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________________ zrIgopAlanArAyaNa bahurA jainavAGmaya ke yorapIya saMzodhaka yorapanivAsI vidvAnoM dvArA jaina-sAhitya meM saMzodhana hote prAyaH DeDha sau varSoM se bhI adhika samaya ho cukA hai. buzanaina (Buchnan) ne maisUra, kannaDa aura malAbAra hote hue madrAsa meM apane daure kA vRttAnta 1807 I0 meM prakAzita karAyA thA, jisameM usane jagaha-jagaha jainoM kA ullekha kiyA hai. usane 1811-12 I0 meM paTanA aura gayA jiloM kA bhI sarvekSaNa kiyA aura usake bAre meM bhI apane saMsmaraNa likhatA rahA. vhI0 eca0 jaiksana dvArA sampAdita 1625 I0 meM paTanA se prakAzita ukta vRtAnta meM likhA hai ki usane mahAvIra ke nirvANasthala' kI bhI yAtrA kI thI. isI prakAra 1807 I0 meM hI "eziyATika risarceja" ke naveM aMka meM "jaina vRttAnta" (Account of the Jains) ke zIrSaka se tIna vivaraNa prakAzita hue the, jinameM ukta buzanaina ke atirikta lephTinaNTa karnala maikenjI dvArA apanI 1797 I0 kI dainandinI ke AdhAra para saMgRhIta vRttAnta the. buzanaina ke lekha kisI jaina vidvAn kI TippaNiyoM para bhI AdhArita the aura bahuta kucha kalpanAdhArita evaM azuddha bhI the. jaise, usane likhA hai ki buMdelI, mevAr3a, mAravAr3a, kuNDera, lAhaura, bIkAnera, jodhapura Adi sthAnoM ke bahuta se rAjapUta jaina the. jayapura ke rAjA savAI pratApasiMha, savAI jayasiMha kA putra thA aura usase pUrva ke sabhI rAjA jaina the. vAstava meM, na savAI pratApasiMha savAI jayasiMha kA putra thA, na jayapura kA koI rAjA jaina dharmAvalambI huA. yaha avazya hai ki kitane hI rAjAoM ne jainoM ko prazraya diyA thA. isake bAda hI kolabruka (1765-1837 I0 san) ke vividha lekhoM meM saMgRhIta "jainamata para vicAra-vimarza'-paraka nibandha prakaTa hue. ye nibandha kevala vivaraNAtmaka na hokara pUrvokta saMzodhanoM evaM svayaM kolabuka kI saMzodhanAtmaka AlocanA para AdhArita the. parantu, yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki vaidezikoM dvArA uparilikhita ullekha hI sarvaprathama ullekha haiM. IsA kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM hesiciosa (Hesychios) nAmaka grIka kozakAra ne "jenoI" (Genoi) zabda kA prayoga nagna-dArzanikoM ke artha meM kiyA hai. bAda ke vidvAnoM ne isa "jenoI" zabda ko jainoM se sambaddha mAnA hai. karnala maikenjI ke saMgraha kA vilasana dvArA saMkalita savivaraNa sUcI-patra sarva-prathama 1828 I0 meM prakAzita huA thA, usameM zrAvakoM athavA jainoM para DelAmena (Delamain) aura buzanaina ke nibandhoM kA sandarbha avazya hai tathA bAda meM 1. poyapurI (Pauyapury) ke pAsa pokorapura (Pokorpur) meM mahAvIra kA maMdira hai. maraNa ke anantara unake kucha avazeSa vahIM para rahe. bAda meM vahA~ para maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA gayA. 2. Journal of Francis Buchnan, Ed. V. H. Jackson, 1925, PP. 102-103. Observations on the Sect of Jainas. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol. I. Jain Educ P ry.org
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________________ 746 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : caturtha adhyAya kalina va kolabuka dvArA jaina-maMdiroM ke zilAlekhoM para bhI adhyayanAtmaka vivaraNa prakAzita hue haiM, parantu sabase pahalI pustaka jisake TAiTala para "jaina" zabda aMkita huA hai vaha phreMkalina likhita "jaina aura bauddhavAdoM kA saMzodhana' (Researches on the Tenets of the Jeynes & Boodhists) hai jo 1827 I0 meM sAmane AI. vilasana ne apane savivaraNa sUcI-patra meM bahuta-sI jaina-pANDulipiyoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai, jinameM se kucha usakI nijI thIM aura kucha kalakattA saMskRta kAleja kI thIM. 1828 I0 meM prakAzita maikenjI saMgraha ke kaiTalAga meM usane una 44 hastalikhita granthoM kA bhI vivaraNa diyA hai, jo landana meM IsTa iNDiyA kampanI meM pahu~ca cuke the. kolabuka ne AcArya hemacandra kRta 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' aura 'kalpasUtrAdi' viSayaka nibandha to likhe parantu inake susampAdita saMskaraNa usa samaya na nikala sake aura bAda meM bhI bIsa varSa taka koI mUlapATha kA saMskaraNa prakAzita nahIM huA. anta meM, saiTapITarsabarga se 'abhidhAnacintAmaNi' kA bhUtaliMga (Bohtlingk) aura rIu (Ricu) kRta jarmana anuvAda 1847 I0 meM prakAzita huA tathA kalpasUtra evaM navatattva prakaraNa kA aMgrejI anuvAda sTIveMsana dvArA 1848 I0 meM prakAza meM AyA. prAkRta Agama kA aMgrejI meM anuvAda karane vAlA sTIvensana hI prathama vidvAn thA. bAda meM vebara (Weber) (1825-1601 I0 san) ne dhanezvara sUri kRta 'zatruJjaya-mAhAtmya' kA sampAdana karake vistRta bhUmikA sahita lipaz2iga (Leipzig) se san 1858 I0 meM prakAzita karAyA. isa vidvAn kA jaina-zAstroM ke adhyayana ke pariNAmasvarUpa yaha prathama prayAsa thA...parantu Age calakara 'bhagavatIsUtra' para jo kArya vebara ne kiyA vaha cirasmaraNIya rahegA. yaha grantha balina kI visencAphena (Wissenchaften) akAdamI se 1866-67 I0 meM nikalA thA. aba to yaha prAyaH aprApya ho gayA hai parantu jaina sAhitya ke bhASA zAstrIya adhyayana ke kSetra meM eka yuga-pravartaka grantha samajhA jAtA hai. vebara kI 'jainoM kA dhArmika sAhitya' (Sacred Literature of the Jainas) kA aMgrejI anuvAda smitha ne prakAzita kiyA thA. viNDiza (Windisch) ne apane iNDo-Aryana risarca ke vizvakoza (Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan Research) meM isakA savistara vivaraNa diyA hai. taduparAnta vebara ne balina kI rAyala lAibrerI meM upalabdha jaina pANDulipiyoM kA adhyayana karake jina mUlabhUta siddhAntoM kI sthApanA kI hai| ve jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa ke vivecana meM kabhI bhulAe nahIM jA sakate. ukta pustakAlaya meM bAda meM 1644 I0 taka jo jaina grantha kharIde gae unakA sUcIpatra vAlTara zubriG (Walther Schubring) ne taiyAra kiyA hai, jo lipaz2iga se prakAzita huA hai. isameM 1127 granthoM kA vivaraNa hai. balina meM jo hastalikhita jaina grantha pahu~ce haiM aura jinakA vivaraNa vebara ne apane kaeNTalAga meM kiyA hai unakA mukhya mAdhyama byulara ko mAnanA cAhie. usa vidvAn ko bambaI ke zikSA-vibhAga ne kucha anya vidvAnoM ke sAtha tattat kSetroM meM daurA karake nijI saMgrahoM kA vivaraNa taiyAra karane tathA upalabdha hastalikhita granthoM ko kharIdane ke liye tainAta kiyA thA. aise granthoM ke viSaya meM bhaNDArakara, byulara (1837-68 I0), kolahAna, pITarsana aura anya vidvAnoM kI riporTa samaya-samaya para prakAzita huI haiM tathA nirIkSita-parIkSita granthoM ke vivaraNa evaM unake viSaya meM Avazyaka jAnakArI bhI una riporToM meM dI gaI hai. isa prakAra kharIde hue grantha 'Dekana kAleja, pUnA' meM ekatra kie gae the, jo aba bhANDArakara zodha saMsthAna meM surakSita haiM. byUhlara ne sarakArI zikSA vibhAga se yaha anumati prApta kara lI thI ki jina granthoM kI ekAdhika pratiyA~ mileM unako vaha videzI pustakAlayoM ke lie bhI kharIda sakegA. aura, yahI kAraNa hai ki balina taka aneka mahattvapUrNa jaina-grantha pahu~ca sake tathA vahA~ ke adhyavasAyI vidvAnoM dvArA susampAdita hokara unake baha-prazaMsita advitIya saMskaraNa nikale, jo unake bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ke prati saMsAra ke agraNI vidvAnoM ko AkarSita karane meM samartha hue. yaha bhI mAna lene meM saMkoca nahIM karanA cAhie ki isa prakAra ke adhyayanArtha etaddezIya vidvAnoM ko mArgadarzana karane kA zreya bhI inhIM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko hai. 1. Indische Studien Vol. XVI. &XVII, 1888-92.
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________________ gopAlanArAyaNa bahurA : jainavAGmaya ke yorapIya saMzodhaka : 747 vyUhnara aura vebara ne apanI riporTo, nibandhoM aura svataMtra lekhoM ke dvArA anuvartI zodhavidvAnoM ko bhI protsAhita kiyA. jaikobI sampAdita 'kalpasUtra' ke samIkSAtmaka saMskaraNa meM, jo san 1867 I0 meM prakAzita huA, byUhnara kA spaSTa prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai. isI prakAra liumaina (Leumann 1856-1931 I0 san ) ke 'aupapAtika sUtra' (1883) para vebara kI spaSTa chApa hai. ye donoM hI kRtiyA~ prAcIna bhASAzAstra kI sarvottama nidhiyA~ haiM. jaikobI (1860-1637 I.) ne kalpasUtra kI jo bhUmikA likhI hai vaha to prAyaH aba taka hue isa dizA ke anusaMdhAnoM kI pRSThabhUmi hI bana gaI haiM. usane jaina aura bauddhamatoM kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM sabhI sandehoM ko nirasta kara diyA hai aura yaha nirNaya sthApita kiyA hai ki jainamata bauddhamata se bahuta purAnA hai. gautama buddha ke samaya se bahuta pahale hI jainamata kA prAdurbhAva ho cukA thA. varddhamAna mahAvIra janamata ke Adi pravartaka nahIM the. ve to pArzvanAtha ke upadezoM ke pariSkAraka mAtra the. usane yaha bhI batAyA hai ki pArzvanAtha mahAvIra se do sau pacAsa varSa pUrva ho cuke the aura mahAvIra kA nirvANakAla 477 I0 pU0 thA. ToparA ke zilAlekha se vidita hotA hai ki azoka mahAn janoM se nigaNTha' nAma se paricita thA. yorapa meM jaina saMzodhana kI pragati ko dekhate hue pizela (Pischel) ne AzA vyakta kI thI ki jainazAstroM ke mUlapAThoM ke sampAdana evaM prakAzana ke nimitta eka jaina-granya pATha-prakAzana samiti kI sthApanA ho sakegI, parantu unakA yaha svapna pUrA na ho sakA. itanA avazya huA ki bhArata ke jaina-samAja meM cetanA A gaI aura Agamodaya samiti Adi aneka saMsthAoM ne isa dizA meM kadama Age bar3hAyA. aneka jaina granthoM kA saTippaNa, sAvacUri evaM niyukti sahita prakAzana huA. isase eka lAbha yaha huA ki pahale jo mUla grantha yorapIya vidvAnoM ke hAtha lage the ve bar3I astavyasta dazA meM the aura ve unake pATha ko ThIka-ThIka samajha nahIM pAte the. vividha pratilipikartAoM ne lambI prazastiyA~ athavA pracalita pATha kA saMkSipta rUpa dekara unheM aura bhI durgamya banA diyA thA. aisI pratiyoM meM diye hue saMketoM ko samajhanA jainavidvAnoM kI sahAyatA ke vinA saMbhava nahIM thA. byUlara ne apanI riporTa meM likhA hai ki bahuta-sA jaina sAhitya talagharoM meM pracchanna avasthA meM par3A hai jisake viSaya meM svayaM jainoM ko athavA una bhaNDAroM ke saMrakSakoM taka ko ThIka-ThIka patA nahIM hai. jaisalamera ke bar3e bhaNDAra ko dekhane jaba baha gaye to vahA~ granthoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM kucha kA kucha batA diyA gayA. astu-bhAratIya jaina vidvAnoM ke Age Ane se yorapIya saMzodhakoM kA bhI mArga bahuta kucha sarala ho gayA aura ve isameM adhikAdhika rasa lene lage. isake phalasvarUpa liumaina (Leumann) ne jaina-siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karake Avazyaka sUtroM para kArya kiyA aura jaina-kathAoM ke viSaya meM bhI apane abhimata prakaTa kie. harTala (Hertel) ne kathAoM ko lekara, vizeSata: gujarAta meM prApta sAhitya ke AdhAra para, bahuta adhyayana kiyA. usane ina kathAnakoM ke AdhAra para bhAratIyetara sAhitya meM bhI samAnAntara AdhAra-kathAoM kA anveSaNa kiyA.' harTela kA kahanA hai ki jainakathAoM meM saMskRta bhASA kA jo rUpa prayukta huA hai vaha sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA thI, jisameM prAkRta athavA prAMtIya boliyoM ke bahuta se zabda svataH sammilita ho gaye haiM. yadi Aja kI bhASA meM kaheM to una para AMcalika chApa lagI huI hai, jo zAstrIya vyAkaraNa-sammata bhASA se bhinna hai. vaise bhI, prAkRta zabdoM, saMskArita prAkRta lokabhASAdi ke zabdoM, vividha vyAkaraNoM se lie hue zabdoM aura ajJAtamUlaka zabdoM kA saMbhAra jaina-saMskRta kI viziSTatA mAnI jAtI hai. sAhityika aura aitihAsika anusaMdhAna meM grantha-sUciyA~ bahuta kAma kI hotI haiM. yadi inako anusaMdhAna-bhitti kI AdhArazilAe~ bhI kahA jAya to atyukti na hogI. isa dizA meM klATa (Klatt) ne pahala kI thI. usane jaina-graMthakAroM aura graMthoM kI itanI bar3I anukramaNikA taiyAra kI thI ki vaha prAyaH 1100-1200 pRSThoM meM mudrita hotI. parantu daivadurvipAka se vaha vidvAn kisI gambhIraroga ke cakkara meM par3a gayA aura kArya pUrA hone se pUrva hI cala basA. vebara aura liumaina 1. Hisfory of Indian Literature by Winternitz, Pt. II 2. Bloomfield.
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________________ 748 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : caturtha adhyAya ne usa saMkalana meM se koI 55 pRSTha namUne ke rUpa meM chapAe haiM.' isake bAda jaina-granthoM ke sUcIkAroM meM myUrinATa (Guerinot) kA nAma AtA hai, jisane apanA "jaina grantha-sUcI para nibandha" 1906 I0 meM prakAzita karAyA. isI prakAra jaina zilAlekhoM para bhI apanA nibandha do varSa bAda prakaTa kiyA. tadanantara lyuDarsa (Luders) ne bhI apane brAhmIlekhoM kI sUcI meM jaina-paTTAvali aura paramparA para samyak prakAza DAlA hai. jaba jaina-sAhitya-saMzodhana kA prasaMga AtA hai to isa bAta ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sakatA ki jaina sAhitya ke prati sarvaprathama AkRSTa karane kA zreya jArja byUlara ko hai. usane bambaI presIDensI kI sevA meM rahate hue bhAratIya, vizeSata: jaina sAhitya ke uddhAra kI dizA meM 17 varSoM taka bahuta bar3A kAma kiyA hai. isake pariNAma svarUpa bahuta se granthasaMgrahoM ke vivaraNa, ajJAta granthoM ke mUlapATha, cUNikAyeM Adi aura avacUriyA~ prakAza meM AI aura bahuta se videzI vidvAnoM ne una para kAma karake samIkSAtmaka nibandha likhe aura likha rahe haiM.zrImatI esa0sTIvensana nAma kI mahilA gujarAtameM IsAI dharma kI pracArikA hokara AI thI. unhoMne "The Heart of Jainism" nAmaka nibandha 1615 meM prakaTa kiyA aura usameM digambara zAkhA kI pUrNa samIkSA kI. isase pUrva bhI zrImatI sTIvensana ne "Adhunika jaina dharma" para apanI TippaNI 1910 I0 meM AksaphaoNrDa se prakAzita karAI thI. myUrinaoNTa ne "jainoM ke dharma" nAmaka pustaka 1626 meM likhI aura usameM prastuta tathyoM para vidvajjagat meM khUba carcA rahI. isase eka varSa pUrva glesanaeNpa (Glasenapp) likhita "Der Janismus, Eine Indische Erlosungureligion nAmaka pustaka san 1925 I0 meM prakAza meM A cukI thI, jisameM jaina aura anya bhAratIya dharmoM kA tulanAtmaka samIkSaNa kiyA gayA hai. isI lekhaka ne eka aura pustaka likhI hai jisameM jaina-sAhitya kI pratinidhi kRtiyoM para mantavya prakaTa kie gae haiM. bahuta samaya taka to bhAratIya jainoM ko isa bAta kA pUrA-pUrA patA hI nahIM calA athavA bahuta kama patA calA ki unake sAhitya para videzoM meM kitanA aura kyA anusaMdhAna ho rahA hai. athavA, adhika se adhika unheM kevala aMgrejI meM likhita pustakoM aura nibandhoM kA hI kisI aMza taka paricaya prApta ho sakA. jarmana aura anya pAzcAtya bhASAoM meM jo kAma huA vaha to unakI pahu~ca ke bAhara hI rahA. pariNAma yaha huA ki pAzcAtyoM dvArA kie hue zrama kA vivaraNa prAyaH vahIM taka sImita rahA. udAharaNArtha, jaikAbI dvArA kie gae kAma kA kevala vahI aMza hamArI jAnakArI meM AyA jo aMgrejI meM thA aura bahuta kucha aparicita hI rahA. parantu, jo kucha sAmagrI bhArata meM avagata ho sakI vahI jaikobI sAhaba ko 1914 I0 meM "jainadarzanadivAkara" kI padavI prApta karAne meM paryApta siddha huI. prAkRta sAhitya para vaijJAnika DhaMga se zodha karane vAloM meM pro0 jaikAbI kA nAma sabase Age rahegA. isI prakAra vartamAna meM jaina saMzodhana ke khyAtanAmA vidvAn vAlthara zubriG ne bhI "DAkTrin Apha dI jainsa" nAmaka pustaka likhakara isa paramparA meM mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai. isa lekha dvArA yaha batalAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki bhAratIya-saMskRti ke punaruddhAra ke lie ina videzI vidvAnoM ne sabase prathama kadama uThAe aura Age Ane vAle saMzodhakoM ke lie AdhArabhUmi taiyAra kI. yadyapi inake sabhI kathana pUrI taraha se pramANita nahIM haiM, phira bhI, zodha kI jisa praNAlI kA sUtrapAta ina logoM dvArA huA hai vaha vaijJAnika aura sudRr3ha mAnA jA sakatA hai. 1. Indian Antiquary. P.23, 169 2. epigrAphiyA eNDikA bhA0 10-pari0 3. Essai de Bibliographie Jaina, Paris, 1906. Jain Education Intemational