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________________ jaina zAstroM ke sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika tattvoM kA mAnavavaijJAnika adhyayana DaoN. gokulacandra jaina jaina zAstra 1.01 jaina zAstra prAcIna bhAratIya bhASAoM-prAkRta, saMskRta, apAMza tathA vibhinna kSetrIya bhASAoM meM nibaddha haiM aura Aja bhI bar3I saMkhyA meM upalabdha haiN| prAcIna paramparAoM ke AdhAra para saMkalita yA likhita hone ke kAraNa inheM prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| upalabdha sabhI zAstroM kA sIdhA sambandha tIrthakara vardhamAna mahAvIra aura unakI paramparA se hai| 1.02 jaina zAstroM ko unakI pUrva paramparA, lekhana-kAla tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para spaSTa rUpa se paribhASita aura vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| isalie vahA~ zAstroM kI paribhASA aura unakI viSayavastu ke nirdeza kA prazna nahIM hai| vijJAna (necurala sAinseja) tathA samAja-vijJAna (sozala-sAinseja) ke AdhAra para viSayoM kA aba jo nayA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa prAcIna zAstroM kA sambhava nahIM hai| ina zAstroM meM praviSTa hokara vibhinna viSayoM kI sAmagrI ko khojanA hogA aura usakI vargIkRta viSaya sUciyA~ taiyAra karanI hoNgii| 1.03 zAstroM kI vizvasanIyatA kA prazna, anusandhAna kI dRSTi se atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai| prAcIna zAstroM ke adhyayana anusandhAna kI, bhASAvaijJAnika, tulanAtmaka tathA anya Teknikala paddhatiyA~, pichalI do zatAbdiyoM meM vikasita huI haiN| unase zAstroM kI vizvasanIyatA kA parIkSaNa karanA sambhava huA hai| ina kasauTiyoM para kasane se aneka prAcIna batAyI jAne vAlI pothiyoM kA pardAphAza huA hai aura aneka zAstroM kI vizvasanIyatA nidhi rUpa se pramANita huI hai| 1.04 zAstroM ke lekhana para deza aura kAla kA prabhAva nizcita rUpa se dekhA jAtA hai| prabhAva kI mAtrA kamobeza ho sakatI hai, para sarvathA prabhAvahIna zAstra kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| zAstroM para deza aura kAla ke prabhAva ko jAMcane kA sthUla AdhAra aitihAsika aura tulanAtmaka apanAyA jAtA hai| yaha upayogI bhI siddha huA hai| tulanAtmaka se abhiprAya mAtra zAstroM kI pArasparika tulanA se nahIM hai, pratyuta samasAmadhika purAtAtvika, abhilekhoya tathA anya sAkSyoM se tulanA karake tathyoM ko jAMcane-parakhane se hai| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 86 zAstroM kA adhyayana Adhunika sandarbha meM kaise kareM 2.01 prAcIna zAstroM meM upalabdha sAmagrI ke Adhunika sandarbhoM meM vizleSaNa kA kArya atyadhika kaThina hai / pratIka-rUpaka (elIgorIz2a), varNaka (moTipha ) tathA atizayoktipUrNa vivaraNoM kI sthiti meM yaha kArya aura bhI jaTila ho jAtA hai / isake lie bahujJatA, adhyayana meM satata jAgarUkatA tathA Agraha rahita udAra dRSTi Avazyaka hai / inameM se kisI eka ke bhI abhAva meM adhyetA zAstroM kI durvyAkhyA bhI kara sakatA hai aura mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI najarandAz2a bhI ho sakatI hai / atizaya audArya bhI khataranAka siddha hotA hai / jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana 2.02 eka bar3I kaThinAI yaha bhI AtI hai ki pAramparika vidvAn naI vyAkhyAvizleSaNoM se apanI asahamati bhI vyakta kara sakate haiM, bhale hI niSkarSa sahI aura mahattvapUrNa hoM / Age maiM jaina zAstroM ke sandarbha meM jo sAmagrI tathA zAstrIya zabdAvali aura usakA vizleSaNa yahA~ prastuta karU~gA, usameM bhI isa sambhAvanA ko sarvathA nakArA nahIM jA sakatA / mere sAtha thor3I suvidhA ora riyAyata isalie ho jAtI hai ki eka ora pAramparika zAstrIya paddhati tathA dUsarI ora Adhunika adhyayana paddhati, donoM ke chora kucha-kucha merI pakar3a meM A gaye haiM / isalie yaha bhI kaha sakatA hU~ ki 'nAmUlaM likhyate kiMcit, nAnapekSitamucyate' arthAt mUla zAstra se haTakara kucha nahIM likhA jAyegA aura anapekSita bhI kucha nahIM kahA jAyegA / zAstroM meM sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika tatvoM kI khoja 3. 01 pahale kahA gayA hai ki vartamAna meM jo prAcIna jaina zAstra upalabdha haiM, una sabhI kA sIdhA sambandha tIrthaMkara vardhamAna mahAvIra aura unakI paramparA se hai / mahAvIra ke jIvana aura unakI paramparA viSayaka anusandhAnoM ne itane tathya hamAre sAmane lAkara upasthita kara diye haiM ki jJAna-vijJAna kI vibhinna zAkhA prazAkhAoM ke sandarbha meM unake antarazAstrIya (inTaraDisiplInarI) adhyayana-anusandhAna kI sambhAvanAeM vyApaka aura mukhara hotI jA rahI haiM / 3.02 mahAvIra kA janma IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM kaba aura kisa dina huA thA yaha bhI itihAsavidoM ne nizcita kara liyA hai| bhAratIya tithiyoM ke anusAra caitra zukla trayodazI ko mahAvIra kA janma huA / IsavI san kI gaNanA ke anusAra vaha dina 30 mArca IsA pUrva 599 thA / mahAvIra ke pitA siddhArtha vaizAlI gaNatantra ke kuNDagrAma ke rAjA the / ina donoM sthaloM kI pahacAna purAtAttvika sandarbha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para kara lI gayI hai / samAjazAstrIya sandarbha sAmagrI ne bhI isameM madada kI hai / mahAvIra jJAtRvaMzI the / bihAra ke ina kSetroM meM jathariyA jAti abhI bhI vartamAna parisaMvAda -4
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________________ jaina zAstroM ke sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika tatvoM kA mAnavavaijJAnika adhyayana hai| yaha jJAtR kA hI apabhraMza-parivartita nAmakaraNa hai| mahAvIra ke anuyAyiyoM ko zrAvaka kahA gayA hai| bihAra ke mAnabhUma, siMhabhUma Adi jiloM meM sarAka jAti aba bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vaha apane ko mahAvIra kI paramparA kA mAnatI hai| samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se ina jAtiyoM kA adhyayana mahattvapUrNa ho sakatA hai| bhArata ke anya pradezoM meM sthita jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM kA adhyayana vibhinna dRSTiyoM se apekSita hai| 3.03 mahAvIra ne svayaM apane pUrva kI kisa paramparA ko apanAyA, isa viSaya meM bhI gaveSaNA huI hai| mahAvIra ke mAtA-pitA pArzva ke anuyAyI the| pArzva ke anuyAyI pArvApatya kahalAte the| magadha meM pApityoM ke mohalle ke mohalle maujUda the| 3.04 pArzva se aura pUrva sindhughATI kI sabhyatA taka purAtAttvika anusandhAnoM ne isa paramparA kA sUtra jor3a diyA hai| isase isa paramparA ke mAnava-vaijJAnika adhyayana kI sambhAvanAe~ banI haiN| 3.05 mahAvIra 'jina' mAne jAte the| isalie unake anuyAyI kAlAntara meM jaina kahalAe aura unake dharma ko jinadharma yA jaina dharma kahA gyaa| inhIM arthoM meM unakI paramparA ke zAstroM ko jaina zAstra kahA jA sakatA hai yA kahA jAnA caahie| vAstava meM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke vaidika, jaina, bauddha jaise vargIkaraNa kAlAntara meM avaijJAnika siddha hoMge, aisI hamArI dhAraNA hai / 3.06 jaina paramparA ke jo prAcIna zAstra upalabdha haiM, ve vibhinna prakAra kI prAkRtoM, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA vibhinna kSetrIya bhASAoM-prAcIna kannar3a, prAcIna tamila, jUnI gujarAtI, purAnI rAjasthAnI Adi meM upalabdha haiN| yaha akAraNa nahIM hai| isakA aitihAsika aura zAstrIya AdhAra hai| mahAvIra ne jana bhASA meM upadeza diye the jise ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| jaina zAstroM meM kahA gayA hai ki hamArA vAstavika prayojana tAtparya samajhAne se hai, zabdoM se moha yA unake prati Agraha nahIM hai| isIlie yaha bhI kahA gayA ki bhagavAn to artha kA upadeza dete haiM, unake ziSya unheM zabdoM meM grathita karate haiM--'atthaM bhAsai bhagavA / ' yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra ke ziSya jisa kSetra-pradeza meM gaye, vahA~ kI bhASA meM mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko jana-mAnasa taka pahu~cAyA, usI meM zAstroM kI racanA kii| yaha eka bahuta bar3A bhedaka tattva hai jo jaina paramparA ko vaidika yA zrauta-smArta paramparA se alaga karatA hai| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana 3.07 jaina zAstroM meM sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika tattva itanI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha haiM ki unakA samAjavaijJAnika aura mAnavavaijJAnika adhyayana ina vijJAnoM ke lie nayI AdhArabhUmi aura naye kSetra udghATita karegA / prastuta goSThI ke lie jo AdhAra-sUtra nirdhArita kiye gaye haiM, unake sandarbha meM jaina zAstroM kI dRSTi ko spaSTa karane kA maiM prayatna karU~gA / mAnavavijJAna kA pAramparika itihAsa 88 4.01 sabhI jaina - zAstra isa viSaya meM ekamata haiM ki mAnava ke sAmAjika jIvana kA kramika vikAsa huA hai / vikAsa aura hrAsa kA krama pahie kI taraha vRttAkAra ghUmatA rahatA hai / ise 'kAlacakra' kahA gayA hai / utkarSakAla ko 'utsarpiNI' aura apakarSa kAla ko 'avasarpiNI kAla' kahA gayA hai / 4.02 isI krama meM 'bhogabhUmi', 'yaugalika jIvana', 'kalpavRkSa' aura 'kulakara vyavasthA' kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / mAnavavijJAna kI dRSTi se ise jA~cane - dekhane para mAnavavijJAna kI bhAratIya zabdAvali tathA upayogI sAmagrI prApta ho sakatI hai / 4.03 jaina zAstroM meM mAnava sabhyatA aura sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa kA jo pAramparika itihAsa milatA hai, usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya kA jIvana sampUrNa rUpa se bhoga maya thA / isI kAraNa usa yuga ko bhoga bhUmi kahA gayA hai / taba na sAmAjika jIvana thA aura na samAja vyavasthA ke lie AcAra-saMhitA / kahA jAtA hai ki taba 'yugala' paidA hote the aura 'yugala' hI samApta ho jAte the / yugaloM kA jIvana vRkSoM para nirbhara thaa| unhIM se unakI sabhI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ho jAtI thI / ina vRkSoM ko 'kalpavRkSa' kahA gayA hai / bAda ke sAhitya meM bhogabhUmi aura kalpavRkSoM kA jitanA aura jisa prakAra kA varNana prApta hotA hai, usase usa yuga kA, usa 'yuga sAmAjika jIvana kA ThIka-ThIka citra banA pAnA sambhava nahIM hai, phira bhI usa varNana meM se jo sUtra prApta hote haiM unase sAmAjika jIvana ke prArambha kI sthiti kA AdhAra milatA hai / ina sUtroM kA saMkalana mAnavavijJAna ke adhyayana ke lie upayogI hogA / 4.04 kula aura kulakara paramparA - jaba dhIre-dhIre yugala samApta hone lage aura mAnava santati bar3hane lagI taba kalpa vRkSoM se unakI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti meM kaThinAI Arambha ho gayI / janasaMkhyA vRddhi ke sAtha eka ora kalpa vRkSa bahuta kama par3ane lage, dUsarI ora sAmAjika jIvana kI zurUAta huI / mAnava santati ne choTechoTe samUhoM meM rahanA prArambha kara diyA jise 'kula' kahA gayA hai / isa sAmAjika vyavasthA ko zAstrakAroM ne 'kulakara vyavasthA' nAma diyA hai| prApta vivaraNa ke parisaMvAda-4 -
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________________ jaina zAstroM ke sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika tattvoM kA mAnavavaijJAnika adhyayana 89 anusAra 14 kulakara hue, jinhoMne sAmAjika jIvana ko vyavasthita karane ke aneka prayatna kiye | ina kulakaroM ko 'manu' bhI kahA gayA hai| jaina zAstroM ke atirikta anya prAcIna bhAratIya zAstroM meM bhI manuoM kA vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / antima kulakara nAbhirAya the / unakI patnI kA nAma marudevI thA / una donoM ke jo putra huA, usakA nAma 'RSabha' yA 'vRSabha' rakhA gayA / jaina paramparA meM RSabha ko prathama tIrthaMkara', 'Adideva' aura jaina dharma kA pravartaka mAnA gayA hai| pAramparika itihAsa kA jo vivaraNa jaina purANakAroM ne nibaddha kiyA hai, usameM kahA gayA hai ki grAma aura nagaroM kI saMracanA tathA sAmAjika jIvana kA vyavasthita rUpa RSabha se hI Arambha huA / unhIM ne vibhinna kAryoM ke AdhAra para samAja kA gaThana kiyA tathA sAmAjika jIvana ke niyama banAye / samAjavijJAna kI dRSTi se 'vRSabha' zabda bhI atyadhika mahattvapUrNa hai / 'vRSabha' prajanana kA pratIka hai| saMtati kA srota hai / RSabha svayaM 'vRSabha' hai / 'ziva' se 'vRSabha' ko alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 4.05 vargavihIna samAja saMracanA -- usa samaya jisa kArya ko jisa vyakti ne svecchA se svIkAra kiyA, vaha usameM pravRtta huA / taba na kisI prakAra ke varga bheda kI AvazyakatA huI aura na hI kAryoM ke AdhAra para kisI ne eka dUsare ko choTA-bar3A yA U~ca-nIca mAnA / isalie samAja saMracanA kI isa avasthA ko 'vargavihIna samAja saMracanA' kahA jA sakatA hai / sAmAjika jIvana kI yaha mUlabhUta jaina dRSTi hai, jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM kaI sahasra varSa bItane ke bAda bhI jaina samAja meM abataka surakSita aura prayoga meM hai / kulakara vyavasthA meM 'aparAdha' aura 'daNDa' kI jo sthiti thI, usakA bhI vivaraNa prApta hotA hai / bhAratIya saMskRti ke niyAmaka tattva aura jaina saMskRti 5.01 bhAratIya saMskRti kA sabase mahattvapUrNa muddA sAmAjika gaThana kI avadhAraNA hai / jaina zAstrakAroM ne janma ke AdhAra para varNa vyavasthA ko asvIkRta kiyA / unakA kahanA hai ki manuSya jAti eka hai / usameM pazuoM kI taraha gau aura azva jaisA bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA - 'manuSyajAtirekaiva / nAsti bhedo gavAzvavat / ' yadyapi deza aura kAla ne jaina samAja ke gaThana ko atyadhika prabhAvita kiyA hai, tathApi jaina zAstrakAroM ne Aja taka janma ko 'varga' bheda kA niyAmaka tattva svIkAra nahIM kiyA / vartamAna jaina samAja bhI sAmAjika gaThana kI dRSTi se isase mukta hai / 5.02 bhAratIya saMskRti kA dUsarA mahattvapUrNa pahalU jIvana-paddhati hai / yaha eka aisA nirNAyaka tattva hai jo bhAratIya samAja meM 'ekatA meM anekatA' kA kAraNa hai / parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana bhAratIya saMskRti vibhinna prakAra kI jIvana-paddhatiyoM kA puMja hai| isalie ise sAmAsika saMskRti (kampojiTa kalcara) kahA jAtA hai| ___ 5.03 jIvana paddhati ke lie hara samUha ne apanI alaga AcAra-saMhitA kA nirmANa kiyA hai| AcAra-saMhitA ke nirmANa meM mUla AdhAra usa paramparA kA tAttvika-cintana (meTAphijiksa) rahA hai| deza, kAla aura paristhitiyoM ke anusAra usameM aneka niyama aura upaniyama samAhita kiye gye| isa prakAra jaina paramparA ke cintana ne eka svatantra jIvana-paddhati kA nirmANa aura vikAsa kiyaa| isake aneka zAstra upalabdha haiM, jinheM 'upAsakAcAra' yA 'zrAvakAcAra' kahA jAtA hai / 5.04 AcAra-saMhitAoM ke nirmANa meM carama satya kI avadhAraNA eka mahattvapUrNa pahalU hai| isI ke AdhAra para jIvana ke lakSya kA nirdhAraNa hotA hai| bhArata meM mAtra isI jIvana ko carama satya mAnate vAlA cintana bhI vikasita huA tathA isa jIvana ke sAtha pUrva aura pazcAt jIvana ko svIkAra karane vAlA cintana bhI vikasita huA / inako kramazaH 'anAtmavAdI' aura 'AtmavAdI' kahA gyaa| jaina saMskRti AtmavAdI hai| usake anusAra yaha jIvana jitanA satya hai, utanI hI isake pUrva aura isa jIvana ke bAda ke jIvana meM satyatA hai| isalie jIvana kA carama lakSya bhUta, vartamAna tathA bhaviSya ke jIvana ko dhyAna meM rakha kara taya kiyA gayA hai| jaina saMskRti meM jIvana kA antima lakSya 'Atyantika sukha' mAnA gayA hai / aisA sukha jo 'akSaya' hai, 'ananta' hai| yahI 'nizreyasa' hai| ise hI 'nirvANa' yA 'mokSa' kahA gayA hai| 5.05 jaina saMskRti meM vyakti vizeSa yA adhika se adhika vyaktiyoM ke nizreyasa (greTesTa guDa Ava greTesTa nambara) kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI, pratyuta sabhI jIvoM (mAnava mAtra nahIM) ke nizreyasa (guDa Ava Ala) kI bAta kahI gayI hai| 5.06 nizreyasa kI upalabdhi ke lie jaina saMskRti meM kisI majhaulie (ejeMTa) ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA aura na yaha mAnA gayA ki kisI 'anirvacanIya' 'adRSTa' 'sarvazaktimAn' ko samarpita karane se, usakI kRpA se nizreyasa kI prApti ho sakatI hai| isalie unhoMne saSTikartA 'Izvara' kI 'sattA' ko asvIkAra kiyaa| unhoMne kahA ki apanA Izvara vyakti svayaM hai / apanA nizreyasa use apane 'puruSArtha' se svayaM prApta karanA hogaa| yaha eka aisA bhedaka tattva hai, jo jaina saMskRti ko bhAratIya saMskRti kI anya dhArAoM se pRthak karatA hai| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jaina zAstroM ke sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika tattvoM kA mAnavavaijJAnika adhyayana 5.07 jaina zAstrakAroM ne 'sAdhana' aura 'sAdhya' donoM kI zuddhatA para bala diyA hai / nizreyasa kI prApti ke lie sAdhana kI pavitratA kI bAta karate hue zAstrakAroM ne acchI aura burI pravRttiyoM aura acchI aura burI vastuoM kA vargIkaraNa karane se pUrva dRSTi kI nirmalatA, jJAna kI sacAI aura pravRtti kI pavitratA kI bAta kahI hai| yahI 'dharma' hai| yahI nizreyasa kA mArga hai-'sadRSTijJAnavRttAni dharma dharmezvarAH viduH / ' inhIM ke vivecana meM 'zubha' aura 'azubha', 'pApa' aura 'puNya', 'bhAgya aura 'puruSArtha' kI avadhAraNAoM kA nirmANa huaa| pratyeka vyakti ke mana, vacana aura zarIra kI pratyeka pravRtti (ekTiviTI) zubha yA azubha ho sakatI hai / zubha pravRtti puNya kA aura azubha pApa kA kAraNa hotI hai-'zubhaH puNyasya, azubhaH pApasya / ' puNya sukha kA aura pApa duHkha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai| __ pApa ke mUla meM pramAda (niglIjensa) pramukha kAraNa hai| rAga, dveSa, krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha Adi manobhAva pApa aura puNya donoM ke kAraNa haiN| inake kAraNa hI vyakti pravRtti karatA hai| 5.08 lokAcAra aura zAstrAcAra ke sambandha meM jaina zAstrakAroM ne spaSTa kathana kiyA hai| somadeva ne likhA hai ki gRhasthoM ke do dharma haiM--eka laukika, dUsarA pAralaukika / pAralaukika dharma ke lie zAstra AdhAra haiM aura laukika dharma ke lie loka / 'loka-dharma' ke nirNAyaka tattva do haiM--eka to jisase ApakI sadRSTi dUSita na ho, dUsarA jisase Apake vrata yA niyama vizeSa meM doSa na lge| jaina zAstrakAroM ne loka-mUr3hatAoM ke antargata nadI aura parvatoM kI pUjA, samudra aura nadI meM snAna ko pavitratA kA kAraNa, saMkrAnti meM dAna, gAya ke pRSTha bhAga ko namaskAra, sUrya ko arghya denA, Adi kA niSedha kiyA hai| jo pravRtti kisI eka kAraNa se tyAjya hai, use dUsarA bahAnA khoja kara apanAne kA bhI niSedha hai| jaise-hiMsA tyAjya hai, to vaha atithi, pitaroM yA devatAoM kisI ke bahAne se bhI nahIM kI jAnI caahie| 5.09 prAcIna jaina zAstroM ke sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika tattvoM ke uparyukta saMketa sAmAjika tathA mAnavavijJAna ke adhyayana-anusandhAna ke lie nayI sambhAvanAoM tathA naye kSetroM ko udghATita karane meM upayogI aura mahattvapUrNa ho sakate haiN| zramaNavidyA saMkAya sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI, uttara pradeza parisaMvAda-4