla Offset Delhi - 110052
Printed in INDIA

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To
Nani, my late grandmother, whose zest for life was unparallel

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PREFACE
It was at Ellora, the only site with well-known Jaina caves in Maharashtra, that I first visited a Jaina cave. These similar-looking caves with rows and rows of meditating figures of Jinas, repetitive themes of Parsvanatha-Bahubali and same pair of yaksa-yaksi, appeared very monotonous, especially after the vibrant, varied Brahmanical iconography with massive, almost life-like sculptures and exquisite Kailasa monolith. But even within this apparent monotony, the large hall of Indra Sabha with beautiful purnaghata carrying pillars, completely relieved pilasters in the shrine doorway and large, almost polished icons of Sarvanubhuti-Ambika made an impression that convinced me that it was not the 'degeneration of art as most scholars had assumed, but rather the nature of the ascetic sect that had produced such iconographic programme and icons with seemingly 'similar' expressions. Eventually I tried to learn more about other Jaina caves of the region and realised that the material was very scanty and scattered. Most scholars were not even aware of the existence of these caves. Thus, began the present study, initially aimed at brining these caves into light by recording them in detail and tentatively fixing the chronology. As I started visiting these sites, I began to 'see them in their historical setting, occupying specific space in the surrounding landscape, both physical as well as cultural. And the study of historical development of each 'site' and Jainism in the region became imperative.
This work was submitted in 2001 to Deccan College Post-Graduate & Research Institute, Pune, as a dissertation towards obtaining Ph.D. degree. Since then I have updated some data with recently published material. A lot of description of the original thesis has been edited and presented here in tabular form to make it more reader-friendly. But since documenting these neglected caves is one of the major thrusts of the present study, some description, though tedious, has become inevitable. This rather drab description is illustrated with a large number of line drawings of almost all architectural components and costume-ornament details of icons and numerous photographs. The glossary, drawn from the Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, published by American Institute of Indian Studies, includes only the architectural terms that have been used in the text and other more commonly used terms have been excluded. Similarly, individual names, place names and some of the familiar terms are not italicized to avoid cluttering the text.
Only the previously reported sites have been studied and no claim is made here to have explored the entire region. Further explorations may bring into light hitherto unknown Jaina caves. Though all these caves had been recorded briefly, locating some of these sites proved to be difficult, as most have been forgotten even by the local people. For the conven

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
ience of those interested in visiting these sites, local names of the caves and bearings of exact locations are given in as much details as possible.
The experiences during innumerable field visits to these sites have been varied. While most caves lay neglected and in ruins, it has been interesting to see how more and more such old sites are being taken over by Jainas and how their attempts to 'develop' these caves, which include tiling the floors, painting the icons, whitewashing the walls and of course, building temples and dharmashalas at the base of the hill, have changed entire face of not only these caves, but also the surrounding village. With such drastic changes made to an ancient site and recognising the right of a community over its religious place, it is hoped that at least a proper study would be allowed before our rich heritage and past is lost forever.
vill

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of individuals and institutes have extended their support and help in different ways to make this work possible. Foremost among them is my research supervisor, Prof. Gouri Lad, whose constant guidance, support and inspiration till date has made this research possible. I express my sincere gratitude to her. I owe my academic career to Deccan College, an institution where I learnt my first lessons in archaeology and which gave me a rigorous training in academics. I am grateful to Prof. Paddayya, the Director of Deccan College, for availing me the facilities of the institute and extending support throughout. I thank all my teachers at Deccan College for teaching me nuances of archaeology.
Time and again, Dr. G. B. Deglurkar, Dr. A. P. Jamkhedkar and Prof. M. S. Mate have spared their valuable time to discuss with me various aspects of this work and have extended their guidance and suggestions. To them, I am most grateful. My sincere gratitude to Prof. S. Settar for his constructive comments and suggestions. It was at the workshop of Prof. Spink at Ajanta that I learnt different ways to 'see' caves. I will always remain thankful to him for teaching me intricacies of cave architecture.
This research was initially funded by fellowships provided by Mr. C. N. Sanghavi, Mumbai, Mr. Sardarmalla Kankaria, Kolkata and Justice K. T. Telang Fellowship of Asiatic Society of Bombay, Mumbai. The major part of the research was funded by the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) of Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), Delhi. I sincerely thank all the institutes, especially ICHR, for their financial support.
The library staff of Deccan College has been more than helpful in locating all sorts of journals and books and also making a few books available. I thank them all, especially, the librarian, Ms Tripti More and also Ms Urmila Jagtap, Mr. Kute and Mr. Survase. I am very thankful to the librarians of Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University; Aurangabad, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Pune, Heras Institute; Mumbai, Asiatic Society of Bombay; Mumbai and Shivaji University; Kolhapur for availing me the facilities of these libraries.
I am thankful to the authorities at Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule and Nasik Regional Museum, Nasik for permitting me to take photographs in these museums. I also extend my sincere thanks to the Jaina organisation at Mangi-Tungi, Nasik for allowing me to take photographs at the site. To all those unknown villagers, who extended their warm hospitality and help during fieldtrips to these sites, I am most grateful.

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
This work would not have been completed without the help, support and affection of all my friends. My deepest gratitude to Geeta Jain for everything she has done for me. I am very grateful to my friends Sangeeta, Sharmi, Vaishali, Vasundhara and Nilesh for their invaluable help during fieldwork and for standing by me. Vaishali and I have had some of the most memorable experiences during our common fieldtrips and I appreciate her help and support. Sukanya, Rhea and Kurush have always been there for me. This work has immensely benefited from the discussions I have had with Sharmi. I thank her for her suggestions and for believing in me.
Two special friends, Drs. S. K. Aruni and Richa Jhaldiyal, have been most supportive throughout. I am very grateful to both of them for their encouragement, guidance and help in all possible ways. Another friend, who deserves special mention, is Dr. Alok Kanungo. If it had not been for his constant reminders and encouragement, almost amounting to harassment through series of text messages, e-mails and phone calls, I would have never got around editing my thesis and publishing it. I sincerely thank him for his support and help. To Dr. Shahida Ansari, I owe moments of laughter and fun. Dr. Arati Deshpande-Mukherjee and Dr. Sushma Deo have remained close friends, confidantes and great support. With Aditi and Shubhangi, I have shared some of the best moments of my life. I appreciate and cherish their love and friendship.
My family has been the source of inspiration for me. I am immensely grateful to my sister, Fora, who accompanied me to most of my fieldtrips and did all the line drawings at the site. Without her love and help, this work would not have been possible. My parents have stood by all my decisions and have always encouraged me to do what I like and not just tread the conventional path. It has only been their love, support and encouragement that has helped me go through all situations and pursue an unconventional career against all odds. From my late grandmother I learnt the rich tradition of folk songs, riddles and stories. Unfortunately, she did not survive to see this publication. But I cherish her love and memory. To her, I dedicate this work.
I am thankful to the publisher, Dr. Agam Prasad and his efficient staff for bringing out the book in such a short time.
Lastly, I am indebted to all the scholars on whose research this work has been based. Any mistakes that might have cropped up in this work are entirely mine.

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List of Figures
Figure 1 : Physical Features of Maharashtra Figure 2 : Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra Figure 3 : Ground Plan of Cave II at Dharashiva Figure 4 : Pillars in Cave II at Dharashiva Figure 5 : Ground Plan of Cave III at Dharashiva Figure 6 : Pillars & Hall Doorway of Cave III Figure 7 : Ground Plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva Figure 8 : Ground Plan, Pillars and Shrine Doorway of Cave at Ambejogai Figure 9 : Ground Plan of Cave at Kharosa Figure 10: Pillars at Ellora Figure 11 : Pillars at Ellora Figure 12: Pillars at Ellora Figure 13: Pillars at Ellora Figure 14 : Doorways at Ellora Figure 15 : Ground Plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora Figure 16 : Costume and Jewellery-J1 & J2 at Ellora Figure 17: Costume and Jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora Figure 18: Ground Plan of J5, J6 and Lower Storey of Indra Sabha Figure 19: Costume and Jewellery-J6 at Ellora Figure 20: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 21: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 22: Costume and Jewellery-J10 at Ellora Figure 23: Costume and Jewellery-J11 at Ellora Figure 24: Costume and Jewellery-J12 at Ellora Figure 25: Costume and Jewellery-J13, J15 & J16 at Ellora Figure 26 : Costume and Jewellery-J14 at Ellora Figure 27 : Costume and Jewellery-J17 at Ellora Figure 28 : Ground Plan of J14, J16 and Upper Storey of Indra Sabha Figure 29: Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Figure 30 : Costume and Jewellery-J18 at Ellora Figure 31 : Placement of Paintings in J18, J19 and J20 at Ellora Figure 32: Costume and Jewellery-J19A & J19 at Ellora Figure 33: Costume and Jewellery-J20A & J20 at Ellora Figure 34 : Ground Plan of Upper Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Figure 35: Costume and Jewellery-J21 at Ellora Figure 36 : Placement of Paintings in J21 at Ellora Figure 37 : Ground Plan of Lower Storey of Jagganatha Sabha Figure 38 : Costume and Jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora Figure 39 : Costume and Jewellery-J23 at Ellora Figure 40: Costume and Jewellery-J24 at Ellora Figure 41 : Costume and Jewellery-J26 at Ellora Figure 42: Ground Plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi Figure 43 : Ground Plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi Figure 44 : Ground Plan of Cave at Pandu Lena Figure 45 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave at Patne Figure 46 : Ground Plan of Cave I & II at Chambhar Lena Figure 47 : Ground Plan of Cave at Anjaneri Figure 48: Hall Doorway and Ceiling of Cave at Anjaneri Figure 49 : Ground Plan & Hall Doorway of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai Figure 50: Pillars & Plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai Figure 51 : Gound Plan, Hall Doorway & Plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai Figure 52: Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai Figure 53 : Ground Plan, Plinth & Hall Ceiling of Cave III at Ankai-Tankai Figure 54 : Pillars in Cave III at Ankai-Tankai Figure 55 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IV Figure 56 : Ground Plan and Pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai Figure 57 : Ground Plan, Plinth and Pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai Figure 58: Ground Plan and Pillars of Cave VII Figure 59: Ground Plan and Hall Doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai Figure 60 : Ground Plan & Pillar of Cave IX and Ground Plan of Cave X at Ankai
Tankai Figure 61: Ground Plan, Pillar, Pilaster, Facade and Plinth of the Cave at Tringalwadi Figure 62: Verandah Ceiling of Cave at Tringalwadi Figure 63: Ground Plan of Cave at Vase Figure 64 : Plinth, Hall Doorway & Pillar of Cave at Vase Figure 65 : Ground Plan, Kaksasanas, shrine doorway and pillar at Daulatabad Figure 66: Ground Plan of Cave at Junnar Figure 67 : Ground Plan of Cave at Bhamer Figure 68: Ground Plan of Cave at Chandor Figure 69 : Ground Plan of Cave I at Mohida

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List of Figures
Figure 70: Ground Plan of Cave II at Mohida Figure 71 : Ground Plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora Figure 72 : Site Plan of Caves on Mangi-Tungi Peaks Figure 73 : Ground Plan of C and I on Mangi Peak Figure 74 : Ground Plan of G on Mangi Peak Figure 75 : Ground Plan and Pillar of Jon Mangi Peak Figure 76 : Ground Plan of Caves on Tungi Peak Figure 77 : Chart Showing Approximate Dates and Chronological Sequence of the Jaina
Caves

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List of Plates
Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24
: Caves on the northern side of the ravine, Dharashiva : Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva : Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva : Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva
Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva : Gana figures on the plinth, Cave II, Dharashiva : Right end of verandah and traces of passage, Cave II, Dharashiva : Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva : Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva : Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva : Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva : Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva : Cave at Ambejogai : Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai : Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai : Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main excavation, Ambejogai : Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave, Ambejogai : Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora : J3-Small cave in the courtyard of Chhota Kailasa, Ellora : J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora : Indrasabha or Cave XXXII, Ellora : J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the upper storey of Indrasabha,
Ellora : J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora : J21 and J23-Jagganathasabha, Ellora
Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27

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List of Plates
Plate 28
Plate 29
Plate 30
Plate 31
Plate 32
Plate 33 Plate 34
Plate 35
Plate 36 Plate 37
Plate 38
Plate 39
Plate 40
Plate 41
Plate 42
Plate 43
Plate 44
Plate 45 Plate 46
Plate 47
Sarasvati flanking the shrine doorway-J13, Ellora
Plate 48 Plate 49 Plate 50 Plate 51
:
Sarasvati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora
:
Plate 52 : Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora Plate 53
Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora
Shrine in sukanasa on the roof of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
:
:
:
Plate 59
Plate 60
Plate 61
Plate 62
Plate 63 Plate 64 Plate 65
Plate 66
Plate 67
Plate 68
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Plate 54 : Plate 55
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Plate 56
:
Plate 57
Plate 58
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J26, Ellora
Parapet wall with vimana models, J18-Ellora
Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora
Elephants on the mattavarana-J10, Ellora Pillar in J24, Ellora
Auspicious dreams above the doorway-J20, Ellora Makara torana in front of the shrine doorway-J26, Ellora Jina figures and Ambika on the back wall of J21, Ellora
Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall of J21, Ellora Jina figures on the sidewall of hall-J18, Ellora Shrine image of J21, Ellora
Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end-J18, Ellora Ambika in the verandah end-J18, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J6, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora
:
:
Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora
Chakresvari in gopura of Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora
Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora
Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora
Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora Exterior of J18, Ellora
Hall of J18, Ellora
Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora
: Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18, Ellora Paintings on the sidewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora
Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19, Ellora
Painting on the stone beam between pillars of hall-J19, Ellora Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora
XV

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Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Plate 69 : Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 70 : Painted panel of Bahubali on the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora
Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora Plate 73 : Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 74 : Painting on the stone beam between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora Plate 75 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 76 : Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 77 : Samvasarana on hall ceiling-J21, Ellora Plate 78 : Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 79 : Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora Plate 80 : Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora Plate 81 : Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora Plate 82 : Jina with devotees and inscription below-J25, Ellora Plate 83 : Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave XVI, Ellora Plate 84 : Mangi-Tungi hills, Nasik district Plate 85 : Lower caves, Mangi hill Plate 86 : Jina and Chakresvari, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 87 : Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 88 : Sarvanubhuti, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 89 : Ambika, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 90 : Penance of Bahubali, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 91 : Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 92 : Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mangi hill Plate 93 : Goddess, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 94 : Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II, Mangi hill Plate 95 : Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena Plate 96 : Ambika and Sarvanubhuti on the sidewall, Pandu Lena Plate 97 : Jaina cave, Patne Plate 98 : Icons on rough pillars, Patne Plate 99 : Niches in the sidewall, Patne Plate 100: Ambika, Patne Plate 101 : Seated Jina on backwall, Patne Plate 102 : Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 103: Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II, Chambhar Lena Plate 104 : Colossal of Parsvanatha, Cave III, Chambhar Lena Plate 105 : Jaina cave, Anjaneri Plate 106 : Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 107 : Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri Plate 108 : Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

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List of Plates
хvіі
Plate 109: Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri Plate 110 : Ankai-Tankai hills Plate 111: Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I, Ankai-Tankai Plate 113 : Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 114 : Ganesa as child seated on lap of Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai Plate 115 : Cave III, Ankai-Tankai Plate 116 : Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 117 : Female deities on stambha sakha of hall doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai Plate 118 : Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai Plate 119: Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V, Ankai-Tankai Plate 120: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top, Ankai-Tankai Plate 121 : Plinth, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 122 : Shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 123 : Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai Plate 124 : Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai Plate 125 : Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai Plate 126 : Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi Plate 127 : Figures on the verandah ceiling, Tringalwadi Plate 128 : Hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 129 : Dharanendra on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 130 : Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi Plate 131 : Cave at Vase Plate 132 : Plinth, Vase Plate 133: Structural pillar in the verandah, Vase Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of hall, Vase Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot in the fort at Daulatabad
: Kaksasanas and pillars enclosing the verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 137 : Jina figure on the pillar in hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad Plate 138 : Niches in the sidewall of hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into Jaina cave, Junnar Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar Plate 141 : Bhairava, Junnar Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer Plate 143 : Jaina cave at Bhmer Plate 144 : Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah,
Bhamer Plate 145: Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer Plate 146 : Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor

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xviii
Plate 147 :
Plate 148: Plate 149: Plate 150: Plate 151 :
Plate 152:
Plate 154:
Plate 156 Plate 157
Plate 158
Plate 159
Plate 160
Plate 161:
Plate 162
Plate 163 Plate 164
Plate 165
Plate 166:
Plate 167 Plate 168
Plate 169: Plate 170 : Plate 171:
Plate 172
Plate 173:
Plate 174 :
Plate 175: Plate 176: Plate 177: Plate 178 : Plate 179
Plate 180: Plate 181 Plate 182
Plate 184 Plate 185
Chauvisi, Chandor Sarasvati, Chandor
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor
Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor
Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of Chandraprabha, Chandor Ambika, Chandor
Couple standing under a tree with seated Jina above, Chandor Cave I, Mohida
Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida
Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall, Cave I, Mohida
Bahubali, Cave I, Mohida
Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida
Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida
Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida
Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave I, Mohida
Cave II, Mohida
Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall, Cave II, Mohida
Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and Ambika, Cave II, Mohida
Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora
Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora
Colossal of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Devotee and Dharanendra to the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora Devotee and Padmavati to the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora
Elephant flanking J30, Ellora
Attendant flanking the doorway, J30, Ellora
Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora
Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora
Painted panel of seated Jina on the back wall of hall, J30, Ellora Phamasana roof, J32, Ellora
Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Sculpture like chaumukha or memorial stone, 'D', Mangi peak
Stupa and seated Jina, 'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha, Mangi peak 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
'I' or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'I', Mangi peak

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List of Plates
xix
Plate 186 : Plate 187 : Plate 188 : Plate 189 : Plate 190 : Plate 191 : Plate 192: Plate 193 : Plate 194 : Plate 195 : Plate 196 : Plate 197 : Plate 198 :
Loose icon of Ambika in 'J' or Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak Jinas on rock face with narrow path around, 'P', Mangi peak Standing figures of monks with padukas in front, 'Q', Mangi peak Connecting ridge between Mangi and Tungi peaks Caves on Tungi peak Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak Standing figures of Jinas or Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Lanchhana of Neminatha, Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal, Dhule Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai Standing figure of Jina of Svetambara sect, Daulatabad fort Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional Museum, Nasik Tungi peak Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district
Plate 199 : Plate 200: Plate 201 : Plate 202 : Plate 203:

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Contents
Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Plates
1-18
Chapter 1 Introduction A survey of Jaina caves from other parts of the country 1 Region 4
Physical features 4 Maharashtra as regional entity 5
Political history 6 Jaina Caves in Maharashtra 9 Jainism: Philosophy and iconography 14
Chapter 2 Description and Chronology of Caves
19-254 Pale 19
Description 19; Date 20 Dharashiva 20 Description 21; Date 34; Claim of Buddhist origin of the site 39; Rock-cut structure in the courtyard 40 Ambejogai 41
Description 42, Date 46 Kharosa 49
Description 50; Date 51 Ellora (Early caves) 51
Architectural features 53; Iconographic features 58; Sculptural style 65; Paintings 65; Description 69; Date 124; Intra-site chronology 126; Iconographic trends 130; Intrusive icons 131 Mangi-Tungi (Lower caves) 132 Description 133; Date 144

Page #24

Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Pandu Lena 145
Description 145; Date 147 Patne 147
Description 148; Date 151 Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 152
Description 152; Date 160 Anjaneri 160
Description 161; Date 165 Ankai-Tankai 166
Description 167; Date 190 Tringalwadi 193
Description 193; Date 197 Washale or Vase 198
Description 198; Date 200 Daulatabad 200
Description 201; Date 202 Junnar 203
Description 203; Date 205 Bhamer 205
Description 206; Date 208 Chandor 209
Description 209; Date 217 Mohida-tarf-haveli 218
Description 218; Date 225 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 227
Description 227; Date 227 Ellora (Later caves) 228
Description 228; Date 237 Mangi-Tungi (Upper caves) 238
Description 238; Date 253 Other sites 254
Chapter 3 Architectural and Iconographic Trends
255-274 Architectural features 255 Iconographic features 257
Stages in the development of iconographic features 257; Jina parikara 259; Ambika 261; Sarvanubhuti 262; Occurrence of yaksa-yaksi 263; Chakresvari 263; Padmavati 263; Sarasvati 264; Sarasvati or Mahamanasi? 264; Dikpalas 265; Hanuman 265; Ganesa and Kshetrapala 265; Parents of Jina or yaksa-yaksi couple 266; Monk figures
266; Indra 266; Auspicious dreams 267; Colossus 267; Donor figures 268; Influences 269

Page #25

Contents
Influence from south India 269
Influence from north, central and western India 269
Loose Jaina icons 271 Paintings 272 Summary 272
Chapter 4 Site: Location and Importance
The concept of sacred space 276
The Brahmanical concept of 'tirtha' 276
The Jaina concept of 'tirtha' 278
Jaina texts on tirthas 278
Texts referring to tirthas in Maharashtra 278 Development of a sacred place 279
Pale 281
Dharashiva 281
Epigraphic references 282; Literary references 282; Proximity to Ter 282;
Other architectural remains 283
Kharosa 285
Ambejogai 284
Epigraphic references 284; Literary references 284; Other architectural remains 284
Other architectural remains 285
Ellora 286
Epigraphic references 286; Literary references 286; Other architectural remains 287 Mangi-Tungi 288
Epigraphic references 293; Other architectural remains 294
xxiii
275-308
Epigraphic references 288; Literary references 290; Other architectural remains 290; Location 290; Development of the site 291
Pandu Lena 292
Patne 293
Chambhara Lena or Gajapantha 295
Epigraphic references 295; Literary references 295; Other architectural remains, Development of the site 296
Literary references 299; Other architectural remains 299
Anjaneri 296
Epigraphic references 297; Literary references 297; Other architectural remains 297; Proximity to Tryambakesvara 298;
Ankai-Tankai 299
Tringalwadi 300
Washale or Vase 301 Daulatabad 301

Page #26

xxiv
Jaina Rock-Cut Caves in Western India
Junnar 302 Chandor 303
Other architectural remains 303 Bhamer 304
Epigraphic references 304; Other architectural remains 305 Mohida-tarf-haveli 306 Dhumalwadi or Nandagiri 306
Chapter 5 Cultural Milieu of Jaina Caves: Socio-Religious Background 309-342 Socio-religious Background 309 Jainism in Maharashtra 311 Overview of general trends in the spread of Jainism 311
Early Phase: South India 312; North India 313; Central India 313; Western India 314
Later Phase 315 History and Development of Jainism in Maharashtra 316
List of Jaina remains in Maharashtra 317
Jaina strongholds in Maharashtra 327 Socio-Religious and Economic base of Jainism in Maharashtra 329
Religious practices 329 Sub-sects 331
Digambara sub-sects mentioned in the inscriptions from Maharashtra 333
Svetambara communities 335 Interaction with other religions 335 Patronage 336 Rise in popularity of Jainism in post 9th-10th century CE period 338
343-356
Chapter 6 Conclusion Architectural features of the caves 345 Iconographic features 346 Iconographic development 347 Paintings 349 Inter-site relationships 349 Selection of site location 350 Socio-economic base 351
References
357-374
Glossary of Architectural Terms
375-377
Index
378-384

Page #27

SANDRALE MUMBAI
Narma
DADRA & DAMANNAGAR HAVEL Damar & Clu
389
ARABIAN SEA
ALIBAG Raiga
Janjira
Rajpuri Creek
Tapi
GUJARAT
Suvarnadurg
Dahitol Creek
Bor Goal
Jaigad Creek
ORM Kalgabar
RATNAGIRI
abal Parol
Kumbhani
Vidar Creek Vijaydurg
s
Sangade
Vishalgad
Sindudarg
Prionda Ghai
SINDHUDURG NAGARI
Terekhul Creek
Saptshringgad
NASHIK Godavari
GALNA HILLS Panjhra
DURBAR
PUNE
Amba Ghat
Bhima
KOPUR
RANGE
Pravara
Daulatabada
AURANGABAD
Godavari
Amapa Chat
Mula
Nira
SANGLI Michgangs
AGAR
Krishna
Bhimg
Man
JALGA
Purana
A BULDANA
⚫JALNA
RANGE
HINGOLI
Paranda 83
OSMANABA
Dadhes
Sindphana BEED
Bhima
GAVILGAD RANGE
SOLAPUR
PARBHAN
JONGOLI HILLS
N
Godavari
Gavilgad
Kandhar
WASHIM
Scale 1cm-35 km
AMRAVATI
Adan
Painganga
NANDED
MAHARASHTRA
PHYSICAL
MUDKHED HILL
Manjara
KARNATAKA
Munar
Wardha
YAVATMAL
GARAMSUR HILLS
Mahur
D
Godavari
NAGPUR
Figure 1 Physical features of Maharashtra
CHANDRAPUR
ANDHRA
State Boundary State Capita District Headquarters
Forts
Peaks
Ghats
PRADESH
X
LEGEND
GONDIA
A
Godavari
CHHATTISGARH
Altitude in Metres
1200 and Above
900
600
300
6 Sea Level

Page #28

jVENDURBAN
MADHYA PRADESH
GUJARAT
NAGPUR
BRANDARA
MARAVATI
DALT
JALGAS
WAS
CDANA
CHHATISGARH
NASIK
13
WASHIM
CHANDRAPUR
20
YAVATMAL
2001
AURANGABAD
TINGOLI
GARHCUIROL
AIRMADNAG
MUMBAI
ANDHRA PRADESH
ARABIAN SEA
RATNAGIRI
SANGLI
KARNATAKA
1 Dharashiva 2 Kbarosa 3 Ambejogai 4 Vase 5 Patac 6 Bhamer 7 Mobida 8 Pale 9 Junnar 10 Pandu Leda
11 Chambbar Leo 12 Anjaneri 13 Chaador 14 Tringalwadi 15 Ankai-Taakai 16 Mangl-Tungi 17 Daulatabad 18 Ellora 19 Napdagiri
SINDILDURG
Cave-site District Headquarters
1691
760
78°
Figure 2 Location of Jaina Caves in Maharashtra

Page #29

VAASA
174151676
-
0
m
appror.)
1 & 2 Drarapala 3 Seated Parshvanatha 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Standing Jina 6 & 7 Scated Jina 8 Chau mukha 9 Panchatrithika 10 to 14 Chaumukha 15 Standing Parshvanatha 16 Seated Jina 8 to 16 loose icons
Figure 3 Ground plan of Cave II at Dharashiva
(after Burgess 1878)

Page #30

10
13 ago dura
Figure + Pillars in Cave Il at Dharashiva
Cafter Burgess 1879)

Page #31

VARN
PEPPI
:
0
2.3m
(appro)
1 Seated Parshvanatha 2 & 3 Seated Jina
4 Loose sculpture of an animal Figure 5 Ground plan of Cave III at Dharashiva
(after Burgess 1878)

Page #32

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a. Shakhas of hall doorway of Cave III
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b. Pillar A on the plan c. Pillar B on the plan
(after Burgess 1878)
Lorer garment
d. Chauri bearers in the shrine of Cave III
Figure 6 Pillars & hall doorway of Cave III

Page #33

6
0
lm
(approx.)
1 Seated Parsvanatha 2 Suparsvanatha (Loose icon)
Ground plan of Cave IV
(after Burgess 1878)
Figure 7 Ground plan of Cave IV at Dharashiva

Page #34

6
7
€
1 to 4 Seated Parshvanatha
5 Seated Jina
6 & 7 Standing Jina
8 Thirteen seated Jinas
9 Loose chaumukha
a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1878)
0
Im
(approx.)
163 1
Left
b. Central two pillars in the back row of verandah of main mandapa (Not to scale)
Right
d. Crowns of chauri
bearers in central shrine
Figure 8 Ground plan, pillars & shrine doorway of cave at Ambejogai
(approx.)
Im
c. Central shrine doorway of main mandapa

Page #35

N
1 Seated Jina
Figure 9 Ground plan of cave at Kharosa
0
(approx.)
1 m

Page #36

a. Variety 1 J6-on kakshasanas
b. Variety 2 J6- ht
(not to scale)
Figure 10 Pillars at Ellora
c. Variety 3 Jio-hall

Page #37

0
(approx.)
J20-kaksbasanas
a. Variety 4
BAMSOW
J18-kakshasanas
Figure 11 Pillars at Ellora
(after Burgess 1883)
J20-pilasters
1 m
b. Variety 5
J18-corner pillars in hall

Page #38

ZA
ALE
POSTS
III Tal
1m
J24-kaks basa nas
Sla
(approx.)
J24-ball
J18-un parapet wall
1 ui
J18-central pillar sin ball
b. Variety 6
a. Variety 5
Figure 12 Pillars at Ellora
(after Burgess 1883)

Page #39

SON
Mill
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TTTrang
so
(after Burgess 1883)
d. Variety 10
J21-ball
J3
(not to scale)
J21-ball (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)
a. Variety 7
(approx.)
b. Variety 8
c. Variety 9
Figure 13 Pillars at Ellora

Page #40

RS
a. Shrine doorway of 110
(not to scale)
b. Shrine doorway of J18 (affer Fergussou & Burgess 1880)
Figure 14 Doorways at Ellora

Page #41

19
21
18
22
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nly
12
22
LO O D
(8) (2) (y)
IL12
El Saudharmendra E2 Geddess E Saudarmendra
1 to 3 Seatellina 1 # Chakresvari
1 Altincka ratha Halt 2.21. Sexted Jina
1 Sarvanuthuri Ja, 3 Seufed Jina
15 Annika 4a, 4 Seated Jins
(1) Stunding Jina Sa. Sh. 3e Seated Jina
Sextual Jina (s. 6h, or Sustains
(3) Standing Sims Attack on vanatha n Standing Parsyanat Penance of Ruhubali
(41) Scated Rsabharatha b. Seatina
(4h) Seated linn 10a, 10h, the Sente! Jina
(4 Srated lina 12 IIb, Ile Seatest Jina
Theated Jina la 120, 12e SealedJina
(6) Santed.lin I a. 131, 13e Neutel Time
() Satelina 141, 141, 14 Sent Jinni
In Seated Jinu IS lliba
(71 Sealed! linn
(re) Seated Tiua Antechamber
(8) Stauding Jian 16 & 1? Stauding Jina
Anlechunilher Shrine
Karatha's attack Parsvanatha 18 Seated in
4 Penance of Bahubali 19 Chakravari 20, 21 & 22 Sealet Jina
Shrine 3 Seated Jina
(not to scale)
Figure 15 Ground plan of Chhota Kailasa at Ellora
(after Pereira 1977)

Page #42

J1
a. 1-Chauri bearers
Crown
Hair style
J2
c. El Saudharmendra
Crown
Lower garment
Armlet
Upavita
Armlet
b. 4 Chakreshvari
Crown
Necklace
(9)
Farring
Female attendants
Figure 16 Costume and jewellery-J1 & J2 at Ellora
00000000
Necklace
Lower garment
Lower garment

Page #43

J 2
a. Dvarapala of main hall doorway
Armlet
Necklace
Crown
Shrine
b. 18 Chauri bearers
Necklace, apavita, udarbandha & chhanavira
8000
Crown
BUDDOOOOO
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cabad
Wristlet
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Lower garment
Crown
Figure 17 Costume and jewellery-J2 & J3 at Ellora
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Lower garment
13
d. 3-Chauri bearers
Crown
Neklace
(4) Chauri bearers.
Crown

Page #44

N
1
J10
313
262
su
J15
37
J8
Ground plan of lower storey of Indra sabha (after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)
J12
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JS
(not to scale)
Figure 18 Ground plan of J5, J6 and lower storey of Indra sabha
3m
5

Page #45

J6
1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha la Seated Rsabhanatha 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5a Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali
J12 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Two seated Jinas 3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Ambika
J10 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 Scated Jina 5 Ambika 6 Jina and Dikpalas 7 Penance of Bahubali 8 Attack on Parsvanatha (1) Seated Jina (2) & (3) Standing Jina (4) Seated Jina (5) Standing Jina (6) Penance of Bahubali (7) Seated Rsabhanatha (8) Standing figure
J13 1 & 2 Standing Jina 4 Attack on Parsvanatha 5 Seated Jina 6 Sarvanubhuti 7 & 9 Sarasvati 8 Seated Jina 10 Ambika 10a Seated Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 Penance of Bahubali 13 Seated Rsabhanatha 13a Standing Jina
J15 1 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jina
1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha la Seated Jina 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5a Seated Jina 5 Penance of Bahubali
J17 1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 2 Sarvanubhuti 3 Seated Jina 4 Ambika 5 Penance of Bahubali

Page #46

J6
a. 1 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
Lower garment
Hair style
b. 2 Sarvanubhuti
Lower garment
c. 4 Ambika
Necklace
Armlet
Kamatha
DOO
Neklace
Crown
Brahmana
Headdress
Necklace
Lower garment
A
Crown
Co
Armlet
(iv) Figure with adaramukha
Attendants
Lower garment
Lower garment
Figure 19 Costume and jewellery-J6 at Ellora
Crown

Page #47

J10
I Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
(ii) Stone thrower
Necklace & cbhanavira
Lower garment
Garland around the shoulder
30207
(vi) Man with dagger
MICO
Lower garment
Hair style & earrings (viii) Man on lion
HIxir style.
(vii) Man with dagger
Uipavita
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Hair style
Hair style
Kamatba
Queen
Necklace
proper
Crown
Right armlet
Necklace
Left armlet
Hair style
Armlet
Figure 20 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

Page #48

J10 a. 2 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
Kamatha
Queen
Necklace
BEL
Necklace
Ilair style
Hair style (ii) Stone thruwer
OOON
Waist band
Necklace
Lower garment
Necklace
Hair style
Elephant
b. 3 Sarvanubhuti
XY
Necklace
Head band
Earring
Armlet
Lower garment & waist band
Necklace
c. Ambika
Attendants
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Brahamana
Wrist bead
Hair style
CO 2.0.0.0
200AA
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Crown
or
Armlet
lower arment
Lower garment
Armlet
Necklace Figure 21 Costume and jewellery -J10 at Ellora

Page #49

J10 a3Penance of Bahubali Female on rightFemale on left
Flying male
OOMS
Hair style
Vecklace
1.ower garment
Lower garment
2)
Flying female
Armlet
Armlet
Musician
Musician
Bharata
Necklace
Armlet
Flying male
left armlet
Necklace
Right armlet
Necklace
Armlet
Lower garment
Armlet
Waist band
b. 8 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
c. 4 Scated Jina Right chxuri bearer
Necklace
Necklace &ebhannvir
Kamatha
Armlet
1.ower garment
Left chauri bearer
K
Necklace
Waist band
Armlet
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Figure 22 Costume and jewellery-J10 at Ellora

Page #50

J11
a. 1 Padmavati
Lower garment
Hair style Kamatha
Crown
Lower garment
Flying females
b. 2 Sarvanubhuti
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d. Penance of Bahubali Females
Lower garment
Necklace, chest band & upavita
Armlet
bobo
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Crown
Flying males
Crown
Crown
c. 4 Ambika
Lower garment
Armlet
Crown
Anklet
e. 3 Seated Jina Right chauri bearer
Lower garment
oooog
Wristlet
Crown
Hair style
Wristlet
WONG
Cushion of Sarvanubhuti & Ambiks
Necklace, chest band & upavita Left chauri bearer
Earring
Figure 23 Costume and jewellery-J11 at Ellora
Necklace
Armlet
HOLON
Necklace, chest band & upavita

Page #51

J12 2. 1 Sarvanubiuti
b. Attack un Parshy
Padmavati
YO
Hair style
Vecklace
hamatha
Vecklace & upavita
Lower garment
Vecklace
Lawer garment
ve
Lower garmeat
Crowa
Armiet
d. 7. Ambika
Earring c. 4 Seated Jina
Chauri bearers
we
C
Necklace
Ler garment
rinlet
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Figure 24 Costume and jewellery-J12 at Ellora

Page #52

J13 a. 4 Attack on Parsha
Padmavati
b. 6 Sunanubhuti
c. 7 Saranati
Necklace & chest ornament
Erucat
Armlet
lower garment
Ooondoo Wristlet
Hair style
Armlet
Crown
d. 8 Scated Jina
Chauri bearers
e. Ambika
Armlet
f. 12 Penance of Bahubali Female on right
Bharata
Necklace
flair style Female on left
Crown of
right chaurl bearer
Loper garment
Hair style
Neeldace Hair styte
Lower garment
Crown of left chaori bearer JIS g. Seated Jing
Chauri bearers
Armlet
J16
Lower garment h. la Sarvanubhuti i 2 Seated Jing
Chauri bearer
HD
ODDS
Necklace Coro OOO The LOON
ouogo
Necklace, chest band & apavita
Crown
Chest band of right cauri bearer
Armlet
Lower garment
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Chest band
Flying males
Armlet
en Crowa
Crown
Lower garment
Chest band of left chauri bearer
Wristlet
Figure 25 Costume and jewellery-J13 J15 & J16 at Ellora

Page #53

J14 a. Attack on Parshva Padmavati
(i) Man with trident (ii) Man on bull
b. 2 Survanu bhuti
Guest
Creemon 00 DO San Bordo
Loner garment
Hair style
Necklace, hest band &
pevita
Waist band
Necklace
Lower garment
(11) Stone thrower
Crown
Armlet
Necklace
OO
Elephant's head band
Armiet Coro
Chest band
c. 3 Seated Jina
Chauri bearers
Necklace
SO
6
Lower garment Hair style Kamatha
Qucen
Ilair style
Necklace
Necklace, ebest band &
Armlet
d. 4 Ambika
Hair style
Lower garment
"upavita
e. 6 Penance of Bahubali
Females
ocoon
Armlet
Earring
Border around balo
Hair style of female on right
Lower garment
Hair style of female on lent
Bharata
Lower garment
Ilair style
Garland bearers
Earring
Chauri bearer
Child
Crown
Necklace
Crowu
Cymbal player
Lower garment
Necklace
Lower garment
Hair style
z
Wristlet
Turban
Armlet Figure 26 Costume and jewellery-J14 at Ellora

Page #54

J17
a. 1 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
Lower garment
Hair style Kamatha
Lower garment
c. 3 Seated Jina Chauri bearers
Lower garment
Crown
Necklace
Armlet
Earring
(i) Stone thrower
Lower garment
mocas
Necklace
$900
Hair style
Crown
COD
Armlet
Hair style Chauri bearer
Crown
d. Ambika
Lower garment
T
Necklace & apavits
Armlet
Jiri
Armlet
(iv) Man with dagger
Hair style
Lower garment
Crown Queen
Necklace
Armlet
Female
00000000
Wristlet
Armlet
Necklace
Hair style
OLTO
Brahman
0000000
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Necklace
Necklace
b. 2 Sarvanubhuti
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Lower garment
Lower garment
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e. 5 Penance of Bahubali Females
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Lower garment
Necklace & upavits
Crown
Crown
Lower garment
Figure 27 Costume and jewellery-J17 at Ellora
Hair style of right female
Crown
loy
Armlet
Farring
Necklace
Armlet
BUDO
Hair style
Necklace
Hair style of left female
Armlet
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Page #55

16
17
18
19
20
373)
13 14
15
SA
U
!
03 m
Ground plan of upper storey of Indra sabha
(after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)
J14
(Below J20)
(Below 119)
inot to seale)
Figure 28 Ground plan of J14, J16 and upper storey of Indra sabha

Page #56

J14
1 Kamtha's attack on Parsvanatha
2 Sarvanubhuti
3 Seated Jina
4 Ambika
5 Two seated Jinas
5 Penance of Bahubali
J16
1 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha
la Sarvanubhuti
2 Seated Jina
3 Penance of Bahubali
J18
1 Sarvanubhuti
2 & 3 Two seated Jinas
4 Seated Jina
5 to 7 Two seated Jina
8 Seated Jina
9 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha
10 Standing Jina
11 Scated Jina
12 Standing Jina
13 Penance of Bahubali
14 Seated Jina
15 to 17 Two scated Jinas
18 Seated Jina
19 & 20 Two seated Jinas
21 Ambika
22 & 23 Standing Jina
(1) Panchaparmeshthis
(2) Man entering temple
(3) Temple
(4) Padmavati
(5) Sarasvati
(6) Scated Jina
(7) Scated Jina (8) Goddess on lotus (9) Standing Jina
(10) Standing Jina (11) Standing Parsvanatha
(12) Two standing Jinas (13),Standing Rsabhanatha
(14) Standing Jina
(15) Standing Jina (16) Standing Parsvanatha
J19A
1 Four-armed goddess
2 Three seated Jinas
3 Sarvanubhuti
J19
1 & 2 Two seated Jinas
3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha
4 & 5 Two seated Jinas
6a, 6 Seated Jina
6b Seated Parsvanatha
7 Standing Jina
8a, 8, 8b Seated Jina
9 Standing Jina
10a, 10, 10b Seated Jina
11 & 12 Two seated Jinas
13 Penance of Bahubali
14 Two seated Jinas
15 Ambika
J20A
1 Ambika
2 Chakresvari
J20
1 Sarvanubhuti
2 & 3 Two seated Jinas
4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha
5 & 6 Two seated Jinas
7 Seated Jina
8 Standing Jina
9 Seated Jina
10 Standing Jina
11 Seated Jina
12 & 13 Two seated Jinas
14 Penance of Bahubali
15 & 16 Two seated Jinas

Page #57

J18 a. 1 Sarvanubhuti
Attendants
Left attendant
7
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Armlet
RSS
Necklace
poocom Wristlet
ထထထထထ CocoDOU oooooooooongoModa
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Lower garment
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c. 11 Seated Jina
chauri bearers
Conoce
Corocco
VAX204/32
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16
Armlet
Armlet
Crown
VICA
Necklace Upavita
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b. 21 Ambika
Child
Left chauri beurer
Anklet
Lower garment
Necklace
googoorong 8 8 8 8 8
Arinlet
d. (5) Sarasvati
Waist baud
Male cbauri bearer
Dooocoon
20-0-0
3 Cup
A 28
loner
Necklace
Amos
Lower garment
Lower parment
80.000
po 30000 Wristlet
Armlet
l/pavita
100003powe
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Female on right
Necklacet
Hair style
00000000 Anklet
Armlct
V iair style Figure 29 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora

Page #58

J18
a. 9 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
google
Lower garment
(ix) Man on lion
Lower garment
Lower garment bed
Necklace
Necklace
Armlet
b. 13 Penance of Bahubali Females
Necklace & upavita
Armlet
Anklet
Hair style
(iii) Stone thrower
Necklace
B
Crown
Crown
Kamatha
Lower garment
Necklace & upavita
Bharata
Lower garment
Necklace & upavita
(vi)
NIGHTE
goocturna
Necklace chest band & upavita
Hair style
Crown
Crown
Armlet
(viii)
Lower garment
Necklace
Queen
Lower garment
Hair style
Figure 30 Costume and jewellery-J18 at Ellora
Armiet
Armlet
Necklace
c. 5 Seated Jina Chauri bearers
000
Lower garment
Crown

Page #59

J18
J19
Scale
J19
J20
J18 1 Lotus 2 Lotus 3 Lotus 4 Seven Figures 5 Figures 6 Six Males 7 Two Couples 8 Three Couples 9 Flying Figures 10 Flying Figures 11 Floral Design
1 Flying Couples 2 Flying Couples 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra & Figures 6 Two Couples & Four Females 7 Couple 8 Two Couples & a Fighting Scene 9 Two Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures 12 Figures 13 Figures
1 Figures 2 Figures 3 Parshvanatha 4 Bahubali 5 Saudharmendra 6 Figures 7 Figures 8 Couples 9 Couples 10 Figures 11 Figures
Figure 31 Placement of paintings in J18, J19 and J20 at Ellora

Page #60

J19A & J19
Elephant
J19A a. 3 Sangrubhuti
ODON
Odo
Forehead ornament
Crown
Necklace, cbest bend & upavita
0000
94
Aoklet
Lower garment
Aaket
Earring
Chest band
b. 15 Ambika
Brahmana
NOI Male
Chauri bearer
C. 8 Scated Jina
Chaeri bearers
DO
Koy/ toooo
Necklace
Lower garment
Hair style
d. 13 Bahubali
Females
DaVita
Lower garment e. 3 Attack on Parshva Padmavati
(1) Man on buffalo
(iv)
Hair style
Lower gartnent
Necdace
Hair style
Lower garmeat
lower garment
Kamatha
Bharata
(vi)
Hair style
ORS
Queen
Armlet
Hair style
Queen
Necklace
Anklet
Hair style
Upavita
Lower garment
Necklace
Hair style
Lower garment
Armlet
Anklet
Figure 32 Costume and jewellery-J19A & J19 at Ellora

Page #61

J20A & J20
J20A 2.1 Ambika
!
Female chauri berrer
b. 2 Chakreshvari
Devotee
Har style 998899 Male chauri bearer ALAD
Crow
Necklace
Crown
Lower garment
Lower garmeat
V00
Lower garment
Necklace J20 c. 1 Sarvanubhuti
d. 4 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
(ii)
(vii)
TA
(005
a
Upper Decklace DOOD
Lower garmeot
Chest hand
GI
Necklace
woor Anklet
Necklace
Lower garment
Necklace Kamatba
Hair style
Elephant
(ii)
Queen Armiet
pocooooo
CUNDU
Hair style
Lower garment
Lomer garment
0 Necklace
Head oroiment
Chest band c. 9 Seated Jina-chauri bearers
Anklet
f. 14 Penance of Bahubali Upxvita Female on right
Female on left
Queen
Seks
spodlete)
Flair styte
rmlet
Armlet
Crown
Armlet
B
t 281111 Wristlet
WN Lower garmest
grenent
lower earment
badus
000009
S8
Necklace
Sonchosco
Ariolet
Necklace, e best baud & upavita
Necklace
Necklace Figure 33 Costume and jewellery-J20A & J20 at Elora

Page #62

(12) 1
13
(14X13)(19) 14
15
(16) 16
(17)
J21
17
(18)
2
pa LF
(5) (6)
18(19)(20)
3m
(approx.)
J21
1 Seated Parsvanatha 2b & 2c Two seated Jinas 3b, 3e Two seated Jinas 4b Two seated Jinas 4c Seated Jina 5b Standing Parsvanatha and seated Jina Se Two seated Jinas 6b & 6e Two seated Jinas 7 Two seated Finas 8 Sarvanubhuti 9 Standing Jina 10 Seated Jina 11 Standing Jina 12 Ambika 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Two seated Jinas 15 Two seated Jinas 165 & 16e Two seated Jinas 17b Two seated Jinas 17c Three seated Jinas 18b & 18c Two seated Jinas
(1) Seated Jina (2) Three seated Jinas (3a) Seated Jina (3b) Standing Parsvanatha (4) Standing Parsvanatha (5a) & (50) Seated Jina (5c) Two seated Jinas (6) Sented Jina (7) Seated Jina (8) Seated Parsvanatha (9) Seated Jina (10) Seated Jina (11) Seated Jina (12) Seated Jina (13) Seated Rsabhanatha (14) Seated Jina (15) Seated Jina (16) Seated Jina (17a) Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha (175) Standing Parsvanatha (18) Seated Jina (19) Seated Jina (20a) Standing Parsvanatha (20) Seated Jina (21) Standing Jina (22) Seated Jina (23) Seated Jina
Figure 34 Ground plan of upper storey of Jagganatha sabha
(after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)

Page #63

J21
a. 1 Attack on Parshva Chauri bearers
d. 8 Sarvanubhuti
Crown
Armlet Elephant
∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞∞
Head band
Lower garment
£ 10 Seated Jina Chauri bearers
Earring
Earring
Lower garment
b. 7 Two seated Jina Chauri bearers
Necklace & upavita
EXXXTRAVE
Wristlet
Crown
Necklace, chest band & upavita
Earring
Necklace & upavits
Necklace, chest band &
upavita
e. 13 Two seated Jinas-chauri bearers
Right Jina
1000
你量
Armlet
DogE
g. 12 Ambika
www
UG00000
Lower garment
Earring
Crown
c. Unfinished Dvarapala
on façade
Crown
AWW
Hair style
Figure 35 Costume and jewellery-J21 at Ellora
Necklace
Lower garment
Left Jina
Crown
Necklace
Armlet

Page #64

13
14
Scaler
10
J21
1 Figures 2 Jina
15
Tid
0x0
3 Figures
4 Figures
5 Figures
6 Figures
7 Samvasarana
8 Jina
9 Standing Jina
16
7
2
321
प्र
55.2"
3
S
6
日
W.GRIGGS, PHOTO LITH. LONDON. S. E
10 Seated Jina
11 Bahubali & Seated Jina
12 Two Seated Jinas
13 Couple
14 Figures
15 Figures
16 Dancing Figures
17 Two Couples
Figure 36 Placement of paintings in J21 at Ellora
or fus.

Page #65

SONO
V
UN
BE
WWW
17 ;
6 (13) FCL
J25
MIL 16
(9)
$
(s) .
2224
0
m
Figure 37 Ground plan of lower storey of Jagganatha sabha
appro.)
(after Ferguson & Burgess 1880)

Page #66

J22 1 Standing Parsvanatha 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Seated Jina 4 Standing Rsabbanatha 5 Kamatha's attack on Parsyanatha 6 Sarvanubhuti 7 Seated Jina 8 Ambika 9a & 9b Two seated Jinas 10 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 11 Seated Jina 12a Sarvanubhuti 12b Seated Jina 12c Devotee 12d Ambika 13 Seated Jina
J25 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 Seated Jino 3 Kamatha' attack on Parsvanatha 4 Seated Jina 5a, Sb & 5c Two seated Jinas 6 Penance of Bahubali 7 Seated Jina 8 Ambika (1a) Seated Jina (1b) Two seated Jinas (2) Seated Jina (3a) & (3b) Seated Jina (3c) Standing Jina with devotees (4a) Seated Parsvanatha (4b) Seated Jina (5a, b), (6a, b), (7a, b, c), (8a, b) (9), (10), (11a, b), (12 a, b, c) (13a, b), (14), (15), (16a, b) Seated Jina (16e) Standing Jina with devotees (17a) & (176) Seated Jina (17c) Standing Jina with devotees (18) Seated Jina (19) Seated Jina (19b) Standing Jina with devotees (19c) Seated Jina (190) Two seated Jina (19e, f, g, h) Seated Jina (20) Standing Parsvanatha
J23 1 Seated Jina 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatba 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 to 6 Seated Jina. 7 Ambika 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jina
J24 1 Sarvanubhuti 2 & 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 5 & 6 Two seated Jinas 7 Seated Jina 8 Standing.Jina 9 Seated Jina 10 Standing Jina 11 Seated Jina 12 & 13 Two seated Jinas 14 Penance of Bahubali 15 & 16 Two seated Jinas 17 Ambika
J26 1 Two seated Jinas 2 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 3 Two seated Jinas 4 Sarvanubhuti 5 Seated Jina 6 Ambika 7 Two seated Jinas 8 Penance of Bahubali 9 Seated Jina

Page #67

J22
a. 1 Attack on Parshva
Padmavti
b. 2 Attack on Parshwa Padır hyri
Kamatha
c. Sarasvati
Flair style
Lower garment
Lower garment
Necklace
Armlet
e. 8.4mbika
d. 7 Seated Jina
Chauri bearers
f. 1C Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
Kamatha
Hair style
Nair style Attendant
Crown
Lower garment
Lower garment
Necklace
Crowd
J25 9.1 Sarvanubhuti
h. 3 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
(i) Man with trident
1. 8. Ambika
Hair style
Lower garment
0700
Lower garment
Necklace 1. 7 Seated Jina-chauri bearers
j. 4 Seated Jinu
Chanri bearers
Females
Crown
Lower garment
Necklace
Necklace, chest band &
opavita
Lower garment Armlet
Armlet
Wristlet Figure 38 Costume and jewellery-J22 & J25 at Ellora

Page #68

J23 a. 2 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
b. 3 Sarvarubhuti
(iv) Man on lion
Left attendant
TVN
Necklace
Hair style
10
Necklace
Ankle!
Armlet 00000000
Aaklet
Lower garment
od 0 1000
3*, Rio D!)
Armlet
Queen
Lower garment Kamatha
TOROS
Necklace
lo
Crown
Necklace
Elephant 8999898 ALDDDDD
Necklace c. 7 Ambika
garment
Head band
Earring
Lower garment
Armle Earring
Hair style
Farring
Armlet
Crown
Hair style
d. 5 Seated Jina
Chauri bearers
Left chauri bearers
e. 8 Penance of Bahubali
Female on left Female on right
Necklace Right chaori bearer
Armlet
Hair style Flying males
Necklace
ower garment
Lower garmest
Armlet
Bharata
Crowa
lower Earment
Queen
Crown
DE
Wristlet
Armlet
Crown
Crowa
Upavita
lower garment
Figure 39 Costume and jewellery-J23 at Ellora
Lower garment

Page #69

J24
a. 1 Sarvanubhuti
Elephant
Male attendant on left
Female attendant on left
DOO
R 0000
Head ornament
Necklact
Necidace & upavita Male attendant on right
Armlet
Earring
Lower garnet
armest
Armlet
Necklace & apavaita Crown Female chauri bearers
Wristlet Male attendant
Hair style
Armlet h. 17 Amhika
Crowd
Necklace
condo
oko
Armiet
Lower garment
od
Child
Male attendant
Necklace & upavita
DODO
Necklace
ower garment
brood
HAGRAAGIS
Waist band
1 wer arme
Anklet
Hair style
Armlet.
Hair style
c. 9 Seated Jina-chauri bearers
Right outer Left outer
d. 4 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
Left inner
Right ioner
F.arring
Crown
sent
Hair style Kamatba
Crown
tipavfta
Figure 40 Costume and jewellery-J24 at Ellora

Page #70

J26
a. 2 Attack on Parshva
Padmavati
b. 4 Sarvanubhuti
Attendant on right
(iv) Man with trident
O
Crown
Crown
lower garment
Neeldace & apavita
Elephant
Attendant on left
TO
Lower garment
Armiet
Lower garment
Hair style
Head ornament
CUOIO 10
Armlet
pavita
Kamarhe
Lower garment c. 5 Seated Jina-chauri bearers
Outer chauri bearer Inner chauri bearer
Hair style
(1) Man op bull
Crown
Queen
Crown
Armlet
Lower garment
Crown
Lower garment
d. 6 Ambika
Armlet
e. 8 Penance of Bahubali
Female on right
WIGIL
Hair style
Hair style
wer garment
Wristlet
Armlet
Loner garment
Brahmana
Armlet
Necklace & apavita
Necklace
Neckalce
Figure 41 Costume and jewellery-J26 at Ellora

Page #71

18
25
17
1
1
-
13 12
15 14
(approx.)
1 Seated Jina 2 Chakresvari 3 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 4 Sarvanubhuti 5, 6, 7 Seated Jina 8 & 9 Dvarapala 10 Ambika 11 Penance of Bahubali 12 Seated Jina 13 Sarasvati
14 Seated Jina 15 Two seated Jinas 16 Seated Suparsvanatha 17, 18 Seated Jina 19 Seated Suparsvanatha 20, 21 Seated Jina 22 Two seated Jinas 23 Seated Jina 24 Standing Jina 25, 26 Seated Jina
Figure 42 Ground plan of Cave I at Mangi-Tungi

Page #72

53 54 55
1
21
22
23
24
25 26
27 28
31
32
33
30
35
36
38
12 20
11 19
39 46 47
40
41
10 15 16 17 18
9
48 49
42
8 13 14 7
43 50
44 51 52
45
1 m
(approx.)
1 Standing Jina 2 Seated Suparsvanatha 3 Sarvanubhuti 4 to 12 Seated Jina 13 to 20 Standing Jina 21 Seated Jina 22 Standing Jina 23 Standing Suparsvanatha 24 Standing Jina 25 Goddess 26 Standing Jina 27 Sarasvati 28 Dvarapala 29 Sarasvati
30 Dvarapala 31 to 34 Seated Jina 35 to 37 Standing Jina 38, 39 Seated Jina 40 Standing Jina 41 to 44 Seated Jina 45 Ambika 46 to 48 Standing Jina 49 Seated Suparsvanatha 50 Seated Jina 51 Seated Parsvanatha 52 Couple 53 to 56 Seated Jina
Figure 43 Ground plan of Cave II at Mangi-Tungi

Page #73

b. Ambika
Hair style
DET!
Lower garment of brahamana
© Sarvunubhuti
1 in
(approx.)
Crown
1 Seated Jina 2 Ambika 3 Sarvanubhuti
# Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lepa
(after Dhavaliker 1984)
Figure 44 Ground plan of cave at Pandu Lena

Page #74

1 Sarvanubhuti
2 Ambika
3 to 5 Seated Jina
6 Standing Jina
1m
1. Ground plan of Nagarjuna's kotri
(after Cousens 1931)
1m
→N
(approx.)
b. Verandah Pillar
Figure 45 Ground plan & pillar of cave at Patne
c. Ground plan of Sita's nahni (after Cousens 1931)
1 m

Page #75

GET
12
13
14
15
9 10 11
8
5 6 7
1m
1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Chauvisi 4 Seated Parshvanatha 5 Sarvanubhuti 6 Seated Parshvanatha 7 Ambika 8 Seated Parshvanatha A to I Modern loose icons
1 Goddess (approx.)
2 & 3 Standing Jina 1. Imbika 5 to 7 Standing Jina 8 Two seated Jinas 9 to 11 Standing Jina 12 Devotee 13 to 15 Standing Jina
16 Two seated Jinas a. Cavel
17 Ambika
b. Cave II Figure 46 Ground plan of Cave I & II at Chambhar Lena

Page #76

N
Niche
1
2
8
1 Kshetrapala
2 Standing Suparshvanatha
3 Hanuman
4 Snake
5 Standing Parshvanatha
6 Chakreshvari
7 Three seated devotees
8 Sarvanubhuti
9 Standing Jina
10 Seated Parshvanatha
11 Standing Rshabhanatha
12 Ambika
Mordern Wall --------
10
11
Pit
5
12
(approx.)
Figure 47 Ground plan of cave at Anjaneri
1 m

Page #77

2. Locus on verandah ceiling
bod
horor
co
Coro
2.8
192
Necklace
Qc00000
c. Chakreshiuri
Armlet
h. Hall doorway
Necklace
root to scale) Figure 48 Hall doorway and ceiling of cave at Anjaneri
d. mhika

Page #78

1.5m
(approx.)
1 Dvarapala 2 Dvarapala a. Ground plan of lower storey
b. Ground plan of upper storey
AFERS HEB
RUBUTUSSA
LG
RANS
OS
RAISA DETECTARES 13 ARTS
T
18
UNE
(approx.) c. Hall doorway Figure 49 Ground plan & hall doorway of Cave I at Ankai-Tankai
(after Fergusson & Burgess 1880)

Page #79

Eddy
Deity Deity
d. Pilaster in upper storey
c. Pillar in upper storey
a. Plinth
(vor to scxlc)
Southeastera pillar
Northwestern pillar
Southwestera pillar
b. Hall pillars in lower storey
Figure 50 Pillars & plinth of Cave I at Ankai-Lankai

Page #80

SA
OCIDOJUMS
SURA
ESTES
VOORDAAD
A
1
.
1952
On
L
b (approx.)
. Ground plan of upper storey
(after Burgess 1883)
(approx.)
laranuhhuti Imbika
a. Ground plan of lower storey
(after Burgess 1883)
d. Hall doorway (after Burgess 1883)
C. Plinth (not to scale) Figure 51 Ground plan, hall doorway & plinth of Cave II at Ankai-Tankai

Page #81

3
A
San
b. Hall pilaster
(Not to scale)
c. Hall pillar
a. Pilaster in the perforated screen
Figure 52 Pillars in Cave II at Ankai-Tankai

Page #82

0 1.5m
1 Sarvanubhuti
2 Ambika
3 Standing Shantinatha
4 Attack on Parshvanatha
a. Ground plan
(after Burgess 1883)
(not to scale) b. Plinth
CAFTE
c. Hall ceiling (after Burgess 1883)
Figure 53 Ground plan, plinth & hall ceiling of Cave III at Ankai-Tankai
(approx.)
1m

Page #83

Standing Parshva
(not to scale)
l'ilaster in the perforated screen
b. Pilaster in the panel of Shantinatha
Southeastern pillar
Northeastern & southwestern pillar Northwestern pillar
Figure 54 Pillars in Cave Ill at Ankai-Tankai
c. Hall pillars

Page #84

0 1.5m
a. Ground plan (after Burgess 1883)
b. Hall pillar c. Hall pilaster
(not to scale)
Figure 55 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IV

Page #85

1
1 Standing Jina
2 Bahubali
3 Standing Jina
4 Panchatirthika
5 Seated Rshubhanatha
a. Lower storey
To Cave VI
1 m
(approx.)
b. Middle storey
Figure 56 Ground plan and pillar of Cave V at Ankai-Tankai
c. Pilaster in the verandah of middle storey (Not to scale)

Page #86

To Cave V
=
a Ground plan
ᄆ
0
1 m
(approx.)
Q 0 0 0 0 0 I
b Plinth
(not to scale)
Figure 57 Ground plan, plinth and pillar of Cave VI at Ankai-Tankai
c Pillar
(not to scale)

Page #87

b. Verandah Pillar
(not to scale)
c. Hall pillar
a. Ground plan
(approx.)
Figure 58 Ground plan & pillars of Cave VII

Page #88

KXXXXXXXXX
1m
a Ground plan
(approx.)
b Hall doorway of Cave VIIT (not to scale)
Figure 59 Ground plan and hall doorway of Cave VIII at Ankai-Tankai

Page #89

a. Ground plan
0
1 m
(approx.)
Cave IX
300
O
0
1 m
(approx.)
c. Ground plan of Cave X
b. Verandah pillar (not to scale)
Figure 60 Ground plan & pillar of Cave IX and ground plan of Cave X at Ankai-Tankai

Page #90

AS
-
c. Kakshasanus & plinth
e. Hall pillar
1m
o Im
b. Façade
(Apprus.) 1. Seated Rshahhanatha
d. Window in verandah
(after Caesens 1931)
(Not to seale)
. Hall Pilasters
a. Ground plan (after Cousens 1931)
Figure 61 Ground plan, pillar, pilaster, façade and plinth of the cave at Tringalwadi

Page #91

a. Lotus on the ceiling of side aisles of verandah
b. Lotus on the stone beams of central aisle of verandah
(not to scale)
Figure 62 Verandah ceiling of cave at Tringalwadi
Lower garment
Necklace
c. Loose icon of a female outside the cave

Page #92

Cistern
1 & 2 Standing Jing
(approx.)
Figure 63 Ground plan of cave at Vase

Page #93

d. Hall doorway
b. Desiga on the step to veraodah
c. Pillar
a. Plinth
(not to scale)
Figure 64 Plinth, hall doorway & pillar of cave at Vase

Page #94

Soathwestern pillar
Eastern face
d. Shrine doorway
(approx)
b. Kakshasanas
IM
fnot to scale) a. Ground plan ferprox.)
c. Northwestern pillar Figure 65 Ground plan, kaksasanas, shrine doorway & pillar of cave at Daulatabad

Page #95

A UPPER STOREY
XXX
02 m
(at pprox.)
1 Seated Jina 2 Tritinthika 3 Ambika
Bhuiruva 5 Seated figure
Ground plan of cave at Junnar
(after Jadhav 1980)
Figure 66 Ground plan of cave at Junnar

Page #96

-
N
High Bench
High
Beach
(approx.)
1 Padmavati 2 Dhananendra
Seated devotee couple 4 Sarvanubhuti 5 Panchatinthika 6 Chauvisi 7 Standing Jina 8 Seated Parshvanatha 9 Standing Jina 10 Tritirthika 11 Panchatirthika 12 to 15 Seated Jina
(not to scale)
a. Ground plan
b. Niche of Padmavati
Figure 67 Ground plan of cave at Bhamer

Page #97

n. 8 Saraswati
18
19 20
02-01 21 22 23
WA
30 31
righr
arring
J
LEF SEHEN
10wer arment
c 17 Standing males
0
m
(approx.)
ower arment
d. 21 imbika
1 Seated Jina
22 Seated Jina 2 Standing Jinu
23 Tritirthika 3 Bhaira
24 Standing Parshvanatha 4 Seated Jina
25 Seated Jina 5 Punchatirthika
26 Chauvisi 6 Chavisi
27 Seated Jina 7. Ambika
28 Chauvisi 8 Saraswui
29 Standing Parshvanatha 9 to 12 Sated Jina
30 Ganesha 13. Ambika
31 Goddess 14 Panchatirthika
32 Seated Jina 15 Standing Jina
33 Panchatirthika 16 Sanarubhuti
34 Standing Suparshvanatha 17 Standing males
35 Standing Jina 18 Seated Chandruprabha 36 Sarasvati 19 & 20 Standing Jina 37 Standing couple 21.4mbika
38 Seated Jina
Armle
Hair style
Necklace
a. Ground plan (ster Cousens 1931)
Figure 68 Ground plan of cave at Chandor

Page #98

26
25
29
24
30
3
+
5
2
6
2
7
12
61
I
1!
8121 91 SI
I 11
01
(approx.)
1 Seated Chandraprabha 2 Seated Pushpadania 3 Standing figure 4 Standing devotee couple 5 to 7 Standing Jina 8 Standing Bahubali 9 Seated Jina 10 Seated Mallinutha 11 Seated Jina 12 Devotees 13 Gormukha 14 Dharanendra
15 & 16 Seated Jina 17 Chakreshvari 18 Ambika 19 Seated Jina 20 Kshetrapala 21 to 23 Standing Jina 24 Seated Suparshvanatha 25 Seated Padmaprabha 26 Seated Sumatinatha 27 Seated Rshabhanatha 28 to 30 Seated Jina
Figure 69 Ground plan of Cave I at Mohida

Page #99

-
N
29
31
28
32
27
24 25 26
910
Step
02
61
81
21
91
21
11
(appro..)
1 Standing Jina
18 Dharanendra 2 Seated Jina
19 Chakreshvari 3 Standing figure
20 Ambika 4 to 8 Seated Jina
21 Standing devotees 9 Standing figure
22 & 23 Standing Jina 10 Seated figure
24 Seated Rshabhanatha 11 to 13 Seated Jina 25 Standing devotee 14 Gomukha
26 Standing figure 15 Elephant
27 Standing Jina 16 & 17 Standing devotee 28 to 32 Seated Jina
Figure 70 Ground plan of Cave II at Mohida

Page #100

1 2
3
4
5
J27
J28
J29
Elephant
Elephant
J32
Empty shrine
J31
(not to scale)
J5
1 Panchatirthika 2 Seated Jina 3 Ambika 4 Tritirthika 5 Kshetrapala 6 Tritirthika 7 Panchatirthika 8 Seated Suparsvanatha 9 Chauvisi
J30 1 Attendant 2 Attendant 3 Gomukha 4 & 5 Seated Males 6 Female devotee 7 to 9 Male Devotee 10 & 11 Seated Males
J27 1 Devotee 2 Dharanendra 3 Parsvanatha 4 Padmavati 5 Devotee
J32 1 Tritirthika 2 Bahubali 3 Panchatirthika 4 Tritirthika 4a Seated Parsvanatha 5 Panchatirthika 6 Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha 7 Saptairthika 8 Panchatirthika 9 Santipatha
Figure 71 Ground plan of J5 and J27 to J32 at Ellora
(after Pereira 1977)

Page #101

( 12) HILIW
&
a
a. Mangi peak
b. Tungi peak
(not to scale)
A Two seated Jinas B Ambika C Cave D Cave E Pancha Pandava or icons of Mahavira,
Parshvanatha, Neminatha, Mallinatha, & Rshabhanatha
A Standing monks B Standing monk C Cave III or Mahavira gupha D Eight seated Jinas & a
standing couple E Two seated Jinas F Balabhadra swami gupha G Shri Adinatha gupha H Nandishvara temple or
Modern chaumukha
I Shantinatha gupha J Parshvanatha gupha K Twenty seated Jinas 1 Thirty-three seated Jins M Ninteen seated Jinas N Nine scated Jinas
Thirteen seated Jinas P Thirteen seated Jinas Q Two standing monks
Figure 72 Site plan of caves on Mangi-Tungi peaks

Page #102

43 2
Ito 7 Seated Jina
a. Cave III or Mahavira gupha
N
1
(approx.)
Im
13
14 15 16
12
IZ
10
11 12
2 J
1 Four standing monks
2 Seated Jina
3 Three vertical rows of two seated Jinas each
17 Two standing monks
18 to 20 Two seated Jinus in vertical row
21 to 25 Seated Jina
Figure 73 Ground plan of C and I on Mangi peak
18 19 20
4, 5 Seated Jina
6 to 10 Scated Jina-standing monk in vertical row
11 to 16 Seated Jina
b. I or Shantinatha gupha.
22
23
24 25

Page #103

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
23 24
zs 15
50 49
Lt 9 st
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
01689S
(approx.)
1 Chaumukha 2 Chanmukha 3 & 4 Seated Jinas 5 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 6 to 8 Three scated Jinas in vertical rows 9 & 10 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 11 to 20 Scated Jina and standing monk
in vertical row 21 Two seated Jinas in vertical rox 22 Panchatirthika 23 Seated Jina-Devotee couple
in vertical row 24 to 31 Seated Jina 32 Devotee couple
33 Seated Jina 34 & 35 Devotee couple 36 to 39 Seated Jina 40 Seated Jina-Devotee couple
in vertical row 41 Standing monk 42 Figure 43 Standing monk 44 to 46 Seated Jina 47 Tritirthika 48 Six standing monks 49 & 50 Seated Jina 51 & 52 Two seated Jinas in
vertical row
Figure 74 Ground plan of G on Mangi peak

Page #104

12
11
20 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
(approx.)
I Loose icon of kshetrapala 2 10 5 Three seated Jinas in vertical row 6 Panchatirthika 7 Seated Parsvanatha 8 & 9 Three seated Jinas in vertical row 10 Seated Jina-monk in vertical row 11 & 12 Seated Jina 13 Seated Parsvanatha 14 Seated Jina 15 Tritirthika 16 Seated Jina 17 Seated Parsvanatha 18 Seated Suparsvanatha 19 Four standing monks 20 & 21 Standing monk 22 & 23 Seated Parsvanatha 24 to 28 Two seated Jinas in vertical row 29 Loose icon of Ain bika
b. Pillar (uot to scale)
a. Ground plan
Figure 75 Ground plan & pillar of Jon Many peith

Page #105

10
11
12
2
67
14
1
15 15
16 16
17
18
1 to 7 Seated Jina
a. Cave C
1m
(approx.)
1 & 2 Standing Jina 3 Standing Suparsvanatha 4 to 14 Seated Jina 15 Standing Suparsvanatha 16 & 17 Seated Jina 18 Seated Suparsvanatha
b. Cave D
Figure 76 Ground plan of caves on Tungi peak

Page #106

SITE
DATE B. C. A.D. 100 100 200 300 400 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1234 -35 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500
Pale Dharashiva Ambejogai Kharosa Ellora (lower caves) Mangi-Tungi Cave Pandu Lena Mangi-Tungi Cave II Patne Mangi peak D Loose icons on Mangi peak Chambhar Lena Anjaneri Ankal-Tankai Caves I, II and III Tringalwadi Vase Daulatabad Junnar Bhamer Chandor Nandagiri Ellora JS Ankai-Tankai Caves IV to X Mohida Loose icons at Dharashiva Ellora J27 Ellora J28 to J32 Pancha Pandava on Tungi peak Con Mangi and Tungi peaks Rest of the caves on MangiTungi peaks
----- indicates approximate time-frame within which these caves could have been excavated and does not indicate total time span of the excavation activity.
Figure 77 : Chart showing approximate dates and chronological sequence of the Jaina caves

Page #107

Plate 1 : Caves on the northern side of the ravine, Dharashiva
Plate 2: Doorway to courtyard, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 3: Parsvanatha on the inner face of doorway, Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #108

Plate 4 : Rock-cut structure (stupa?) inside the courtyard,
Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 5 : Pilaster in the verandah, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 6. Gana figures on the plinth,
Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #109

Plate 7: Right end of verandah and traces of passage,
Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 8: Main icon, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 9: Loose chaumukhas kept in Cave II, Dharashiva

Page #110

Plate 10 : Painting of Jina figure on the bracket of
hall pillar, Cave II, Dharashiva
Plate 11 : Pillars in the hall, Cave III, Dharashiva
Plate 12: Loose icon of Suparsvanatha, Cave IV, Dharashiva

Page #111

Plate 13: Cave at Ambejogai
Plate 14: Elephants in the courtyard, Ambejogai
Plate 15: Main excavation of the cave at Ambejogai

Page #112

Plate 16: Parsvanatha in the central shrine of main
excavation, Ambejogai
Plate 17.Saivite cave-Hatthikhana near Jaina cave,
Ambejogai
Plate 18: Unfinished exterior, Chhota Kailasa or J2, Ellora

Page #113

Plate 19: J3-Small cave in the courtyard of
Chhota Kailasa, Ellora
Plate 20: J4-Unfinished cave in pit, Ellora
Plate 21 : Indrasabha or Cave
XXXII, Ellora

Page #114

Plate 22: J8-Monolithic shrine in the courtyard of
Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 23: J9-Manastambha in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 24: J17-Small cave at the lap of the stairway to the upper storey of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #115

Plate 25: J12-Small cave in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 26: J11 and J14-Small caves in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora
Plate 27: J21 and J23-Jagganathasabha, Ellora

Page #116

Plate 28: J26, Ellora
Plate 29: Parapet wall with vimana models,
J18-Ellora
Plate 30: Dwarf pillar on kaksasana-J20, Ellora

Page #117

Plate 31 : Elephants on the mattavarana-J10,
Ellora
Plate 32: Pillar in J24, Ellora
Plate 33: Auspicious dreams above the
doorway-J20, Ellora

Page #118

Plate 34: Makara torana in front of the
shrine doorway-J26, Ellora
Plate 35: Jina figures and Ambika on the
back wall of J21, Ellora
Plate 36: Jinas in two tiers on the sidewall
of J21, Ellora

Page #119

Plate 37: Jina figures on the sidewall
of hall-J18, Ellora
Plate 38: Shrine image of J21, Ellora
Plate 39: Sarvanubhuti in the verandah end
J18, Ellora

Page #120

Plate 40: Ambika in the verandah
end-J18, Ellora
Plate 41 : Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J, Ellora
Plate 42: Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J10, Ellora

Page #121

Plate 43: Kamatha's attack on
Parsvanatha-J18, Ellora
Plate 44 : Penance of Bahubali-J11, Ellora
Plate 45: Penance of Bahubali-J14, Ellora

Page #122

Plate 46: Penance of Bahubali-J18, Ellora
Plate 47: Chakresvari in gopura of
Chhota Kailasa-J1, Ellora
Plate 48 : Chakresvari, J20A, Ellora

Page #123

Plate 49: Sarasvati flanking the
shrine doorway-J13, Ellora
Plate 50: Sarasvati near the doorway
_ leading to J20A-J18, Ellora
Plate 51 : Padmavati near the doorway leading to J20A-J18, Ellora

Page #124

Plate 52: Dancing Indra on the main verandah wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 53: Painted panel depicting dancing Indra on hall ceiling-J19, Ellora
Plate 54: Shrine in sukanasa
on the roof of Chhota
Kailasa-J2, Ellora

Page #125

Plate 55: Exterior wall of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 56 : Main verandah of Chhota Kailasa-J2, Ellora
Plate 57: Monolithic elephant in the courtyard of Indrasabha, Ellora

Page #126

Plate 58: Jina and dikpalas on sidewall of hall-J10, Ellora
Plate 60: Standing Jina on hall pillar with an inscription below-J15, Ellora
Plate 59: Santinatha with an inscription below-J13, Ellora

Page #127

Plate 61: Exterior of J18, Ellora
Plate 62: Hall of J18, Ellora
Plate 63. Panchaparamesthis-J18, Ellora

Page #128

Plate 64 : Paintings on the side aisle ceiling of hall-J18,
Ellora
Plate 65: Paintings on the sidewall of the shrine-J19, Ellora
Plate 66: Paintings on shrine ceiling-J19, Ellora

Page #129

Plate 67: Painting on the stone beam between pillars of
hall-J19, Ellora
Plate 68: Painting on the left sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora
Plate 69: Painting on the right sidewall of shrine-J20, Ellora

Page #130

Plate 70: Painted panel of Bahubali on
the front wall of shrine-J20, Ellora
Plate 71 : Paintings on the shrine
celing-J20, Ellora
Plate 72: Paintings on the shrine celing-J20, Ellora

Page #131

Plate 73: Painted panel of Jina on the stone beam
between pillars in verandah-J21, Ellora
Plate 74: Painting on the stone beam between pillars in
verandah-J21, Ellora
Plate 75: Samvasarana with narrative panel around,
Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora

Page #132

Plate 76: Samvasarana with narrative panel around, Hall ceiling-J21, Ellora
Plate 77: Samvasarana on hall ceiling-J21, Ellora
Plate 78: Jinas in two tiers and painted panel of Jina on the sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora

Page #133

Plate 79. Painted panels of two seated Jinas on left
sidewall of hall-J21, Ellora
Plate 80: Painted bracket of pillar-J21, Ellora
Plate 81: Jinas on front wall of verandah-J25, Ellora

Page #134

2013
ht
Plate 82: Jina with devotees and inscription
below-J25, Ellora
Plate 83: Paintings on the hall ceiling-Kailasa-Cave
XVI, Ellora
Plate 84: Mangi-Tungi hills,
Nasik district

Page #135

Plate 85: Lower caves, Mangi hill
Plate 86: Jina and Chakresvari,
Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 87: Kamatha's attack on Parsvanatha,
Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #136

Plate 88: Sarvanubhuti, Cave I,
Mangi hill
Plate 89: Ambika, Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 90: Penance of Bahubali,
Cave I, Mangi hill

Page #137

Plate 91 : Sarasvati, Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 92: Suparsvanatha on the sidewall of shrine,
Cave I, Mangi hill
Plate 93: Goddess, Cave II,
Mangi hill

Page #138

Plate 94 : Seated Jina in the shrine, Cave II,
Mangi hill
Plate 95: Seated Rsabhanatha, Pandu Lena
Plate 96: Ambika and Sarvanubhuti
on the sidewall, Pandu Lena

Page #139

Plate 97: Jaina cave, Patne
Plate 98: Icons on rough pillars, Patne
Plate 99: Niches in the sidewall, Patne

Page #140

Plate 100: Ambika, Patne
Plate 101 : Seated Jina on backwall, Patne
Plate 102 : Three standing Jinas, Cave II, Chambhar Lena

Page #141

OBAMAL
Plate 103 Seated Jinas and Ambika, Cave II, Chambhar Lena
गुप्तदानपेटी
Plate 104: Colossal of Parsvanatha, Cave III, Chambhar Lena
Plate 105 Jaina cave, Anjaneri

Page #142

Plate 106: Elephants lustrating Suparsvanatha, Anjaneri
Plate 107: Standing Parsvanatha and Chakresvari on the back wall of verandah, Anjaneri
353
Plate 108: Parsvanatha in the shrine, Anjaneri

Page #143

Plate 109. Uttaranga of Jaina temple depicting Suparsvanatha and Parsvanatha, Anjaneri
Plate 110: Ankai-Tankai hills
Plate 111: Cave I, Ankai-Tankai

Page #144

Plate 112: Hall Doorway, Cave I,
Ankai-Tankai
Plate 113: Cave II, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 114: Ganesa as child seated on lap of
Ambika, Cave II, Ankai-Tankai

Page #145

WONDER
Plate 115: Cave III, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 116: Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 117: Female deities on stambha sakha of hall
doorway, Cave IV, Ankai-Tankai

Page #146

Plate 120: Cave VI with Ankai fort in background, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 119: Jina with monkey as devotee, Cave V,
Ankai-Tankai
Plate 118: Upper two storeyes of Cave V with kalasa top,
Ankai-Tankai

Page #147

Plate 121: Plinth, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai
Plate 122: Shrine doorway, Cave VI,
Ankai-Tankai
Plate 123: Shrine doorway made of loose slabs, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai

Page #148

Plate 124: Male devotee or donor on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 125: Couple devotee or donors on the stambha sakha of shrine doorway, Cave VI, Ankai-Tankai
Plate 126: Low wall enclosing the verandah, Tringalwadi

Page #149

Plate 127: Figures on the verandah ceiling,
Tringalwadi
Plate 128 : Hall doorway,
Tringalwadi
Plate 129: Dharanendra on the stambha
sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi

Page #150

Plate 130: Padmavati on the stambha sakha of hall doorway, Tringalwadi
Plate 131: Cave at Vase
Plate 132: Plinth, Vase

Page #151

Plate 133: Structural pillar in the
verandah, Vase
Plate 134 : Jina in the back wall of
hall, Vase
Plate 135: Caves near Kalakot
in the fort at Daulatabad

Page #152

Plate 136: Kaksasanas and pillars enclosing the
verandah, Jaina cave at Daulatabad
Plate 137: Jina figure on the pillar in
hall, Jaina cave, Daulatabad
Plate 138: Niches in the sidewall of
hall, Jaina cave at Daulatabad

Page #153

Plate 140: Tritirthika, Junnar
Plate 139: Buddhist vihara converted into Jaina cave, Junnar
Plate 141: Bhairava, Junnar

Page #154

Plate 142: Hill with Jaina cave, Bhamer
Plate 143 Jaina cave at Bhmer
Plate 144: Dharanendra, Padmavati and Jina figures on the back wall of verandah, Bhamer

Page #155

Plate 145: Icons on the walls of hall, Bhamer
Plate 146: Hill with Jaina cave, Chandor
Plate 147: Chauvisi, Chandor

Page #156

Plate 148: Sarasvati, Chandor
Plate 149: Seated Jinas on the sidewall, Chandor
Plate 150: Chandraprabha, main Jina at Chandor

Page #157

Plate 152: Ambika, Chandor
Plate 151. Mahamanasi on the pilaster flanking the main icon of
Chandraprabha, Chandor
Plate 153: Couple standing under a tree
with seated Jina above, Chandor

Page #158

Plate 154: Cave I, Mohida
Plate 155: Chandraprabha & Puspadandta and monk-devotee figures below, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 156: Standing Jinas and Bahubali on the sidewall,
Cave I, Mohida

Page #159

Plate 157. Bahubali, Cave I,
Mohida
Plate 158: Gomukha and Dharanendra, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 159 : Kshetrapala, Cave I, Mohida

Page #160

Plate 160: Suparsvanatha and Padmaprabha in the Sidewall of shrine, Cave I, Mohida
Plate 161: Rsabhanatha, main Jina at Cave I, Mohida
Plate 162: Cave II, Mohida

Page #161

Plate 163: Seated Jinas on the left sidewall of hall,
Cave II, Mohida
Plate 164: Devotees, Dharanendra, Chakresvari and
Ambika, Cave II, Mohida
Plate 165 : Rsabhanatha and standing Jina on the
backwall of hall, Cave II, Mohida

Page #162

Plate 166: Cave 5, Later cave at Ellora
Plate 167: Suparsvanatha and Chauvisi, Cave 5, Ellora
Plate 168: Colossal of Parsvanatha,
J27, Ellora

Page #163

A
Plate 169: Devotee and Dharanendra to the right of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Plate 170: Devotee and Padmavati to the left of Parsvanatha, J27, Ellora
Plate 171: Structure enclosing chaumukha, J29, Ellora

Page #164

Plate 173: Attendant flanking the doorway, J30, Ellora
Plate 174: Gomukha in the hall, J30, Ellora
Plate 172 Elephant flanking J30, Ellora

Page #165

Plate 175: Warriors between the legs of elephant, J30, Ellora
Plate 176 Painted panel of seated Jina on the back Wall of hall, J30, Ellora
Plate 177: Phamasana roof, J32, Ellora

Page #166

Plate 178: Cave 'C' or Mahavira Gupha,
Mangi peak
Plate 179: Seated Jina, Cave 'C' or
Mahavira Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 180: Sculpture like chaumukha or
memorial stone, 'D', Mangi peak

Page #167

पाद का दर्शन
Plate 181: Stupa and seated Jina,
'F' or Balabhadra swami Gupha,
Mangi peak
CIK
Plate 182: 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 183: Seated Jina with nudity distinctly shown, 'G' or Sri Adinatha Gupha, Mangi peak

Page #168

Caa
Plate 184: 'I' or Santinatha Gupha, Mangi peak
Plate 185 Standing figures of monks with inscription below, outside 'T', Mangi peak
Plate 186: Loose icon of Ambika in 'J' or Parsvanatha Gupha, Mangi peak

Page #169

Plate 187: Jinas on rock face, 'K', Mangi peak
Plate 188: Jinas on rock face with narrow path around,
'P', Mangi peak
Plate 189: Standing figures of monks with padukas in
front, 'Q', Mangi peak

Page #170

Plate 190: Connecting ridge between Mangi and
Tungi peaks
Plate 191: Caves on Tungi peak
Plate 192: Seated Jinas on the back wall of cave 'C', Tungi peak

Page #171

Plate 193: Standing figures of Jinas or
Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak
Plate 194: Lanchhana of Neminatha,
Pancha Pandava', Tungi peak
Plate 195. Tritirthika, Rajwade Samshodhan Mandal. Dhule

Page #172

Plate 196: Tritirthika, Ankai fort, Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai
Plate 197: Standing figure of Jina of
Svetambara sect, Daulatabad fort
Plate 198: Seated Jinas with end of the robes shown on the pedestal, Erandol, Regional Museum, Nasik

Page #173

Plate 200: Ambika, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik
Plate 199: Tungi peak
Plate 201: Sarasvati, from Sinnar, now kept near Public Library, Nasik

Page #174

Plate 202: Two icons of Parsvanatha, Ramalinga Mudgal, Latur district
Plate 203: Vimalanatha, Balsane, Dhule district

Page #175

About the Author
Viraj Shah is an archaeologist, specialised in ancient Indian art, architecture, iconography and socioreligious history. She has master's degrees in Ancient Indian Culture and Archaeology from Deccan College, Pune and in History from Mumbai University. She completed her doctoral dissertation in 2002 from Deccan College (Deemed University), Pune. Since then, she has been working on different projects on temple institution in medieval Maharashtra and archaeological remains in coastal areas of Konkan. She has published a few research papers in well-known journals and in edited volumes. Her areas of interest are socio-economic-religious history, religious architecture, iconography, and pilgrimage and landscape studies. She is specifically interested in the study of early medieval society, especially in Deccan.
ISBN: 978-81-7320-078-6

Page #176
AGAM KALA PRAKASHAN DELHI