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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA aitihAsika pariprekSya meM jaina dharma mUlataH AcAra pradhAna hai, usameM tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa bhI AcAramImAMsA ke pariprekSya meM hI huA hai| usake tattvamImAMsIya avadhAraNAoM meM mukhyataH paMcAstikAya, SaTadravya, SaTjIvanikAya aura nava yA sapta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA pramukha hai| paramparA kI dRSTi se to ye sabhI avadhAraNAyeM apane pUrNa rUpa meM sarvajJa praNIta aura sArvakAlika haiM, kintu sAhityika sAkSyoM kI dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne kAlakrama meM inakA vikAsa mAnA hai / prastuta Alekha meM kAlakrama meM nirmita granthoM ke AdhAra para inakI vikAsayAtrA ko citrita kiyA gayA hai| astikAya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTakoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAyoM kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana kI apanI maulika vicAraNA hai| paMcAstikAyoM kA ullekha AcArAMga meM anupalabdha hai, kintu RSibhASita ( I. pU. caturtha zatI) ke pArzva adhyayana meM pArzva kI mAnyatAoM ke rUpa meM paMcAstikAya kA varNana hai| isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha avadhAraNA kama se kama pArzvakAlIna (I.pU. AThavIM zatI) to hai hI / mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama hameM isakA ullekha milatA hai| jainadarzana meM astikAya kA tAtparya vistArayukta astitvavAna dravya se hai| jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ina paMcAstikAyoM meM dharma, adharma aura AkAza ko eka-eka dravya aura jIva tathA pudgala ko aneka dravya mAnA gayA hai| I. san kI tIsarI zatI se dasavIM zatI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM koI vizeSa parivartana nahIM dekhA jAtA, mAtra SaT dravyoM kI avadhAraNA ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha kAla ko anastikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| I. san kI tIsarI cauthI zatI taka arthAt tattvArthasUtra kI racanA ke pUrva yaha vivAda prArambha ho gayA thA ki kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnA jAya yA nhiiN| vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kAla taka arthAt IsA kI sAtavIM zatI taka kAla ko svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke sambandha meM matabheda thaa| kucha jaina dArzanika kAla ko svatantra dravya mAnate the aura kucha use svatantra dravya nahIM mAnate the, kintu bAda meM zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM
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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 49 astikAya aura dravya kI avadhAraNAoM kA samanvaya karate hue kAla ko anastikAya dravya ke rUpa meM svatantra dravya svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| ___ astikAya kI avadhAraNA jainoM kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| kisI anya darzana meM isakI upasthiti ke saMketa nahIM milte| merI dRSTi meM prAcIna kAla meM astikAya kA tAtparya mAtra astitva rakhane vAlI sattA thA, kintu Age calakara jaba astikAya aura anastikAya aise do prakAra ke dravya mAne gaye to astikAya kA tAtparya AkAza meM vistAra yukta dravya se mAnA gyaa| pAramparika bhASA meM astikAya ko bahu-pradezI dravya bhI kahA gayA hai, jisakA tAtparya yahI haiM ki jo dravya AkAza kSetra meM vistarita hai, vahI 'astikAya' haiN| paMcAstikAya ___ jaina darzana meM vartamAna kAla meM jo Sadravya kI avadhAraNA hai, usakA vikAsa isI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA haiN| paMcAstikAyoM meM kAla ko jor3akara lagabhaga prathama-dvitIya zatI meM SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huI hai| jahA~ taka paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai vaha nizcita hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki usakA prAcInatama ullekha hameM 'isibhAsiyAI' ke pArzva nAmaka adhyayana meM milatA hai| RSibhASita kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI kA yaha kathana ki "paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA paravartI kAla meM banI hai" - utanA hI satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI racanAkAla taka isa avadhAraNA kA ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki mUla meM yaha avadhAraNA pApityoM kI thii| jaba pArzva ke anuyAyiyoM ko mahAvIra ke saMgha meM samAhita kara liyA gayA, to usake sAtha hI pArzva kI aneka mAnyatAe~ bhI mahAvIra kI paramparA meM svIkRta kI gyiiN| isI krama meM yaha avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM spaSTa rUpa se mAnya huii| bhagavatIsUtra meM sarvaprathama yaha kahA gayA ki loka, dharma, adharma, AkAza, ajIva aura pudgala rUpa haiN| RSibhASita meM to mAtra pA~ca astikAya haiM - itanA hI nirdeza hai, unake nAmoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai| cAhe RSibhASita ke kAla meM paMcAstikAyoM ke nAma nirdhArita ho bhI cuke hoM, kintu phira bhI unake svarUpa ke viSaya meM vahA~ koI bhI sUcanA nahIM miltii| dharmaadharma Adi paMca astikAyoM kA jo artha Aja hai, vaha kAlakrama meM vikasita huA haiN| bhagavatIsUtra meM hI hameM aise do sandarbha milate haiM jinase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcInakAla meM dharma astikAya aura adharma astikAya kA artha gati aura sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya nahIM thaa| bhagavatIsUtra ke hI bIsaveM zataka meM dharmAstikAya ke jo paryAyavAcI diye gaye haiM, unameM aTThAraha pApa sthAnoM se
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________________ virati, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ke pAlana ko hI dharmAstikAya kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra prAcInakAla meM aTThAraha pApasthAnoM ke sevana tathA pA~ca samitiyoM aura tIna guptiyoM kA paripAlana nahIM karane ko hI adharmAstikAya kahA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra bhagavatIsUtra ke solahaveM zataka meM yaha prazna uThAyA gayA ki lokAnta meM khar3A hokara koI deva aloka meM apanA hAtha hilA sakatA hai yA nahIM? isakA na kevala nakArAtmaka uttara diyA gayA apitu yaha bhI kahA gayA ki gati kI sambhAvanA jIva aura pudgala meM hai aura aloka meM jIva aura pudgala kA abhAva hone se aisA sambhava nahIM hai| yadi usa samaya dharmAstikAya ko gati kA mAdhyama mAnA gayA hotA to, pudgala kA abhAva hone para vaha aisA nahIM kara sakatA, isa prakAra ke uttara ke sthAna para aisA kahA jAtA ki dharmAstikAya ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha aisA nahIM kara sktaa| kyoMki tattvArthasUtra meM mukta AtmA kA aloka meM gati na hone kA kAraNa aloka meM dharmAstikAya kA abhAva hI batAyA gayA hai| dharmAstikAya gati meM sahAyaka dravya hai aura adharmAstikAya sthiti meM sahAyaka dravya hai - yaha avadhAraNA eka paravartI ghaTanA hai, phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki tattvArthasatra ke racanAkAla taka arthAt tRtIya zatAbdI ke uttarArdha aura caturtha zatAbdI ke pUrvArdha meM yaha avadhAraNA astitva meM A gaI thii| bhagavatI Adi meM jo pUrva saMdarbha nirdiSTa kie gae haiM unase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAcIna kAla arthAt I.pU. tIsarIcauthI zatI taka dharmAstikAya aura adharmAstikAya kA artha dharma aura adharma kI hI avadhAraNAe~ thiiN| navatattva kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya aura SaTajIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA ke samAna hI navatattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI jaina paramparA kI apanI maulika evaM prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| isa avadhAraNA ke mUla bIja AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama meM bhI milate haiN| usameM sukRta, duSkRta, kalyANa, pApa, sAdhu, asAdhu, siddhi (mokSa), asiddhi (bandhana) Adi ke astitva ko mAnane vAlI aikAntika vicAradhArAoM ke ullekha haiM (1/8/1/2000) / isa ullekha meM Amrava-saMvara, puNya-pApa tathA baMdhanamukti ke nirdeza haiM, vaise AcArAMga sUtra meM jIva-ajIva.puNya-pApa, Amrava-saMvara, bandha, nirjarA aura mokSa - aise navoM tattvoM ke ullekha prakIrNa rUpa meM milate haiM, kintu eka sAtha ye nau tattva haiM - aisA ullekha nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAMga meM asti aura nAsti kI koTiyoM kI carcA huI hai| usameM jinheM asti kahanA cAhie unakA nirdeza bhI hai| usake anusAra jina tattvoM ko asti kahanA cAhie ve nimna haiM- loka, aloka, jIva, ajIva, dharma, adharma, bandha,
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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 51 mokSa, puNya, pApa, Anava, saMvara, vedanA, nirjarA, kriyA, akriyA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, prema, dveSa, caturaMta saMsAra, deva, devI, siddhi, asiddhi, siddhanijasthAna, sAdhu, asAdhu, kalyANa aura pApa / isa vistRta sUcI kA nirdeza sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dvitIya adhyayana meM huA hai| jahA~ jIva- ajIva, puNya-pApa, Asrava-saMvara, vedanA - nirjarA, kriyA- adhikaraNa, baMdha aura mokSa kA ullekha haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA kA mAnanA hai ki isameM se vedanA, kriyA aura adhikaraNa ko nikAlakara Age nau tattvoM kI avadhAraNA banI hogI jisakA nirdeza hameM samavAyAMga ( 9 ) aura uttarAdhyayana (28 / 14 ) meM milatA hai| unhIM nau tattvoM meM se Age calakara IsA kI tIsarIcauthI zatAbdI meM umAsvAti ne puNya aura pApa ko Asrava ke antargata vargIkRta karake sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA prastuta kii| ina sAta athavA nau tattvoM kI carcA hameM paravartI sabhI zvetAmbara aura digambara AcAryoM ke granthoM meM milatI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jainoM meM sAta tattvoM kI avadhAraNA bhI paMca astikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI eka kAlakrama meM lagabhaga IsA kI tIsarI - caturtha zatI meM astitva meM AyI hai| sAtavIM se dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya jo mukhya kAma ina avadhAraNAoM ke sandarbha meM huA vaha yaha ki unheM samyak prakAra se vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA aura unake bheda-prabheda kI vistRta carcA kI gayI / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana meM SaTdravya sAta yA nau tattva aura SaTjIva nikAya kI avadhAraNA kA jo vikAsa huA hai usake mUla meM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA hI mUla haiM, kyoMki navattattvoM kI avadhAraNA ke mUla meM bhI jIva aura pudgala mukhya haiM jo jIva ke karma pudgaloM ke sAtha sambandha ko sUcita karate haiN| karma pudgaloM kA jIva kI ora AnA Asrava hai, jo puNya yA pApa rUpa hotA hai| jIva ke sAtha karma pugaloM kA saMzliSTa honA bandha hai / karmapudgaloM kA Agamana rukanA saMvara hai aura unakA AtmA yA jIva se alaga honA nirjarA hai / anta meM karma pugaloM kA AtmA se pUrNata: vilaga honA mokSa hai| jaina AcAryoM ne paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA kA anya darzana paramparAoM meM vikasita dravya kI avadhAraNA se samanvaya karake SaddravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa kiyaa| agrima paMktiyoM meM hama yaha dekhane kA prayatna kareMge ki SaTdravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA aura vizeSa rUpa se dravya kI paribhASA ko lekara jaina darzana meM kaise vikAsa huA hai ? dravya kI avadhAraNA vizva ke mUlabhUta ghaTaka ko hI sat yA dravya kahA jAtA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA meM jise sat kahA jAtA thA vahI Age calakara dravya ke rUpa meM mAnA gyaa|
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________________ jinhoMne vizva ke mUla ghaTaka ko eka, advaya aura aparivartanazIla mAnA unhoMne sat zabda kA hI adhika prayoga kiyA, parantu jinhoMne unheM aneka va parivartanazIla mAnA unhoMne sat ke sthAna para dravya kA prayoga kiyaa| bhAratIya cintana vedAnta meM sat zabda kA prayoga huA, jabaki usakI svatantra dhArAoM yathA - nyAya, vaizeSika Adi meM dravya aura padArtha zabda adhika pracalana meM rahA, kyoMki dravya zabda hI parivartanazIlatA kA sUcaka hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai AcArAMga meM davI (dravya) zabda kA prayoga to upalabdha hotA hai kintu apane pAribhASika artha meM nahIM apitu dravita ke artha meM hai| (jainadarzana kA AdikAla pR. 21) _ 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke ve adhyayana jinameM dravya kA vivecana hai, apekSAkRta paravartI mAne jAte haiN| vahA~ na kevala 'dravya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai apitu dravya, guNa aura paryAya ke pArasparika sambandha ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| usameM dravya ko guNoM kA Azrayasthala mAnA gayA hai| merI dRSTi meM uttarAdhyayana kI dravya kI yaha paribhASA nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita lagatI hai| pUjyapAda devanandI ne pA~cavI zatAbdI meM apanI tattvArthasatra kI sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka TIkA meM guNoM ke samudAya ko hI dravya kahA hai| isameM dravya aura guNa kI abhinnatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai| pUjyapAdakRta sarvArthasiddhi meM uddhRta yaha cintana bauddhoM ke paMca skandhavAda se prabhAvita hai| yadyapi yaha avadhAraNA pUjyapAda kI sarvArthasiddhi meM hI sarvaprathama milatI hai, kintu unhoMne "guNAnAM samUho davvo' isa vAkyAMza ko uddhRta kiyA hai| ata: yaha avadhAraNA pA~cavIM zatI se pUrva kI hai| dravya kI paribhASA ke sambandha meM 'dravya guNoM kA AzrayasthAna' hai aura 'dravya guNoM kA samUha hai' - ye donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ merI dRSTi meM tIsarI zatI se pUrva kI haiN| isa sambandha meM jainoM kI anaikAntika draSTi se kI gayI sarvaprathama paribhASA hameM IsA kI caturtha zatI ke prArambha meM tattvArthasUtra meM milatI hai| jahA~ dravya ko guNa aura paryAyayukta kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra dravya kI paribhASA ke sandarbha meM anaikAntika dRSTi kA prayoga sarvaprathama tattvArthasUtra meM milatA hai| Sadravya yaha to hama spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se hI huA hai| lagabhaga prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI meM hI paMcAstikAyoM ke sAtha kAla ko bhI svatantra dravya mAnakara SadravyoM kI avadhAraNA nirmita huii| yadyapi kAla svatantra dravya hai yA nahIM? isa prazna para lagabhaga IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI se lekara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka yaha vivAda calatA rahA hai, jisake
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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM * : 53 saMketa hameM tattvArthasUtra ke bhASya mAnya pATha se lekara vizeSAvazyakabhASya taka aneka granthoM meM milate haiN| kintu aisA lagatA hai ki sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt yaha vivAda samApta ho gayA aura zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM SadravyoM kI mAnyatA pUrNata: sthira ho gaI, usake pazcAt usameM kahIM koI parivartana nahIM huaa| ye Sadravya nimna haiM - dharma, adharma, AkAza, jIva, pudgala aura kaal| Age cala kara ina SadravyoM kA vargIkaraNa astikAya - anastikAya, cetana-acetana athavA mUrta-amUrta ke rUpa meM kiyA jAne lgaa| astikAya aura anastikAya dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma-adharma, AkAza, jIva aura padgala ina pA~ca ko astikAya aura kAla ko anastikAya dravya mAnA gyaa| cetana-acetana dravyoM kI apekSA se dharma, adharma, AkAza, pagala aura kAla ko acetana dravya aura jIva ko cetana dravya mAnA gayA hai| mUrta aura amUrta dravyoM kI apekSA se jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko amUrta dravya aura pudgala ko mUrta dravya mAnA gayA hai| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiM ki vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki jaina darzana meM dravya kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa nyAya-vaizeSika darzana se prabhAvita hai| jainAcAryoM ne vaizeSika darzana kI dravya kI avadhAraNA ko apanI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se samanvita kiyA hai| ata: jahA~ vaizeSika darzana meM nau dravya mAne gae the vahA~ jainoM ne paMcAstikAya ke sAtha kAla ko jor3akara mAtra cha: dravya hI svIkAra kie| inameM bhI jIva (AtmA) AkAza aura kAla - ye tIna dravya donoM hI paramparAoM meM svIkRta rhe| paMcamahAbhUtoM, jinheM vaizeSika darzana meM dravya mAnA gayA hai, meM AkAza ko chor3akara zeSa pRthvI, apa (jala), teja (agni) aura marut (vAyu) ina cAra dravyoM ko jainoM ne svatantra dravya na mAnakara jIva dravya ke hI bheda mAnA hai| dika aura mana - ina do dravyoM ko jainoM ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA, inake sthAna para unhoMne pA~ca astikAyoM meM se dharma, adharma aura padgala aise anya tIna dravya nizcita kie| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ anya paramparAoM meM pRthvI, apa, vAyu aura agni ina cAroM ko jar3a mAnA gayA vahA~ jainoM ne inheM cetana maanaa| isa prakAra jaina darzana kI Sadravya kI avadhAraNA apane Apa meM maulika hai| anya darzana paramparA se usakA AMzika sAmya hI dekhA jAtA hai| isakA mUla kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne isa avadhAraNA kA vikAsa apanI maulika paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA se kiyA hai| SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA paMcAstikAya ke sAtha-sAtha SaTjIvanikAya kI carcA bhI jaina granthoM meM upalabdha hai| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya meM jIvAstikAya ke vibhAga ke rUpa meM
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________________ 54 SaTjIvanikAya kI yaha avadhAraNA vikasita huI hai| SaTjIvanikAya nimna haiMpRthvIkAya, apakAya, vAyukAya, tejaskAya, vanaspatikAya aura trasakAya / pRthvI Adi ke lie 'kAya' zabda kA prayoga prAcIna hai| dIghanikAya meM ajitakezakambalina ke mata ko prastuta karate hue - pRthvIkAya, apakAya, tejaskAya aura vAyukAya kA ullekha huA hai| usI grantha meM pakudhakaccAyana ke mata ke sandarbha meM pRthvI, apa, tejas, vAyu, sukha, duHkha aura jIva - ina sAta kAyoM kI carcA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pRthvI, apa Adi ke liye kAya saMjJA anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM pracalita thii| yadyapi kAya kauna-kauna se aura kitane haiM isa prazna ko lekara unase paraspara matabheda the| ajitakezakambalin pRthvI, apa, tejas aura vAyu ina cAra mahAbhUtoM ko kAya kahatA thA to padhakaccAyana ina cAra ke sAtha sukha, duHkha aura jIva ina tIna ko sammilita kara sAta kAya mAnate the| jainoM kI sthiti inase bhinna thI - ve jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura pudgala ina pA~ca ko kAya mAnate the, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki unameM paMca astikAya aura SaTajIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA lagabhaga I.pU. chaThI-pAMcavIM zatI meM astitva meM thii| kyoMki AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha meM ina SaTjIvanikAyoM kA aura RSibhASita ke pArzva adhyayana meM paMca astikAyoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| ina sabhI granthoM ko sabhI vidvAnoM ne I.pU. pAMcavIM-cauthI zatI kA aura pAlitripiTaka ke prAcIna aMzoM kA samakAlika mAnA hai| ho sakatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAyeM kramazaH pArzva aura mahAvIrakAlIna hoN| jJAtavya hai ki paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mUlataH pArzva kI paramparA kI rahI haijise loka kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM mahAvIra kI paramparA meM bhI mAnya kara liyA gayA thaa| loka ke svarUpa kI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM mahAvIra ne pArzva kI avadhAraNAoM ko svIkAra kiyA thA, aisA ullekha bhagavatIsUtra meM hai| ata: isI krama meM unhoMne pArzva kI paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA ko bhI mAnyatA dI hogii| __maiM paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke isa kathana se sahamata nahIM hU~ ki paMcAstikAya kI paramparA kA vikAsa bAda meM huaa| hA~, itanA avazya satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pahale SaTjIvanikAya kI hI carcA thii| kintu pArzva kI paramparA ke mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho jAne para jo dArzanika avadhAraNAyeM bhI mahAvIra kI paramparA meM mAnya huI unameM paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA bhI thii| ata: cAhe paMcAstikAya kI avadhAraNA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM AcArAMga aura sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI racanA ke bAda bhagavatI meM mAnya huI ho, kintu vaha hai paarshvkaaliin|
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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 55 yahA~ hamArA vivecya SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai, jo nizcita rUpa se mahAvIrakAlIna to hai hI aura usake bhI pUrva kI ho sakatI hai| kyoMki isakI carcA AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana meM hai| yaha to nizcita satya hai ki na kevala vanaspati aura anya jIva-jantu sajIva haiM apitu pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAya bhI sajIva haiM, yaha avadhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se jainoM kI rahI hai| sAMkhya, nyAya-vaizeSika Adi prAcIna darzana-dhArAoM meM inheM paMcamahAbhUtoM ke rUpa meM jar3a hI mAnA gayA thA - jabaki jainoM meM inheM cetana/sajIva mAnane kI paramparA rahI hai| paMcamahAbhUtoM meM mAtra AkAza hI aisA hai jise jaina paramparA bhI anya darzana paramparAoM ke samAna ajIva (jar3a) mAnatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki AkAza kI gaNanA paMcAstikAya meM to kI gaI kintu SaTjIvanikAya meM nahIM / jabaki pRthvI, apa, teja aura vAya ko SaTjIvanikAya ke antargata mAnA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA ne pRthvI, jala Adi ke Azrita jIva rahate haiM- itanA hI na mAnakara yaha bhI mAnA ki ye svayaM jIva haiN| ataH jaina dharma kI sAdhanA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina muni AcAra meM inakI hiMsA se bacane ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| jaina AcAra meM ahiMsA ke paripAlana meM jo sUkSmatA aura ativAditA AyI hai, usakA mUla kAraNa yaha SaTajIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA hai| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki jaba pRthvI, pAnI, vAyu Adi ko sajIva mAna liyA gayA to ahiMsA ke paripAlana ke liye inakI hiMsA se bacanA Avazyaka ho gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki SaTjIvanikAya kI avadhAraNA jaina darzana kI prAcInatama avadhAraNA hai| prAcIna kAla se lekara yaha Aja taka yathAvata rUpa se mAnya hai| tIsarI zatAbdI se IsA kI dasavIM zatAbdI ke madhya isa avadhAraNA meM vargIkaraNa sambandhI kucha mahattvapUrNa muddoM ko chor3akara anya koI maulika parivartana huA ho aisA kahanA kaThina hai| itanA spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga ke bAda sUtrakRtAMga ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke jIva sambandhI avadhAraNA meM kucha vikAsa avazya huA hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra jIvoM kI utpatti kisa-kisa yoni meM hotI hai, tathA jaba ve eka zarIra ko chor3akara dusarA zarIra grahaNa karate haiM, to apane janma sthAna meM kisa prakAra AhAra grahaNa karate haiM isakA vivaraNa sUtrakRtAMga AhAra-parijJA nAmaka dvitIya zrutaskandha meM hai| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki usameM jIvoM ke eka prakAra ko 'anusyUta' kahA gayA hai| sambhavata: isI se Age jainoM meM anantakAya aura pratyeka vanaspati kI avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa huA hai| do, tIna aura cAra indriya vAle jIvoM meM kisa varga meM kauna se jIva haiM yaha bhI paravartI kAla meM hI nizcita huaa| phira bhI bhagavatI, jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA ke kAla taka arthAt I. kI tIsarI
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________________ 56 zatAbdI taka yaha avadhAraNA vikasita ho cukI thI kyoMki prajJApanA meM indriya AhAra aura paryApti Adi ke sandarbha meM vistRta vicAra hone lagA thaa| IsavI san kI tIsarI zatAbdI ke bAda SaTjIvanikAya meM trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa ko lekara eka mahattvapUrNa parivartana aayaa| AcArAMga se lekara tattvArthasUtra ke kAla taka pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara mAnA gayA thA jabaki agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko trasa kahA jAtA thA / uttarAdhyayana kA antima adhyAya, kundakunda kA paMcAstikAya aura umAsvAti kA tattvArthasUtra spaSTa rUpa se pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ko sthAvara aura agni, vAyu aura dvIndriya ko samAnatA hai / dvIndriya Adi ko trasa mAnane kI paramparA to thI hI, ataH Age calakara sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAnane kI paramparA kA vikAsa huA / yadyapi kaThinAI yaha thI ki agni aura vAyu meM spaSTataH gatizIlatA dekhe jAne para unheM sthAvara kaise mAnA jAya ? prAcIna AgamoM meM jahA~ pA~ca ekendriya jIvoM ke sAtha-sAtha trasa kA ullekha hai vahAM use trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa nahIM mAnanA cAhiye, anyathA eka hI Agama meM antarvirodha mAnanA par3egA, jo samucita nahIM hai| isa samasyA kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki dvIndriya Adi jIvoM ko sa nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA thA ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki dvIndriya se bhinna sabhI ekendriya sthAvara haiM / isa carcA ke AdhAra para itanA to mAnanA hogA ki lagabhaga chaThIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI trasa aura sthAvara ke vargIkaraNa kI dhAraNA meM parivartana huA tathA Age calakara zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM paMca sthAvara kI avadhAraNA dRr3hIbhUta ho gayI / yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jaba vAyu aura agni ko trasa mAnA jAtA thA, taba dvIndriyAdi trasoM ke lie udAra (urAla) trasa zabda kA prayoga hotA thaa| pahale gatizIlatA kI apekSA se trasa aura sthAvara kA vargIkaraNa hotA thA aura usameM vAyu aura agni meM gatizIlatA mAnakara unheM trasa mAnA jAtA thaa| vAyu kI gatizIlatA spaSTa thI ataH sarvaprathama use trasa kahA gyaa| bAda meM sUkSma avalokana se jJAta huA ki agni bhI IMdhana ke sahAre dhIredhIre gati karatI huI phailatI jAtI hai| ataH use bhI trasa kahA gyaa| jala kI gati kevala bhUmi ke DhalAna ke kAraNa hotI hai svataH nahIM, ataH use pRthvI evaM vanaspati ke samAna sthAvara hI mAnA gyaa| kintu vAyu aura agni meM svataH gati hone se unheM trasa mAnA gyaa| punaH jaba Age calakara dvIndriya Adi ko hI sa aura sabhI ekendriya jIvoM ko sthAvara mAna liyA gayA to - pUrva Agamika vacanoM se saMgati baiThAne kA prazna AyA / ataH zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki labdhi kI apekSA se to vAyu evaM agni sthAvara haiM, kintu gati kI apekSA se unheM 1
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________________ jaina tattvamImAMsA kI vikAsayAtrA : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM : 57 usa kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM dhavalA TIkA (10 vIM zatI) meM isakA samAdhAna yaha kaha kara kiyA gayA ki vAya evaM agni ko sthAvara kahe jAne kA AdhAra unakI gatizIlatA na hokara sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hai| digambara paramparA meM hI kundakunda ke paMcAstikAya ke TIkAkAra jayasenAcArya ne yaha samanvaya nizcaya aura vyavahAra ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM - pRthvI, apa aura vanaspati ye tIna sthAvara nAmakarma ke udaya se sthAvara kahe jAte haiM; kintu vAyu aura agni paMca sthAvara meM vargIkRta kiye jAte hue bhI calana kriyA dikhAI dene se vyavahAra se trasa kahe jAte haiN| vastutaH yaha saba prAcIna aura paravartI granthoM meM jo mAnyatAbheda A gayA thA usase saMgati baiThAne kA eka prayatna thaa| ___jahA~ taka jIvoM ke vividha vargIkaraNoM kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI ye saba vargIkaraNa I. san kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka kI kAlAvadhi meM sthira hue haiN| isa kAla meM jIvasthAna, mArgaNAsthAna, guNasthAna Adi avadhAraNAoM kA vikAsa haA hai| bhagavatI jaise aMga AgamoM meM jahA~ ina viSayoM kI carcA hai vahA~ prajJApanA Adi aMgabAhya granthoM kA nirdeza huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki ye vicAraNAe~ IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatI ke bAda hI vikasita huii| aisA lagatA hai ki prathama aMga bAhya AgamoM meM unakA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai aura phira mAthurI evaM valabhI vAcanAoM ke samaya unheM aMga AgamoM meM samAviSTa kara inakI vistRta vivecanA ko dekhane ke lie tadtad granthoM kA nirdeza kara diyA gayA / isa prakAra jaina sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA kA kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi paramparAgata mAnyatA jaina darzana ko sarvajJa praNIta mAnane ke kAraNa isa aitihAsika vikAsakrama ko asvIkAra karatI hai|