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________________ jaina sAhitya meM lokakathA ke DaoN. basantIlAla bama loka kathAoM kA utsa mAnava kI Adima vizvAsa bhAvanA meM nihita hai| prAkRtika prakopoM se apane jIvana ko surakSita rakhane ke liye jina AsthAoM ko usane janma diyA, ve hI kAlAntara meM hamArI Adima loka-kathAoM kA AdhAra bana gii| saMsAra meM vividha bhASA-bhASI kSetroM ke loka-vArtAvidoM ne bhI ukta saMdarbha meM apanI jo dhAraNAeM vyakta kI haiM unameM vizeSa antara pratIta nahIM hotA / itihAsa isa tathya ko nApa jokhakara udghATita karatA hai ki rAjanaitika, sAmAjika aura Arthika parivartanoM kA prabhAva bhI ina para par3A aura loka kathAoM ke jo rUpa upalabdha hote haiM ve mUlata: Adima mAnasa tatva ko apane meM Aja bhI sameTe hue haiM / isa tathya kI puSTi meM itanA kahanA yukti saMgata hai ki loka kathAoM kA likhita rUpa jabase upalabdha hotA hai, unake tathA vartamAna meM upalabdha loka kathAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha bAta ujAgara ho jAtI hai / jaina dharma aura darzana sAhitya meM loka-kathAoM ke vizAla bhaNDAra bhare par3e haiN| kyoMki dharma aura darzana jaise jaTila viSayoM ko apar3ha aura nirakSara grAmINoM taka saralatApUrvaka pahuMcAne kA zreya hamArI una asaMkhya loka kathAoM ko hai jinake mAdhyama ko apanA kara sUtrakAroM, dharmAcAryoM ne inakI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / yaha paramparA na kevala jaina dharma meM varan bauddha, vaiSNava aura anyAnya dharma sampradAyoM ke sAhitya meM bhI bahulatA se milatI hai| prAkRta bhASA meM racita mahAkavi guNADhya kI "vaDDhakahA" isa prakAra kI kathAoM kA prAmANika grantha hai / siMhAsana battIsI, vaitAla paccIsI, kathAsarita sAgara, aTThakahA Adi aise prAcIna grantha haiM jinameM loka-kathAoM ke purAtana svarUpoM ko spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| pazu-pakSiyoM kI kahAniyAM, dharmakathA hitopadeza, paMcatanva Adi aise grantha haiM jinameM upadezAtmaka pravRtti mUla meM vidyamAna haiM / bI. ni. saM. 2503 tattva jaina sAhitya meM aisI kathAoM kA bAhulya hai / jinakA mUla uddezya mAnava mana meM bhaddhA, vizvAsa aura AsthA kI bhAvAnA paidA kara logoM ko dharma ke naitika mUlyoM kI zikSA denA thA / sAtha hI apane dharma ke prati ASTa bhI karanA thaa| dharma kI nigUDhatama paheliyoM ko sulajhAne tathA mAnava mana ko gaharAI se AkarSita karane meM inase zreSTha aura anya koI mAdhyama nahIM ho sakatA thA / kathAoM kA aura unameM varNita ghaTanA cakroM kA mAnavIya mana para tIvra prabhAva par3atA hai| yaha eka manovaijJAnika satya hai ki kathAoM ke vividha caritra aura unake jIvana darzana tathA ghaTanAoM kA tIkhA krama mAnava mana meM barabasa vizvAsa aura AsthA ke sudRr3ha zikhara sthApita karanA hai, jo sAdhAraNa kathAcatroM ke sammukha nata nahIM ho pAtA / jaina kathA granthoM meM tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvanavRtta, unake rAjasI ThAThabATa, vaibhava sampannatA, manovikAroM para kar3A niyaMtraNa, ghara-parivAra, rAjapATa sukha vaibhava kA tyAga, biyAvAna jaMgaloM meM kaThina tapasyAeM vipadAoM se saMgharSa aura unheM haMsate-haMsate svIkAra karane kI unameM aTUTa kSamatA, yAtanAeM aura uddezya kI ora nirantara bar3hane kA ajeya sAhasa lakSya prApti kevala jJAna aura nirvANa ye saba aise prasaMga haiM, jo tIrthaMkaroM, siddhoM, AcAryoM, upAdhyAyoM aura sAdhu-samAja ke sAtha-sAtha, zramaNoM, dhanikoM aura sampanna pAtroM ke jIvana meM sAmAnya rUpa se upalabdha hote haiM / ina kathA cakroM meM kevala puruSa varga hI nahIM varan aisI mahilAeM bhI haiM jo dayA, karuNA, tyAga, tapasyA aura utsarga kI pratimUrti to haiM hI sAtha meM apanA jIvana bhI homakara ahiMsA dharma ke pAlana se jIvana ko punarjanma ke cakra se mukta kara letI hai| janma-janmAntaroM ke phaMde ko kATakara TUka-TUka kara detI haiM / sAmAnyata: isI prakAra ke ghaTanA cakroM se yukta kathAnaka jaina sAhitya kI mUlyavAna dharohara hai / prAcIna AcAryoM ne kathAoM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake AdhAroM 103
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________________ banatI / inake pramukha pAtra cAhe rAjA hoM yA raMka, parantu ve ucca caritra vAle, dayAvAna aura AtmakalyANI hote haiN| sukha sampannatA yA dInahIna sthiti se vairAgya kI ora pravRtta honA tathA janmajanmAntaroM ke bhavaphanda se chUTa jAne kI lAlasA hI unheM jIvita rakhatI hai / ve ghora tapasyA aura sAdhanA karate haiM / vipadAoM ko haMsate-haMsate jhela lete haiM / aura saMgharSa se mukha na mor3ate hue nizcita lakSya kI ora ve bar3hate jAte haiM / inakA anta du:khapUrNa nahIM hotA aura ye vyAdhAoM se nahIM ghabarAte haiM / loka kathAoM ke ye hI tatva jainakathA sAhitya ko jIvanta banAye hue haiM / isaliye yaha vyakta karanA atyuktipUrNa nahIM hogA ki jaina kathA sAhitya kA mUlAdhAra lokakathAoM ke ve pramukha tatva haiM jina para jaina kathAoM kI AdhAra bhUmi banI hai| kI vistRta vyAkhyA kI hai| prAraMbha meM kathA do bhAgoM meM 'kathA" aura 'AkhyAyikA' ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kI gii| kathA kA AdhAra kAlpanika hai to AkhyAyikA aitihAsika tathyoM para AdhArita hotI hai| jahAM bANa kI "kAdambarI' aura daNDI kA "dazakumAracaritra" kathA kI zreNI meM Ate haiM vahIM bANa kA 'harSa carita' aitihAsika itivRtta hai isIlie AkhyAyikA mAnA gayA hai / AnandavardhanAcArya ne kathA ke tIna bhAga-parikathA, sakala-kathA aura khaNDakathA kiye haiN| parikathA eka aisA ittivRtta hai jisameM rasa paripAka ke atyalpa avasara hote haiM / abhinayagupta inameM varNana vaicitrya svIkArate haiM / sakala kathA meM bIja se phala prApti taka kI saMpUrNa kathA hotI hai / hemacandra ne ise "carita" nAma se ucArA hai / samarAditya kathA aisI hI "carita" kathA hai / khaNDa kathA eka deza vizeSa se sambaddha rahatI hai / AcArya haribhadrAcArya ne apane vargIkaraNa meM inheM cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA / artha kathA, kAma kathA, dharma kathA aura saMkIrNa kathA / isake pazcAt aura bhI AcAryoM ne inake bheda prabheda prastuta kara vargIkaraNa ko vyApaka dizA pradAna kI / madhyayugIna jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana evaM anuzIlana se hameM inake vargIkaraNa kA vizAla kSetra avagata hogaa| ___ jaina kathA sAhitya ke AdyopAnta adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hai ki kathA rUpoM meM jitanI vividhatA jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI hai utanI anyatra nahIM hogI / katipaya ullekhanIya kathA rUpa isa prakAra haiM, jo Aja bhI apanI purAtana paramparA ko zAzvata banAye hue haiM: rAsa, rAsaka. rAsA, DhAla, carita, phAgu, bArahamAsA Adi / inake atirikta madhyayugIna jaina sAhitya meM gAthA, AkhyAna, AkhyAyikA, upAkhyAna jaise kaI rUpa vidyamAna the / jo aba loka pracalita nahIM rhe| inameM vartamAna upalabdha kathArUpoM meM lokakathAoM kI AdhAra bhUmi spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotI hai / lokakathAoM kI yaha cAritrika vizeSatA rahI hai| unakA nAyaka jIvana ke aMtima kSaNoM taka ghora saMgharSarata rahatA hai / vaha kSaNabhara ke liye bhI nirAza nahIM hotA, vijaya hI usakI carama pariNati hai, parAjaya nahIM / lokakathAoM kA anta kabhI bhI dukhAnta nahIM hotA / sukhAnta hI unakA carama bindu hai / aura aisA sukha, jisakI manokAmanA dhAraNa kara saMpUrNa kathAcakra meM vaha saMgharSa karatA rahatA hai| lokakathAoM ke ghaTanAcakroM meM sajIvatA, bhAva-pravaNatA aura puruSatvapUrNa jIvana jIne kI adamya utsAha bhAvanA bharI huI hai| loka kathAoM kI ullekhita sabhI bAteM jaina kathA sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hotI haiM / antara kevala itanA hI hotA hai ki ina kathAoM kA uddezya dhArmika bhAvanA kA pracAra-prasAra karanA aura mAvana jIvana ke naitika mUlyoM kI uccatA evaM prAthamikatA pratipAdita kara apane svayaM ke kalyANa kI ora agrasara honA hai| inake pAtra aura carita nAyaka kabhI hatAza aura nirAza nahIM hue| jIvana kI UhApoha se ghabarA kara palAyana karane kI pravRtti yA AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa dhAraNa karane kI mana:sthiti inakI nahIM ___ adhikAMza jaina kathAeM padyabaddha haiN| geyatva pradhAna haiM / eka kathA meM kaI dhunoM kA prayoga milatA hai / kucha kathAeM dohA aura caupAI chandoM meM hI racI gaI haiM / kathAoM kA gadyarUpa atyalpa hai| padyabaddha kathA paramparA prAcIna hai / prAkRta bhASA meM likhI gaI guNADhya kI "baDDakahA", vRhatkathAmaMjarI, kathAsaritsAgara, vRhadkathA, zloka saMgraha aura gAthA saptazatI, Adi sabhI aise prAcIna kathAgrantha haiM jinakI racanA padya rUpa meM hI upalabdha hotI hai / jaina kathA sAhitya ke anuzIlana se yaha tathya apane Apa ubhara kara sAmane AtA hai ki ina kathAoM ko lipibaddha karane ke pUrva bhI inakI akSuNNa paramparA loka jIvana meM vyApta thI / jAti-pAMti, bhedabhAva, chuAchUta aura UMcanIca kI viSamatAoM se lipta vibhinna dharma-sampradAyoM aura mata-matAntaroM kI lokapriyatA dinodina jAti aura samudAya vizeSa meM sImita hotI jA rahI thI taba jaina dharma ne ina saMkucita vicAroM kI khAiyoM ko pATakara samasta mAnava jAti ke kalyANa hetu apane dvAra khola diye aura vItarAga kA varadahasta jaina aura jainetara samAja ke liye samAna rUpa se chAyA karane ko agrasara ho uThA / jaina tIrthaMkaroM aura tathAgata buddha aura unake ziSyoM kA yahI uddezya bhI thA ki samagra mAnava samAja unake dhArmika vicAroM ko nirdvandva hokara grahaNa kara sakatA hai aura AcAroM ko nissaMkoca jIvana meM utAra kara apanA aura mAnava jAti kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai / isI kA pariNAma thA ki jaina dharma jAti vizeSa taka sImita na rahakara anya jAtiyoM meM bhI phailA aura usakA sAhitya bhI samAja ke bhinna-bhinna vargoM meM vyAta ho gayA / aisI anekoM kathA-gAthAeM Aja bhI upalabdha hotI haiM, jo loka jIvana kI kaNThAnukaNTha paramparA meM sadiyoM se vidyamAna hai tathA pIr3hI dara pIr3hI apanI jIvanayAtrA kI naukA khetI huI calI A rahI haiM / deza kI vibhinna bhaugolika sthitiyoM, bhASA-bhASI kSetroM, jAti varga aura samudAyoM meM inakA praveza jaba-jaba huA, taba inhoMne apane Apako isa prakAra badala diyA aura kSetra vizeSa meM isa prakAra ghulamila gaI ki kAlAntara meM ve unakI apanI dharohara mAnI jAne lgii| prastuta tathya ke nirUpaNa meM hama dRDhatApUrvaka yaha kaha sakate (zeSa pRSTha 111 para) 104 rAjendra jyoti Jain Education Intemational