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________________ jaina evaM hindU dharma meM paramatattva kI avadhAraNA prema sumana jaina bhAratIya dharmoM kA pramukha lakSya jIvana ke duHkhoM se antima rUpa se chuTakArA pAnA hai / ataH ve jIvana meM parama zubha-Sunmun Bonum kI prApti kA prayatna karate dekhe jAte haiM / sukha kI anubhUti pUrNa svatantratA meM hI ho sakatI hai, ajJAna ke kSetra se jJAna ke kSetra meM jAne se ho sakatI hai, ataH bhAratIya cintaka Atma-jJAna ke dvArA usa paramatattva ko jAnane kI preraNA dete haiM, jo bandhanoM se sarvathA mukta hai aura jisameM sabhI prakAra ke duHkhoM kA abhAva hai| aisA paramatattva vibhinna nAmoM se jaina dharma evaM anya bhAratIya dharmoM meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| unameM mokSa, nirvANa, paramAtmA, brahma Adi nAma adhika pracalita haiN| parama tattva ke lie pracalita vibhinna pAribhASika zabdoM meM kyA samAnatAe~ haiM, yaha jAnane ke lie jaina dharma aura hindU dharma kI dRSTi se AtmA, mokSa aura paramAtmA ke svarUpa para cintana karanA Avazyaka hai / AtmA ke vivecana dvArA saba kucha jAnane kI kuMjI prAcIna granthoM meM pradAna kI gayI hai / AtmA ke eka tattva ko jAna lene se saba kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| yaha saba kA jJAna hI mokSa hai aura jo mukta AtmA hai vahI paramatattva hai, paramAtmA hai, brahma hai / paramatattva kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa naitika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ke Adarza ke rUpa meM huA hai| prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya dharmoM meM parama devatattva ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| bhale hI usake nAmoM meM bhinnatA dRSTigata hotI hai, kintu usake svarUpa meM prAyaH samAnatA hai| tabhI eka jaina kavi yaha kahatA hai ki "zaiva jise "ziva" nAma se pUjate haiM, vedAntI jise "brahma" kahate haiM, bauddhoM ne jise "buddha" kahA hai, naiyAyika jise "kartA" kahate haiM, jaina dharma ke anuyAyI jise "arhat" kahate haiM aura mImAMsaka jise "karma" kahate haiM, jise tIno lokoM kA svAmI evaM "hari" kahA jAtA hai vaha hameM icchita phala pradAna kare / " yahI bAta AcArya abhinavagupta ne bhI kahI hai ki dArzanikoM meM paramasattA ke nAmoM kA vivAda hai, mUla tattva kA nahIM / hindU dharma ke anya granthoM meM bhI yahI bhAvanA vyakta kI gayI hai / isa paramasattA, paramAtmA yA brahma kA vAstavika jJAna mokSa-prApti ke uparAnta hI hotA hai, aisA adhikAMza bhAratIya dArzanika mAnate haiM / ataH paramasattA, mokSa aura nirvANa prAya: eka hI lakSya ke vibhinna nAma haiN| mokSa-sambandhI samAnatAe~ : mokSa ke svarUpa kA vikAsa bhAratIya dharmoM meM kramaza: huA hai / cArvAka ne zarIra ke anta ko hI mokSa mAnA / nyAya-vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA aura vaibhASikoM ne AtmA ke Agantuka dharmoM - cetanA aura Ananda Adi kI mukti ko hI mokSa svIkAra kiyA / sautrAntika bauddhoM ne sattA kI abhivyaktiyoM ke nirodha ko hI "nirvANa" kahA hai| sAMkhya puruSa kI sattA aura cetana avasthA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko jAna lene ko hI kaivalya mokSa kahate haiN| ve usameM Ananda kI anubhUti nahIM mAnate / jaina dArzanika AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kI prApti ko mokSa mAnate haiM / usameM mukta jIva ananta jJAna, darzana, sukha aura ananta vIrya kA svAmI hotA hai| aise mukta jIva ananta hote haiM / vedAnta darzana ke anusAra mukta AtmA Izvara ke samAna banakara usake zarIra meM praveza kara usase ekAkAra kA anubhava karatI hai| jJAna aura Ananda ke upabhoga meM mukta AtmA Izvara ke samAna hotI hai| zaMkara ke vedAnta darzana meM mukta jIva paramatattva brahma se abhinna ho jAtA hai| ina sabhI darzanoM kI mukti prakiyA kA yadi sUkSma vivecana kiyA jAya to jJAta hotA hai ki
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________________ Vol. III-1997-2002 jaina evaM hindU dharma meM..... prAyaH sabhI ne mukti kI prApti ke lie ajJAna ko dUra kara Atma- jJAna ko prApta karanA Avazyaka mAnA hai| aura mukti prApti ke bAda jIvana maraNa ke cakra aura duHkhoM kA anta svIkAra kiyA hai / I bhAratIya darzanoM meM mukti ke sambandha meM eka samAnatA yaha bhI milatI hai ki prAyaH sabhI ne jIvanamukti aura videhamukti ina do ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai gItA aura vedAnta kI paramparA meM rAga-dveSa aura Asakti kI pUrNa rUpa se samApti para jIvana mukti aura aise sAdhaka ke zarIra chUTa jAne para videha mukti kI prApti mAnA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM tRSNA ke kSaya ke bAda sopAdhizeSa nirvANa dhAtu kI prApti hotI hai aura zarIra chUTane ke bAda anupAdhizeSa nirvANa dhAtu kI / jaina darzana meM rAga-dveSa se mukti ko bhAva mokSa aura zarIra chUTane ke bAda kI mukti ko dravya mokSa kahA gayA hai| gItA meM jIvanamukta avasthA ke sAdhaka ko "sthitaprajJa" kahA gayA hai aura vedAnta meM use "jIvAtmA" nAma diyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM jIvana mukta sAdhaka "arhata" kevalI, upazAnta Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / jaina darzana meM aise jIvana mukta sAdhaka ko "arhata", vItarAga, kevalI Adi kahA gayA hai| ye sabhI sAdhaka rAga-dveSa se rahita, samatA dhAraka evaM janma-maraNa ke cakra ko samApta karane vAle kahe gaye hai| isa avasthA se Age kI mukta AtmAe~, jo sarvathA karmoM se mukta ho gayI hai aura jinhoMne apane zarIra Adi sabhI sAMsArika sukha tyAga diye hai, gItA meM "paramAtmA", vedAnta meM "brahma", bauddha darzana meM "buddha" "nirvANa" evaM jaina darzana meM "siddha", "paramAtmA" Adi nAmoM se jAnI jAtI haiN| aisI sthiti meM sAdhaka aura sAdhya kA abheda ho jAtA hai| isa avasthA meM jJAtA, jJeya aura jJAna meM koI antara nahIM raha jAtA / isa mukta avasthA ko prApta AtmA anya sAdhakoM ke lie upAsya, Izvara paramAtmA bana jAtA hai jaina grantha samAdhizataka meM muktAtmA ko zuddha svatantra, paripUrNa, paramezvara, avinazvara sarvocca, sarvottama paramavizuddha aura niraMjana kahA gayA hai / sAmAnyatayA yahI aura isI taraha ke pada Izvara yA paramezvara ke sAtha vyavahRta kiye jAte haiM / isa taraha aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM bhale hI bhAratIya manISA ne prAkRtika zaktiyoM, rAjA, vIra puruSa, dharmaguru Adi meM apane se adhika guNa aura zakti kA anubhava kara unheM Izvara kI saMjJA pradAna kI thI, kintu bAda meM samAdhi aura jJAna ko mahattva dene vAle cintakoM ne AtmA ke pUrNarUpa se vikasita svarUpa ko hI mokSa evaM paramAtmA, devAdhideva, brahma Adi nAma diye haiM / 317 paramAtmA kA mahattva : / hindU dharma ke vibhinna vicArakoM ne Izvara kI AvazyakatA ke aneka kAraNa pratipAdita kiye haiM / vaidika darzana meM paramezvara vedarUpI vRkSa kA phala hai / upaniSadoM meM Izvara samasta brahmANDa ke saMcAlaka ke rUpa meM svIkRta haiM / jagat ke prANa-svarUpa usI ko brahma kahA gayA hai| pUrvamImAMsA meM zabdamAtra hI devatA hai / ataH vahA~ vaidika mantroM ko hI devatva prApta hai sAMkhya evaM yoga darzanoM meM karmaphala hI pradhAna hai / ataH vahA~ Izvara upAsya ke rUpa meM to svIkRta hai, karma phala pradAtA ke rUpa meM nhiiN| nyAya, vaizeSika aura vedAnta darzanoM meM Izvara kI AvazyakatA saMsAra ke vyavasthApaka evaM karma-niyAmaka ke rUpa se svIkAra kI gayI hai| gItA meM Izvara ke donoM rUpa svIkRta haiN| vaha karma-niyama ke Upara hai aura bhaktoM ke lie kAruNika hai / kintu vahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki karma aura unake pratiphala ke saMyoga kA kartA Izvara nahIM hai| karmoM kI vyavasthA svayameva hotI rahatI hai| jaina darzana karma niyantA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM karatA / kyoMki isase karma-niyama aura Izvara donoM kA mahattva kama ho jAtA hai / ataH jaina darzana meM AtmA ko karmoM kA kartA aura bhoktA mAnA hai tathA vahI AtmA karmoM se mukta hokara paramAtmA ho jAtI hai / ataH karma-niyAmaka aura Izvara donoM hI eka AtmA kI do avasthAe~ haiM / gItA meM naitika Adarza
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________________ 318 prema sumana jaina Nirgrantha aura upAsya ke rUpa meM bhI Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| pUrNa vItarAga, niSkAma, sarvajJa evaM sarvazaktimAna paramAtmA gItA kA naitika Adarza hai to vahI vItarAga evaM ananta catuSTaya se yukta paramAtmA jaina darzana kI naitika sAdhanA kA bhI Adarza hai / Izvara svayaM sarvocca sattA aura sarvocca mUlya hai14 / gItA aura jaina darzana donoM svIkAra karate haiM ki naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA Izvara ke samAna banane para hI prApta hotI hai / vizva-saMracanA evaM paramatattva : bhAratIya darzanoM meM paramatattva kA sambandha vizva-saMracanA ke siddhAnta se bhI jur3A huA hai / sRSTiracanA aura Izvara ke sambandha meM jo vibhinna mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unheM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai - eka mAnyatA paramezvara yA brahma ko hI anAdi, ananta mAnatI hai| usI ne avastu se saMsAra kI sabhI vastue~ banA dI haiN| ataH paramezvara nirmAtA hai| dUsarI mAnyatA vAle vicAraka kahate haiM ki avastu se koI vastu bana nahIM sakatI / ataH jIva aura ajIva vastue~ to sadA se haiN| unheM kisI ne nahIM banAyA / kintu ina vastuoM kI vibhinna avasthAoM ko banAnA, bigAr3anA paramezvara ke hAtha meM hai| ataH paramezvara eka vyavasthApaka ke rUpa meM hai| tIsarI mAnyatA ke vicArakoM kA kahanA hai ki saMsAra kI cetana aura acetana vastuoM ko na kisI ne banAyA hai aura na koI paramasattA unakI vyavasthA karatA hai / apitu, yaha saMsAra vastuoM ke guNa aura svabhAva meM jo pArasparika svayameva parivartana hotA hai, usI se saMsAra kI vyavasthA calatI rahatI hai, calatI rahegI / ataH vItarAga Izvara ko nirmAtA evaM vyavasthApaka mAnane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| isa tIsare vicAra kA samarthana karane vAloM meM jaina dharma ke vicAraka pramukha haiN| jaina dharma kI paramasattA sambandhI isa vicAradhArA ko kucha vistAra se usake mUla granthoM ke AdhAra para isa prakAra dekhA jA sakatA hai / jaina dharma meM saMsAra ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM vaijJAnika dRSTi se cintana kiyA gayA hai5 / yaha loka chaha dravyoM se banA hai / jIva, ajIva pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla - ye loka anAdi-ananta haiM / athavA ise banAne athavA miTAne vAlA koI Izvara Adi nahIM hai / dravyoM meM parivartana svataH hotA hai, ata: guNa kI apekSA se dravya "nitya' hai aura paryAya kI apekSA se vaha "anitya" hai / jaina dArzanikoM ne vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka kahA hai / ina chaha dravyoM meM se jIva dravya cetana hai aura zeSa pA~ca dravya acetana haiM ! ataH mUlataH vizva ke nirmANa aura saMcAlana meM jIva aura ajIva ye do dravya hI pramukha haiN| jIva aura ajIva ina do paraspara tattvoM meM jo samparka hotA hai usase aise bandhanoM kA nirmANa hotA hai, jisase jIva ko kaI prakAra kI avasthAoM se gujaranA par3a jAtA hai| kaI anubhava karane par3ate haiN| yaha saMsAra hai| yadi jIva evaM ajIva ke samparka kI dhArA ko roka diyA jAye aura samparka se utpanna bandhanoM ko naSTa kara diyA jAye to jIva apanI zuddha evaM mukta avasthA ko prApta ho sakatA hai / yaha jIva kA mokSa hai / isa pUrI prakriyA kA saMcAlana karane vAle tattva sAta haiM - jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa / inameM pApa evaM puNya ina do tattvoM ko jor3akara kula nau tattva jaina darzana meM mAne jAte haiN| inameM se jIva kA sambandha jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA se hai / pApa, puNya, Atrava, evaM bandha karma-siddhAnta se sambandhita haiM / saMvara aura nirjarA ke antargata jaina dharma kI sampUrNa AcAra-saMhitA A jAtI hai| gRhastha aura munidharma kA vivecana inhIM ke antargata hotA hai| antima tattva "mokSa" darzana kI dRSTi se jIvana kI vaha sarvottama avasthA hai, jise prApta karanA pratyeka dhArmika vyakti kA antima lakSya hai| isI ke lie AtmasAkSAtkAra evaM dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA kI jAtI hai / jaina dRSTi se pratyeka vyakti apanA dvArA kiye gaye acche-bure karmoM ke phala bhogane ke liye svayaM jimmedAra hai / prAkRtika aura vyAvahArika niyama bhI yahI hai ki jaisA bIja boyA jAtA hai, usakA phala bhI cation international
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________________ Vol. III - 1997-2002 jaina evaM hindU dharma meM.... vaisA hI milatA hai| jaina darzana ne yahI dRSTi pradAna kI ki acche karma karane se sukha va bure karma karane se duHkha milatA hai| ata: vyakti ko mana meM acchI bhAvanA rakhanI cAhiye, vANI se acche vacana bolane cAhiye aura zarIra se acche karma karane cAhiye / AtmA aisA karane ke liye svatantra evaM samartha hai| AtmA hI duHkha evaM sukha kA kartA evaM vikartA hai / sumArga para calane vAlA AtmA apanA mitra hai aura kamArga para calane vAlA svayaM kA zatru hai / , yathA apyA kattA vikattA ya, duhANa ya suhANa ya / appA mittamamittaM ca, duppaTThiyaM supaTThio // 17 jaina-karma-siddhAnta ke pratipAdana se yaha spaSTa huA hai ki AtmA hI acche bure karmoM kA kendra hai| AtmA mUlataH ananta zaktiyoM kA kendra hai| jJAna aura caitanya usake pramukha guNa haiM, kintu karmoM ke AvaraNa se usakA zuddha svarUpa chipa jAtA hai / jaina AcAra-saMhitA pratipAdita karatI hai ki vyakti kA antima uddezya AtmA ke isI zuddha svarUpa ko prApta karanA honA cAhiye, taba yahI AtmA paramAtmA ho jAtA hai| AtmA ko paramAtmA meM prakaTa karane kI zakti jaina darzana ne manuSya meM mAnI hai / kyoMki manuSya meM icchA, saMkalpa aura vicAra zakti hai, isaliye vaha svatantra kiyA kara sakatA hai| ataH sAMsArika pragati aura AdhyAtmika unnati ina donoM kA mukhya sUtradhAra manuSya hI hai| jaina dRSTi se yadyapi sArI AtmAyeM samAna haiM, saba meM paramAtmA banane ke guNa vidyamAna haiM, kintu una guNoM kI prApti manuSya jIvana meM hI saMbhava hai, kyoMki sadAcaraNa evaM saMyama kA jIvana manuSya bhava meM hI ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra jaina AcAra-saMhitA ne mAnava ko jo pratiSThA dI hai, vaha anupama hai / manuSya kI isI zreSThatA ke kAraNa jaina dharma meM daivIya zakti vAle Izvara kA koI mahattva nahIM rhaa| jaina dRSTi meM aisA koI vyakti Izvara ho hI nahIM sakatA, jisameM saMsAra ko banAne yA naSTa karane kI koI icchA zeSa ho / yaha kisI bhI daivIya zakti ke sAmarthya ke bAhara kI vastu hai ki vaha kisI bhI dravya ko badala sake tathA kisI vyakti ko sukha-duHkha de sake / kyoMki hara guNa svatantra aura guNAtmaka hai| prakRti svayaM apane niyamoM se saMcAlita hai| vyakti ko sukha-duHkha usake karma aura puruSArtha ke anusAra milate haiM / ataH jaina AcAra-saMhitA meM Izvara kA vaha astitva nahIM hai jo muslima dharma meM muhammada sAhaba kA tathA IsAI dharma meM IsA masIha kA hai / hindU dharma kA sarvazaktimAna Izvara bhI jaina dharma meM svIkRta nahIM hai, kyoMki isase manuSya kI svatantratA aura puruSArtha bAdhita hote haiM / vizva-saMracanA meM Izvara kI bhUmikA kA niSedha jainoM kI taraha sAMkhyadarzana meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| kumArila bhaTTa evaM prabhAkara mizra jaise mImAMsaka bhI Izvara ko nirmAtA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM karate, kyoMki ve vizva ko anAdi mAnate haiM, / jaina evaM mImAMsakoM ne nirmAtA Izvara ke astitva ke niSedha ke samAna tarkoM kA upayoga kiyA hai20 / vaizeSika darzana ke prAraMbhika granthoM meM bhI Izvara-svIkRti nahIM hai / pataMjali ke yogasUtra evaM gautama ke nyAyasUtra meM bhI Izvara ko eka yogI, Ata aura sarvajJa ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM bhI mukta AtmA ko paramAtmA, Apta, sarvajJa Adi kahA gayA hai | ataH sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra karane para jJAta hotA hai ki Izvara ke sambandha meM jaina dharma evaM hindU dharma ke prAcIna granthoM meM prAyaH samAna cintana prastuta kiyA gayA hai ! jaina dharma meM yadyapi Izvara jaisI usa sattA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai jo saMsAra ko banAne athavA naSTa karane meM kAraNa hai, tathApi jaina AcAra-saMhitA AtmA ke usa zuddha svarUpa ke astitva ko svIkAra Jain Education international
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________________ 320 prema sumana jaina Nirgrantha karatI hai, jo apane zreSThatama guNoM ke kAraNa paramAtmA ho cukI hai| aise aneka paramAtmA jaina dharma meM svIkRta haiM, jo ananta sukhoM kA anubhava karate haiM tathA isa saMsAra se mukta haiN| aise paramAtmAoM ko jaina AcArasaMhitA meM "arhata" evaM "siddha" kahA gayA hai| ye ve parama AtmAe~ hai, jinhoMne indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara AtmA ke vAstavika svarUpa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai| inheM "Apta", "sarvajJa" "vItarAgI", "kevalI" Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| ina arhata evaM siddhoM kI bhakti tathA pUjA karane kA vidhAna bhI jaina AcAra saMhitA meM hai, kintu inase koI sAMsArika lAbha kI apekSA nahIM kI jAtI / inakI bhakti unake AdhyAtmika guNoM ko prApta karane ke liye hI kI jAtI hai, jisake liye bhakta ko svayaM puruSArtha karanA par3atA hai / isa bhakti se vyakti kI bhAvanAe~ pavitra hotI hai, jisase usakA AcaraNa nirantara zuddha hotA jAtA hai, tathA AtmA kramazaH vikAsa ko prApta hotI hai| jaina AcAra saMhitA kI tIna koTiyA~ mAnI gayI haiM / 1. "bahirAtmA", jo zarIra ko hI AtmA samajhatA huA sAMsArika viSayoM meM lIna rahatA hai, 2. " antarAtmA", jo zarIra aura AtmA ke bheda ko samajhatA hai tathA zarIra ke moha ko chor3akara AtmA ke svarUpa ko prApta karane kA prayatna karatA hai, tathA 3. "paramAtmA" jisane AtmA ke sacce svarUpa ko jAna liyA hai aura jo ananta jJAna tathA sukha kA dhanI hai yathA akkhANi bAhiraNyA aMtarapmA hU appasaMkappo kammakalaMkavimukho paramappA bhaNNae devo // 1 AcArya kundakunda ne AtmA ke isa vikAsa mArga kA pratipAdana kiyA thA 4, jisakA anugamana anya jainAcAryoM ne kiyA hai / anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI AtmA ke vikAsa ke ina svarUpoM ko vibhinna nAmoM se varNita kiyA gayA haiM / upaniSadoM meM AtmA ke jJAnAtmA, mahadAtmA aura zuddhAtmA ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM dUsare zabdoM meM zarIrAtmA, jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA bhI AtmA kI avasthAe~ batAyI gayI hai| paramatattva ke nAma evaM guNa 1 1 jaina dharma meM paramatattva mukta AtmA ko mAnA gayA hai unakI avasthAoM aura guNoM ke kAraNa unheM arhanta, siddha, kevalI, jina, tIrthaMkara, Apta, sarvajJa, paramAtmA, vItarAga Adi nAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai| ina saba meM pramukha guNa samAna haiM ki ve mukta avasthA meM hone ke kAraNa sabhI duHkhoM se rahita haiM unameM 1008 lakSaNa zAstroM meM ginAye gaye haiM" kintu unake 4 pramukha guNa ananta jJAna, ananta darzana, ananta cAritra, evaM ananta vIrya prasiddha hai| ina guNoM ke sAtha tulanA karane para jJAta hotA hai ki hindU dharma ke Izvara, brahma yA paramAtmA meM bhI jJAna, zakti, mAhAtmya, gaurava Adi guNa svIkAra kiye gaye haiM" / kyoMki Izvara kI upAsyatA binA guNoM ke ho nahIM sakatI hai pAzcAtya darzanoM meM bhI Izvara ko vyaktitvapUrNa, sarvazaktimAna, sarvajJa, pUrNajJAna, icchA svAtantrya, nitya evaM zubhatva Adi guNoM se yukta mAnane kI bAta kahI gayI hai / yadyapi Izvara sambandhI guNoM kA kathana asaMjJAnAtmaka hI hotA hai"| phira bhI bhAratIya darzanoM meM Izvara ko aparimita guNoM kA bhaNDAra mAnA gayA hai| jaina granthoM meM bhI tIrthaMkara ke kaI atizaya unakI viziSTatA ke rUpa meM varNita haiN"| kucha jaina granthoM meM paramAtmA ke guNoM kA varNana abhAvAtmaka dRSTi se bhI kiyA gayA hai muktAtmA na dIrgha hai, na hrasva hai, na kRSNa hai, na zveta hai, na guru hai na laghu hai, na strI hai, na puruSa hai, na napuMsaka hai"| ataH paramAtmA kA svarUpa anirvacanIya hai| zAMkara siddhAnta kA neti neti aura pAkSAtya vicAraka akvAinasa kA nakArAtmaka siddhAnta" jaina darzana ke abhAvAtmaka dRSTikoNa se samAnatA rakhate haiN| inase yaha anubhava kiyA jA sakatA hai ki paramasattA ke guNoM evaM nAmoM kI sArthakatA unheM pratIkAtmaka rUpa meM svIkAra karane meM hai| isase cintana ke kSetra meM samanvaya ko bala milatA hai| jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki nizcaya
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________________ Vol. III- 1997-2002 jaina evaM hindU dharma meM.... naya ke anusAra paramAtmA zuddha caitanyamaya hai| usake guNoM kA bakhAna karanA vyAvahArika naya se saMbhava hai| usakI upAsanA hama vibhinna pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se karate haiM, jo usake guNoM kA svayaM sAkSAtkAra karane ke lie hotI hai| umAsvAmI ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki "maiM usa paramAtmA ko namana karatA hU~ jo mokSamArga kA netA hai, karmarUpI parvatoM ko naSTa karane vAlA hai aura vizva ke samasta tattvoM kA jJAtA hai, tAki maiM usake guNoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara sakU~ / " yahI bAta pAzcAtya dArzanika pAlanIlikha svIkAra karate haiM ki paramasattA varNavihIna, zuddha ujalA pardA hai| ise likhA to jA sakatA hai, parantu isakA varNana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / paramasattA ke lie prayukta nAmoM kA jaina evaM hindU dharmoM meM samAna rUpa se prayoga huA hai / hinda dharmoM meM prayukta jagasvAmI, jJAnI, hari, hara, brahmA, puruSottama Adi saikar3oM nAma jaina tIrthakaroM ke lie prayukta hue haiN| kintu ina nAmoM ko pratIkoM ke rUpa meM liyA gayA hai / jisake smaraNa se guNoM kI vRddhi ho vaha "brahma" hai, jisa AtmA kA brahmacarya akhaNDita rahA hai vaha "paramabrahma" hai, kevala jJAna Adi guNoM ke aizvarya se yukta hone ke kAraNa AtmA "Izvara" hai, vaha samasta karmoM ke mala se rahita hokara, ATha guNoM ke "aizvarya" ko dhAraNa karatA hai isalie "paramezvara" hai, AtmA svadeha meM vyApta hone ke kAraNa "viSNu" hai| svayaM hI apane vikAsa kA kAraNa hai isalie "svayambhU" hai33 / AdipurANa meM prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ko "hiraNyagarbha", "brahmA", "prajApati" Adi vizeSaNa pradAna kiye gaye haiM, jo unake vibhinna guNoM ke sUcaka haiN| isI taraha vaidika granthoM meM bhI jaina tIrthakaroM ke kaI nAmoM ko viSNusahastranAma Adi meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| ataH paramasattA ke nirUpaNa meM samanvaya kI eka dhArA kA avalokana jaina evaM hindU dharmo ke sAhitya meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| donoM dharmoM meM paramAtmA ke nAmoM meM uparyukta samAnatA hote hue kucha antara bhI hai| kintu yahA~ nAmoM kA mahattva nahIM hai, guNoM kA mahattva hai isIlie eka jaina santa ne kahA hai ki maiM usa paramatattva ko sadA namana karatA hU~ jo rAgadveSa jaise AtmA ko dUSita karane vAle viSa se rahita hai, anukampA se bharA huA hai aura samasta guNa-samUhoM se pUrNa hai, cAhe vaha viSNu ho, ziva ho, brahmA ho, surendra ho, sUrya ho, candra ho, bhagavAn ho, buddha ho yA siddha ho / paramatattva kI prApti ke mArga : jaina evaM hindU dharma meM kevala paramatattva ke svarUpa, usake guNa evaM usake nAmoM hI meM samAnatA nahIM hai, apitu usa paramatattva ko prApta karane, anubhava karane ke mArgoM meM bhI prAyaH ekarUpatA dRSTigocara hotI hai| jainadharma meM tattva nirUpaNa dvArA loka ke svarUpa kA vivecana karake tathA karma siddhAnta ke pratipAdana dvArA manuSya meM saMkalpa aura puruSArtha kI jAgRti karake use AtmA sAdhanA kA jo mArga batalAyA gayA hai, vahI jaina AcAra-saMhitA kA prathama sopAna hai / jainAcArya umAsvAmI ne samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna evaM samyagcAritra ina tInoM ko mokSa kA mArga kahA hai| samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH mokSa mArga meM ina tInoM kI pradhAnatA hone se inheM "triratna" bhI kahA gayA hai| ina tInoM kA paraspara ghaniSTha sambandha hai|5 / samyagdarzana Atma-sAdhanA kA prathama sopAna hai| jIva, ajIva Adi tattvoM ke svarUpa para zraddhAna karanA samyagdarzana hai| isase vyakti kA dRSTikoNa sahI banatA hai / samyagdarzana ke uparAnta sAdhaka samyagjJAna kI prApti karatA hai| jina tattvoM para usane zraddhAna kiyA thA, unhIM ko vaha pUrNa rUpa se jaba jAnatA hai, taba use samyagdarzana kI upalabdhi hotI hai| satya kI akhaNDatA ko Adara dete hue usake bahuAyAmoM ko jAnane kA prayatna karanA hI samyagjJAna kA viSaya hai / jaina granthoM meM samyagcAritra kA vivecana gRhasthoM aura sAdhuoM kI jIvanacaryA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| sAdhu jIvana ke AcaraNa kA pramukha uddezya Atma-sAkSAtkAra hai, jabaki gRhasthoM
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________________ 322 prema sumana jaina Nirgrantha ke cAritra-vidhAna meM vyakti evaM samAja ke utthAna kI bAta bhI sammilita hai| isa prakAra nivRtti evaM pravRtti donoM kA samanvaya isa triratna siddhAnta meM huA hai| jaina dharma ke samAna anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM bhI paramasattA kI prApti ke lie trividha sAdhanA mArga ko apanAyA gayA hai| bauddha darzana meM zIla, samAdhi aura prajJA kI sAdhanA se nirvANa kI prApti batAyI gayI hai| gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga ko pramukhatA dI gayI hai| vaidika paramparA meM varNita zravaNa, manana aura nididhyAsana sAdhanA kA jo vidhAna hai, usakA jaina dharma ke darzana, jJAna, cAritra se ghaniSTha sambandha hai| paramAtmA kI prApti ke isa trimArga se pAzcAtya vicAraka bhI sahamata hai, jahA~ svayaM ko jAnoM, svayaM ko svIkAra karo aura svayaM hI bana jAo ye tIna naitika Adarza kahe gaye hai"| ina sAdhanA ke mArgoM meM samAnatA khojane se paramasattA ke svarUpa evaM usakI anubhUti meM bhI samAnatA ke darzana ho sakate haiN| kyoMki anta meM jAkara sAdhaka, sAdhanA mArga aura sAdhya inameM koI antara nahIM raha jaataa| jainAcArya kahate haiM AtmA hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hai| jaba vaha apane zuddha rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai taba vaha paramAtmA kahalAtI hai| vahA~ jJAtA, jJAna aura jJeya kA bheda miTa jAtA hai| "brahmavid brahmaiva bhavati" kA Adarza sArthaka ho jAtA hai| ise DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana "adhyAtmavAdI dharma" rilijana oNpha da suprIma spiriTa -- kahate haiN| jaina dharma meM isa paramasattA kI sthiti ko pUjyapAda ne isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai ki jo paramAtmA hai vaha maiM hU~, jo maiM hU~ vahI paramAtmA hai| maiM hI mere dvArA upAsya hU~, dUsarA koI nhiiN"| isa zuddha svarUpa kI sthiti ko zaMkara ne isa prakAra vyakta kiyA hai - na bandhurna mitraM guru (naiva ziSyaH / cidAnandarUpaH zivo'haM zivo'haM // isa prakAra jaina evaM hindU dharma meM Izvara kI avadhAraNA AtmA, mokSa aura paramAtmA se jur3I huI hai| ina tInoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kI jAnakArI se hI paramatattva kI prApti kA lakSya nirdhArita kiyA jAtA hai paramatattva donoM dharmoM meM naitika mUlyoM kI pUrti hetu eka Adarza ke rUpa meM hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhale hI Izvara saMsAra kA nirmAtA, vyavasthApaka evaM kAruNika dikhAyI detA ho, kintu parama samAdhi kI dazA meM vaha zuddha caitanya, jJAna evaM AnandarUpa hai / usa paramatattva ke vibhinna nAma donoM dharmoM meM prAyaH samAna haiM aura jahA~ nAmoM kI bhinnatA, dRSTigata hotI hai, vahA~ ve nAma paramAtmA ke jina guNoM ke pratIka haiM, ve prAyaH donoM dharmoM ko svIkArya hai| Izvara ke guNoM kI saMkhyA meM jaina aura hindU dharma meM bhitratA ho sakatI hai. kintu paramAtmA ke mUla guNa prAyaH samAna haiM ki vaha sarvathA duHkhoM se mucha hai, cetana, jJAna aura Anandamaya hai / vaha apanI paramasattA ko chor3akara punaH sAMsArika bandhanoM meM nahIM pha~satA / ina donoM dharmoM meM paramAtmA kI prApti ke sAdhanoM meM bhI samAnatA hai. kevala nAmoM kA antara hai| aise paramatattva kA upayoga saMsArI AtmA usakI upAsanA dvArA apane vikAsa ke lie karatA hai tAki eka dina vaha bhI usI ke samAna bana jAya / isa Atma-vikAsa ke mArga meM jina naitika AdarzoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai ve mAnavatA kI rakSA evaM prANImAtra ke kalyANa ke lie bhI upayogI haiM / upAsanAmUlaka dharma se jaba hindU dharma samAdhimUlaka dharma kI koTi meM AtA hai taba vaha jaina dharma ke nikaTa ho jAtA hai| paramasattA kI avadhAraNA aura usakI prApti ke upAya donoM ko adhika najadIka lAte haiN| kintu AcAra pakSa aura upAsanA pakSa meM ye donoM dharma apanA svatantra astitva rakhate haiN| jIvana meM ahaMbhAva aura mamatva ko tyAga karane kA prayatna karanA, vicAroM meM udAratA rakhate hue Agraha nahIM karanA, vyaktigata jIvana ke lie adhika saMgraha nahIM karanA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM prANI rakSA ko pramukhatA denA mAnava jIvana ke ve mUlya hai jo vizva meM zAMti aura saMtulana banA sakate haiM / inako pAlana karane ke lie jaina evaM hindU dharma donoM preraNA dete haiM / isa jIvana-paddhati se hI parama tattva kI prApti kA mArga ujAgara hotA hai /
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________________ Vol. III- 1997-2002 sandarbha : 1. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad 2.4.8, AcArAMgasUtra 4.4.74. 2. hanumannATakam, dAmodara mizra 1 / 3. 3. zrImad bhagavadgItA 11.28, muNDakopaniSad 3.2.8. 4. lADa, e. ke. bhAratIya darzanoM meM mokSa- cintana 5. itibuttaka, 2.7. 6. samayasArIkA, amRtacandra 305 yogazAstra hemacandra 4.5. 7. samAdhizataka, zloka 6. 8. Rgveda 10.71.5 2 yAska vyAkhyA. jaina evaM hindU dharma meM..... , - eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhopAla 1973, pR0 297- 298. 9. zvetA. upa. 6.1. 10. gItA, 7.22. 11. gItA, 5.15. 12. zAstravArttAsamuccaya, kartA, haribhadra, 207. 13. jaina, sAgaramala, jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, jayaput 1982, pR. 446. 14. The Idea of Immortality, p. 290 pazcimIdarzana, pR. 267. 15. P. S. Jaini, The Path of Purification p. 89-106. 16. tattvArthasUtra a. 1 sUtra 4 sampA. sukhalAla saMghavI, vArANasI 1952 17. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, a. 20, gA. 37. 18. K. C. Sogani, Ethical Doctrines in Jainism p. 74. 19. mahendra kumAra jaina, jaina darzana, vArANasI ? 20. G. V. Tagore, 'Concept of the Deity in Early Jainism : A Comparative view' article published in Tulsiprajna, Vol. XV, No.1 (June, 1989 ) p. 43. 21. Dayanand Bhargav, Jaina Ethics, p. 26. 22. upAdhye, e. ena., sampA. "bhUmikA", paramAtmaprakAza, bambaI, pR. 36. 23. kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gA. 193-198 bambaI 24. mokkhapADa, kartA kundakunda rA. 5 25. jinasahastranAma kartA AzAdhara bhAratIya jJAnapITha, vArANasI, jambudvIpapaNNatta 13.88-92. 26. niyamasAra, gA. 72, paMcAdhyAyI, uttarArdha, 604. 27. A. N. Dwivedi, Essentials of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, Books Today, New Delhi 1979, P. 70. 28. yAkUba masIha, samakAlIna darzana, paTanA 1984, pR. 109. 29. tiloyapaNNattI 4, gA. 988- 906, samavAyAMgasUtra, 111 samavAya. 30. AcArAMgasUtra, 1.5.6.171. 323 31. Cf. Thomas Aquinas; Selected Writings; ed. Robert P. Goodwin, Indianapolis 1965. 32. Cf Systematic Theology (Paul Tillich) in 3 Vols., Chicago University Press, Chicago 1951, 1957, 1963.
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________________ 324 prema sumana jaina Nirgrantha 33. dekheM - dAmodara zAstrI, bhAratIya darzana paramparAyAM jaina darzanAbhimataM devatattvam, vArANasI 1985, pR. 329 Adi / 38. T. K. Tukol, Compendium of Jainism, p. 72. 35. sarvArthasiddhi, sampA. paM. phUlacanda zAstrI, pR. 5.. 36. prema sumana jaina, jaina AcAra-saMhitA aura mAnava-kalyANa, pR. 9. 37. ka. bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 4.6, kha. T. R. V. Murti, 'The Hindu Conception of God' in God-The contemporary Discussion (ed.) Frederick Sontag & M. Darrol Bryant, New york, 1982, p. 27. 38. J. A. Headfield, Psychology and Morals, 1036, p. 180. 39. yaH parAtmA sa evA'haM, yo'haM sa paramastataH / ahameva mayopAsyo nAnyaH kazciditi sthitiH // -iSTopadeza, kartA devanandI