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________________ 0 DA0 prema sumana jaina jaina sAhitya aura usakA hindI se sambandha sAMskRtika mahatva : deza kI vibhinna bhASAoM meM jaina sAhitya upalabdha hai| ata: usameM vibhinna prAntoM kI sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika cetanA ke mahatvapUrNa tathya upalabdha hote haiN| IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM se lekara vartamAna yuga taka jaina sAhitya kA nirantara sRjana hotA rahA hai, ata: vibhinna yugoM ke sAMskRtika parivartanoM kA sAkSI jaina sAhitya hai| jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha sAMskRtika tathyoM kI prAmANikatA isaliye svIkArya hai ki ye jana-jIvana se jur3e hue haiN| kevala Adarza yA kAlpanika ur3AneM usameM nahIM haiN| vaha darabArI sAhitya nahIM hai| usake lekhaka adhikAMza sAdhaka AcArya haiM, jinakI kathanI-karanI kI prAmANikatA unake sAhitya meM bhI pratibimbita huI hai| jaina sAhitya meM varNita saMskRti ke vibhinna AyAma haiN| usameM darzana aura adhyAtma ke gUr3ha rahasyoM kA udghATana hai| siddhAMtoM kA vizada pratipAdana hai| muni evaM gRhastha-jIvana kA vistAra se varNana hai| isa sabako prastuta karane ke lie vibhinna kathAoM, dRSTAntoM evaM upAkhyAnoM kA manohArI citraNa hai| kintu isa sabake bhItara kucha aisI sAMskRtika sUcanAeM bhI haiM, jo anya bhAratIya sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM haiN| itihAsa jinake sambandha meM prAyaH mauna hai, unhIM tathyoM kI ora jaina sAhitya ke pAThakoM kA dhyAna AcAryoM ne AkarSita kiyA hai| isase bhArata ke sAMskRtika vikAsa kI sahI jAnakArI meM madada mila sakatI hai| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza sAhitya meM kathAvastu evaM pAtroM kA cayana jana-jIvana meM se kiyA gayA hai| ata: isa sAhitya meM samAja ke samRddha aura zaktizAlI vyaktiyoM kA hI citraNa nahIM hai, apitu sarvahArA, dIna-hIna aura upekSita samajhe jAne vAle una vyaktiyoM ke jIvana kA bhI citraNa hai, jo caritra evaM sauhArda ke dhanI haiN| jaina lekhakoM kI isa udAra aura sarvagrAhI dRSTi ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya meM pahalI bAra sUkSmatA se grAmya saMskRti kA citraNa ho sakA hai| isase bhAratIya sAhitya kRtrimatA aura vilAsI jIvana se bahuta hada taka mukta huA hai| AMcalikatA ko mahatva dene ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya ne vibhinna pradezoM kI loka-saMskRti kI surakSA kI hai| aneka jAtiyoM ke jIvana-krama ko naSTa hone se bacA liyA hai| ___ kisI bhI sAhitya meM saMskRti ke saMvAhaka usake zabda hote haiN| jaina sAhitya kA eka yaha mahatvapUrNa pakSa hai ki usameM loka pracalita zabdoM aura bhASA ke prayoga kA vizeSa mahatva diyA gayA hai| isa kAraNa deza kI usa zabda sampadA ko jaina sAhitya ne surakSita rakhA hai, jo manuSya ke sAMskRtika vikAsa ko apane meM chupAye hue hai| bhAratIya bhASAoM kA itihAsa taba taka pUrA nahIM likhA jA sakatA jaba taka jaina sAhitya kA bhASAtmaka vivecana na kiyA jaay| ina saba pahaluoM para cintana-manana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| pichale pacAsa varSoM meM jaina sAhitya ke kaI grantha prakAzita hue haiN| vizvavidyAlayoM meM jaina granthoM para zodha-prabandha bhI likhe gaye haiM, kintu abhI bhI naI dRSTi se kArya kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| sarva prathama jaina sAhitya para zodha-kArya kI prAthamikatA anya bhAratIya sAhitya ke sAtha usake antaraMga sambandhoM kI dI jAnI caahie| jaina sAhitya kI kaI vidhAeM bhAratIya sAhitya se ghaniSTha sambandha rakhatI haiN| kathAvastu, kathArUr3hiyoM, kavi-sampradAya, vastuvarNanoM Adi meM jaina sAhitya aura anya bhAratIya sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| hindI sAhitya ke sAtha to isa prakAra kA adhyayana aura bhI upayogI hogaa| kyoMki hindI sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya meM gaharA sambandha hai| hindI sAhitya se sambandha : hindI sAhitya aura jaina sAhitya ke pArasparika sambandha kI jAnakArI ke lie bhAratIya bhASAoM aura sAhitya ke vikAsa krama ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| isa deza meM prArambha se hI loka bhASAoM meM sAhitya likhA jAtA rahA hai| pAlI, prAkRta aura apabhraMza jaisI janabhASAoM ne sAhitya ko paryApta samRddha kiyA hai| isa sAhitya kI dhArA se bhArata kI Adhunika bhASAoM-rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi kA sAhitya prabhAvita huA hai| ina sabhI bhASAoM ke sAhitya ne bhASA, zailI aura svarUpa kI dRSTi se hindI sAhitya ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| ata: hindI sAhitya kA sambandha kisI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 89
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________________ rUpa meM isa deza kI prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM ke sAtha rahA hai| cUMki jaina kaviyoM ne deza kI prAyaH sabhI bhASAoM meM vividha prakAra kA vipula sAhitya likhA hai| ataH svAbhAvika hai ki jaina sAhitya kI isa sudIrgha paramparA se hindI sAhitya prabhAvita hotA rahA hai| prAkRta, apabhraMza aura rAjasthAnI bhASAoM ke jaina sAhitya se to hindI sAhitya kA sIdhA sambandha hai| hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa kA jo samaya jAnA mAnA jAtA hai usa yuga meM jaina kaviyoM ne aneka vidhAoM meM hindI sAhitya bhI likhA hai ataH paramparA, vikAsa svarUpa aura bhASA kI dRSTi se hindI sAhitya jaina sAhitya ke sAtha jur3A huA hai| hindI sAhitya meM jo kAvya rUpa prApta hote haiM unameM rAso sAhitya aura caritakAvya prasiddha haiN| apabhraMza sAhitya meM jo prabaMdha kAvya likhe gaye haiM, unakA hindI ke rAso sAhitya meM sIdhA saMbaMdha hai| rAso kA prArambhika rUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM prApta hai, jisakA kathA aura nRtya ke sAtha sambandha thA / hindI sAhitya meM usane prabaMdhAtmaka rUpa grahaNa kara liyA jaina kaviyoM ne rAso sAhitya kI zailI meM kaI racanAeM likhI hai, jinheM pRthvIrAjarAso Adi ke sAtha rakhA jA sakatA hai| I hindI sAhitya meM prabaMdha kAvyoM ke antargata premAkhyAnaka kAvya bahuta likhe gae haiM jinameM aneka loka kathAeM prema kathAoM ke rUpa meM prastuta kI gaI haiN| ina prema kathAoM ke laukika rUpa prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM prApta hote haiN| taraMgavatI kathA, lIlAvaikahA, rayaNaseharIkahA Adi prAkRta kathAeM evaM bhavisatta kahA, vilAsavaIkahA, jiNadattacariu, sudasaNacariu Adi apabhraMza kathAeM hindI premAkhyAnaka kAvyoM kI AdhAra bhUmi mAnI jA sakatI haiN| DholA mAru rA dohA kI kathA meM jina kathya rUpoM aura kathAnaka rUr3hiyoM kA prayoga milatA hai, ve saba apabhraMza kathAoM meM prApta hote haiN| yahAM taka ki yaha DholA zabda bhI prAkRta ke dUlaha aura apabhraMza se hindI ke dUlhA taka pahuMcA hai| hindI ke prasiddha graMtha rAmacarita mAnasa kA apabhraMza sAhitya se ghaniSTha saMbaMdha hai| sAtavIM AThavIM zatAbdI ke apabhraMza mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke paumacariu meM jisa prakAra se rAmakathA ko upasthita kiyA gayA hai, tulasIdAsa ne usI prakAra rAmacaritamAnasa meM rAma kathA ko prastuta kiyA hai| donoM ne rAmakathA kI upamA nadI se kI hai| rAmakathA sarovara kA rUpaka, vinayapradarzana, sajjana- durjana varNana, dohA aura caupAI jaise chaMdoM kA prayoga rAma ke laukika rUpa kI pradhAnatA, vibhinna varNanoM kI zailI meM ekarUpatA tathA mAnasa meM lagabhaga 60 pratizata prAkRta apabhraMza zabdoM kA prayoga, isa bAta kA sUcaka hai| ki tulasIdAsa ne jaina sAhitya meM pracalita rAmakathA ko hindI yuga taka pahuMcAyA hai| isa prakAra hindI ke prabaMdha kAvyoM ke talasparzI adhyayana ke lie jaina sAhitya ke prabaMdha kAvyoM kA mUlyAMkana aparihArya hai| hIraka jayantI smArikA hindI sAhitya meM chaMda aura alaMkAroM kA jo prayoga huA hai ve adhikAMza prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya se Ae haiN| apabhraMza meM vibhinna chaMdoM ko milAkara eka navIna chaMda ke prayoga karane kI pravRtti adhika thii| chappaya, vastu, raDA, kuMDaliyAM Adi isI prakAra ke mAtrika chaMda haiM, jinakA hindI sAhitya meM khUba prayoga huA hai| hindI sAhitya meM tulasIdAsa kI kavitAvalI aura kezavadAsa kI rAmacaMdrikA meM ina chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna chaMdoM ke prayoga ko dikhAne kI pravRtti apabhraMza sAhitya meM bhI thii| suvaMzaNa cari meM 70 chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai tathA jinadattacarita meM 30 chaMdoM kA prayoga hai| isI taraha kI chaMda bahulA apabhraMza racanAoM ne hindI sAhitya meM kAvyAtmaka racanAoM ke sRjana ko prerita kiyA hogA / muktaka kAvya kI paramparA : hindI sAhitya meM aneka muktaka kAvya prApta hote haiN| kabIra, vidyApati, tulasI, mIrA, bihArI Adi kaviyoM ne bhakti, upadeza, nIti, zRMgAra Adi viSayoM ke lie muktaka kAvyoM kA sRjana kiyA hai / ina kAvyoM meM prAya: dohA chaMda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yaha dohA chaMda prAkRta ke gAthAchaMda kA vikasita rUpa mAnA jAtA hai, jisakA prayoga pahalI zatAbdI ke prAkRta kavi hAla se lekara madhyayuga taka aneka jaina kaviyoM ne kiyA hai| gAthAsaptazatI aura bajjAlagga, pAhuNadohA jaise muktaka kAvyoM se hindI meM muktaka kAvya svarUpa aura viSaya kI dRSTi se preraNA grahaNa karate rahe haiN| gAthAsaptazatI aura bihArIsatasaI meM to adbhuta samAnatA hai| hindI sAhitya ke kaI graMthoM ke kathAnakoM para bhI jaina sAhitya kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai| jAyasI ke padmAvata para prAkRta apabhraMza kathAoM kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| jAyasI ne deza Adi tathA Rtu Adi ke jo varNana kie haiM, unako par3hakara lagatA hai ki apabhraMza kathA sAhitya se avazya paricita the| padmAvata kI nAyikA padminI ko siMghala dvIpa kA batAyA gayA hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke lagabhaga 12 kathAgraMthoM kI nAyikAeM siMghala dvIpa kI hotI haiM tathA use prApta karane ke varNana bhI prAyaH vahI haiM jo padmAvata meM die gae haiN| jAyasI ke 100 varSa pUrva ke prAkRta kathAkAra jinaharSagaNi kI svaNasaMharanikA aura padmAvata kI kathA ke adhyayana se to aisA lagatA hai ki jAyasI ne isa prAkRta graMtha ko avazya dekhA thA / isa taraha vibhinna abhiprAyoM, kathA - rUr3hiyoM aura kathArUpoM kA yadi adhyayana kiyA jAve to jaina sAhitya aura hindI sAhitya ke kathAnakoM ke saMbaMdha para nayA prakAza par3a sakatA hai| hindI ke saMta sAhitya aura bhakti sAhitya para bhI jaina sAhitya kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai prAkRta aura apabhraMza yuga meM aneka aise saMta hue haiM, jinhoMne bhakti dhArA ko pravAhita kiyA hai| jaina sAdhaka yogendra muni, rAmasiMha kavi, Anandaghana evaM suprabhAcArya Adi aise sAdhaka hue haiM, jinhoMne bAhya ADambaroM kA khaNDana kara mana kI zuddhi para bala diyA hai| hindI kI saMta dhArA meM bhI isa prakAra vidvat khaNDa / 90
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________________ ke saMta hue haiN| apabhraMza saMta yogIndra kahate haiM ki na devAlaya meM, na zilA meM, na Alekhana meM, na citra meM bhagavAna hai, kintu alakha niraMjana aura jJAnamaya ziva zAMta citta meM sthita hai| deu Na devale Nani silae na vi lippar3a Navi citti| akhakhuNiraMjaNa NatNamau, siu saMThiu smciti| isI taraha kabIra ne bhI kahA hai ki jagaha-jagaha Izvara nahIM hai| mana kA Izvara hI saba jagaha hai jaise sAdho eka rUpa mana maaNhii| apane mana vicArikai dekho, kou dUsaro naahii| isI taraha jaina saMtoM ne jAti prathA ke khaMDana meM kahA hai ki sabhI AtmAeM samAna haiN| unameM se koI chudra nahIM hai aura na koI brAhmaNa aura na zUdra hai| bhaTTAraka zubhacandra tatvasAradohA meM kahate haiM ki bamhaNa kSatriya vaizya na shuudr| appArAjA navi hoI chudr|| kabIradAsa bhI yahI bAta kahate haiM ki___ eka bindu tai doU upajai, ko bAhamana ko suudaa| kabIradAsa eka hI mana ko gorakha, govinda aura oghar3ha Adi nAmoM se pukArate haiN| jaina kavi Anandaghana ne svayaM AtmA ko hI vibhinna nAmoM se kahA hai jaise rAma kaho rahamAna kaho koU, kAna kaho mahAdeva rii| pArasanAtha kaho kara brahmA, sakala brahma svayameva rii|| bhAjanabheda kahAvata nAnA, ekamRttikA ruuprii| taise khaNDa kalpanA ropita, Apa akhaMDa svruuprii| isI taraha jaina aura hindI sAhitya ke prAya: sabhI saMta kaviyoM ne apane-apane ArAdhya ko mukti prApti kA AdhAra mAnA hai| tulasIdAsa kahate haiM ki rAma kI bhakti ke binA saMsAra kA duHkha kaise miTegA raghupati bhakti satsaMgati binu, ko bhavatrAsa nsaavai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsa kahate haiM jagata meM so devana ko dev| jAsu carana parasaiM indrAdika, hoya mukti svmev| kavi ghAnatarAya kahate haiM jo tuma mokha deta nahIM hamako, kahAM jAye kihi dderaa| mahAkavi sUradAsa kahate haiM sUradAsa vRta yahai, kRSNabhajibhavajala-nidhi utarata / isa prakAra hindI sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ke vibhinna sopAna jaina sAhitya kI AdhAra bhUmi para Tike haiN| upalabdha prAkRta, apabhraMza, rAjasthAnI aura hindI ke jaina sAhitya ke gaveSaNAtmaka adhyayana se hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa ko naI gati mila sakatI hai| jaina sAhitya jana-sAmAnya meM adhika pracalita ho sakatA hai| aise gahana adhyayana se sAhitya ke mAdhyama se deza ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko naI dRSTi mila sakatI hai| -adhyakSa, jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 91