Jain Vangamaya aur uska Kramik Vikas

Author(s): Madan Mehta
Publisher: Z_Bhanvarlal_Nahta_Abhinandan_Granth_012041.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210856/1

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hai| vartamAna meM arddha-mAgadhI vAGamaya mahAvIra kI dezanA para hI AdhArita hai jise unake gaNadharoM ne grathita kiyaa| usI grathita vANI ko hamane Agama nAma se saMzita kiyA hai| Agama ke do prakAra haiM : arthAgama aura sUtrAgama / tIrthaGkara artha kA jo vyAkhyAna karate haiM use arthAgama kahate haiM aura gaNadhara usa vyAkhyAta artha kA jo sUtrarUpa meM granthana karate haiM use sUtrAgama kahA gayA hai| jaina vAGamaya aura usakA digambara mAnyatA meM tIrthaGkara kI vANI anakSarA hai / ve upadeza kI bhASA meM kucha nahIM bolte| unake roma-roma kramika vikAsa se divya dhvani niHsRta hotI hai aura samavasaraNa meM vahI dhvani upasthita zrotAgaNa kI apanI-apanI bhASAoM meM - zrI madana kumAra mehatA, kalakattA pariNata ho jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM tIrthaGkara arddhamAgadhI bhASA meM jaina vAGamaya atala jaladhi ke sadRza gahana, vizAla pravacana karate haiN| vaha arddha-mAgadhI bhASA samavasaraNa meM . va gaMbhIra hai| virala adhyavasAyI manISiyoM ne hI usameM upasthita sabhI AryoM-anAryoM kI bhASA meM pariNata ho avagAhana karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura prApta muktAkaNa jAtI hai| jainAgamoM meM ise tIrtha'karoM kA vacana-vaiziSTya cUNiyoM aura TIkAoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kara bhAvI saMtati kahA gayA hai| ko gahana zrata-vAridhi meM Alor3ana ke liye prerita kiyA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the| tIrtha kara ___ vAG kA vAcika artha vAk hai / arthAt jisa sAhitya mahAvIra artha rUpa meM jo upadeza dete the unheM gaNadhara zabda baddha kara lete the| gaNadharoM dvArA grathita sUtrAgama dvAdazAMgI kA sRjana vAcanA yA vANI ke dvArA ho, jise prabuddha vyakti grahaNa kara apane smRti-koSa meM saMgraha kara le / ataH ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai| ina bAraha aMga zAstroM meM bArahavAM vAGmaya ko zruta bhI kahA gayA hai| jo jJAna sunakara / dRSTivAda aMga vilupta hai| ye sabhI gaNadhara caudaha pUrvadhara, adhIta kiyA jAya vaha zrata hai| zrata kA yaha krama bhagavAna dvAdazAMgI vANI tathA samasta gaNipiTaka ke dhAraka the| mahAvIra ke pazcAt paravartI aneka AcAyauM taka avi bhagavAna mahAvIra kI upasthiti meM hI unake nau cchinna rUpa meM claa| jJAna kI yaha maMdAkinI eka ke / gaNadhara kAlagata hokara nirvANa prApta ho gaye the| mahAsthavira kaMTha se niHsRta hokara dUsare ke zravaNa kuMDa meM girakara Age indra bhUti gautama va mahAsthavira Arya sudharmA mahAvIra ke pravahamAna huI aura puna: dUsare ke kaNTha ko rasAplAvita nirvANa ke pazcAta vimukta hue| ataH mahAvIra ke nirvANa karatI huI anya ke karNa kuhara meM vinimajita ho gii| ke pazcAta Arya sudharmA unake uttarAdhikArI hue| yadyapi yaha krama prAyaH sahasra varSa paryanta claa| mahAzramaNa indrabhUti gautama jyeSTha the parantu mahAvIra ke tIrthaMkara mahAvIra jaina dharma ke antima tIrthapati the| nirvANa ke sAtha hI unheM kevala-jJAna va kevala-darzana kI eka tIrthaMkara apane pUrvavartI tIrtha karoM kI dezanA ko prApti ho gaI thii| unhoMne rAga aura dveSa ko jIta liyA prarUpita nahIM krtaa| ataH sRjana ke rUpa meM hameM bhagavAna thA / ve vItarAgI ho gaye the / vItarAgI zramaNa saMgha-zAsaka mahAvIra ke pUrvakAlIna tIrthaGkaroM kI vANI upalabdha nahIM nahIM banate ataH saMgha-zAsana ke saMcAlana kA bhAra Arya [ 25

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sudharmA para pdd'aa| vartamAna meM jitanI bhI zramaNa paramparAye binA cheda sUtroM ke gambhIra adhyayana koI sAdhu, AcArya vidyamAna haiM ve sabhI saudharma paramparA se hI saMbaMdhita haiN| yA upAdhyAya jaise uttaradAyitvapUrNa padoM para pratiSThita ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAt dvAdazavANI ke saMdeza- nahIM ho sktaa| vAhaka Aya sudhamA bana / unhAna mahAvAra-vANA kA dvAdaza cheda sUtra cha: hai: aMgoM ke rUpa meM punarAkalana kiyaa| vartamAna Agama (1) nizItha (2) mahAnizItha (3) vyavahAra sAhitya sudharmA kI hI dena hai / dvAdaza aMga nimna haiM: (4) dazAzrataskandha (5) vRhatkalpa (6) paMcakalpa / (1) AcArAMga (2) sUtrakRtAMga (3) sthAnAMga (4) mUla sUtra cAra haiM : samavAyAMga (5) vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatI) (6) jJAtA (1) uttarAdhyayana (2) dazavaikAlika (3) Avazyaka dharmakathAMga (7) upAsakadazAMga (8) antagaDadazAMga (4) piNDa niryakti tathA oghaniryakti / (E) anuttaropapAtika (10) praznavyAkaraNa (11) vipAka ina sUtroM kA mUla nAma kyoM par3A yaha bhI vicAraNIya evaM (12) dRssttivaad| aMgoM ke sAtha upAMgoM kA bhI prazna hai / prAcIna granthoM meM mUla zabda kahIM bhI vyavahRta nahIM sRjana kiyA gyaa| aMga aura upAMga kI yaha paddhati mAtra huA hai| ina sUtroM kA apane meM atyanta mahattva hai| vastutaH jaina zrata sAhitya meM hI nahIM varana vaidika sAhitya meM bhI bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mUla bhAvoM kA inameM cayana kiyA gayA vidyamAna hai| vedoM ke samyaga adhyayana ke liye vedAMgoM kI thA, ataH inakA nAma mUla par3A ho-aisA sApekSa artha racanA kI gaI thii| binA vedAMgoM ke adhyayana ke vedoM kA parikalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| athavA unameM dharma, samucita rUpa nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| AcAra, darzana evaM AdarzoM kA adbhuta saMkalana upalabdha __ jaina zrata sAhitya meM bhI aMgoM ke sAtha upAMgoM kI hai, ataH ye mUla AdarzoM se paripUrNa mUla sUtra haiM / racanA kI gaI hai / ye upAMga bhI aMga sUtroM kI taraha saMkhyA nandIsUtra evaM anuyoga dvAra : meM 12 hI haiM, antara itanA hI hai ki aMga gaNadharoM dvArA guMphita hai tathA upAMga sthavira AcAryoM dvArA racita ___ nandIsUtra ke racayitA AcArya devarddhigaNi haiN| yaha hai / 12 upAMga nimna haiM : eka mahattvapUrNa sUtra hai| inameM aneka viSayoM kA talasparzI (1) uvavAiya (2)rAyapaseNaiya (3)jIvAjIvAbhigama pratipAdana hai / jaina vAGamaya ke vikAsa meM isakA bahumUlya (4) paNNavaNA (5) sUrapaNNatti (6) candapaNNa tti yogadAna rahA hai| (7) jaMbUddIpa paNNatti (8) NirayAvaliyA (6) ___anuyoga dvAra ke racayitA AcArya AryarakSita haiN| yaha grantha praznottara zailI se racita hai| vibhinna kappavadaMsiyA (10) pupphiyA (11) pupphacUliyA (12) va hidshaa| viSayoM para praznottaroM dvArA prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isameM bahuta hI gaMbhIra viSayoM kA saralatA se pratipAdana kiyA 12 aMgoM kI viSaya dRSTi ke anusAra ye 12 upAMga gayA hai| paraspara sambaddha hone cAhiye parantu isa prakAra kA pArasparika sAmaMjasya inameM nahIM miltaa| yaha eka dasa paipaNaga (daza prakIrNaka) Azcarya kA viSaya hai| prakIrNaka grantha una granthoM ko kahA jAtA hai jo jaina vAGamaya meM chedasUtroM kA apanA sthAna hai| zramaNoM tIrthaGkaroM ke ziSyoM dvArA vividha viSayoM para race jAte ke AcAra viSayaka niyama jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ne nirdhA- haiN| prakIrNaka granthoM kI paramparA Adi kAla se calI A rita kiye the unako uttaravartI AcAryoM ne cheda sUtroM meM rahI hai / vartamAna meM dasa prakIrNaka grantha mAne gaye haiMvividha parivartana ke sAtha granthita kara liye / sAdhu jIvana (1)causaraNa (2)Aura paccakkhANa (3) mahApaccakkhANa ke liye cheda sUtroM kA adhyayana Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| (4) bhattapariNNA (5) taMDalaveyAliya (6) saMthAraga 26 ]

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(7) gacchAyAra (8) gaNivijA (6) deviMdathava antevAsI the| unake avasAna ke pazcAt Arya yazobhadra (10) mrnnsmaahii| ke Upara saMgha-saMcAlana ke sAtha samasta zrata sAhitya adhIta upayukta AgamoM meM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samudAya karane-karAne kA bhAra AyA / ve caudaha pUrvadhara the| mukhyatayA 45, Agama svIkRta karatA hai jo isa AcArya yazobhadra ne hI nanda rAjAoM ko pratibodhita prakAra hai: kara ahaMta dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| 11 aMga ___AcArya yazobhadra ne eka navIna paramparA kA sUtrapAta 12 upAMga kiyA / unhoMne eka ke sthAna para do uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiye| eka the AcArya sambhUtivijaya aura dUsare the AcArya bhadrabAhu / saMgha-saMcAlana kA bhAra jyeSTha uttarA2 nandI satra va anuyogadAra dhikArI sambhUti vijaya para thaa| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA 10 prakIrNaka unake jIvana kAla taka saMgha-vyavasthA se sIdhA koI saMbaMdha na thA / sthAnakavAsI va terApaMthI sampradAya dvArA 32 Agama bhadrabAhu mahAprabhAvaka AcArya the| ye cheda sUtroM ke hI prAmANika rUpa meM svIkAra kiye gaye haiN| ve isa praNetA tathA caturdaza pUrvadhara the| inake nidhana ke sAtha hI prakAra haiM: caturdaza pUrvadhara paramparA samApta ho gii| jambU svAmI ke anantara mahAvIra dharma saMgha ke ye paMcama AcArya the 11 aMga sUtra 12 upAMga sUtra __ prathama vAcanA-AcArya bhadrabAhu ke kAla meM 12 4 cheda sUtra varSIya duSkara akAla pdd'aa| isase sArI saMgha-vyavasthA 4 mUla sUtra astavyasta ho gii| sAdhu samAja para bhI isakA bhayaMkara 1 Avazyaka sUtra prabhAva pdd'aa| aneka medhAvI va jJAnI zramaNa kAlakavalita ho gaye, aneka dUrastha pradezoM meM cale gye| sunane-sunAne aura adhIta karane kI paramparA meM vikSepa par3a gyaa| jJAna digambara paramparA meM vartamAna meM aMga-upAMga sAhitya kA bahumUlya bhaNDAra lekhana ke abhAva meM vismRti ke garbha .. vidyamAna nahIM hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki vIra-nirvANa ke meM samA gyaa| duSkAla ke uparAnta avaziSTa sAdhu samAja pAMca sau varSa pazcAta na aMga sAhitya hI rahA aura na punaH pATalIputra meM ekatrita huaa| sabase pahalI AvapUrva jJAna ke dhAraka hI rhe| mAtra pUrvajJAna va gyAraha aMgoM zyakatA yaha mahasUsa kI gaI ki zrata-sampadA kA kaise kA AMzika jJAna hI rahA jise paravattI AcAryoM ne saMrakSaNa kiyA jaay| AcArya sthalibhadra, jo AcArya vibhinna granthoM meM grathita kiyA hai| bhadrabAhu ke manonIta uttarAdhikArI the, ke netRtva meM Arya sudharmA ke nirvANa ke pazcAta samAgata zratajJa zramaNoM dvArA 11 aMgoM kA punarsakalana sthAna para paTTadhara hue| jamba antima kevalI the| Arya huA / ise hama prathama vAcanA kahate haiN| jambU ke uttarAdhikArI Arya prabhava hue| Arya prabhava ke AcArya bhadrabAhu paryanta zvetAmbara va digambara mAnyatA uttarAdhikArI Arya zayyambhava hue| ye zruta kevalI the sadRza hI haiN| yahIM se digambara-zvetAmbara zrutadhArA kA tathA dazavakAlika jese mahAna sUtra ke racanAkAra the| pravAha do vibhinna dhArAoM ke rUpa meM pravAhita hotA hai| zayyambhava kI dazavaikAlika ke rUpa meM jaina vAGamaya ko zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra jo zrata sAhitya 11 aMga anupama dena hai| Arya yazobhadra AcArya zayyambhava ke upalabdha hai-vaha tIrthakara mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa tathA [ 27

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gaNadharoM dvArA granthita hai| digambara yaha bAta svIkRta nahIM vIra-nirvANa ke eka sahasra varSa pazcAta AcArya devadhi karate / gaNi kSamAzramaNa ke AcAryatva meM vallabhI meM tIsarI vAcanA samAyojita kI gii| isameM samasta Agama sAhitya dvitIya vAcanA-pATalIputra kI prathama vAcanA ke lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| samprati jo bhI jaina vAGamaya vidyaparacAt gyAraha aMgoM kA jJAna usI prakAra zrata paramparA se pravAhita rhaa| ziSya ne guru se mukhAgra adhIta kiyA mAna hai usake liye hama yugapradhAna AcArya devardhigaNi kSamA zramaNa ke ciraRNI haiN| yadi aisA na hotA to samasta zrata-. aura smRti koSa meM saMrakSita kara liyaa| punaH ziSya ne . sAhitya vizRkhalita hokara naSTa ho jAtA athavA zratajJa apane praziSya ko usI prakAra adhIta krvaayaa| para smRti kI bhI eka sImA hotI hai / zanaiH zanaiH vizAla jJAna rAzi vidvAnoM ke avasAna ke sAtha hI vismRti ke mahAsAgara meM vilIna ho jaataa| ko dhAraNa karane vAle ziSyoM-praziSyoM kI kamI hotI gii| vIra-nirvANa ke sAta sau varSoM ke pazcAta punaH 12 varSoM kA panavoM kA AgamoM ke likhita rUpa meM upalabdha ho jAne ke duSkAla pdd'aa| nandI cUNI meM ullekha hai ki akAla meM pazcAt AcAryoM ko akSaya nidhi prApta ho gii| phira to aneka medhAvI zratajJoM kA avasAna ho gayA / zrata paramparA sahasra lohiye lipika sUtroM kI pratilipiyA~ karane meM laga astavyasta ho gii| durbhikSa ke pazcAta yuga pradhAna AcArya gye| nagara-nagara meM jJAna ke bhaNDAra sthApita ho gaye / skandila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM zrata saMrakSaNa ke liye manISiyoM ko zrata sAgara meM avagAhana karane kA avasara Agama-vAcanA kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| suvijJa Agama prApta hone lgaa| prAkRta ke sAtha saMskRta zikSA kI ora vettA munigaNoM ko bulAyA gyaa| jinheM jisa rUpa meM dhyAna gyaa| phira to unako samajhane spaSTIkaraNa karane smaraNa thA usI rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA gyaa| mathurA meM ke liye cUrNiyoM, TIkAoM kI racanAyeM huii| mUla hone se ise mAthurI vAcanA kahate haiN| prAkRta ke sAtha saMskRta meM TIkAyeM kI gii| AcArya haribhadra, zIlaMkAcArya, zAntyAcArya, malladhArI hemacandra, ___ mAthurI vAcanA ke samAnAntara hI AcArya nAgArjuna malayagiri, kSemakIrti, abhaya devasUri Adi aneka mahAkI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI (gujarAta) meM eka sAdhu-sabhA prabhAvaka AcAryoM ne vizeSa TIkAyeM likhakara zrata sAhitya samaveta huii| usameM bhI upasthita muniyoM ne apanI-apanI ko karAmalakavata spaSTa kara diyaa| smRti ke AdhAra para samasta aMgoM-upAMgoM kA saMkalana va rAmpAdana kiyaa| smRti AdhAra hone se itivRttAtma- yAda cANayA yA TAkAya na hAtA tA hama zruta jJAna katA meM piSTa-peSaNa hotA hai| grantha-vistAra kama karane meM kore hI raha jaate| ke liye anya sUtra kA nirdeza dekara sUtrakAra Age bar3ha gaye / khaMbhAta, pATana va jaisalamera ke jJAna bhaNDAra apane meM tIsarI vAcanA-do-do vAcanAyeM sampanna hone para bahumUlya nidhiyA~ sameTe hue Aja bhI zrata surakSA kI amara gAthA sunA rahe haiN| bhI lekhana dvArA zrata sAhitya surakSita rakhane kI ceSTA nahIM huii| vahI mukhAgra rakhane kI paripATI hI rhii| ataH vartamAna meM bhI hindI, aMgrejI va itara bhASAoM meM zrata sAhitya kucha hI medhAvI zramaNoM taka hI sImita raha jenAgamoM kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai jo ra gyaa| ataH tatkAlika samAja ne cintita hokara smRti hai| isa sambandha meM hama yadi sampradAyagata kArya na kara eka AdhAra ke sthAna para lekhana dvArA zrata sAhitya ko saMrakSita maMca se samaveta kArya kareM to zrata sAhitya adhika mahimAkarane kA saMkalpa kiyaa| maNDita ho sakatA hai| 28 ]