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________________ jaina zikSA darzana meM guru kI arhatAe~ vijaya kumAra jaina darzana ne hamAre deza kI zikSA ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa meM bar3A mahattvapUrNa yogadAna diyA hai / usa yogadAna ke pIche hamAre jaina AcAryoM aura guruoM kI ahama bhUmikA rahI hai / prAcInakAla meM guru ko sAmAjika vikAsa kA sUtradhAra mAnA jAtA thaa| samAja kI AkAMkSAoM, AvazyakatAoM aura AdarzoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa meM pariNata karane kA kartavya guru ko nibhAnA par3atA thA / bhArata kI isa pAvana dharatI para mahAn jJAnI, dhyAnI tathA RSi Adi utpanna hue jinhoMne apane jJAna kI divya jyoti se vyakti aura samAja meM vyApta ajJAna rUpI aMdhakAra ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA / isI kAraNa jaba bhI adhyApaka athavA adhyApana ke viSaya meM carcA hotI hai to kisI na kisI rUpa meM hama apane una prAcIna guruoM ko Adarza rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiM / cAhe vaha adhyApana kArya kA viSaya ho yA caritra athavA jJAna ke AviSkAra kA viSaya ho sabhI kSetroM meM hameM guru kI AvazyakatA par3atI hI hai / ataH jIvana ko sArthaka banAne meM guru kA sarvocca sthAna hai / 'guru' kA zAbdika artha 'guru' zabda kI vyutpatti 'gR' dhAtu meM 'ku' aura 'utva' pratyaya lagane se hotI hai / 'gRNAti upadizita dharmaM girati ajJAnaM vA guruH' / arthAt jo ajJAna ko naSTa kara jJAna kA prakAza pradAna karatA hai, antarmana meM dharma kI jyoti prajjvalita karatA hai, dharma kA upadeza detA hai, vahI guru hai / vyAkaraNa ke anusAra 'gRNAtIti guruH', jo 'gR' nigaraNe dhAtu se niSpanna hai aura jisakA artha hotA hai - 'jo bhItara se kucha nikAlakara de vaha guru hai / ' isa prakAra 'guru' zabda ke vyutpattimUlaka artha se 'guru' eka dharmopadezaka tathA pathapradarzaka dRSTigocara hote haiM / kintu Ajakala sAmAnyatayA 'guru' zabda kA artha zikSaka se liyA jAtA hai| jo hameM skUla yA kAlejoM meM kisI viSaya kA vidhivat jJAna karAtA hai / jaina granthoM meM aise guru ke lie AcArya, buddha, pUjya, dharmAcArya, upAdhyAya Adi zabdoM ke bhI prayoga dekhane ko milate 1 haiM | AcArya ko paribhASita karate hue abhayadeva sUri ne kahA hai jo sUtra aura artha donoM ke jJAtA hoM, utkRSTa koTi ke lakSaNoM se yukta hoM, saMgha ke lie mer3hi ke samAna hoM, jo apane gaNagaccha athavA saMgha ko samasta prakAra ke saMtApoM se pUrNataH vimukta rakhane meM sakSama hoM, tathA jo apane ziSyoM ko AgamoM ke gUr3hArtha sahita vAcanA dete hoM, unheM AcArya kahate haiM / " 1. bhagavatIsUtra 91919 ( abhayadevavRtti)
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________________ jaina zikSA darzana meM guru kI arhatAe~ guru ke lakSaNa rthI ke lie sadguru kA honA atyanta Avazyaka hotA hai / sadguru ke abhAva meM vidyArthI kitanI hI kuzAgra buddhi kA ho, vaha usI prakAra prakAzita nahIM ho sakatA jisa prakAra binA sUrya ke candramA / kintu prazna upasthita hotA hai ki sadguru kI saMgati kaise kI jAe, usakI kyA pahacAna hai ? usake lakSaNa kyA haiM? jise dekhakara yaha samajhA jAe ki yaha sadguru hai yA asadguru | AdipurANa meM sadguru ke nimnalikhita lakSaNa batAye gaye haiM guru 1. sadAcArI, 2 sthirabuddhi, 3. jitendriyatA, 4. antaraMga aura bahiraMga saumyatA, 5. vyAkhyAna zailI kI pravINatA, 6 subodha vyAkhyAzailI, 7. pratyutpanna matitva, 8. tArkikatA, 9. dayAlutA, 10 viSayoM kA pANDitya, 11. ziSya ke abhiprAya ko avagata karane kI kSamatA, 12. adhyayanazIlatA, 13. vidvattA, 14 vAGmaya ke pratipAdana kI kSamatA, 15. gambhIratA, 16. snehazIlatA, 17. udAratA, 18. satyavAditA, 19. satkulotpannatA, 20. apramattatA, 21. parahita sAdhana kI tatparatA Adi / kI arhatAe~ jIvana ke nirmANa meM guru eka mahAn vibhUti ke rUpa meM prastuta hotA hai / parantu usa mahAna vibhUti kA yogya honA bhI Avazyaka hai / kyoMki yadi guru hI ayogya hogA to ziSya yogya kaise bana sakatA hai / ataH vyavahAra-sUtra meM AcArya pada ko prApta karane kI yogyatAoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki jo kama se kama pA~ca varSa kI dIkSA paryAya vAlA, zramaNAcAra meM kuzala, pravacana meM pravINa, prajJAbuddhi meM niSNAta, AhArAdi ke upagraha meM kuzala, akhaNDAcArI, sabala doSoM se rahita, bhinnatA rahita AcAra kA pAlana karane vAle, niHkaSAya caritra vAle, aneka sUtroM aura AgamoM Adi meM pAraMgata zramaNa AcArya athavA upAdhyAya pada ko prApta karane ke yogya haiM / AcArya ke guNoM para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai ki AcArya ko kuzala, sUtra ke artha meM vizArada, kIrti se prasiddhi ko prApta tathA caritra cAhie / sAtha hI grAhya aura Adeya vacana bolane vAlA, gambhIra, durdharSa, zUra, vanA karane vAlA, kSamAguNa meM pRthvI ke samAna, saumyaguNa meM candramA ke samAna aura nirmalatA meM samudra ke samAna honA cAhie / 4 saMgraha - anugraha meM meM tatpara honA dharma kI prabhA AcArya ke chattIsa guNa AcAratva Adi ATha guNa, anazanAdi bAraha tapa, AcelakyAdi dazakalpa aura sAmA 1. AdipurANa 1.126-133, pR0 19 2. vyavahArasUtra 3.5 3. saMgahaNuggahakusalo kiriAcaraNasujuto 4. gaMbhIro duhariso sUro dhammappahAvaNAsIlo / khidisasisAya ra saraso kameNa taM so du saMpatto // 133 suttatthavisArao pahiyakitto / gAhuyaAdejjavayavo ya // - mUlAcAra 158, pR0 133 -mUlAcAra 159, pR0 133-134
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________________ 134 vijayakumAra yikAdi chaH Avazyaka ye chattIsa guNa AcArya ke kahe gaye haiN|' ina chattIsa guNoM kA vivecana nimnalikhita haiAcAratva Adi ATha guNaAcAravAn--jo jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra, caritrAcAra, tapAcAra aura vIryAcAra Adi pA~ca AcAroM kA svayaM pAlana kare aura ziSyoM se pAlana karavAve, vahI AdhAravAn--jo zruta jJAna kA bhalI bhA~ti jJAtA ho| vyavahAravAn-jo prAyazcittazAstra kA jJAtA ho / prakartRtva--AcArya meM itanI kartRtvazakti honI cAhie ki saMkaTa kA samaya upasthita hone para saMgha kI pUrNa rakSA kara sake / apAyopAyavarzI--arthAt guNa-doSa kA samucita nirNaya karane vAlA ho| avapIr3aka-yadi ziSya apane doSoM ko na kahe to use DA~Ta-phaTakArakara doSa kahalavAne meM samartha ho| aparisrAvI-jo kisI bhI ziSya dvArA kahe gaye doSoM ko bAhara prakaTa nahIM karatA ho / sukhAvaha-samAdhimaraNa svIkAra karane vAle sAdhu ko parISahoM se pIr3ita hone para usakI bAdhAoM ko dUra karate hue usakA samyak prakAra se samAdhimaraNa karAne meM sakSama ho| ataH ina ATha guNoM se yukta vyakti hI guru ke yogya mAnA jAtA hai| bArahatapa anazana-AhAra kA tyAga karanA anazana tapa hai| UnodarI-bhUkha se kama khAnA UnodarI kahalAtA hai| bhikSAcArI niyamapUrvaka, pavitra uddezya se aura zAstra sammata vidhi-vidhAna ke sAtha bhikSA grahaNa krnaa| rasa-parityAga tapa-svAdiSTa bhojana ghI, dahI, dUdha Adi rasamaya vastuoM kA tyAga krnaa| kAyakleza tapa-zarIra ko kaSTa denA kAyakleza tapa hai| isake do prakAra hote haiM (1) prAkRtika rUpa se svayaM AnA-jaise garmI meM lU ke thpedd'e| (2) udI. raNA karake lenA, jaise-keshluNcn| pratisaMlInatA tapa--bahirmukhI AtmA ko antarmukhI banAne kA prayatna hI pratisaMlInatA tapa kahalAtA hai| prAyazcitta tapa-doSa athavA anucita kArya kI vizuddhi ke lie jo kriyA ( tapasyA apanAyI jAtI hai vaha prAyazcitta tapa hai| 1. AyAravamAdIyA aTThaguNA dasa vidho ca Thidikappo / bArasa tava chAvAsaya chatIsaguNA muNeyavvA / -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, bhAga-1, 528
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________________ jaina zikSA darzana meM guru kI arhatAe~ vinaya tapa-Abhyantara tapa ko hI vinaya tapa kahate haiN| isase mana, vacana aura kAya tInoM meM komalatA aura mRdutA kA vAsa hotA hai| vaiyAvatya tapa-dharma kI sAdhanA tathA AtmavikAsa meM paraspara eka dUsare kA sahayoga karanA vaiyAvRtya tapa hai| svAdhyAya tapa-maryAdApUrvaka zAstroM kA adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya tapa kahalAtA hai| dhyAna tapa-mana kI ekAgratA kA nAma dhyAna tapa hai| vyutsarga tapa--dharma aura AtmasAdhanA ke lie apane Apako utsarga karane kI vidhi hI vyutsarga tapa kahalAtA hai| uparyukta bAraha prakAra ke tapoM kA pAlana karanA AcArya yA guru ke lie Avazyaka batalAyA gayA hai| dasa kalpa Acelakya-samasta parigraha ke tyAga ko Acelakya kahate haiN| auddezika--zramaNoM ke uddezya se banAye gaye bhojanAdi ko auddezika kahate haiN| zayyAgRha kA tyAga--zayyA aura gRha donoM kA dUsaroM ke lie tyAga krnaa| rAjapiNDa-rAjA kA piNDa arthAt jisa piNDa kA vaha svAmI hai usakA grahaNa na karanA rAjapiNDa kahalAtA hai| kRtikarma--cAritra meM sthita sAdhu ke dvArA bhI mahAn guruoM kI vinaya-sevA karanA kRtikarma hai| pratAropaNatva - jIvoM ke bheda-prabheda ko jAnanevAle ko hI niyama se vrata denA caahie| vrata jyeSThatA -cirakAla dIkSita aura pA~ca mahAvratoM se yukta AryikA se tatkAla dIkSita puruSa bhI jyeSTha hotA hai| pratikramaNa-acelatA Adi kalpa meM sthita sAdhu ko yadi aticAra lagatA hai to usa aticAra kA parihAra karanA pratikramaNa hai| mAsa-chaH RtuoM meM se eka-eka mahInA hI eka sthAna para rahanA aura anya samaya meM vihAra karanA navama sthitikalpa hai| paryuSaNA-varSAkAla ke cAra mAsoM meM bhramaNa tyAgakara eka hI sthAna para nivAsa karanA paryuSaNA hai| isa prakAra ina dasa prakAra ke kalpoM kA dhAraka evaM ziSyoM se inakA pAlana karavAne meM sakSama vyakti hI AcArya yA guru hai| chaH Avazyaka (1) sAmAyika--rAga-dveSa se rahita samabhAva ko sAmAyika kahate haiN| (2) catuviMzatistava--RSabha Adi caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ke jinavaratva Adi guNoM ke jJAna aura zraddhApUrvaka caubIsa stavanoM ko par3hanA catuvizatiratava kahalAtA hai|
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________________ vijayakumAra .. (3) vandanA-ratnatrayase sahita AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartaka aura sthavira muniyoM ke guNa-atizaya ko jAnakara zraddhApUrvaka abhyutthAna aura prayoga ke bheda se do prakAra kI vinaya meM pravRtti ko vandanA kahate haiM / (4) pratikramaNa-pramAdavaza zubhayoga se cyuta hokara azubha yoga ko prApta karane ke bAda punaH zubhayoga ko prApta karanA pratikramaNa hai| (5) kAyotsarga-dhyAna ke lie zarIra kI nizcalatA ko kAyotsarga kahate haiN| (6) pratyAkhyAna-AgAmI kAla meM maiM yaha kAma nahIM karU~gA, isa prakAra ke saMkalpa ko pratyAkhyAna kahate haiN| ataH uparyukta chattIsa prakAra ke guNoM se yukta AcArya hI sacce guru mAne gaye haiN| isI prakAra mahAmuni upAdhyAya amaramuni ne sAmAyika sUtra meM AcArya ke nimnalikhita chattIsa guNa batAye haiM - "jo pA~ca indriyoM ke vaiSayika cAMcalya ko rokane vAlA, brahmacarya vrata kI navavidha guptiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA, krodhAdi cAra kaSAyoM se mukta, ahiMsAdi pAMca mahAvratoM se yukta, pA~ca AcAra kA pAlana karane meM samartha, pA~ca samiti aura tIna guptiyoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA zreSTha sAdhu hI guru hai|"1 guru ke prakAra :.. jainAgamoM meM AcArya ke kaI prakAra batAye gaye haiN| rAjapragnIyasUtra meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM ke varNana milate haiM -- 1. kalAcArya, 2 zilpAcArya aura 3. dharmAcArya / jo bahattara kalAoM kI zikSA dete haiM, ve kalAcArya, jo vijJAna Adi kA jJAna karAte haiM, ve zilpAcArya tathA jo dharma kA pratibodha dene vAle haiM, ve dharmAcArya kahalAte haiM / parantu sthA. nAMga sUtra meM jJAna evaM kArya kI apekSA se AcArya cAra prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM(1) uddezanAcArya-jo AcArya ziSyoM ko par3hane kA Adeza dete haiM, kintu vAcanA dene vAle nahIM hote, ve uddezanAcArya kahalAte haiN|| (2) vAcanAcArya-jo AcArya vAcanA dene vAle hote haiM kintu adhyayana-adhyApana kA -- Adeza dene vAle nahIM hote haiM, ve vAcanAcArya kahalAte haiM / (3) uddezanAcArya-vAcanAcArya-jo AcArya Adeza bhI dete haiM aura vAcanA bhI dete haiM, ve uddezanAcArya-vAcanAcArya haiN| (4) na uddezanAcArya na vAcanAcArya-jo AcArya na Adeza hI dete haiM aura na vAcanA hI dete haiM, kintu dharma kA pratibodha dene vAle hote haiN| 1. sAmAyikasUtra, 3/1/2 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra-156/342 3. sthAnAMgasUtra-4/3/423
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________________ jaina zikSA darzana meM guru kI arhatAe~ punaH karaNDaka kI upamA dekara AcArya ke cAra prakAra batAye gaye haiM(1) cANDAla athavA carmakAra ke karaNDaka tulya- jo AcArya SaTukAya prajJApaka kA dhAraka evaM viziSTa kriyAhIna hai vaha usI prakAra nikRSTa hai jisa prakAra carma Adi rakhe rahane se cANDAla kA karaNDaka / (2) vezyA ke karaNDaka tulya - jo AcArya jJAna adhika na hone para bhI vAg ADambara se vyaktiyoM ko prabhAvita kara letA hai vaha vezyA ke karaNDaka ke samAna hai / (3) gRhapati ke karaNDaka tulya - jo AcArya svasamaya, parasamaya ke jAnakAra hoM tathA caritra sampanna hoM, ve gRhapati ke karaNDaka ke tulya zobhita hote haiM / (4) rAjA ke karaNDaka tulya - Agama meM varNita AcArya ke samasta guNoM se sampanna AcArya usI prakAra sarvazreSTha hai jisa prakAra bahumUlya ratnoM se bharA rAjA kA karaNDaka zreSTha hai| guru kA mahatva : guru kA sthAna hamAre samAja meM atIva pUjanIya hai / dazavaikAlikasUtra meM AcArya kI garimA para prakAza DAlate hue kahA gayA hai 137 " jisa prakAra prAtaHkAla dedIpyamAna sUrya samasta bharatakhaNDa ko apane kiraNa samUha se prakAzita karatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya bhI zruta, zIla aura buddhi se yukta ho upadeza dvArA jIvAdi padArthoM ke svarUpa ko yathAvat prakAzita karatA hai tathA jisa prakAra svarga meM deva sabhA ke madhya indra zobhatA hai, usI prakAra sAdhu-sabhA ke madhya AcArya zobhatA hai|" punaH candramA kI upamA dete hue kahA gayA hai- "jisa prakAra kaumudI ke yoga se yukta tathA nakSatra aura tAroM ke samUha se ghirA huA candramA, bAdaloM se rahita atIva svaccha AkAza meM zobhita hotA hai, ThIka usI prakAra AcArya bhI sAdhu-samUha meM samyaktayA zobhita hote haiM / "3 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina vAGmaya meM AcArya kI arhatAe~ apanI carama sImA para pahu~ca gayI haiM / sacamuca jisakI jJAnadRSTi sUrya ke kiraNoM kI bhA~ti tIkSNa ho tathA jo candramA kI taraha logoM ko zItalatA pradAna kare vaha kitanA mahAn hai / jo svayaM jalakara dUsaroM ko prakAzita karatA hai usakI mahAnatA ko zabdoM meM vyakta karanA mAnoM sUrya ko dIpaka dikhAnA hai / 1. sthAnAMgasUtra 4/4/541 2. jahA nisaMte tavaNaccimAlI pabhAsaI kevala bhArahaM tu / evAyario suasIlabuddhie, virAMyaI suramajjheva iMdo // 3. jahA sasI komuijogajutto, nakkhattatArAgaNa paribur3appA | khe sohaI vimale abbhamukke, evaM gaNI sohai bhikkhumajhe / -- vahI 15/2/9 - dazavaikAlika - 14/2/9
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________________ 138 vijaya kumAra jainadarzana meM guru kI mahattA ko jAti, kula yA varNa se nahIM AMkA gayA hai balki usakI mahattA guNoM ke AdhAra para nirdhArita kI gayI hai, udAharaNArtha uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM cANDAla ko bhI zikSA pAkara maharSi bananA batAyA gayA hai|' zodha chAtra kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI 1. sovAgakulasaMbhUo, guNattaradharo munnii| hariesabalo nAma, Asi bhikkhU jiindio|| -uttarAdhyayana 12/1