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________________ jaina rAma-kathA kI viziSTa paramparA DaoN. yogendranAtha zarmA 'aruNa' rAmakathA jaina kaviyoM dvArA vizeSa sammAna ke sAtha gRhIta huI hai| bauddha dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne rAma-viSayaka mAtra 'tIna' jAtaka likhe, kintu jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ne atyanta vyApaka rUpa meM saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraza bhASAoM meM 'rAma-kathA' ko nibaddha kiyA hai, jisase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vAlmIki se Arambha hokara rAmakathA sabase adhika vistAra ke sAtha 'jaina sAhitya' meM hI apanAyI gyii| apabhraza meM to rAma evaM kRSNa ke pAvana caritroM ko kevala jaina kaviyoM dvArA hI kathA-granthoM kA AdhAra banAyA gayA, tathA yaha tathya vizeSa ullekhanIya hai ki prabandha-zailI meM likhA gayA apabhraza kA pahalA mahAkAvya 'paumacariu' hai, jisake praNetA mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva jaina matAnuyAyI the aura 'yApanIya saMgha' se sambaddha the| jaina-sAhitya meM triSaSTi zalAkApuruSoM' kA sthAna sarvocca hai, jinameM 24 tIrthakara, 12 cakravartI, baladeva, ha vAsudeva tathA 6 prativAsudeva mAne gaye haiN| jaina-mAnyatA ke anusAra nirantara gatimAna sRSTi-cakra kI pratyeka 'utsapiNI' tathA 'avasarpiNI' meM inakA janma huA karatA hai| pratyeka 'baladeva' kA samakAlIna eka 'vAsudeva' aura usakA virodhI 'prativAsudeva' hotA hai / vAsudeva apane agraja baladeva ke sAtha milakara prativAsudeva se yuddha karake usakA vadha karate haiM aura isI 'pApa' ke kAraNa vAsudeva 'marakara' naraka meM jAte haiM aura anuja ke zoka meM baladeva 'jainadharma kI dIkSA' lekara antata: mokSa prApta karate haiM / jaina matAnusAra 'rAma' vartamAna avasarpiNI ke triSaSTi zalAkApuruSoM meM 8veM baladeva ke rUpa meM samAdRta haiM aura lakSmaNa tathA rAvaNa kramaza: veM vAsudeva aura veM prativAsudeva haiM / isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma evaM saMskRti meM 'rAma' ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna dekara hindU-paramparA kA poSaNa kiyA gayA hai| rAma kA nAma 'padama' kyoM ? prAkRta evaM apabhraza meM racita rAma-viSayaka kathA-granthoM kA nAma saMskRta kI paramparA ke anusAra 'rAmAyaNa' Adi nahIM milatA, pratyuta pratyeka bhASA meM racita jaina-rAmakathA meM 'rAma' kA nAma 'padma' (pauma) hai aura jaina rAmAyaNa kA nAma tadanusAra 'pauma-cariu' (padmacarita) hai / aisA eka viziSTa' kAraNa se karanA par3A hai| 63 zalAkApuruSoM ke krama meM veM baladeva haiM 'balarAma' tathA vAsudeva evaM prativAsudeva haiM kramazaH kRSNa evaM jarAsaMdha / cUMki 8veM baladeva 'rAma' haiM tathA havaM baladeva haiM 'balarAma', ata: nAma-sAmya se sambhAvita galataphahamI se bacane ke kAraNa hI jaina kaviyoM ne 'rAmacarita' ko 'paumacariyaM' (padmacaritaM) kahA hai| ___ isa viziSTa parivartana se jaina rAma-kathA kA rUpa pracalita hindU rAmakathA se pUrNata: pRthak ho gayA hai| yahAM rAma ke dvArA rAvaNa kA vadha nahIM hotA, pratyuta lakSmaNa ke hAthoM rAvaNa kI mRtyu hotI hai tathA rAma jaina dharma kI dIkSA le lete haiM / svAbhAvika hai ki rAma ke 'zIlazakti-saundarya' vAle rUpa kI avadhAraNA jaina rAma-kAvyoM meM nahIM ho sakI; pratyuta unheM 'sAmAnya mAnava' ke rUpa meM 'saundarya' kA hI adhiSThAtA dikhAyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa sambhavata: jaina rAma-kathA ke pracAra-prasAra meM bhI bAdhaka banA hogA, kyoMki 'mAnasa' kI lokapriyatA ke mUla meM rAma kA zIla-zakti-saundarya vAlA rUpa hai| jaina kaviyoM ko 'rAma-kathA' atyanta priya rahI hai aura ise zvetAmbara evaM digambara, donoM hI matAvalambiyoM ne vyApaka rUpa se apanAyA hai| jaina rAma-kathA kI do dhArAeM milatI haiM .... (1)-mahAkavi vimalasUri praNIta 'paumacariyaM' kI paramparA, tathA (2)-guNabhadrAcArya praNIta 'uttarapurANa' kI paramparA / mahAkavi vimala sUri ne prAkRta meM atyanta vistAra ke sAtha 'rAmakathA' ko liyA, jisakA saMskRta chAyAnuvAda raviSeNAcArya ne 'padmacaritaM' ke nAma se kiyA hai| guNabhadra kI paramparA adhika nahIM cala sakI aura apabhraza meM mahAkavi puSpadanta ke pazcAt koI samartha mahAkavi isa paramparA ko lekara nahIM cala paayaa| jaina sAhitya meM aneka vizruta kaviyoM kI kRtiyAM saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraza meM upalabdha haiM, jinameM rAmakathA ko jainadharma, darzana jaina sAhityAnuzIlana
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________________ evaM saMskRti ke prakAzana kA AdhAra banAyA gayA hai / katipaya zreSTha kRtiyAM nimnokta haiM -saMskRta kRti evaM kRtikAra racanA-kAla bhASA 1. vimalasUri-kRta paumacariya (tIsarI zatI) -prAkRta bhASA 2. raviSeNAcArya-kRta padma-carita (660 IsavI) 3. svayaMbhUdeva-kRta paumacariu (8vIM zatI) ---apabhraMza 4. hemacandra-kRta jaina rAmAyaNa (12vIM zatI) ---saMskR ta 5. jinadAsa-kRta rAma purANa (15vIM zatI) -saMskRta 6. padmadeva vijayagaNi-kRta rAmacarita (16vIM zatI) --saMskRta 7. somasena-kRta rAmacarita (16vIM zatI) -saMskRta uparyakta vivaraNikA se spaSTa hai ki lagabhaga 15 sau varSoM taka jaina kaviyoM dvArA 'rAma-kathA' kA vyApaka pracAra-prasAra huA hai| itanA hI nahIM, apabhraza meM racita mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva kRta 'paumacariu' kA to mahAkavi tulasI-praNIta 'rAmacaritamAnasa' para vizada prabhAva rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, DA0 rAmasiMha tomara, DA0 nAmavarasiMha, DA. 'aruNa' evaM DA0 saMkaTAprasAda Adi ne apane zodha-granthoM meM siddha kiyA hI hai, jo vastu evaM zilpa donoM ke hI pakSoM para bahuta gaharA prabhAva hai, tulasI dvArA jaina paramparA ke jJApana evaM grahaNa kA sUcaka hai| jaina sAhitya meM 'rAma' kA rUpa / prAyaH sabhI jaina kaviyoM ne 'rAma' ko jaina dharmAvalambI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva ne rAma ko dazaratha evaM unakI paTarAnI 'aparAjitA' kA putra mAnA hai| ina kAvyoM meM rAma ke 'brahmatva' kA to prazna hI nahIM uThatA; pratyuta ve 'sahaja mAnavIya pAtra' ke rUpa meM citrita kie gaye haiN| yahAM rAma ke caritra kI sabase mukhya vizeSatA unake AcaraNa kI zuddhatA, saralatA, niSkapaTatA evaM nirbhIkatA rahI hai| atyanta vIra evaM parAkramI rAma meM abhimAna nahIM hai| balki unheM sarvatra hI tyAga, vinaya tathA saumyatA jaise divya sadguNoM se maNDita dikhAyA gayA hai| prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha jina' meM rAma kI dRr3ha AsthA dikhAkara jaina kaviyoM ne sahaja hI 'parama jina' kA mahattva sarvopari rakhA hai| rAma ke mAdhyama se 'ahiMsA' ke siddhAnta ko jaina sAhitya meM akSuNNa rakhA gayA hai aura unheM dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke rUpa meM rakhakara 'sammAna' pradAna kiyA hai| rAma-kathA ko 'vaddhamAna-muha-kuhara viNiggaya' kahakara vizuddha rUpa se jaina dharma ke sAMce meM DhAla diyA gayA hai| jaina-rAmakathA meM rAma-carita ke sabhI pramukha pAtra 'jina-vandanA' karate haiM aura jainatva kI dIkSA grahaNa karate haiN| jaina dharma evaM darzana kI pIThikA pratyeka yuga meM rAma-kathA tatkAlIna dharma, darzana evaM saMskRti ke svarUpa ko vyaMjita karane kA sabalatama mAdhyama banAkara prastuta kI jAtI rahI hai| isI krama ke anusAra prAkRta evaM apabhraza meM racita rAma-kAvyoM meM kaviyoM ne Arambhika maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM Adi tIrthakara 'RSabha jina' evaM antima tIrthaMkara 'vardhamAna mahAvIra' ke viziSTa sammAna sahita sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI vandanA kI hai| yadi vimala sUri tathA raviSeNAcArya ne bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vandanA se kAvyArambha kiyA hai, to mahAkavi svayaMbhUdeva ne RSabha jina kI abhyarthanA kI hai-- Namaha nnv-kml-koml-mnnhr-vr-vhl-kNti-sohillN| usahassa pAya-kamalaM sa-surAsura bandiyaM sirsaa|| "arthAt maiM navakamala se komala, sundara tathA zreSThatama kAnti se yukta, devoM tathA asuroM dvArA vandita bhagavAn RSabha ke caraNa-kamaloM meM sira jhukAtA huuN|" vaddhamANa-muha-kuhara viNiggaya / rAma kahA-Nai eha kamAgaya // "aura vardhamAna ke mukha-kuhara se nikalakara yaha rAma-kathA rUpI nadI calI hai|" isa uddharaNa se pUrNataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainiyoM dvArA rAmakathA ko pUrI taraha jainatva se jor3A gayA hai| apabhraMza bhASA ke vAlmIki mahAkavi svayaMbhU ne 'paumacariu' meM jaina dharma kI mAnyatAoM ke AcAragata evaM vicAragata donoM hI pakSoM kA samyaka digdarzana karAyA hai| svayaMbhUdeva jaina dharma kI 'yApanIya zAkhA' se sambandhita the, yaha ullekha mahAkavi puSpadanta ne "sayaMbhuH paddaDIbaddhakartA ApalI saMghAyaH" kahakara kiyA hai| zvetAmbara tathA digambara dhArAoM ke bIca samanvaya' karAne vAlI 'yApanIya zAkhA' ina donoM kI utpatti ke 60-70 varSa ke bAda huI thI, jisameM svayaMbhU hue, ataH unhoMne 'sahiSNutA' evaM 'samanvaya' kA mArga apanAyA thaa| 62 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha .
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________________ jaina darzana ke sAta tattvoM-jIva, ajIba, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA tathA mokSa-kA nirUpaNa 'rAmakathA' ke mAdhyama se huA hai| Adi tIrthaMkara dvArA 'kaivalya' prApta karane ke prasaMga meM AtmasaMyama, AtmAnuzAsana, Atmanigraha, sAdhanA evaM tyAga Adi kA mahattva batAyA gayA hai| svayaMbhU jahAM avasara pA jAte haiM, jaina dharma ke tattva kI carcA kara dete haiM yA kisI pAtra se 'jinavandanA' yA RSi-saMgha se upadeza karA dete haiM / sItA-haraNa ke pazcAt rAvaNa ko mandodarI ke mAdhyama se svayaMbhU deva jo kucha kahalAte haiM, usameM jainatva kA sAra nihita hai-- "jiNavara-sAsaNe paMca viruddhai / duggai jAi Ninti avisuddha i|| pahilau bahu chjjiiy-nnikaayhuN| vIyau gammai micchAvAyahuM / saiyau jaM para-davbu lijji| cauthau para-kalattu sevijjai // paMcamu Nau pamANu ghrvaarhN| Ahi gammai bhv-sNsaarhN| "jina zAsana meM pAMca bAteM vajita haiM, prathama cha: nikAyoM ke jIvoM kI hatyA, dUsarI mithyApavAda lagAnA, tIsarI paradravyApaharaNa, cauthI parastrIgamana tathA pAMcavIM apane gRhadvAra kA aparimANa / inase durgati aura saMsAra ke kaSTa milate haiN|" uparyukta uddharaNoM dvArA yaha suspaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina kaviyoM ne rAma-kathA' ko apane dharma, darzana tathA saMskRta Adi ke prakAzana kA samarthatama mAdhyama banAkara grahaNa kiyaa| vastuta: rAma kA pAvana caritra deza-kAla kI sImAoM se sadA aprabhAvita hI rahA aura saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta, apabhraza tathA hindI ke sAtha asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, tamila evaM kannar3a Adi bhASAoM ke kaviyoM ne 'rAma-kathA' ko apane-apane matoM ke pracAra-prasAra kA mAdhyama banAyA hai| yaha vilakSaNa bAta hai ki 'rAma-kathA' kA vistAra kRSNa-kathA kI apekSA bahuta adhika huA hai aura jaina sAhitya meM to kaviyoM ne rAmakathA ko atyanta zraddhA evaM Adara ke sAtha grahaNa kiyA hai| DA0 kAmila bulke ke zabdoM meM--"bauddhoM kI bhAMti jainiyoM ne bhI rAmakathA apanAyI hai / antara yaha hai ki jaina kathA-granthoM meM hameM eka atyanta vistRta rAma-kathA-sAhitya milatA hai|" jaina sAhitya meM rAma-kathA ke svarUpa ko abhI zodhakartAoM ne kama dekhA hai / AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki saMskRta evaM hindI ke madhya setu banane vAle, prAkRta-apabhraza meM upalabdha vistRta rAma-kathA-sAhitya kA anuzIlana-prakAzana ho| isake lie prAcIna jaina granthAgAroM kI dhUla chAnanI pdd'egii| dekheM, hama dhUla meM chipe divya grantha-ratnoM kA uddhAra kaba kara pAte haiM ! kannar3a-sAhitya meM rAmakathA-paramparA yuga-yuga se bhAratIya jIvana ko rAma va kRSNa ke kathA sAhitya ne jitanA prabhAvita kiyA hai, utanA zAyada hI kisI sAhitya ne kiyA ho / yadyapi rAma tathA kRSNa-kathAoM kA udgama aura vikAsa pahale-pahala saMskRta-sAhitya meM huA thA, to bhI anya bhAratIya bhASA-sAhityoM meM unakI vyApti kucha kama nahIM huI hai / tamila-kannar3a jaisI Aryetara bhASAoM kI samRddhi meM ina amara citroM kI dena itanI hai ki yadi ina sAhityoM meM se rAma aura kRSNa-kathA sambandhI sAhitya ko alaga kara diyA jAye, to zeSa bacA sAhitya sattvahIna ho jAyegA / kannar3a meM sAhitya kA nirmANa IsA kI lagabhaga 7vIM zatAbdI se zurU hotA hai, phira nirantara utkarSa ko prApta hotA hai / taba se Aja taka kannar3a meM rAma-kathA saMbaMdhI sAhitya kA sRjana barAbara jArI hai| AraMbhika kAla meM vizeSata: jaina dharmAvalambI hI sAhitya-nirmAtA rahe / kyoMki usa samaya karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA vizeSa pracAra ho calA thaa| 18vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga vaidika dharma kA punarutthAna huaa| usake sAtha hI vaidika matAvalambiyoM ne sAhityanirmANa kI ora bhI dhyAna diyaa| lekina saMskRta-prAkRta-apabhraza sAhitya ke kannar3a-rUpAntara kA zreya jaina kaviyoM ko hI jAtA hai| jaina kaviyoM ne prAya: do prakAra ke kAvyoM kI racanA kI-1. dhArmika kAvya, 2. laukika kaavy| laukika kAvyoM meM vaidika sAhitya kI kathAvastuoM kA antarbhAva isa kauzala se sampanna huA ki saMskRta bhASA, zailI, racanA-vaicitrya, vastu-vidhAna Adi ke vaibhava se kannar3a-bhASA tathA sAhitya paripuSTa va sattvazAlI bnaa| (-rASTrakavi 'maithilIzaraNa gupta abhinandana-graMtha' meM mudrita zrI hiraNmaya ke lekha se uddhRta) jaina sAhityAnuzIlana