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________________ jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA kisI zabda ke artha kA nirdhAraNa karane yA use pAribhASita karane meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ upasthita hotI haiN| kyoMki zabdoM ke vAcyArtha badalate rahate haiN| sAtha hI unameM artha saMkoca aura artha vistAra bhI hotA hai| yaha kaThinAI taba aura adhika samasyApada bana jAtI hai, jaba eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM zabda kA artha badala jAtA hai| kucha zabda kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko khojakara naye artha ko grahaNa karate haiM to kucha zabda eka paramparA se Akara dUsarI paramparA meM mUla artha se bhinna kisI anya artha meM rUr3ha ho jAtA hai| Asava zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM samAna rUpa se prayukta huA hai, kintu usake artha bhinna ho gaye haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke aneka pAribhASika zabdoM ke sAtha yahI sthiti rahI hai| kucha zabda anya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM Aye, kintu yahA~ Akara unakA artha badala gyaa| punaH kucha zabda jaina evaM bauddha paramparA meM bhI kAlakrama meM apane purAne artha ko chor3akara naye-naye artha ko grahaNa karate rahe haiN| prastuta nibandha meM hama inhIM do kaThinAiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kreNge| - pro. sAgaramala jaina zabda ke artha - nirdhAraNa kI samasyA se jainAcArya prAcIna kAla se hI paricita the, ataH unhoMne sarvaprathama nikSepa aura naya ke siddhAntoM ke siddhAntoM kA vikAsa kiyA, tAki sandarbha aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para zabda evaM vAkya ke artha kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA ske| zabda ke artha nirdhAraNa meM usake sandarbha kA vicAra karanA yaha nikSepa kA kArya hai aura vaktA ke abhiprAya ke AdhAra para vAkya kA artha samajhanA yaha naya kA kArya mAnA gyaa| nikSepa zabda ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai aura naya vAkya ke artha kA nizcaya karatA hai| zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa eva unako pAribhASita karane meM eka samasyA yaha bhI hotI hai ki grantha kisI anya deza evaM kAla kI racanA hotA hai aura usake vyAkhyAkAra yA TIkAkAra kisI anya deza aura kAla ke vyakti hote haiN| isalie kabhI-kabhI unake dvArA kI gaI zabda kI paribhASAe~ apane mUla artha se bhinna hotI haiM aura kabhI-kabhI bhrAMta bhii| jaina paramparA meM kaI zabdoM ke TIkAkAroM ke dvArA kiye gaye artha apane mUla artha se bhinna haiM aura kabhI-kabhI to grantha ke hArda ko bhI samajhane meM kaThinAI utpanna karate haiN| yaha samasyA bhI vizeSa rUpa se una granthoM ke sandarbha meM hai jo paryApta prAcIna hai| aise granthoM meM hama AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura kucha chedasUtroM ko le sakate haiN| yahA~ hama inake sabhI zabdoM ke sandarbha meM to vicAra nahIM kara sakeMge, kintu kucha pratinidhi pAribhASika zabdoM ko lekara unake artha nirdhAraNa kI samasyA para vicAra kreNge|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 235 sarvaprathama hama arihaMta yA arahanta zabda ko hI leN| prAcInakAla meM yaha zabda jaina paramparA kA viziSTa zabda na hokara bhAratIya paramparA kA eka sAmAnya zabda thaa| apane mUla artha meM yaha zabda pUjA-yogya arthAt pUjanIya yA "sammAnanIya" artha kA vAcaka thA aura usake bAda yaha zabda vAsanAoM se mukta evaM rAga-dveSa ke vijetA vitarAga vyakti ke lie prayoga kiyA jAne lagA, kyoMki vaha sammAnanIya yA pUjyanIya hotA thaa| prAcIna jaina evaM bauddhagranthoM meM yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA, kintu jaba jaina paramparA meM karma-siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA to isa zabda ko punaH eka nayA artha milA aura yaha kahA gayA ki jo vyakti cAraghAtI karmoM ko arthAt jJAnAvaraNIya, darzanAvaraNIya, mohanIya aura antarAya ko kSaya kara letA hai, vaha "arhat" hai| jJAnAvaraNa aura darzanAvaraNa ke kSaya karane ke kAraNa "arahanta" ko sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra "arahanta" zabda ne jaina paramparA meM eka apanA vizeSa artha prApta kiyaa| kAlAntara meM arihanta ke (arihaMta) rUpa se yaha rAga-dveSa rUpI zatruoM ko mArane vAlA aura ashaMta ke rUpa meM jo saMsAra meM punaH janma nahIM lene vAlA mAnA gayA, yaha vyAkhyA jaina aura bauddha donoM meM hai| ataH Age calakara yaha artha bhI sthira nahIM raha sakA aura jaina paramparA meM arahanta zabda kevala tIrthaMkaroM kA paryAyavAcI bana gyaa| yadi hama "savaNu" ( sarvajJa) aura kevalI zabda kA itihAsa dekheM to inake bhI artha meM kAlAntara meM vikAsa dekhA jAtA hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina AgamoM jaise -- sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI Adi meM sarvajJa zabda usa artha kA vAdhaka nahIM thA jo use bAda meM milaa| tattvArthasUtra aura bhASya-sAhitya meM tathA anya granthoM meM "sarvajJa" aura "kevalI" zabda sabhI dravyoM aura unakI paryAyoM ke traikAlika jJAna ke vAcaka mAne gaye haiM, kintu sUtrakRtAMga evaM bhagavatI meM sarvajJa aura kevalI zabda isa artha meM prayukta nahIM hue haiN| vahA~ "sarvajJa" zabda kA artha AtmajJa, AtmadraSTA, AtmasAkSI aura adhika se adhika jIvana aura jagat ke samyak svarUpa kA jJAtA hI thA, isI prakAra bauddhadarzana meM bhI prArambha meM sarvajJa kA tAtparya heya aura upAdeya kA viveka thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa kAla taka sarvajJa zabda AtmajJAna evaM dArzanika jJAna kA hI paryAyavAcI thA, anyathA bhagavatI meM kevalI "siya jANai siya Na jANai" aisA ullekha nahIM hotaa| isa sambandha meM paMDita sukhalAlajI ne paryApta vicAra kiyA hai| sarvajJa kA paryAyavAcI "kevalI" zabda bhI apane prAcIna artha ko khokara navIna artha meM sarvajJAtAdraSTA arthAt sabhI dravyoM kI sabhI paryAyoM ke kAlika jJAna kA vAcaka bana gayA, yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki kevalI zabda prAcIna sAMkhya paramparA se jaina paramparA meM AyA aura vahA~ vaha AtmadraSTA ke artha meM yA prakRti-puruSa ke viveka kA hI vAcaka thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki kundakunda ko yaha kahanA par3A, ki vastutaH kevalI AtmA ko jAnatA hai, vaha lokAloka ko jAnatA hai yaha vyavahAra naya yA vyavahAra dRSTi hai| pAlI tripiTaka meM sarvajJa kA jo makhaula ur3AyA gayA hai, vaha usake dUsare artha ko lekara hai| yahI sthiti "buddha", "jina" aura "vIra" zabdoM kI hai| eka samaya taka ye jaina, bauddha evaM anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke sAmAnya zabda the| prArambha meM inakA artha kramaza: indriyavijetA, prajJAvAna aura kaSTasahiSNusAdhaka thA kintu Age calakara jahA~ jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda aura bauddha paramparA meM "buddha" zabda viziSTa artha ke vAcaka bana gaye, jaina paramparA meM "jina" zabda ko mAtra tIrthakara kA paryAyavAcI aura bauddha
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 236 paramparA meM buddha ko dharmacakra pravartaka buddha kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| "vIra" zabda jahA~ AcArAMga meM kaSTa - sahiSNu sAdhaka yA saMyamI muni kA paryAyavAcI thA, vahIM Age calakara mahAvIra kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| yahI sthiti "tathAgata" zabda kI hai| AcArAMga meM "tathAgata" zabda mukhya rUpa se prajJAvAna muni ke lie prayukta huA kintu kAlAntara meM jaina paramparA se yaha zabda lupta ho gayA aura bauddha paramparA kA viziSTa zabda bana gayA aura vahA~ use bhagavAna buddha kA paryAyavAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isI prakAra yadi "daMsaNa" (darzana) zabda ko leM to usake artha meM bhI svayaM jaina paramparA meM hI artha parivartana hotA rahA hai| prAcIna jainAgama AcArAMga meM yaha zabda draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM "prayukta" huA, jabaki jaina-jJAna mImAMsA meM yaha zabda aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedanoM ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA gyaa| AgamoM meM " jANaI" aura "pAsaI" aise do zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / vahA~ "pAsa" yA "pAsai" zabda kA artha dekhanA thA aura vaha daMsaNa kA paryAyavAcI thA / prAcInastara ke granthoM meM darzana yA dekhane kA tAtparya jAgatika ghaTanAoM ko samabhAvapUrvaka dekhane se rahA jaise "esa pAsagassa daMsaNaM, esa kusalassa daMsaNa" kintu Age calakara yaha zabda jaba jiNa daMsaNa Adi vizeSaNoM ke sAtha prayukta huA to vaha "darzana" (philAsophI ) kA paryAyavAcI bana gayA aura usa artha meM use dRSTi kahA gayA aura usI se samyagdRSTi evaM mithyAdRSTi zabda niSpanna hue / punaH Age calakara jainAgamoM meM hI yaha daMsaNa zabda zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI ho gyaa| AcArAMga meM "daMsaNa" zabda sAkSIbhAva ke artha meM evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM darzana (philAsaphI) ke artha meM prayukta huaa| kintu uttarAdhyayana meM " NANena jANaI bhAve daMsaNeNa saddahe " kahakara darzana ko zraddhAna kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gyaa| jainakarma siddhAnta meM hI darzana - moha aura darzanAvaraNa ina donoM zabdoM meM prayukta darzana zabda do bhinna arthoM kA vAcaka bana gayA hai| "darzanAvaraNa" meM rahe hue "darzana" zabda kA tAtparya jahA~ aindrika aura mAnasika saMvedana hai vahA~ "darzana moha" meM "darzana" zabda kA artha dArzanika dRSTikoNa yA darzana (philAsaphI) hai| sampradAya bheda se bhI jaina paramparA meM zabdoM ke artha meM bhinnatA AyI hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM " acela" zabda kA artha jahA~ zvetAmbaroM meM alpa-cela kiyA to digambaroM meM vastra kA abhAva aisA kiyA hai| isI prakAra "pudgala" zabda ko leN| "pudgala" zabda bhagavatIsUtra meM vyakti (iNDIvijuala) athavA vyakti ke zarIra ke artha meM prayukta huA hai, kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha usI grantha meM "pudgala" zabda bhautika padArtha ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| pudgalAstikAya meM prayukta pudgala zabda jahA~ bhautika dravya (maiTara) kA sUcaka hai, vahIM bhagavatI meM yaha zabda vyakti evaM zarIra kA tathA dazakAlika meM "mAMsa" kA vAcaka rahA hai| Aja jainasAdhuoM kI bhASA (koDa- laiMgveja) meM yaha zabda "dhana" yA "mudrA" kA paryAyavAcI hai| bauddha paramparA meM pudgala kA artha vyakti / zarIra huA hai / "AtmA" zabda jisake lie prAkRta bhASA meM "AtA", "attA", "appA", "AdA" aura "AyA" rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai, kintu yaha zabda bhI mAtra AtmA kA vAcaka nahIM rahA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM yaha apanepana ke artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai aura kabhI yaha
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________________ 237 jaina evaM bauddha pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha niriNa aura anuvAda kI samasyA "svadharma" yA "svANoM" kA bhI pratIka mAnA gayA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM jaba yaha pUchA gayA ki kyA prathama pRthvI AtmA hai ? to vahA~ isakA artha svadharma, svaguNa hai| isI prakAra jaina AgamoM meM "appANavevAsarAmi" meM "appA" zabda apanepana kA sUcaka hai| bauddha paramparA meM "anatta" (AtmA) zabda kA prayoga "apanA nahIM" isI artha meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddha paramparA meM bhI "anatta" (anAtma) zabda kA prayoga apanA nahIM hai isI meM huA hai| isa prakAra prAcIna jahA~ bauddhagranthoM ke "atta" zabda apanepana yA merepana kA vAcaka hI rahA hai| vahIM jaina paramparA meM yaha cetanA sattA kA vAcaka mAnA gyaa| jaina paramparA meM sAmAnyatayA jIva aura AtmA paryAyavAcI raheM, kintu vedAnta meM unheM pRthak-pRthak artha kA vAcaka mAnA gayA / upaniSadoM meM "Atman" zabda "brahma" yA param sattA kA vAcaka bhI rahA hai| isI prakAra "dharma" zabda ko hI leM, use jaina paramparA meM aneka prakAra se pAribhASita kiyA gyaa| jahA~ "vatthusahAvodhammo" meM dharma ko vastu kA svarUpa yA svabhAva kahA gayA vahIM "semiyAe Arie dhamme pavvaie" meM "dharma" zabda samabhAva kA sUcaka mAnA gayA, kintu yahI zabda jaba dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya meM prayukta huA to vahA~ isakA artha bilakula hI badala gayA aura vaha gati-sahAyaka dravya ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| ye to hamane kucha zabdoM ke udAharaNa diye kintu aise anya kaI zabda hai jo kAlakrama meM apanA nayA-nayA artha grahaNa karate gae aura eka hI paramparA meM kAlakrama meM ve bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM sr3ha hote cale gye| jainAgamoM meM kucha zabda aise bhI milate haiM jo anya paramparAoM se unake mUla artha meM hI grahIta hue the kintu bAda meM unakA mUla artha TIkAkAroM ke samakSa nahIM rahA aura unheM bhinna artha meM hI vyAkhyAyita kiyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "AcArAMga" meM prayukta "vipAssI" aura vipassanA" zabda bauddha paramparA ke jJAna ke abhAva meM TIkAkAroM ke dvArA anya artha meM pAribhASita kiye gye| kucha zabdoM kA artha to isalie durbodha ho gayA ki jisa kSetra kA vaha zabda thA usa kSetra ke sambandha meM TIkAkAroM ke ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha anya artha meM hI pAribhASita kiyA gayA, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM "tAlapalamba" (tAr3apralamba ) zabda jo nizItha meM prayukta huA hai vaha apane mUla artha meM aMkurita tAr3abIja kA sUcaka thA kintu jaba jaina munisaMgha rAjasthAna aura gujarAta jaise kSetra meM calA gayA to vaha usake artha se anabhijJa ho gayA aura Aja jaina paramparA meM tAlapalamba kele (kadalIphala) kA vAcaka ho gayA hai| isa prakAra jainAgamoM meM prayukta aneka zabda TIkAkAroM ke kAla taka bhI apanA artha kho cuke the aura TIkAkAroM ne unheM apane DhaMga se aura apanI paramparA ke anusAra pAribhASita karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| vasatutaH jo grantha jisa-jisa deza aura kAla meM nirmita hotA hai usake zabdoM ke arthoM ko usa deza aura kAla kI paramparA aura anya granthoM ke AdhAra para pAribhASita kiyA jAnA caahie| usa dezakAla ke jJAna ke abhAva meM aneka zabdoM ko TIkAkAroM ne apanI kalpanA ke anusAra pAribhASita kara diyA hai| usase bacanA Avazyaka hai| AcArAMga meM "saMdhi" zabda Asakti yA rAgAtmakatA ke artha meM prayukta huA thA kintu TIkAkAra bhI aneka sthaloM para use avasara ke rUpa meM pAribhASita karate haiN| "Asava" zabda jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM kina-kina arthoM se gujarA hai, isakI carcA "eleksavemena" ne kI hai| mokkha (mokSa) aura "nivvANa" (nirvANa) zabda sAmAnyatayA jaina paramparA meM paryAyavAcI spa
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 238 meM prayukta hote haiN| kintu uttarAdhyayana meM ye donoM zabda bhinna-bhinna sthitiyoM ke vAcaka haiN| yahA~ kahA gayA ki amukta kA nirvANa nahIM ( amokkharasa natthi nivvaannN)| isalie prAcIna prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke anuvAda aura unameM prayukta pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha kA nirdhAraNa eka kaThina aura zramasAdhya kArya hai jo vistRta tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke abhAva meM sambhava nahIM hai, jo zabda kisI kAla meM paryAyavAcI rUpa meM yA bhASA sauSThava ke lie prayukta hote the, vyutpatti aura pratibhA ke AdhAra para unheM bhinna-bhinna artha kA vAcaka banA diyA hai| pAlisAhitya meM nigaNTha-nATaputta ke sandarbha meM "savvavArivArito" zabda kA prayoga huA hai| anuvAdakoM ne "vAri" kA artha jala kiyA, jabaki sUtrakRtAMga ke vIrastuti nAmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para dekheM to usameM prayukta vAri zabda kA artha jala na hokara pApa hogA kyoMki sUtrakRtAMga meM mahAvIra kI stuti karate hue kahA gayA hai -- "se vAriyA savva vAraM itthIsarAyabhatta" arthAt unhoMne logoM ko sabhI pApa karmo, strI aura rAtribhojana se nivRtta kiyaa| yahA~ maiM isa bAta para vizeSa rUpa se bala denA cAhU~gA ki jahA~ jaina AgamoM ke pAribhASita zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa ke lie bauddha piTaka kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai vahIM bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke zabdoM ke artha nirdhAraNa ke lie jaina AgamoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye donoM paramparAe~ eka hI deza aura kAla kI upaja haiN| binA bauddha sAhitya ke adhyayana ke AcArAMga jaise prAcInastara ke grantha meM prayukta "vipassi, tathAgata, paDisaMkhA, Ayatana, saMdhi Adi zabdoM ke artha spaSTa nahIM ho sakate usI prakAra piTaka sAhitya meM prayukta "vAri" jaise aneka zabdoM kA artha binA jaina AgamoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa nahIM ho sktaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki koI bhI paramparA zUnya meM utpanna nahIM hotI usakA eka deza aura kAla hotA hai jahA~ se vaha apanI zabdAvalI grahaNa karatI hai| yaha ThIka hai ki aneka bAra usa zabdAvalI ko nayA artha diyA jAtA hai phira bhI zabda ke mUla artha ko pakar3ane ke lie hameM use deza, kAla va paramparA kA jJAna bhI prApta karanA hogA, jisameM usakA sAhitya nirmita huA hai| ataH pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA meM na to usa deza va kAla kI upekSA kI jA sakatI hai, jisameM una zabdoM ne apanA artha prApta kiyA hai aura na samakAlIna paramparAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke binA hI artha-nirdhAraNa kI prakriyA ko sampanna kiyA jA sakatA hai|