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________________ 193 jaina zikSA darzana adhik| vartamAna yuga jJAna-vijJAna kA yuga hai| mAtra bIsavIM sadI meM kA kAma nahIM cala sktaa| daihika jIvana-mUlyoM meM udarapUrti vyakti jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM jitanA vikAsa huA hai, utanA vikAsa kI prAthamika AvazyakatA hai, isase iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai mAnavajAti ke astitva kI sahasroM zatAbdiyoM meM nahIM huA thaa| Aja kintu ise hI zikSA kA "atha aura iti" nahIM banAyA jA sakatA, jJAna-vijJAna kI zikSA evaM zodhakArya meM saMlagna sahasroM vizvavidyAlaya, kyoMki yaha kArya zikSA ke abhAva meM bhI sambhava hai| yadi udarapUrti/ mahAvidyAlaya aura zodha-kendra haiN| yaha satya hai ki Aja manuSya ne AjIvikA arjana hI jIvana kA eka mAtra lakSya ho to phira manuSya pazu bhautika jagata ke sambandha meM sUkSmatama jJAna prApta kara liyA hai| Aja se bhinna nahIM hogaa| kahA bhI haiusane paramANu ko vikhaNDita kara usameM nihita aparimita zakti ko "AhAra nidrA bhaya maithunaM ca sAmAnyametada pazubhiH nraannaam| pahacAna liyA hai, kintu yaha durbhAgya hI hai ki zikSA evaM zodha ke ina jJAno hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo jJAnena hInA pazubhiH samAnA / / " vividha upakramoM ke mAdhyama se hama eka sabhya, susaMskRta evaM zAntipriya puna: yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA uddezya manuSya ko mAnava samAja kI racanA nahIM kara ske| adhika sukha-suvidhA pUrNa jIvana jIne yogya banAnA hai, to use bhI hama vastuta: Aja kI zikSA hameM bAhya jagata aura dUsaroM ke zikSA kA uddezya nahIM kaha skte| kyoMki manuSya ke duHkha aura pIr3Ae~ sambandha meM bahuta kucha jAnakArI pradAna kara detI hai, kintu una ucca bhautika yA daihika stara kI hI nahIM haiM, ve mAnasika stara kI bhI haiN| jIvana mUlyoM ke sambandha meM vaha mauna hI hai, jo eka susabhya samAja satya to yaha hai ki svArthaparatA, bhogAkAMkSA aura tRSNAjanya mAnasika ke liye Avazyaka hai| Aja zikSA ke mAdhyama se hama vidyArthiyoM ko pIr3Ae~ hI adhika kaSTakara haiM, ve hI mAnavajAti meM bhaya evaM saMtrAsa kA sUcanAoM se to bhara dete haiM, kintu unheM jIvana ke uddezyoM aura kAraNa haiN| yadi bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kA ambAra lagA dene meM hI jIvana-mUlyoM ke sandarbha meM hama koI jAnakArI nahIM dete haiN| Aja sukha hotA to Aja amerikA (U.S.A.) jaise vikasita dezoM kA samAja meM jo svArthaparatAjanya, saMgharSa aura hiMsA panapa rahI hai, usakA vyakti adhika sukhI hotA, kintu hama dekhate haiM vaha saMtrAsa aura tanAva kAraNa zikSA kI yahI galata dizA hI hai| hama zikSA ke mAdhyama se se adhika grasta hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSya ke liye roTI Avazyaka vyakti ko sUcanAoM se bhara dete haiM, kintu usake vyaktitva kA hai, lekina vahI usake jIvana kI iti nahIM hai| IsA masIha ne ThIka hI nirmANa nahIM karate haiN| kahA thA ki manuSya kevala roTI se nahIM jI sakatA hai| hama manuSya ko vastuta: Aja zikSA kA uddezya hI upekSita hai| Aja zikSaka bhautika sukhoM kA ambAra khar3A karake bhI sukhI nahIM banA skte| saccI aura zikSArthI, zAsaka aura samAja koI bhI yaha nahIM jAnatA ki hama zikSA vahI hai jo manuSya ko mAnasika saMtrAsa aura tanAva se mukta kara kyoM par3ha rahe haiM aura kyoM paDhA rahe haiM? yadi vaha jAnatA bhI hai to yA ske| usameM sahiSNutA, samatA, anAsakti, kartavyaparAyaNatA ke guNoM to vaha udAsIna hai yA phira apane ko akarmaNyatA kI sthiti meM pAtA ko vikasita kara, usakI svArthaparatA para aMkuza lagA ske| jo zikSA hai| Aja zikSA ke kSetra meM sarvatra meM ArAjakatA hai| isa arAjakatA yA manuSya meM mAnavIya mUlyoM kA vikAsa na kara sake use kyA zikSA kahA dizAhInatA kI sthiti ke sambandha meM bhI jo kucha cintana huA hai, jA sakatA hai? yaha hamArA durbhAgya hI hai ki Aja zikSA kA sambandha usameM zikSA ko AjIvikA se jor3ane ke atirikta kucha nahIM huaa| 'cAritra' se nahIM 'roTI' se jor3A jA rahA hai| Aja zikSA kI sArthakatA vartamAna meM rojagAronmukha zikSA kI bAta adhika jora se kahI jAtI hai| ko caritra nirmANa meM nahIM, cAlAkI (DiplomesI) meM khojA jA rahA hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zikSA ke rojagAronmukha na hone se hI Aja zAsana bhI isa mithyA dhAraNA se grasta hai| naitika zikSA yA caritra kI samAja meM azAnti hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM vartamAna sAmAjika saMgharSa zikSA meM zAsana ko dharma kI 'bU' AtI hai, use apanI dharmanirapekSatA aura tanAva kA kAraNa vyakti kA jIvana ke uddezyoM yA mUlyoM ke dUSita hotI dikhAI detI hai, kintu kyA dharmanirapekSatA kA artha dharmahInatA sambandha meM ajJAna yA galata dRSTikoNa hI hai| svArthaparaka bhautikavAdI yA nItihInatA hai? maiM samajhatA hU~ dharmanirapekSatA kA matalaba kevala 'jIvana-dRSTi hI samasta mAnavIya duHkhoM kA mUla hai| itanA hI hai ki zAsana kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha Abaddha nahIM rhegaa| sabase pahale hameM yaha nizcaya karanA hogA ki hamArI zikSA Aja huA yaha hai ki dharma-nirapekSatA ke nAma para isa deza meM zikSA ke kA prayojana kyA hai? yadi yaha kahA jAya ki zikSA kA prayojana rojI- kSetra se nIti aura caritra kI zikSA ko bhI bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA hai| roTI kamAne yA mAtra udarapUrti ke yogya banA denA hai, to yaha eka bhrAnta cAhe hama apane monogrAmoM meM 'sA vidyA yA vimuktaye' kI sUktiyA~ dhAraNA hogI kyoMki rojI-roTI kI vyavasthA to azikSita bhI kara uddhRta karate hoM, kintu hamArI zikSA kA usase dUra kA bhI koI riztA letA hai| pazu-pakSI bhI to apanA peTa bharate hI haiN| ata: zikSA ko nahIM raha gayA hai| Aja kI zikSA yojanA meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika rojI-roTI se jor3anA galata hai| yaha satya hai ki binA roTI ke manuSya mUlyoM kI zikSA kA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jabaki ucca zikSA evaM
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 194 mAdhyamika zikSA ke sambandha meM abhI taka biThAye gaye tInoM AyogoM ne imA vijjA mahAvijjA, savyavijjANa uttmaa| apanI anuzaMsAoM meM AdhyAtmika evaM naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA kI jaM vijjaM sAhaittANAM, savvadukkhANa mucctii|| mahatI AvazyakatA pratipAdita kI hai| Aja kA zikSaka aura zikSArthI jeNa bandhaM ca mokkhaM ca, jIvANaM gtiraagti| donoM hI artha ke dAsa haiN| eka ora zikSaka isaliye nahIM par3hAtA hai ki AyAbhAvaM ca jANAti, sA vijjayA dukkhmoynnii|| use vidyArthI ke caritra nirmANa yA vikAsa meM koI ruci hai, usakI dRSTi * isibhAsiyAI, 17/1-2 kevala vetana divasa para TikI hai| vaha par3hane ke liye nahIM par3hAtA, vahI vidyA mahAvidyA hai aura vahI vidyA samasta vidyAoM meM apitu paise ke liye par3hAtA hai| dUsarI ora zAsana, seTha aura vidyArthI uttama hai, jisakI sAdhanA karane se samasta duHkhoM se mukti milatI hai| use guru nahIM 'naukara' samajhate haiN| jaba guru naukara hai to phira saMskAra vidyA duHkha- mocanI hai| jaina AcAryoM ne usI vidyA ko uttama mAnA hai evaM caritra nirmANa kI apekSA karanA hI vyartha hai| Aja to guru-ziSya jisake dvArA duHkhoM se mukti ho aura AtmA ke zuddha svarUpa kA ke bIca bhAva-mola hotA hai, saudA hotA hai| cAhe hamAre prAcIna granthoM meM sAkSAtkAra ho| 'vidyayAmRtamaznu'te' kI bAta kahI gaI ho, kintu Aja to vidyA aba prazna yaha upasthita hai ki duHkha kyA hai aura kisa duHkha arthakArI ho gayI hai| zikSA ke mUla-bhUta uddezya ko hI hama bhUla rahe haiN| se mukta honA hai? yaha satya hai ki duHkha se hamArA tAtparya daihika duHkhoM vartamAna sandarbha meM phirAka kA yaha kathana kitanA saTIka hai, jaba ve se bhI hotA hai, kintu ye daihika duHkha prathama to kabhI bhI pUrNatayA kahate haiM samApta nahIM hote, kyoMki unakA kendra hamArI cetanA na hokara hamArA sabhI kucha ho rahA hai, isa tarakkI ke jamAne meM, zarIra hotA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara apanI vItarAga dazA magara kyA gajaba hai ki, AdamI inasAM nahIM hotaa| meM bhI daihika duHkhoM se pUrNata: mukta nahIM ho sktaa| jaba taka deha hai Aja kI zikSA cAhe vidyArthI ko vakIla, DaoNkTara, iMjIniyara kSudhA, pipAsA Adi duHkha to raheMge hii| ata: jina duHkhoM se vimukti Adi sabhI kucha banA rahI hai, kintu yaha nizcita hai ki vaha insAna nahIM prApta karanI hai, ve daihika nahIM mAnasika hai| vyakti kI rAgAtmakatA, banA pA rahI hai| jaba taka zikSA ko caritra nirmANa ke sAtha, naitika evaM Asakti yA tRSNA hI eka aisA tattva hai, jisakI upasthiti meM manuSya AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke sAtha nahIM jor3A jAtA hai taba taka vaha manuSya kA duHkhoM se mukti prApta nahIM kara pAtA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina nirmANa nahIM kara skegii| hamArA prAthamika dAyitva manuSya ko manuSya AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA prayojana mAtra rojI-roTI prApta kara lenA banAnA hai| bAlaka ko mAnavatA ke saMskAra denA hai| amerikA ke prabuddha nahIM rahA hai| jo zikSA vyakti ko AdhyAtmika Ananda yA AtmatoSa vicAraka TaphTsa zikSA ke uddezya, paddhati aura svarUpa ko spaSTa nahIM de sakatI, vaha zikSA vyartha hai| AtmatoSa hI zikSA kA samyak karate huye likhate haiM- 'zikSA caritra nirmANa ke liye, caritra ke dvArA, prayojana hai| zikSA-paddhati ko spaSTa karate hue 'isibhAsiyAI' meM kahA caritra kI zikSA hai|' isa prakAra unakI dRSTi meM zikSA kA atha aura iti gayA hai ki jisa prakAra eka yogya cikitsaka sarvaprathama roga ko jAnatA donoM hI bAlakoM meM caritra nirmANa evaM susaMskAroM kA vapana hai| bhArata hai, phira usa roga ke kAraNoM kA nizcaya karatA hai, phira roga kI auSadhi kI svatantratA ke pazcAt zikSA ke svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane hetu kA nirNaya karatA hai aura phira usa auSadhi dvArA roga kI cikitsA suprasiddha dArzanika DaoN. rAdhAkRSNan, suprasiddha vaijJAnika DaoN. daulatasiMha karatA hai| usI prakAra hameM sarvaprathama manuSyoM ke du:kha ke svarUpa ko koThArI aura zikSA zAstrI DaoN. mudAliyara kI adhyakSatAoM meM jo samajhanA hotA hai, tatpazcAt duHkha ke kAraNoM kA vizleSaNa karake vibhinna Ayoga gaThita huye the una sabakA niSkarSa yahI thA ki zikSA ko phira una kAraNoM ke nirAkaraNa kA upAya khojanA hotA hai aura anta meM mAnavIya mUlyoM se jor3A jaay| jaba taka zikSA mAnavIya mUlyoM se nahIM ina upAyoM dvArA una kAraNoM kA nirAkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| yahI bAteM juDegI, usase caritra nirmANa aura susaMskAroM ke vapana kA prayAsa nahIM jainadharma meM zikSA ke prayojana evaM paddhati ko spaSTa karatI hai| samyaka hogA, taba taka vidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM rupI zikSA ke ina kArakhAnoM zikSA vahI hai jo mAnavIya duHkhoM ke svarUpa ko samajhe, unake kAraNoM se sAkSara nahIM, rAkSasa hI paidA hoNge| kA vizleSaNa kare phira unake nirAkaraNa ke upAya khojeM aura una __bhAratIya cintana prAcInakAla se hI isa sambandha meM sajaga upAyoM kA prayoga karake duHkhoM se mukta ho| vastuta: Aja kI hamArI rhaa| aupaniSadika yuga meM hI zikSA ke uddezya ko spaSTa karate hue jo zikSA nIti hai, usameM hama isa paddhati ko nahIM apnaate| zikSA se kahA gayA thA- "sA vidyA yA vimuktaye" arthAt vidyA vahI jo hamArA tAtparya mAtra bAlaka ke mastiSka ko sUcanAoM se bhara denA hai| vimukti pradAna kre| prazna ho sakatA hai ki yahA~ vimukti se hamArA kyA jaba taka usake sAmane jIvana-mUlyoM ko spaSTa nahIM karate, taba taka hama tAtparya hai? vimukti kA tAtparya mAnavIya saMtrAsa aura tanAvoM se mukti zikSA ke prayojana ko na to samyak prakAra se samajha hI pAte haiM, na hai, apanatva aura mamatva ke kSudra gheroM se vimukti hai| mukti kA tAtparya manuSya ke duHkhoM kA nirAkaraNa hI kara pAte haiN| jaina AgamoM meM hai- ahaMkAra, Asakti, rAga-dveSa aura tRSNA se mukti| yahI bAta RSibhASita evaM AcArAMga se lekara prakIrNakoM taka meM zikSA ke uddezya jaina Agama isibhAsiyAI (RSibhAsita) meM kahI gaI hai kI vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vivecanA kI gayI hai| yadi usa samagra vivecanA
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________________ karate hue jaina zikSA darzana 195 ko eka hI vAkya meM kahanA ho to jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA kA 3. maiM apane Apa ko dharma meM sthApita karU~gA, isalie adhyayana prayojana cittavRttiyoM evaM AcAra kI vizuddhi hai| cittavRttiyoM kA darzana karanA caahiye| jJAna-yAtrA kA prArambha hai| AcArAMga meM maiM kauna hU~? ise hI sAdhanA-yAtrA 4. maiM svayaM dharma meM sthita hokara dUsaroM ko dharma meM sthita karU~gA, kA prArambha bindu kahA gayA hai| AcArAMga hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya isalie adhyayana karanA caahiye|11 sAhitya meM Atma jijJAsA se hI jJAna sAdhanA kA prArambha mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra dazavaikAlika ke anusAra adhyayana kA prayojana upaniSad kA RSi kahatA hai 'AtmAnaM viddhi', AtmA ko jaano| buddha jJAna prApti ke sAtha-sAtha citta kI ekAgratA tathA dharma (sadAcAra) meM ne 'attAnaM gavesetha' kahakara isI tathya kI puSTi kii| jJAtavya hai ki svayaM sthita honA tathA dUsaroM ko sthita karanA mAnA gayA hai| jaina yahA~ AtmajJAna kA tAtparya amUrta Atmatattva kI khoja nahIM, apitu AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM jo zikSA caritrazuddhi meM sahAyaka nahIM hotI, apane. hI citta kI vikRtiyoM aura vAsanAoM kA darzana hai| cittavRtti usakA koI artha nahIM hai| caMdravedhyaka nAmaka prakIrNaka meM jJAna aura aura AcAra kI vizuddhi kI prakriyA taba hI prArambha ho sakatI hai, jaba sadAcAra meM tAdAtmya sthApita karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo vinaya hai, hama apane vikAroM aura vAsanAoM ko dekheM, kyoMki jaba taka citta meM vahI jJAna hai aura jo jJAna hai use hI vinaya kahA jAtA hai|12 zrutajJAna vikAroM, vAsanAoM aura unake kAraNoM ke prati sajagatA nahIM AtI, meM kuzala, hetu aura kAraNa kA jAnakAra vyakti bhI yadi avinIta aura taba taka caritra zuddhi kI prakriyA prArambha hI nahIM ho sktii| AcArAMga ahaMkArI hai to vaha jJAniyoM dvArA prazaMsanIya nahIM hai|13 jo alpazruta meM hI kahA gayA hai ki jo mana kA jJAtA hotA hai, vahI nirgrantha (vikAra- hokara bhI vinIta hai vahI karma kA kSaya kara mukti prApta karatA hai, jo mukta) hai| bahuzruta hokara bhI avinIta, alpazraddhA aura saMvega yukta hai vaha caritra jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM usa zikSA yA jJAna kA koI artha kI ArAdhanA nahIM kara pAtA hai|14 jisa prakAra andhe vyakti ke liye nahIM hai jo hameM cAritra zuddhi yA AcAra zuddhi kI dizA meM gatizIla na karor3oM dIpaka bhI nirarthaka haiM usI prakAra avinIta (asadAcArI) karatA ho| isIlie sUtrakRtAMga meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vyakti ke bahuta adhika zAstrajJAna kA bhI kyA prayojana? jo vyakti 'vijjAcaraNaM pamokkhaM 6 arthAt vidyA aura AcaraNa se hI vimukti kI jinendra dvArA upAdiSTa ati vistRta jJAna ko jAnane meM cAhe samartha na hI prApti hotI hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA ke prayojana ko spaSTa karate hue ho, phira bhI jo sadAcAra se sampanna hai vastuta: vaha dhanya hai, aura vahI kahA gayA hai ki zruta kI ArAdhanA se jIva ajJAna kA kSaya karatA hai jJAnI hai|15 jaina AcArya yaha mAnate haiM ki jJAna AcaraNa kA hetu hai, aura saMkleza ko prApta nahIM hotA hai| ise aura spaSTa karate hue isI mAtra vaha jJAna jo vyakti kI AcAra zuddhi kA kAraNa nahIM hotA, grantha meM puna: kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra dhAge se yukta suI gira jAne nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai| jisa prakAra zastra se rahita yoddhA aura yoddhA para bhI vinaSTa nahIM hotI hai arthAt khojI jA sakatI hai, usI prakAra zruta se rahita zastra nirarthaka hotA hai, usI prakAra jJAna se rahita AcaraNa sampanna jIva saMsAra meM vinaSTa nahIM hotaa| isI grantha meM anyatra yaha bhI aura AcaraNa se rahita jJAna nirarthaka hotA hai| kahA gayA hai ki jJAna, ajJAna aura moha kA vinAza karake sarva viSayoM jainAgama uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM zikSA prApti meM bAdhaka nimna pA~ca ko prakAzita karatA hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki jJAna sAdhanA kA prayojana kAraNoM kA ullekha huA hai- (1) abhimAna, (2) krodha, (3) ajJAna ke sAtha-sAtha moha ko bhI samApta karanA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI pramAda, (4) Alasya aura (5) rog|16 isake viparIta usameM una ATha dRSTi meM ajJAna aura moha meM antara hai| moha anAtma viSayoM ke prati kAraNoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai jinheM hama zikSA prApta karane ke sAdhaka Atmabuddhi hai, vaha rAga yA Asakti kA udbhAvaka hai usI se krodha, tattva kaha sakate haiM- (1) jo adhika ha~sI-majAka nahIM karatA ho, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAroM kaSAyoM kA janma hotA hai| ataH (2) jo apanI vAsanAoM para niyantraNa rakhatA ho, (3) jo kisI kI uttarAdhyayana ke anusAra jo vyakti kI krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi kI gupta bAta ko prakaTa nahIM karatA ho, (4) jo azlIla arthAt AcArahIna dUSita cittavRttiyoM para aMkuza lagAye, vahI saccI zikSA hai| kevala na ho, (5) jo dUSita AcAra vAlA na ho, (6) jo rasa lolupa na ho, .. vastuoM ke sandarbha meM jAnakArI prApta kara lenA zikSA kA prayojana nahIM (7) jo krodha na karatA ho aura (8) jo satya meM anurakta ho|27 isase hai| usakA prayojana to vyakti ko vAsanAoM aura vikAroM se mukta yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM zikSA kA sambandha cAritrika mUlyoM karAnA hai| zikSA vyaktitva yA caritra kA udAttIkaraNa hai| jaba taka se rahA hai| zikSA ko kevala jAnakAriyoM taka sImita rakhA jAyegA taba taka vaha vastuta: jaina AcAryoM ko jJAna aura AcaraNa kA dvaita mAnya vyaktitva kI nirmAtA nahIM bana skegii| dazavaikAlikasUtra meM zikSA ke nahI hai| ve kahate haiM- jo jJAna hai, vahI AcaraNa hai, jo AcaraNa hai, cAra uddezyoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahIM Agama-jJAna kA sAra hai|18 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina 1. mujhe zruta jJAna (Agama jJAna) prApta hogA, isalie adhyayana paramparA meM usa zikSA ko nirarthaka hI mAnA gayA hai jo vyakti ke karanA caahie| cAritrika vikAsa yA vyaktitva vikAsa karane meM samartha nahIM hai| jo 2. maiM ekAgracitta hoU~gA, isalie adhyayana karanA caahie| zikSA manuSya ko pAzavika vAsanAoM se Upara nahIM uThA sake, vaha dI hai| vyakti ke
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 196 hA vAstavika zikSA nahIM hai| kI zikSA-vyavasthA kI bAta karate haiM, vaha mUla meM bhrAMti hai, jahA~ jaina AcArya zikSA kA artha vyakti ko jIvana aura jagata ke zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya vRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the vahA~ sambandha meM jAnakAriyoM se bhara denA nahIM mAnate haiM, apitu ve isakA dharmAcArya nivRttimUlaka zikSA pradAna karate the| puna: yaha bhI Avazyaka uddezya vyakti ke vyaktitva kA vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai ki jo AcArya jisa prakAra kI jIvana zailI jItA hai vaha vaisI hI mAnate haiM, kintu isakA tAtparya yaha bhI nahIM hai ki ve zikSA ko zikSA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH dharmAcArya se artha aura kAma kI AjIvikA yA kalAtmaka kuzalatA se alaga kara dete haiN| rAyapasenIyasutta zikSA zilpAcArya evaM kalAcArya se dharma evaM mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai- 1. kalAcArya, 2. kI apekSA karanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna sandarbha meM yaha Avazyaka hai| zilpAcArya evaM 3. dhrmaacaary|19 usameM ina tInoM AcAryoM ke prati ki hama zikSA ke vividha kSetroM kA dAyitva vividha AcAryoM ko sauMpe ziSya ke kartavyoM kA bhI nirdeza hai| isase yaha phalita hai ki jaina aura isa bAta kA vizeSa dhyAna rakheM ki jo vyakti jisa prakAra kI cintakoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA-vyavasthA tIna prakAra kI thii| kalAcArya kA zikSA ke dene ke lie yogya ho, vahI usakA dAyitva smbhaaleN| jaba kArya jIvanopayogI kalAoM arthAt jJAna-vijJAna aura lalita kalAoM taka aisA nahIM hogA taba taka zikSA ke kSetra meM mAnava ke sarvAMgINa kI zikSA denA thaa| bhASA, lipi, gaNita ke sAtha-sAtha khagola, vikAsa kI kalpanA sArthaka nahIM hogii| 'rAyapasenIyasutta' meM jo kalAcArya, bhUgola, jyotiSa Ayurveda saMgIta nRtya Adi kI bhI zikSA kalAcArya zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai isase yaha spaSTa hotA dete the| vastuta: Aja hamAre vizvavidyAlayoM meM kalA, sAmAjika hai ki zikSA ke ye tInoM kSetra mAnava jIvana ke tIna mUlyoM se sambandhita vijJAna evaM vijJAna saMkAya jo kArya karate haiM, unhIM se milatA-julatA the tathA eka-dUsare se pRthak the aura sAmAnya vyakti tInoM hI prakAra kI kArya kalAcArya kA thaa| jainAgamoM meM puruSa kI 64 evaM strI kI 72 zikSAyeM prApta karatA thaa| phira bhI prAcInakAla meM yaha zikSA paddhati kalAoM kA nirdeza upalabdha hai20| isase hama anumAna lagA sakate haiM vyakti ke liye bhAra svarUpa nahIM thii| ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM zikSA jIvana ke sabhI pahaluoM kA sparza jahA~ taka AdhyAtmika aura naitika zikSA kA prazna thA yaha karatI hai| dharmAcArya ke sAnidhya meM upadezoM ke zravaNa ke mAdhyama se prApta kI kalAcArya ke bAda dUsarA sthAna zilpAcArya kA thaa| zilpAcArya jAtI thii| isake liye vyakti ko kucha vyaya nahIM karanA hotA thaa| vastuta: vaha vyakti hotA thA jo AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita sAmAnyatayA zramaNa paramparA meM dharmAcArya bhikSAcaryA se hI apanI udarapUrti vividha prakAra ke zilpoM kI zikSA detA thaa| Aja jisa prakAra vibhinna karate the aura unake koI sthAyI Azrama Adi bhI nahIM hote the, ata: audyogika prazikSaNa saMsthAyeM prazikSaNa pradAna karatI haiM, usa kAla meM ve vyakti aura samAja para bhAra-svarUpa nahIM hote the| isake viparIta yahI kArya zilpAcArya karate the| inake Upara dharmAcArya kA sthAna thaa| vaidika paramparA meM dharmAcArya saparivAra apane AzramoM meM rahate the tathA inakA dAyitva vastuta: vyakti ke cAritrika guNoM kA vikAsa karanA thaa| dharmAcArya aura kalAcArya kA kArya eka hI vyakti karatA thaa| kucha ve zIla aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dete the| isa prakAra prAcIna kAla meM kalAcArya sampanna vyaktiyoM yA rAjAoM yA sAmantoM ke ghara jAkara bhI zikSA ko tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA thA aura ina tInoM vibhAgoM zikSA pradAna karate the, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA, ve zikSA apane AzramoM kA dAyitva tat-tat viSayoM ke AcArya nirvAha karate the| meM hI pradAna karate the| Azrama paddhati kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki vidyArthI jaina paramparA meM kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya ke jo aura zikSaka apanI AjIvikA yA to apane zrama se upArjita karate nirdeza upalabdha hote haiM unase aisA lagatA hai ki bhAratIya cintana meM athavA bhikSAcaryA ke mAdhyama se usakI pUrti krte| isalie usa yuga meM jo dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa cAra puruSArtha yA jIvana-mUlya mAne gaye zikSA na to vyakti para bhAra-svarUpa thI aura na rAjya pr| samRddha haiM, unameM mokSa to sAdhya puruSArtha hai, ata: zeSa tIna puruSArthoM kI zikSA vyakti athavA rAjA samaya-samaya para dAnAdi dekara zikSakoM ko kI vyavasthA alaga-alaga tIna AcAryoM ke lie niyata kI gaI thii| sammAnita avazya karate the| vidyArthI bhI apanI zikSApUrNa karane ke zilpAcArya kA kArya artha puruSArtha kI zikSA denA thA, to kalAcArya kA pazcAt jaba svayaM AjIvikA arjana karane lagatA, to vaha bhI gurukAma bhASA lipi aura gaNita kI zikSA ke sAtha-sAtha kAma puruSArtha kI dakSiNA dekara apane guru ko sammAnita karatA thaa| phira bhI yaha samagra zikSA denA thaa| dharmAcArya kA kArya mAtra dharma aura mokSa puruSArtha se hI vyavasthA mUlata: aicchika thii| zilpAcArya AjIvikA arjana se sambandhita sambandhita thA isa prakAra vividha jIvana-mUlyoM kI zikSA ke lie vibhinna zilpoM kI zikSA dete the| vidyArthI zilpAcArya ke sAnnidhya meM vividha AcAryoM kI vyavasthA thii| cU~ki jainadharma mUlata: eka nivRtti- rahakara hI zilpa sikhate the| isameM zikSaNa aura AjIvikA arjana kI mUlaka aura saMnyAsaparaka dharma thA isalie dharmAcArya kA kArya dharma aura prakriyA sAtha-sAtha hI calatI thii| sAmAnyatayA yaha zikSA pitA-putra kI mokSa puruSArtha kI zikSA dene taka hI sImita rakhA gayA thaa| isa prakAra paramparA se calatI thii| kintu kabhI-kabhI vyakti dUsaroM ke sAnnidhya meM jIvana ke vividha mUlyoM ke AdhAra para zikSA kI vyavasthA bhI alaga- bhI aisI zikSA prApta karatA thaa| 'rAyapasenIya' meM spaSTa rUpa meM yaha alaga thii| Aja hama sampUrNa jIvana-mUlyoM ke lie jo eka hI prakAra ullikhita hai ki kisa prakAra ke zikSaka ko kisa prakAra se sammAnita
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________________ jaina zikSA darzana 197 karanA caahie|21 zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAoM meM AcArya ke dharmAcArya ke sammAna kI paddhati se bhinna thii| kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya guNoM kI saMkhyA 36 svIkAra kI gayI haiM, kintu ye 36 guNa kaunakI ziSyagaNa telamAliza, snAna Adi ke dvArA na kevala zArIrika kauna haiM isa sambandha meM vibhinna granthakAroM ke vibhinna dRSTikoNa haiN| sevA karate the, apitu unheM vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se alaMkRta kara sarasa bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM AcAratva Adi 8 guNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, 10 bhojana karavAte the tathA unakI AjIvikA evaM unake putrAdi ke bharaNa- sthiti kalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 Avazyaka, aise 36 guNa mAne gaye poSaNa kI yogya vyavasthA bhI karate the| dUsarI ora dharmAcArya ko vandana haiN|27 isI ke TIkAkAra aparAjitasUri ne 8 jJAnAcAra, 8 darzanAcAra, namaskAra karanA, usake upadezoM ko zraddhApUrvaka sunanA, bhikSArtha Ane 12 tapa, 5 samiti aura 3 gupti- ye 36 guNa mAneM haiN|28 para AhArAdi se usakA sammAna karanA- yahI zikSArthI kA kartavya zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga meM AcArya ko ATha prakAra kI nimna mAnA gayA thaa|22 jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ zilpAcArya aura kalAcArya apane gaNi-sampadAoM se yukta batalAyA gayA hai- 1. AcAra- sampadA, 2. ziSyoM se bhUmi, mudrA Adi ke dAna kI apekSA karate the, vahA~ dharmAcArya zruta-sampadA, 3. zarIra-sampadA, 4. vacana-sampadA, 5. vAcanA-sampadA, aparigrahI hone ke kAraNa apane prati zraddhAbhAva ko chor3akara anya koI 6. mati-sampadA, 7. prayoga-sampadA (vAdakauzala) aura 8. saMgraha apekSA nahIM rakhate the| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki zilpAcArya aura parijJA (saMgha vyavasthA meM nipunntaa)|29 pravacanasAroddhAra meM AcArya ke kalAcArya sAmAnyatayA gRhastha hote the aura isalie unheM apane 36 guNoM kA tIna prakAra se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama uparokta pArivArika dAyitvoM ko sampanna karane ke lie ziSyoM se mudrA Adi kI 8 gaNi-sampadA ke dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se 32 bheda apekSA hotI thI, kintu dharmAcArya kI sthiti isase bhinna thI, ve hote haiM, inameM AcArya, zruta, vikSepaNA aura nirghATana- ye vinaya meM sAmAnya rUpa se saMnyAsI aura aparigrahI hote the, ata: unakI koI cAra bheda sammalita karane para kula 36 bheda hote haiN| prakArAntara se apekSA nahI hotI thii| vastuta: naitikatA aura sadAcAra kI zikSA dene jJAnAcAra, darzanAcAra aura caritrAcAra ke ATha-ATha bheda karane para 24 kA adhikArI vahI vyakti ho sakatA thA jo svayaM apane jIvana meM bheda hote haiM, inameM 12 prakAra kA tapa milAne para 36 bheda hote haiN| naitikatA kA AcaraNa karatA ho aura yahI kAraNa thA ki usake upadezoM kahIM-kahIM ATha gaNi- sampadA, 10 sthitikalpa, 12 tapa aura 6 evaM AdezoM kA prabhAva hotA thaa| Aja hama naitika evaM AdhyAtmika Avazyaka milAkara AcArya meM 36 guNa mAne gaye haiN| pravacanasAroddhAra zikSA dene kA prathama to koI prayatna hI nahIM karate dUsare usakI apekSA ke TIkAkAra ne AcArya ke nimna 36 guNoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA bhI hama una zikSakoM se karate haiM jo svayaM usa prakAra kA jIvana nahIM jI hai- 1. dezayuta, 2. kulayuta, 3. jAtiyuta, 4. rUpayuta, 5. rahe hote haiM, phalata: unakI zikSA kA koI prabhAva bhI nahIM hotaa| yahI saMhananayuta, 6. ghRtiyuta, 7. anAzaMsI, 8. avikathana, 9. ayAcI, kAraNa hai ki Aja vidyArthiyoM meM caritra niSThA kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai, 10. sthira paripATI, 11. gRhItavAkya, 12. jitaparSad, 13. kyoMki yadi zikSaka svayaM caritravAna nahIM hogA to vaha apane vidyArthiyoM jitanidrA, 14. madhyastha, 15. dezajJa, 16. kAlajJa, 17. bhAvajJa, ko vaisI zikSA nahIM de pAyegA, kama se kama dharmAcArya ke sandarbha meM to 18. Asannalabdhapratima, 19. nAnAvidhadeza bhASA bhASajJa, 20. jJAnAcAra, yaha bAta Avazyaka hai| jaba taka usake jIvana meM cAritrika aura naitika 21. darzanAcAra, 22. cAritrAcAra, 23. tapAcAra, 24. vIryAcAra, mUlya sAkAra nahIM hoMge, vaha apane ziSyoM para unakA prabhAva DAlane meM 25. sUtrapAta, 26. AharanipuNa, 27. hetunipuNa, 28. upanayanipuNa, samartha nahIM hogaa| caMdravedhyaka prakIrNaka kahatA hai ki samyak zikSA ke 29. nayanipuNa, 30. grAhaNAkuzala, 31. svasamayajJa, 32. parasamayajJa, pradAtA AcArya nizcaya hI sulabha nahIM hote|23 / / 33. gambhIra, 34. dIptImAna, 35. kalyANa karane vAlA aura 36. jaina AgamoM meM isa prazna para bhI gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA saumy|30 gayA hai ki zikSA prApta karane kA adhikArI kauna hai? caMdravedhyaka ina guNoM kI carcA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina AgamoM prakIrNaka meM una vyaktiyoM ko zikSA ke ayogya mAnA gayA hai, jo meM AcArya kaisA honA cAhie isa prazna para gambhIratA pUrvaka vicAra avinIta hoM, jo AcArya kA aura vidyA kA tiraskAra karate hoM, kiyA gayA thA aura mAtra caritravAna evaM ucca mUlyoM ke prati niSThAvAna mithyAdRSTikoNa se yukta hoM tathA mAtra sAMsArika bhogoM ke lie vidyA vyakti ko hI AcAryatva ke yogya mAnA gayA thaa| prApta karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate hoN|24 isI prakAra yogya AcArya kauna isase yaha phalita bhI hotA hai ki jo sAdhaka ahiMsAdi ho sakatA hai isakI carcA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo deza aura mahAvratoM kA svayaM pAlana karatA hai tathA AjIvikA arjana hetu mAtra kAla kA jJAtA, avasara ko samajhane vAlA, abhrAnta, dhairyavAna, anuvartaka bhikSA para nirbhara rahatA hai, jo svArtha se pare hai vahI vyakti AdhyAtmika aura amAyAvI hotA hai, sAtha hI laukika, AdhyAtmika aura vaidika evaM naitika mUlyoM kA zikSaka hone kA adhikArI hai| zAstroM kA jJAtA hotA hai vahI zikSA dene kA adhikArI hai| isa grantha meM vidyArthI kaisA honA cAhiye, isakI carcA karate hue AcArya kI upamA dIpaka se dI gayI hai| dIpaka ke samAna AcArya svayaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSAjIvI, vinIta, sajjana bhI prakAzita hote haiM aura dUsaroM ko bhI prakAzita karate haiN|26 vyaktiyoM ke guNoM ko jAnane vAlA, AcArya kI manobhAvoM ke anurUpa
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________________ jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 198 AcaraNa karane vAlA, sardI-garmI, bhUkha-pyAsa Adi ko sahana karane 3. AcArAMga, 1/1/1 vAlA, lAbha-alAbha meM vicalita nahIM hone vAlA, sevA tathA svAdhyAya 4. kaThopaniSad, 3/3 hetu tatpara, ahaMkAra rahita aura AcArya ke kaThora vacanoM ko sahana karane AcArAMga, 2/3/15/1 meM samartha ziSya hI zikSA kA adhikArI hai|31 granthakAra yaha bhI kahatA 6. sUtrakRtAMga, 1/12/11 hai ki zAstroM meM ziSya kI jo parIkSA-vidhi kahI gayI hai usake mAdhyama 7. uttarAdhyayana, 32/2 se ziSya kI parIkSA karake hI use mokSa-mArga meM pravRtta karanA caahiye|32 8. vahI, 29/60 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ziSya ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sandarbha meM 9. vahI, 32/2 nirdeza karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo ziSya guru ke sAnnidhya meM rahatA 10. vahI, 32/102-106 hai, guru ke saMketa va manobhAvoM ko samajhatA hai vahI vinIta kahalAtA 11. dazavakAlika 9/4 hai| isake viparIta AcaraNa vAlA avinItA yogya ziSya sadaiva guru ke 12. candravedhyaka prakIrNaka (candAvejjhayA)-saM0 DaoN0 sureza sisodiyA nikaTa rahe, unase artha pUrNa bAta sIkhe aura nirarthaka bAtoM ko chor3a de, Agama-ahiMsA saMsthAna, udayapura, 62 guru dvArA anuzAsita hone para krodha na kare, zUdra vyaktiyoM ke saMsarga se 13. vahI, 56 dUra rahe, yadi koI galatI ho gayI ho to use chipAye nahIM apitu yathArtha 14. vahI, 64 rUpa meM prakaTa kara de| binA pUche guru kI bAtoM meM bIca meM na bole, 15. vahI, 68 adhyayana kAla meM sadaiva adhyayana kre| AcArya ke samakSa barAbarI se na 16. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 11/3 baiThe, na unake Age, na pIche saTakara baitthe| guru ke samIpa unase apane 17. vahI, 11/4-5 zarIra ko saTAkara bhI nahIM baiThe, baiThe-baiThe hI na to kucha pUche aura na 18. candravedhyaka, 77 uttara de| guru ke samIpa ukaDU Asana se baiThakara hAtha jor3akara jo pUchanA 19. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAla jI ma.) sUtra 956, pR. 338ho use vinayapUrvaka puuche|33 ye sabhI tathya yaha sUcita karate haiM ki jaina zikSA-vyavasthA meM 20. samavAyAMga-samavAya 72 (dekheM-TIkA) ziSya ke lie anuzAsita jIvana jInA avazyaka thaa| yaha kaThora 21. rAyapasenIyasutta (ghAsIlAlajI ma.) sUtra 956, pR. 338anuzAsana vastuta: bAhara se thopA huA nahIM thA, apitu mUlyAtmaka 341 zikSA ke mAdhyama se isakA vikAsa andara se hI hotA thA, kyoMki jaina 22. vahI, pR. 338-341 zikSA-vyavasthA meM sAmAnyatayA ziSya meM tAr3ana-varjana kI koI vyavasthA 23. candravedhyaka, 20 nahIM thii| AcArya aura ziSya donoM ke lie hI Agama meM ullekhita 24. vahI, 51-53 anuzAsana kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka thaa| jaina zikSA vidhi meM 25. vahI, 25,26 anuzAsana AtmAnuzAsana thaa| vyakti ko dUsare ko anuzAsita karane 26. vahI, 30 kA adhikAra tabhI mAnA gayA thA, jaba vaha svayaM anuzAsita jIvana 27. bhagavatIArAdhanA saM050 kailAzacaMdajI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, jItA ho| AcArya tulasI ne 'nija' para zAsana phira anuzAsana kA jo dehalI, 528 sUtra diyA hai vaha vastuta: jaina zikSA vidhi kA sAra hai| zikSA ke sAtha 28. vahI, TIkA jaba taka jIvana meM svasphUrta anuzAsana nahIM AyegA taba taka vaha 29. sthAnAMgasUtra-sthAna, 8/15 sArthaka nahIM hogii| 30. pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 64 31. dekheM- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 1 evaM 11 sandarbha 32. candravedhyaka, 53 1. bAibila, uddhRta naye saMketa, AcAryarajanIza, pR. 57 33. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/2-22 2. isibhAsiyAI, 17/3 341