Jain Stupa and Other Antiquities of Mathura

Author(s): Vincent A Smith
Publisher: Vincent A Smith
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/011102/1

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UNIVERSAL LIBRARY
-230060
LIBRARY UNIVERSAL

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MATHURA.
To Delhi
Mahavidya
Ambarisha NU.
VA
From Nabu
AU
Furt
JUM NARE
.
WRsita
Mulpura
Sital Gràti
Jain Temple CHAURASI
Pothru Kunda
Mound:
Ko
h
itesto
Minan
Dharmaals:
Si Chand'. Garden
From Generdhan
Halbhadr B
Tail KANKALI Wound
CHAUBARA Vound: E
Patni Mali
Tank
ssum
A A
C90
From Bharatpur
MAP
OF
MATHURA.
From Sundy
Senk)
Tops Mound Great Capital Mound
> CHAUBARA TILA Boulpture Mound Old Tope Mound Long Mound-bricks Lurgo Mound-bricks CHAURASI TILA Lolly Mound-stones
KANKALI TİLA ront Mound-Atondo Jáci Masjid in KATRA
K
Kacheri
Chinese Li
To Agra
1
10.000 Pest
Litho, T C Prru, Rourken - No 570

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Archæological Survey of India.
NEW IMPERIAL SERIES,
VOLUME XX.
NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES AND OUDH,
VOLUME V. MUTTRA ANTIQUITIES.

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THE JAIN STUPA
AND
OTHER ANTIQUITIES OF MATHURÂ.
BY
VINCENT A. SMITH.
INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, FELLOW OF THE ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY
V
VADIKU
ORT MON DROL
ALLAIA BAD: Printed by FRANK LUKER, Superintendent, Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
1901
Price, Rs. 14.8, (£1 2s.) per copy.

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List of volumes constituting the new Imperial Series of the Reports of the Archæological
Survey of India.
Prescribed number in new Series.
Name of Book.
Author or cilitor.
Date
Provincial numbers. (passed or proposel) 1 of publica- Western Southern Northerr
tion. India. India. ! India.
1
Burgess
Report of the first season's Operations in the
Belgaum and Kaladgi Districts. Report the Antiquities of Kathiawar and
Kach.
11
Burgess
...
1876
TII
Burgess
Report on the Antiquities of the Bidar and
Aurangabad Districts.
...
1883
The Buddhist Caves and their Inscriptions ... Burgess The Caves of Elura and other Brahmanical Burgess
and Jaina Caves in Western India.
1884
Burgess
...
1887
VI | The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Juggy
yapeta. VII List of Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency
of Madras (Volume I).
Sewell
...
1882 ...!
VIII
Sewell
1884
IX
List of Inscriptions and Sketches of Dynasties
of Southern India (Volume I). South Indian Inscriptions (Volume I) ... South Indian Inscriptions (Volume II) ...
1890 ...
II altzsch ... IIultzsch ...
1891
XI
Report on tho Sharyi Architecture of Jaunpur, Führer and 1889
Smith.
XII
Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions in
the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
Führer
... | 1891
XIII
Epigraphia Indica of the Archaeologienl Sur.
vey of India (Volume I).
Burgos
...
1891
Burye84
...
1893
Reit
1894
XIV | Epigraphia Indica of the Archaeological Sur.
vey of India (Volume II). XV South India Buddhist Antiquities XVI Revised List of Antiquities, Bombay ... XVII List of Architectural and Arch.cological Re-
mains in Coorg.
Couseng
...
1897
Ron
1894
Report on the Moghul Architecture of Fateh- Smith
...
1895
...
pur Sikri.
XVIII
...
1896
Report on the Moghul Architecture of Fateh. Smith
pur Sikri (Part II).

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List of Volumex constituting the new Imperiul Series of the Reports of the Archæological
Survey of India,(concluded.)
Prescribed number in new Series.
Name of Book.
Author or
editor.
Date
Provincial numbers. passed or proposed) of publica- Western Southern Northern
tion. India. India. India.
XVIII
1898
...
Report on the Moghul Architecture of Fateh- Smith ...
pur Sikri (Part III). Report on the Moghul Architecture of Fateh- Smith
pur Sikri (Part IV). List of Monumental Antiquities and Inscrip. Cousens
tions in the Central Provinces and Borar. The Jaina Stups and some other Antiquities of v. A. Smith, Muttrit.
XIX
XX
1901 ...
XXI
Chalukyan Architecture including examples
from the Ballari District in Madras.
Rea
...
1896
...
...
1894
... ...
XXII Bowor Manuscript ...
... Hærnle XXIII Mubamınadan Architecture of Gujrat Burgess XXIV | The Muhammadun Architecture of Ahmed- Burgos
abad. XXV Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Rea
Company in the Presidency of Madras.
...
1897
*XXVI
*XXVII
*XXVIII
XXIX
Hultzsch
...
1899
XXX xxxi
South Indian Inscriptions (Volume IIT, l'art
I). Moghul Colour Decorations of Agra ... List of Antiquorian Remains in His Highness
the Nizam's Territory.
Smith Cousens
... ...
1901 ... 1900 ...
• These numbers will be utilized for reports bearing on the same subject to which they were originally assigned [vide Govero. ment of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture (Archaeology and Epigraphy), No. 3672-12-6, dated the 10th October 1899).

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PREFACE.
ere preparedator of the
cane he left the plates with
adve
THE plates in this volume, excepting the frontispiece, Plate Tre, and the supplementary plates,
I were prepared several years ago under the supervision of Dr. Führer, then Archeological Surveyor and Curator of the Luckyow Provincial Museum. When le quitted the service of Government in the autumn of 1898 he left the plates without word of explanntory text, although it monograph on the Jain remains at Mathuri had been advertised as in an n aeed stage of preparation by him. Sir Antony MacDonnell, G.C.S.I., Lieutenant-Governor of the NorthWestern Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oull, consultel me as to the best way of utilizing the time series of plates prepared by Dr. Führer. I advised that they should be published with a concise descriptive text, i short introduction, and references to illly previous publications in which the subjects of them had been treated, no attempt being male to discuss the many questious of interest suggested by the plates. My recommendations were accepted, and no one else being available to do the work, I undertook it. Any attempt to discuss at length the linguistic, palicographical, historical, artistic, and other topics connected with the works of art illustrated would have involved prolongeel research, and resulted in a very bulky trentise. The plates and inscriptions have, therefore, been left to speak for themselves with only so much annotation and explanation as seemed indispensable.
In some cases I have been unable to accept its correct the heruling iltixed to the plates by Dr. Fuhrer.
I am indebted in sundry matters of detail to notes prepared by Babu Puran Chandar Mukherji, who visited Mathurd, and to some extent commrel the plates with the originals in the Lucknow Museum. In a fow Citnes he detected cliscrepancies between Dr. Führer's hovlings to the plates and the labels auftixed to the originals in the Museum,
have seen most of the originals from time to time, but otticial duties have prevented me from staying in Lucknow to make a minute examination of the objects described. Unfortunately 10 catalogue of the valuable Archæological collections in the Lateknow Museum oxists. The collection is housed in a dark crypt and very inaulequately displayed.
It is impossible for me to compile a thoroughly satisfactory work from imterials collected by another man and left in an incomplete state. But, notwithstanding its ruluittel und obvious limitations and deficiencies, I believe that this book will be of great interest to Orientalists. In the spelling of Indian words I have followed the system lopted in the "Epigraphin Indica." The transliterations of the inscriptions are given in Roman characters. Yothing would, I think, he gained by the use of Nagarf type.
V. A. SMITH GORAKHPUR:
February 1900.

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CONTENTS.
РАах. List of plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i-iii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 Description of plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter I.-Maps, views, and plans . . Ditto II.-The Arhat Nandyavarta . . . . . . . . . 12 Ditto
III.-Ayagapaļas, or Tablets of Homage . Ditto IV.-Veneration of a Stdpa - - - - . . . Ditto V.-Sculptured panels . . . . . . . . . Ditto
VI.-Naigamesha-Nemesa . . . . . . . . . Ditto VII.-A Torana . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto VIII.- Decorative work . . . . . . . . . . Ditto
IX.--Torana pillars . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ditto X.-Sundry carvinge . . . . . . . . 30 Ditto . XI.- Decorative details . . . . . . . . . 35 Ditto XII.--Pillars and capitals . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ditto XIII.--Railing pillars . .
. . . 37 Ditto XIV.-Ornamental bosses on rail bars . Ditto XV.--Coping stones and pediments . . . . . . . . 40 Ditto XVI.-A gested saint . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Ditto XVII.-Sundry sculptures - - - - - - - .
42 Ditto XVIII.-Quadruple Juin images . . . . . . . . . 46 Ditto XIX.- Vardhamana . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ditto XX.-Colossal Jain images . . . Ditto XXI.-Rishabhaváth and Sarasvati . . . . . . . 55 Ditto XXII.–Sundry sculptures . . . . . . . . . . 58 Ditto XXIII.-Supplement . . . . . . . . . . .

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List of Plates.
Frontispiece.-Map of Mathura.
To faco page. I.--Plan of the Kankali mound. . . . . . . . . . 8 II General view of the excavations . . . . . . . . Ila-View of the excavations as in January 1889 . . . . . . - ib. III.- Plan of the Jain Stapa . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV.- View of the Jain Stapa as excavated . . . . . . . . 11
V.-Section of the Jain Stapa . . . . . . . VI.-Base of Image of the Arhat Nandyavarta, dated in the year 78 . . 12 VII. yayapata, or Tablet of Homage, set up by Bihandiks . . VIIIDitto ditto,
an inhabitant of Mathura. . 15 IXDitto
ditto of an unknown donor . . . . XDitto
ditto Het up by the wife of Sivaghoshakn . XI. Ditto ditto,
the wife of Bhulranudi . XII.- Ditto
ditto,
Sivayasa . . . . XIII.Ditto
ditto,
Sivamitri . . . . XIV.--Image of Aryavatt, datod in the 42nd year of the Satrap Sodan . . .
XV.- Veneration of a Strpa . . . . . . . . . 22 XVI.-Gandharva and Suparnas . XVII.--Sculptured panels - . XVIII.--Naigamesh u-Nemesa . . . . . . . . . . .
XIX.--Obverse of Torann . .
XX.-Reverso ditto . . . XXI.-Carved panel, deeply undercut
. - . 28 XXII.- Ditto in low relief . . XXIII.-Umbrella of red sandstone . . . XXIV.--Carved Torana beam and string course
XXV.-Ends of Torana beams . . . . . . . . . . ib. XXVI. - Carved door junub. . . . . . . . . . . ib XXVII.-Sculptured Torama pillar. XXVIII.-Inscribed ditto XXIX.-Details of ornaments :
XXX.--Curved lintel - - - XXXI.-Carved pediment and lintel XXXII.-Frugment of sculptured Torana XXXIII.- Ditto
. . . . . . . . . ib. XXXIV.-Bracket of Torana beam . . . . . . . . . .
XXXV.- Ditto XXXVI.--Fragments of sculptured brackets XXXVII.- Sculptured brackets . . . . . . . . . . . ib. XXXVIII.-Bases of small pillars . . . . . . . . . . . 34 XXXVIIIa.-Decorative details . . . . . . . . . . . 35 XXXIX.- Ditto . . . . . . . . . . . . ib.
XL--Pinnacle of gateway . . . . . . . . . . . ib. XLI. - Perforated windows . . . . . . . . . . . ib. XLII.-Sculptured watercourses . . . . . . . . . -

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List of Plates-continued).
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To face page. .
ib. . ib.
ib. .
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XLIII --Pillars . . . . . . XLIV. - Do. . . . . .
XLV.- Do. . . . . . . XLVI.- Do. XLVII.-- Do. . . . . . . XLVIII.- Do. . . . . . XLIX.-Capitals . . . . . .
L-Capitals and pinnacle . . LI. -Details of capitals - - - LII.-Railing pillars without human figures LIII.- Ditto ditto LIV. Ditto
ditto LV.- Ditto ditto LVI.- Ditto ditto LVII.- Ditto ditto LVIII.- Ditto ditto LIX.-- Ditto ditto LX.-Railing pillar with human figures LXI.- Ditto
ditto LXII.- Ditto ditto LXIII.- Ditto ditto LXIV.- Ditto ditto
LXV.-Ornamental boscs on rail bars LXVI.- Ditto ditto LXVII. -
ditto LXVIII.- Ditto ditto LXIX.- Ditto ditto
LXX.- Ditto ditto LXXI.
ditto LXXII.- Ditto ditto LXXIII. Ditto LXXIV. Ditto ditto LXXV. Ditto
- LXXVI. Ditto
ditto LXXVII.-Details of coping stones of railings LXXVIII.- Ditto ditto LXXIX. Ditto ditto
. LXXX.- Ditto
ditto LXXXI.
ditto
. LXXXII.- Ditto ditto LXXXIII.- Ditto, and of a pedimnet . LXXXIV.- Ditto ditto
LXXXV.-A seated saint LXXXVI.- Fragments of sculpture - LXXXVII.-Lifo-bize headless statue . . LXXXVIII.-Statue of a boy with aureole of flames
LXXXIX.--Statue of a royal personage .
Ditto
ditto
ditto
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ib.
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ib. ib. ib. ib.
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Ditto
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43 44
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List of plates-(concluled).
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To face pago. . 46-48
. 49 . 50
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•
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52
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54
XC.-Three quadruple images of Jain 7thankaran . . . XCI.-Two images of Vardhamana XCII.-Life-size imuge of a seated Jina . . . . . XCIII.-Sented image of Vardhamana XCIV.-Vardhamana, surrounded by the previous 23 Tirtham karax
XCV.---Colossal image of a Tirthankara dated 1038 . . XCVI.- Ditto ditto
1134 - - - XCVII.- Pedestals of colossal Jain images ... . . . . XCVIII.-Image of RishabhanAth, or Adinath, the first Tirthamkara XCIX.-Statues of Sarasvati and a fernale . .
C.-Sculptured bracket of a Torapa beann . . CI.-Heads . . . . . . . CII.- Double-faced rider on bull . . . . . .
Supplement. CIII.--Votive Stapa . . . . . . . . CIV-Ganesu .
. . - - CV.-Buddhist capital - . . . . . . . . CVI. Ditto . . . . . . . . . OVII.- Ditto . . . . . . . . . .
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60
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. 63 . ib.
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INTRODUCTION.
The Kankali, or Jaini, mound (Tula), from or near which most of the objects delineated in the plates of this work were excavated, stands in the angle between the Agra and Gobardhan roads, close to the south-west corner of the city of Mathura, and about half a mile south of the Katra. (Frontispiece).
The name of the mound is derived from a modern temple, a mean shrine, which is occupied by an ancient carved pillar doing duty as a Hindu goddess, who has been dubbed Kankalf. This temple stands about midway between the well and the Jain Stapa which was excavated by Dr. Führer in the season 1890-91. The mound is nearly rectangular in shape and is approximately 500 feet long by 350 feet broad. It long served as a quarry for bricks. Excavations for archæological purposes have been made at various datos. General Cunningham worked at the western und in March and November 1871 ; Mr. Growse operated on the northern portion in 1875, and Dr. Burgess and Dr. Führer extended the excavations to the eastern end at different times from 1887 to 1896. Mr. Harding, a predecessor of Mr. Growse as Magistrate of Mathura, also made somo excavations. A grove of trees has recently been planted on what is left of the mound, which will probably not be further explored.
Mr. Growse and Mr. Harding discovered in or close to the Kankali niound (1) two colossal statues of Buddha, each 7 feet high, supposed to be now in the Public Library at Allahabad; (2) several mutilated statues of finer stone and superior execution ; (3) a large figure of an elephant, without its trunk, found in 1871 in a garden, with an inscription dated 39 in the reign of the Kushan King Huvishka ;? (4) a square pillar with four naked Jinas, dated in the year 9 in the reign of the Kushân King Kanishka; and (5) a considerable number of other statues and sculptures. Mr. Growse notes that the ancient figures are carved in coarse red sandstone with Palt inscriptions. The mediæval figures are executed in much finer material, and the inscriptions are in Sanskrit in characters of the eleventh century A. D.3
The objects found by Cunningham were, with the exception of one ten-armed Brahmanical figure, all Jain. They included several colossal and life-size statues, both male and female, all more or less mutilated ; many broken statues of the Jain hierarchs, several being inscribed; and at least six examples of the pillars of St Apa railings.
The inscriptions included the following:Cunningham's
Date.
Remarks Plate. XIII No. 2 ... Samvat 5
On a Jain pedestal ib. , 3 ... Do. 5 ... ...
Ditto. ib. 4 ...
Do. 9
... On a Jain pedestal (mentions name of
Kanishka). ib. 5 ...
... Mentions Kanishku. ib. 6 ... ... Samvat 20
... Ona Juin figure. ib. , 7
Do. 22 The dimonsion stated in the text second with Mr. E. W. Smith's plan (l'lato I). Cunningham (" Arabeological Reports." III, 19) gives the dimensions #8 400 feet by nonrly 300 feet.
+ Cunningham, " Archwological Reporta," Vol. III, mge 20, plate v. . Growse " Mathura," 3rd ed. (1883), pages 116-118.

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Plato.
( 2 ) Cunningham's Date.
Remarks. XIV No. 9
Samvat 39
... On elephant capital (mentions Huvishka). ib., 10
Do. 47 ib. . 15 ...
Do. 48
- mentions Huvishka. XV, 16 ...
On pedestal of life-sizo naked statue (mentions
Vasudeva). ib. , 18 ... ... Do. 87 ...
On life-size naked figure (mentions Vasudeva). ib. 19 .. Do. 90 ... ... (Cunningham's reading is mostly wrong
see Ep. Ind., II., 205). . . ib. 20 ... . Do. 98 ... ... On naked standing figure (mentions Vasudeva).
Miscellaneous antiquities from the Kankálî mound are figured by Cunningham in Volume III of the "Reports" as follows Plate.
Object. II ...
Amethyst. V ...
Elephant capital. VII ...
Railing-pillar, with nude dancing-girl and other scenes. VIII ...
Railing pillars and bars. XI, D ...
Mutilated male figure. XII, A ...
... Foliage ornament. In Volume XVII of the "Reports” (page 111), Cunningham notes that in the season of 1881-82 he dug up many Jain figures, including one inscribed with the name of Vardhamana, the last of the 24 Jain pontiffs or Tirthamkaras. During the operations of the same season the Hellenistic group of Herakles strangling the Nemean lion (ibid, Plate XXX) was found " amongst the heaps of fragments lying about." No more exact description of the find-spot is given. Several railing-pillars with statues of dancing-girls in the collection at the Mathura Museum are figured in Plate XXXI of the same volume, without any indication of the find-spot of each. Unfortunately the collection in the Museum at Mathura has never been catalogued or properly arranged, and no record was kept of the spot where each object was found.
Cunningham's last visit to Mathura in the season of 1882-83 is the subject of some desultory notes in Volume XX of the "Reports.” Plates III and IV in that volume illustrate a few curious sculptures in the local Museum. Plate IV, figure 1, represents a nude Jain saint preaching, with a,Naga on each side adoring him. This sculpture probably belonged to the Digambara temple of the Kankalt mound.
When Cunningham paid his early visits to Mathura in 1853, 1860, and 1863, as described in Volume I of the "Reports," pages 231-244, the Kankálf mound had not been noticed.
Dr. Fuhrer's principal explorations of the Kankali mound were effected in the three seasons 1888-89, 1889-90, and 1890-91. The Provincial Museum Report for the year ending 31st March 1889 enumerates as received by the Museum the following Mathurà antiquities, most of which seem to have come from the Kankali mound or its immediate neighbourhood :
"10 inscribed statues of several Svetambara Jinas of the Indo-Scythian period, four inscriptions of which are most important for the history of the Jainas;
84 pieces of sculpture forming parts of a magnificent Svetambara Jaina temple of the time of the Indo-Scythian king Huvishka;
a statue of Mahaviranatha surrounded by the remaining 23 Tirthathkaras; two colossal statues of the Jina Padmaprabhanatha, dated Samvat 1086 and 1184, respectively;'
1 Post, Plate XCIV. Port, Platon XOV, XOVI. Por 1086 road "1088."

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( 3 ) four basements of Jing statues, inscribed Samvat 1134 ;
six bascs of Buddha statues inscribed and dated in the regnal yoars of the Indo-Scythian rulers Iuvishka, Kanishka, and Vasudeva;
an inscribed statue of the Bodhisattva Amogha Siddhartha of the first century A. D.; 10 inscribed Buddhist statues of the Indo-Scythinn period; a colossal pillar with the life-size figure of a dancing-girl ; 19 Buddhist railing pillars of various sizes and patterns; 16 cross-bars of Buddhist railings; 12 pieces of copings of Buddhist railings; a richly sculptured door.jamb, 10 foot high, of a Buddha temple of the Indo-Scythian period; a beautifully carved stone umbrella, four feet in diameter, of Buddhist Stapa ;' a four-faced lion capital of the time of the Andhras; 24 exquisitely sculptured panels, some of which are inscribed in charactor of the Indo-Heythinn period; a large slab, inscribed in the so-called shell charactors, excavated from the Kankali Tila at Muthura."
The work was continued during the season 1889-90 when the Jain Stapa and the western Jain temple belonging to the Digambara sect were exposed : 80 images of Tirthainkaras, 120 pieces of stone railings, many miscellaneous sculptures, and numerous inscriptions, of which 17 belong to the Indo-Scythian (Kushan) period, from the year 5 to the year 86, were exhumed.
The most fruitful work was done in 1890-91. In the Museum Report for that year Dr. Fuhrer writes :
"Liberal grants by the Local Government in the Public Works Department and the Miseum Committee have enabled the Curator to finish the excavations of the Kunkali Tila at Mathura during the cold scason of 1890-91. The results of his work far surpass those of the previous two years, as the new finds form important additions to our knowledge of Indian history and art.
"He forwarded to tho Museum 737 fino pieces of sculpture, comprising berutifully-linished panels, doorways, Toranas, columns, completo railings with copinys and bars, statues of Tirthumkaras, &c.
" Amongst these sculptures is one which apparently possesses very considerable archeological interest. It is a Torana bearing a relief which represents a Stapa worshipped by Centaurs and Harpies, or, as the Hindus would say, Kinnaras and Garudas or Suparnas. :
“Centaurs have been found on the Buddhist sculptures at Bharhut' and Gayat, while Mathurd has furnishod the Silenus groups and Hercules strangling the Nomoan lion. This new find is a further addition to the monuments which prove the influence of [Icllenistic art among the Hindus of the last centuries preceding our era.
"Sixty-two of these sculptures are inscribed, bearing dates varying from 150 B. C. to A. D. 1023. On a beautifully carved Torana there is a brief dedication, written in an anciont l'rakrit dialect and in characters which appear a Nittle more archaic than these of Dhanabhuti': inscriptions on the gateway of the Bharhut Stúpa, dated in the reign of the Sungas, or about B. C. 150.
A second inscription, incised in two lines on on oblong slab, gives us the name of the founder of one of the teinples excavated last year. Its characters do not differ ruch from those used in the earliest dlated inscriptions of the Indo-Scythic period. As two temples have been discovered under the KankAli Tila, the natural inference from these inscriptions would be that one of them was built before 160 B. C. and the other considerably later, about the beginning of our era. Unfortunately, another circumstance has come to light which requires a modification of this assumption. The Curator has found several sculptures which have been carved out of more ancient ones.
"Thus, a pilaster bearing an inscription in characters of the Indo-Scythic period has been cut out of the back of an ancient naked Jimu. Again, there is a small statue with a similar inscription cut out of the back of a sculptured panel bearing on the obverse a rather archaic inscription. These facts prove that the Jainas of the Indo-Beythic period at Mathura used for their sculptures materials from an older temple. Hence the discovery of the Toranu, with its very archaic inscription, shows indeed that there war & Jaina templu in Mathura before B. C. 150.
Probably the umbrella figured in Plate XXIII, port, which is 4" fuet in diameter. • Plate XV, post. . I am informed on good authority that the correct spelling of this name is Barbut. • Probably Plate XII, post.

Page #21

Another important document is incined on the left portion of the base of a large standing statue, recording that this statue of Ara Tirthamkara was set up in Samvut 78 within the precincts of a Stepa built by the gods,' i.. the Stapa way so ancient that at the time when the inscription was incised its origin had been forgotten. On the evidence of the characters, the date of the inscription may be referred with certainty to the Indo-Scythian era, and is equivalent to A. D. 156. The Stapa which was laid bare last year must therefore have been built soveral centuries before the beginning of the Christian era ; for the name of its builders would assuredly have been known if it had been crected during the period when the Jainas of Mathuri carefully kept record of their donations.
A110ther donative inscription, dated Samvat 1080, proves, like the two colossal images with the dates Samvats 1036 and 1134, found in 1889," that these ancient temples were used by the Jainas during the greater part of the eleventh century, and that their destruction happened in very late times."
The Museum Report for the year ending on the 31st March 1896 describes some further finds close to the Kankalf mound. Dr. Führer writes -
The Archeological Surveyor, North-Western Provinces and Oudh, forwarded 57 ornamental slabs of great finish and artistic merit and 15 inscribed bases of images of Tirthamkarns, which formed part of an ancient Jaina Stapa, duting from the second century B. C. These sculptures were found in the course of excavations carried out in tho unexplored ficids adjoining the Kankali Tila at Muttra (Mathura), which mound in 1889-91 had furnished the Valuable and comprehensive collection of Jaina antiquities exhibited in the Museum. Like the numerous inscriptions found in former years, the new documents contain a considerable number of names of Jaina monks, and give in many instances longer spiritual pedigrees. One inscription especially, dated Samvat 299, and inscribed on the base of a life-size statue of Arhat Mahavira possesses, in spite of the omission of the reigning king's name, a considerable interest, and, in all probability, indicates that the dates of the Kushana kings of Mathurd must be interpreted otherwise than is usunlly done. Hitherto the dates of the Kushanas have been taken to be years of the Saka era of 78 A. D., supposod to have been established by king Kanishka; but on the strength of this inscription it would soom that the beginning of this northern era must fall in the first half of the first century B. C.
Dr. Führer from time to time sent to the late Dr. Bühler impressions and photographs of the inscriptions and sculptures discovered, a selection from which was published by Dr. Bühler in the "Epigraphia Indica." In Volume I of that publication in the articles entitled "New Jaina Inscriptions from Mathura" and "Further Jaina Inscriptions from Mathura ” (pages 371-397) thirty-five inscriptions from the Kankalf mound were admirably edited.
The article entitled "Further Jaina Inscriptions from Mathura," in Volume II (pages 195-211) gave forty-one additional documents, and tho article entitled "Specimens of Jaina Sculptures from Mathura" (pages 311-323), illustrated by four plates, supplied valuable explanations of some of the most interesting sculptures.
These writings of Bühler have been freely quoted in the descriptions of the plates in this volume.
Although the necessarily restricted plan of this work precludes me from attempting any elaborate discussion of the numerous topics of interest suggested by the plates, a few words pointing out some of the most obvious lessons to be learned from the discoveries in the Kankali mound will help the reader to take an intelligent interest in the drawings.
The plates throw light, among other things, on the history of the Indian, or Brahmi, alphabet, on the grammar and idiom of the Prakrit dialects, on the development of Indian art, on the political and social history of Northern India, and on the history, organization, and worship of the followers of the Jain religion.
1 Plate VI, port. The correct dato is 79, not 78. The ora used is not knowo. • Tho dates are 1038 and 1184. Soe Plates XCV and XOYI, post.
This document is not included in this volume, and I have not seen it. Until the inscription said to be dated in the year 200 has been published, no inference from it can be safely drawn.

Page #22

( 5 )
The exact date of the earlier sculptures must remain uncertain until the era used by the great Kushin kings, Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasudeva has been determined. That era may, perhaps, prove to be the same which is used in the Kharoshtht inscriptions from the neighbourhood of Peshawar, and has been supposed to be either identical, or nearly coincident, with the era B. C. 57, known as the Malava or Vikramaditya cra. The theory of Fergusson and Oldenberg that Kanishka founded the Saka era of A. D. 78 is not now generally accepted, although M. Specht still supports it. M. Sylvain Lévi places the accession of Kanishka at about the Christian era. I am satisfied, having regard to the numismatic evidence that that event cannot be placed carlier than A. D. 30. Everyone is agreed that the Kushân era, which undoubtedly dates from the accession of Kanishka, cannot have begun later than A. D. 78, nor earlier than B. C. 57.1
The Mathura inscriptions, dated in the undetermined era range certainly from the year 5 to the year 98. The years 5 and 98, therefore, lie respectively between the limits of B. C. 52 and A. D. 83, and A. D. 41 and A. D. 176.3 The latest inscription found is dated in V. S. 1134, or A. D. 1067. The documents may, consequently, be assumed to cover a period of nearly eleven centuries, from the beginning of the Christian era to the middle of the eleventh century A. D.
The undated inscriptions in Plates VII and X may be referred to as examples of carly records dating probably from about a century before the beginning of the Christian era. Their linguistic and paleographical peculiarities have been commented on by Buhler.
The document reproduced in Plate XIV is dated in the year 42, which may be assumed as approximately equivalent to B. C. 15. It is of special interest as mentioning the great Satrap (Mahakshatrapa) Sodasa, and determining his date as soon as the era used by him shall have been determined. That era is probably distinct from the era used by the Kushân kings.
The artistic merit of many of the sculptures is apparent, although in some cases the drawings fail to do full justice to the originals. The deep undercutting of much of the ornament is specially noticeable. The existence of Hellenistic works of art at Mathura has been long known, the most conspicuous examples being the so-called Silenus groups, and the Herakles strangling the Nemean lion. In the plates of this work Hellenistic influence may, I think, be traced. It was probably the result of intercourse with the Alexandrian school, which delighted in marine monsters and fantastic decoration. The general design of decoration in panels like that reproduced in Plate VIII seems to me to be decidedly Hellenistic. Attention is also invited to the description of Plate XIX.
The vine shown on the left border of Plate X is certainly Hellenistic The sculpture is probably too early in date to be Græco-Roman.
The harpies and centaurs of Plates XV and XVI obviously resemble to some extent those familiar in Greek art, although it is possible that they were borrowed directly from Assyria or Babylonia. The winged lions of the capitals in Plates XLIII to XLVI seem to be certainly of Assyrian or Babylonian origin. Other features of the capitals are Persian. The sculptures taken as a whole, though thoroughly Indian in subject, and for the most part in treatment, undoubtedly show a considerable amount of adaptation of foreign ideas.
An excellent and well-reasoned article by M. A. M. Boyer, "L' Époque de Kaniska" (Journal Asiatique, Mal-Juin, 1900, page 526) has been published during the passage of this work through the press. M. Boyer's opinion (page 578) is thus expressed;" Je crois done raisonnable I'admettre avce l'opinion générale, tout en le [Kanishka] rejetant comme fondateur del'ère Saka, qu'il commença de regner vers la fin du premier siècle après J. C." I am disposed to agree, and to place the accession of Kanishka about A. D. 60 or 65.
Inscriptions dated 135 and 299 are also said to exist.
See note, p. 46, post.

Page #23

( 6 ) Bühler has emphasized the lesson taught by the Mathurâ discoveries that Indian art was not sectarian. All religions, Buddhist, Jain, and Brahmanical, used the art of their age and country, and all alike drew on a common store-house of symbolic and conventional devices. Stapas, sacred trees, railings, wheels, and so forth, were available equally to the Jain, Buddhist, or orthodox Hindu as religious symbols or decorative elements.
The discoveries have to a very Inrye extent supplied corroboration to the written Jain tradition, and they offer tangible incontrovertible proof of the antiquity of the Jain religion, and of its early existence very much in its present form. The series of twenty-four pontiffs (Tirthamkaras), each with his distinctive emblem, was evidently firmly believed in at the beginning of the Christian era.
The inscriptions are replete with information as to the organization of the Jain church in sections known as guna, kula, and sakha, and supply excellent illustrations of the Jain books. Both inscriptions and sculptures yive interesting details proving the existence of Jain nuns, and the influential position in the Jain church occupied by women.
Dr. Führer ("Progress Report" for 1890-91, page 13) states that in all 110 Jain inscriptions were collected at Mathura.
Most of those found in 1889 came from the central temple in the mound. The inscribed images dated V. S. 1038 and 1134 (Plates XCV and XCVI) are quoted by Dr. Fuhrer as proving that this central temple belonged to the Svetambara sect, but I notice that the images are nude.
The finds of 1890, he says, chiefly come from the second Jain temple, which according to a Nagari inscription, was still in the hands of the Digambara sect as late ns V. S. 1080, A. D. 1023.2
According to Dr. Führer the mound also contained remains of a Buddhist vihara and of a Vaishạnva temple. Some of the sculptures depicted in this work may belong to Buddhist or Brahmanical buildings, but most of them are certainly Jain. A few of the objects illustrated seem to have been included by mistake in this collection, as they came, according to the labels affixed to them, from places in Mathurâ distant from the Kankali mound. The supplementary plates are from photographs supplied by Mr. Mukherji.
Baba P. O. Mukherji, who recently visited the spot, roports that it is now impossible to identify with certainty the site of other tom ple. This inscription has not been edited.

Page #24

Description of Plates.
CHAPTER 1.-MAPS, VIEWS, AND PLANS.
FRONTISPIECE-MAP OF MATHURA. This map is a reproduction of Plate I in Volume III of Cunningham's "Archeological Survey Reports" and is the best available, though not, I believe, quite accurate. It shows the position of the principal mounds, but omits many of the smaller ones. Small mounds are numerous between the Kankalf and tho Chaubara ruins.
The references for Mathura in Cunningham's "Reports" are us follows: Volume I, Pages 231—244, Plates XXXIX, XL.
III, 13-46, I-XVI.
XI, 2 75. . XVII, . 107-112, XXX, XXXI.
► XX, 30— 39, II-V. Mr. Growse's excellent “Mathura, a District Memoir" (3rd edition, Government Press, Allahabad 1883), may also be consulted. A rough plan of the environs of the city faces page 106 of that work.

Page #25

(8)
PLATE I.
PLAN OF THE KANKALI MOUND. Tais plate, prepared by Mr. E. W. Smith and a native draughtsman, is of much less value than it would have been if accompanied by a key and description. It shows clearly the position of the Jain Stapa, but it is impossible to make out from it the positions of the two Jain temples or of anything else of interest. The materials for preparing a key to the plate are not now in existence.

Page #26

ZW Banish and O. B. Bad
MATHURA SERIES.-KANKALI TILA.
GENERAL PLAN OF SITE EXCAVATED, SHOWING POSITION OF ANCIENT JAINA BRICK STUPA AND FOUNDATIONS OF TEMPLES, &c.
'T.
Photo-oo: aphed at
BOALE OF PEET
PLATE I.

Page #27


Page #28

PLATE IIa.
MATHURA SERIES-KANKALI TILA.
SUS
the Excavations in Janua

Page #29


Page #30


Page #31


Page #32


Page #33


Page #34

MATHUR SERIES.-KANKALI TÏLA. PLAN OF ANCIENT JAISA BRICK STUPA EXCAVATED.
PLATE 111
INGNES
SOALE OF PIGT
w
ith
O
Bed
Photo-
a
pbed at the Harvey of de Um Cecuta, cobe
.

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Page #36

INONES
Har Das Data
MATHURA SERIES.-KANKALI TILA.
CROSS-SECTION OF ANCIENT JAINA BRICK STUPA EXCAVATED.
BOALE OF FEET
Photo-red at the furrey of ladie Ofees, Caleotta, October
PLATE V.

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Page #38


Page #39

Araw
Photostohint-Survey of India Office Calcutta, bugat 1895

Page #40

(11)
PLATES IV, V.
VIEW AND SECTION OF THE JAIN STOPA AS EXCAVATED. These plates add little to the information obtainable from the plan in Plate III.
Mr. Mukherji notes that the bricks brought to light during the excavations were of different sizes. Some were about 15 inches square and 6 inches thick, while others were long and comparatively narrow. The sinallest bricks were about 7 inches broud and 2 inchus thick. The smaller sizes were, naturally, better burnt than the larger sizes. In the remains of the ancient monastery at Sohnag in the Gorakhpur District I have noticed a similar variation in the sizes of the bricks. The huge square slabs occur at Sohnag also, and I measured one comparatively narrow brick there which was 19 inches long.
For
description of the great monstery at Sohung, ke J. B. A. 8. Por Joly 1900,

Page #41

( 12 ) CHAPTER 11.-THE ARHAT NANDYAVARTA.
PLATE VI.
BASE OF IMAGE OF THE ARIAT NÂNDYAVARTA, DATED IN THE YEAR 79.
The subject of this plate is the left hand portion of the base of a large standing figure of a Jina found in the Kankali mound in the season 1890-91. The other portion of the base has been lost.
The sacred symbol in the centre of the composition consists of a wheel resting on a trisül, which is supported by i lotus flower. The group of worshippers on the right of the picture is formed of three women standing upright, and a little girl, who is partly hidden behind the stiff Assyrian-looking lion which crouches at the end of the slab. The lost portion was no doubt terminated by an exactly similar lion, and the group of worshippers on that side must have consisted of four male worshippers, of whom it portion of the figure of one remains. Each of the three women holds up in her right hand long-stalked lotus Hower. The girl clasps her hands in an attitude of smlorntion. The dress of the women is peculiar and consists of a single long robe covering the whole body to the feet and contined at the waist. The inscription, though mutilated, is still intelligible, and is as follows :
1.1. Sri LXXIX IV ili 1. etasyon pareriyarn kotfiye gone baïriyah sikhayin
2. ko 4 yarriethandi ruhato Vanili altrlasa pratimah nirnarlayali B.... bhiryyye Sririkriye (dindya) shown pratimit Vodve thipe deranirmite pru.
- The year 79, the fourth month of the) rainy season, the twentieth day, on that (date, specified ax) above, Ayu-Vridhahasti (Ary-Vriddhahastin), a preacher in the Kottiya yaņa (and) in the Vaira silkhi, gave the advice to make an image of the Arhat Nandi ávarta (Vandyi varta): .... the image, the gift of the female lay-disciple Dina (Datti), wife of ....Wan set up at the Volva Stapa, built by the gods."
The sculpture belongs to the Kushan period, and the mode in which the date is expressed shows that the year 79 must be referred to the era used by the great Kushân kings. This year 79 falls within the reign of Vasudeva, one of whose inscriptions is expressly dated in the year
80.5
The character, language, and yrammar of the Kushận inscriptions are discussed by Bithler in "Epigraphin Indica," Volume 1, page 371 segg.
The text of the inscription is of special interest as proving that stapels were built by Jains as well as Buddhists. The assumption has generally been made that all edifices in the Stúpu form are
The object held by the woman henrout the symbol seems to be an opening bud; the objects held by the two other women are uomintakenhle lotus flowers.
1 The umrlo 70, 94, and 3) #rench ex premnou in the ancient Indian manner by single character. I use the Roman numerala in the men rent available suivalent. The rak notation lloc in Persian and Urdu account is similar in principle to the ancient Indian notation.
Führer trintee the Artant whome mark in the Naudydvarta wyniol," that is to say, Arundth, the 18th Tirthamkara (" Progress Report" for 1891, page 10). He there gives the late # 78, but 79 is the oorrect reading. The Náudyavartu is a complicated Cronn, Nomowhat remembling the araxtika. We should expect to find thin Nymbol on the base where the wheel is. Compare the wheel in Plate хсiп.
• Bühler. Ep. Ind., Vol. 11. page 204, No. XX.
. I cannot attempt to discuss in this work the vexed question of the Kushilu era (ante, p. 6). For the dated inscription of VAsudeva ww No. XXIV in Epigraphin Indie," Vol. 1, MR 392.
I purposely use the well-established English word Juiu in preference to the plautio Jaina, which is used by most of the recept writers ou ludinu uutiquities.

Page #42

MATHURA SERIES.-KAN KALI TILA. BASE OF IMAGE OF ARHAT NANDYAVARTA, OR ARA, DATED SAMVAT 79,
"KT UP AT THE VOTVA STUPA, BUILT BY THE GOD".
PLATE VI.
BUT UP AT THE VOIVA STUFA, BUILT BY THR Gode"
LIBERO
8434 SKY4fccunor M 2 Seien Situ XXIIXYZXI Anard
WOW

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Page #44

( 13 ) Buddhist. When the inscription under viscussion was executed, not later than A. D. 157 (79 + 78), the Vodva (Skr. Votva) Stúpe of the Jains at Mathura was already so ancient that it was regarded as the work of the gods. It was probably, therefore, creeted several centuries before the Christian era, and may have been at least is ancient as the oldest Buildhist Slújre. The record also yives interesting details of the internal coustitution of the Jain church, the significance of which has been discussed by Bühler (op. cit.) and Führer?
Bühler was fortunate enough to discover in the "Tirthakalja," or "Rajprasada" of Jinaprabha, a fourteenth century work based on ancient materials, the legend of the foundation and repair of this very “ Stúprt, built by the gods."
According to this work, the Stape was originally of gold, adorned with precious stones, and wils erected in honour of the seventh Jina, Supars vanath, by the goddess Kubera at the desire of two asceties named Dharmaruchi and Dharmayhosha. In the time of the twenty-third Jina, Pårøvanáth, the golden Stap was encased in bricks, and a stone temple was built outside.
The sanctuary was restored in honour of Parsvanath by Bappa Bhattisfuri, " thirteen hundred years after the lord Vira la reached perfection."
Assuming the ordinarily received ate, B. C. 527, for the death of Mahavira to be correct, the attainment of perfection by that saint may be placed about B. C. 550). The restoration of the Stúpi may be dated about 1300 years later, or A. 1). 750. Its original erection in brick in the time of Parsvanath, the predecessor of Mahavira, wouid fall at it cutent later than B. C. 600. Considering the significance of the phrase in the inscription - built by the gods" as indicating that the building at about the beginning of the Christian erat was believed to date from a period of mythical antiquity, the date B. C. 600 for its first crection is not too early. Probably, therefore, this Stap, of which Dr. Fübrer exposed the foundations, in the oldest known building in India.
" Progress Report" for 1800-91, pp. 18-10. I "A Logoud of the Jain Stapant Mathura." ("Sitinngaberer der der Kain kalewie der Winterhaften in Wien, 1907.)

Page #45

CHAPTER III.-AYAGAPATAS OR TABLETS OF HOMAGE.
PLATE VII.
ÀYAGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, SET UP BY SIHAN DIKA.
PLATES VII to XIII are devoted to the illustration of the very interesting and beautiful works technically known as dyagapalas.
"An Ayagapnia is an ornamentul lah, bearing the representation of a Jina or of some other object of worship, and the term may be appropriately rendered by 'tablet of homage or of worship since such slabs were put up in temples, is the numerous inscriptions on then nay, 'for the worship of the Arhat '..... Among the Jainas they probably went out of fashion at an early period, as the inscriptions on them invariably show archaic characters, and are + 110 (80 known to me dute."
Bühler was at first under the impression that the use of these highly decorated tablets was contined to the Jains; but Dr. Führer has recorded the discovery of a Buddhist example among the ruins of a Buddhist rihan at Ramnagar in the Bareli district, the site of the ancient Adhichhattrå or Ahichatra. That example is said to exhibit in the centre a fullblown lotus surrounded by four highly ornamented tribúls, and to bear an ancient inscription.?
The examples represented in the plates in this book are all Jain. The central object in Plate VII is the sented figure of a Jina.
The surrounding carving comprises representations of pillars in the Persian Achæmenian style, and it great variety of sacred symbols, which I need not attempt to describe in detail. The forkmanship is very fine.
The central figure has been reproduced as figure a of Plate I in "Epigraphia Indica," Volunie 11. The inscription is in characters of early form; probably anterior to the reign of Kanishka, and hot later than the Christian era (ibid., p. 197).
The text is as follows:1.-1. Namo Arahantinasi Sihakaxs l'únikana putrena Kosikiputroma.
2. Sihanadikena ayagapato pratithapito Arahantar jaye.
- Adoration to the Arbats! A tablet of homage (dyagapata) was set up by Sihunadiku (Sithlanadika! Onandika!), son of the Vinika Sihaka (Sinh haka) and son of a Kosiki (Kausiki mother), for the worship of the Arhats."
The term Vånika is supposed to be the name of the clan of Silaka and his son Sihanadika, who were probably Kshtriyas as indicated by the fact that the donor's mother was a Kausiki.
"Epigraphia Indien." Vol. II, pp. 311, 314. "Epigraphia Itulica," Vol. II, p. 314, Noto 8. The Buddhist dyagapata doca not appear to have been published.
Irofessor Rhys Davids points out to me that the word påjaye would be better translated in honour of "than " for the worship " The Arhats were not in polls. But I turve allowed Müller's translations to stand unaltered.
* No. XXXin "Epigraphix Indies," Vol. II, p. 207.

Page #46

PLATE VII.
MATHURA SERIES-KANKALI Tila.
BARAT, OR WTARLET OP HOMACH OR OF Wome,
FOR THE WORSRIP OF THE ARTS
V WY BERANDIRA
SI
MAN
PASCA SINA
GEN

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Page #48

PL
Ate
MATRONA BE--SANKALI TILALA anಾಗ ಆ TIMಟು n tadas
7)
OB
SERIES
VONIOS

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Page #50

(
16
)
PLATE VIII.
ÅYÅGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, SET UP BY AN INHABITANT OF MATHURA.
This fine work which is said to have been found north-east of the existing shrine of Kankalt in March 1891, has for its central object a sacred wheel with sixteen spokes. The upper right corner has been lost. The bands of sculpture surrounding the wheel offer il rich variety of ornamental and symbolic designs.
The inscription is not visible in the plate, but the heading indicates that the archaic inscription No. VIII ("Epigraphia Indica," Volume II, pp. 200, 313) belongs to this slab.
The inscription is as follows:
Namo arahato Mahavira Mathurake . . . lavadla (4] ... bhaydy ...... ... {taye [ayagapato).
"Adoration to the Arhat Mahavira (Mahavira). A tablet of homage (dyagapata, the gift) of ... ita, the wife of... lavadı (?), an inhabitant of Mathura.

Page #51

( 16
)
PLATE JX.
ÅYÂGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, OF AN UNKNOWN DONOR. This tablet resembles that depicted in Plate VII in having for its central object the figure of a seated Juin saint. The surrounding syinbolic ornaments, however, are quite different. Among them may be noticed the svastika or mystic cross, and a pair of fishes, omens of good luck, a second seated Jina (at the foot of the plate), « Slapr (at the top of the plate), and sacred trees within railings (at the sides). The slab thus offers another proof of the Jain veneration for Stapas. The sacred trees closely resemble those generally associated with Buddhism. A photograph of this slab has been already published by Buhler, accompanied by an elaborate description. ("Epigraphia Indica," Volume II, Plate I, 1, pp. 311-313). The remains of the inscription at the base are illegible.
According to Dr. Pührer, the oight napicious marks of the Jains are: (1) the myntio cross (Svastika), (2) mirror (Darpana), (3) pot (Kalasa). (6) anne sont, shaped like an hourglass (Bhadrdiana), (5, ) two small fish, (7) flower garland, (8) book. ("Journal of Indian Art and Industry," October 1893, page 38.)

Page #52

PHATRXOR
SEATHER S Alom
ES KANN. Til Tailor Home
AN
04

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Page #54

MATHURA SERIES.-KANKALI TU TABLET OF HOMEGA," EF BY TO W OF STVAROTAX
AYACAPITA, O
224
4
SALE OF FEET
apud

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Page #56

PLATE X.
ÂYAGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, SET UP BY THE WIFE OF SIVAGHOSHAKA.
A SEATED Jina occupies the centre of this tablet also, but in this case he has an attendant on each side. The symbolic ornaments are rather less rich and varied than in the examples previously described. The Jina in this case is unmistakeably Parsvanath, his head being canopied by his seven-hooded snake.
(17)
The inscription at the base is much mutilated. The characters are of an archaic type prior to the Kushân era. What is left of the record reads as follows:
na.
Namo arahantana Sivagho [shaka] sa bhari [y].... nA "Adoration to the Arhats the wife of Sivaghoshaka." ("Epigraphia Indica," Vol. II, page 207
No. XXXI.)
The slab was found in January 1891.

Page #57

(18
)
PLATE XI.
ÅYÂGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, SET UP BY THE WIFE OF BHADRANADI.
This slab is said to have been found in December 1890 near the centre of the Kankalt mound. It is not so well preserved as several of the other examples, and the drawing is, in consequence, not quite satisfactory. The central Jina cannot be identified. The ornaments include two massive pillars in a style quite different from those depicted in Plate VII ante. The inscription, which belongs approximately to the period of the great Kushân kings, is almost perfect, and is as follows:
L. 1. Namo Arahattanath (mala] nasa dhitu Bhadraya fasa vadhuya Bhadranadina bhayaye
2. A[chala]yo a[yd]gapato pratithapito arahatapujdye.
“Adoration to the Arbats! A tablet of homage (Ayagapafa) was set up by Achala (?), daughter-in-law of Bhadrayaba (Bhadrayafas) and wife of Bhadranadi (Bhadranandin) for the worship of the Arhats." ("Epigraphia Indica," Volume II, page 207, No. XXXII.)
The plate seems to read Agola, rather than Achala, as read by Bühler with doubt.

Page #58

PIDADAKER
Ja Miss
THONSE 12
MATHURA SERIES-KANKALI TILA. ArtorATA OF TANUT OF HOMAGE," ar pst ACHALA, THE WIFE or BRADRANADI.
BXIX argu LAXI t. Au
SCALE OF FEET
valkongeng land at the Buress in ludia Mam, Pascal, Quertmer, insa
PLATE XI

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Page #60

PEATR XIL
MATHURN SERIES-KANKALI, rila.
WAGA, ORDU OP HOMAGEREGIY GRA
WID
GES
TETESETETETTEN
12
S
et

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Page #62

( 19 )
PLATE XII.
AYAGAPATA OR TABLET OF HOMAGE SET UP BY SIVAYASI.
The upper part of the slab depicted in this plate has been lost. The lower and more important portion is well preserved, and the inscription is nearly complete.
The composition gives an interesting view of a Jain Stap, which was surrounded by a perambulation path guarded by a railing. The path is appronched through a highly-decorated Torana gateway, to which four steps ascend. A heavy wreath hangs from the lowest beam of the gateway. A dancing-girl, completely nude except for a sash round the hips and the usual jowellery, stands in an immodest attitude on the railing on each side of the inte. Two massive pillars with peculiar bases are shown, and a small portion of the railing surrounding in upper perambulation path is visible.
The general arrangements of the Stape are identical with those familiar to all students of Buddhist antiquities.
The railing is of a plain archaic type.
The characters of the inscription below the railiny are in form anterior to the alphabet used by the Kushần kings, and may be considerably earlier than the Christian era. The inscription is as follows:
L. 1 a. Namo arohatúnan Phag nyokaxit
2 a. natakara bhayaye Sivayas 3 a.... .... ... ..... kiye 1 b. dyagapato kårito
2 b. arahata pujaye.
"Adoration to the Arhats! By Sivayudi (Sinayasas), wife of the dancer I nyasi (ihalymas).... # tablet of homage (Ayagapata) was caused to be made for the worship of the Arhat." ("Epigraphin Indica," Volume II, page 200, No. V.)
Mr. Mukherji found an inscribed slab to the west of the bridge on the road leading to the Holi gate, containing a bas-relief representation of a Stúpa 10 inches high, which may be compared with the representation in this plate.
Port, l'Inte CIII.

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( 20 ) PLATE XIII.
Å VÅGAPATA, OR TABLET OF HOMAGE, SET UP BY SIVAMITRÂ. FIGURE 1 represents a fragment of an dyagapata of which more than half has been lost. The central object is among the parts missing. The ornaments include the lucky fish, which has been noticed in Plate VII, and beautifully executed flower and scroll designs. The slab was found by Dr. Burgess in 1887. The inscription at the base is in archaic characters apparently anterior to the Kushan period, and thus adds one more to the many proofs of the antiquity of the Jain worship at Mathura. The record, though incomplete, is sufficiently intelligible, and is as follows:
1. I. Nam uruhato Verithminunya Gotiputrasa Pothaya Saka ..
2. Kalaváfusa
3. .... Kudikeye Simitrúye dyagapato prati.
"Adoration to the Arhat Vardhamana! A tablet of homage was set up hy Śivamitr (of) the Kubika (family) (wite) of Gotiputra (Gauptiputra), a black serpent for the Pothayus und Saknus."
The historical significance of this brief document is explained as follows by Bühler -
"Some interesting historical information may be extracted from No. XXXIII, which records it gift hy Koliki Si[vajinitri, [the wife of Gotiputra, a black serpent for the Pothayas and Sakas.
Both Gotiputra and Kobiki Sivamitri were of noble or royal descent. This is indicated by their family names. Kosili, in Sanskrit Kausiki, means she of the race of Kubika' Kansika is the nomen gentila of Vievamitra and his descendants, the Vi våmitras, who form one of the ancient Vedio gotras. Numerous instances in the northern and southern inscription show that the queens and princesses were frequently called by the Vedic gotra-names, such as the Gautami, the Vatsi, the Vásish thi, the Gargi, otc. And the explanation is no doubt that these gotras originally were those of the Purohitas of the royal or noble families, from which the queens were descended, and that the kings were affiliated to them for religious reasons as the Srautasttras indicate. It seems, therefore, impossible to explain the epithet Kotiki otherwise than by the assumption that Sivannitril was descended from : royal race, which had been affiliated to the Kalikas.
With respect to Gotiputra, in Sanskrit Gauptiputra, it may be poiuto:l out that this name, which means the son of her of the Gauptw race, is borne by the second king of Sir A. Cunningham's inscription on the Torana of the Bharhut Stipa, where we read Gotiputrasa Agarajusa putena, in Sanskrit Gauptiputrasya Angaradyutah putrona. Though I am not prepared to identify the two Gotiputras, it is evident that the name was borne at least by one royal or princely personage. The epithet of our Gotiputru, a black serpent for the Pothayas and Sakas,' points also to his belonging to the warrior tribe. For, according to the analogy of other well-known epithets, such as rairimattebhasitha, it can only mean that he fought with the Pothayas and Sakas, and proved to them as destructive as the black cobra is to mankind in general.
The Pothayas are the Proshthas, whom the Mahabharata, Volume VI, puges 9, 61, and the Vishnupurana (ed. Hall, Volume II, page 179), name among the southern nations. In the latter passage they appear together with the Sakas and the Kokarakas. As both works include in their enumeration of the southern nations the Trigartas, who are known to be inhabitants of Northern India, the accuracy of their statements with respect to the seats of the Sakas and I'roshthas may be doubted. But it remains interesting that the two names are placed closely together in the Vishnu purana, and this juxta position is, as our inscription shows, not without foundation."
The characters of the inscription being archaic, the wars alluded to probably took place in the first century B. C. The Sakas may have been the Satraps (Kshatrapa) of Mathura.
Figure 2 of the plate represents a pretty bit of scroll work, well undercut.
Bühler in "Epigraphia Indio," Vol. 1, pp. 394, 396, Innor. No. XXXIII. Bühler's explanation of the formation of the names of quoens and princesses is not universally acoepted.

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MATHURA SERIES-KANK
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To Hotect to the 29 50001

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