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________________ jaina mUrtizAstra (madhyapradeza kI jaina mUrtikalA ke sandarbha meM) bhAratIya sthApatya yA bhavana nirmANa kalA kA aitihAsika vivecana karane se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina devAlayoM kA nirmANa maurya - zAsanakAla meM hone lagA thA / bihAra meM gayA ke samIpa barAbara nAmaka parvata guphAoM meM kaI zilAlekha mile haiN| unase jJAta huA hai ki maurya samrATa azoka ne AjIvika nAmaka eka saMpradAya ke sanyAsiyoM ke nivAsa ke lie pahAr3a kI caTTAnoM ko kATakara zaila - gRhoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| usake vaMzaja dazaratha nAmaka zAsaka ne bhI isa kArya ko Age bddh'aayaa| AjIvika saMpradAya ke prAraMbhakarttA AcArya ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA samakAlIna mAnA jAtA hai / barAbara kI pahAr3I se kucha dUra nAgArjunI nAmaka pahAr3I hai / vahA~ bhI mauryakAla meM sAdhuoM ke nivAsa ke lie kaI zaila-gRha banavAe ge| bhAratIya sAhitya meM parNazAlAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bhUmi meM moTI lakar3I bar3e Tukar3oM ko gAkara una para patte chA die jAte the / isa prakAra patte kI kuTiyA~ yA parNazAlAe~ banAyI jAtI thIM / unhIM ke DhaMga para zaila-gRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa| jaina sAdhuoM ke lie zaila-gRha banAne ke kaI udAharaNa tAmilanADu meM bhI mile haiM / IsavI pUrva dUsarI aura pahalI zatI meM ur3IsA tathA pazcimI bhArata meM parvatoM ko kATakara devAlaya banAne kI paraMparA vikasita huii| ur3IsA ke bhuvanezvara ke samIpa kaI bar3I guphAe~ patthara kI caTTAnoM ko kATakara banAyI gayIM / vahA~ khaNDagiri tathA udayagiri nAmaka jaina guphAaiM bahuta prasiddha haiN| tIsarI guphA kA nAma hAthIguphA hai / usameM kaliMga ke jaina zAsaka khAravela kA eka zilAlekha khudA huA hai 1 lekha se jJAta huA hai ki IsavI pUrva cauthI zatI meM magadha ke rAjA mahApadmananda tIrtha kara kI eka mUrti kaliMga se apanI rAjadhAnI pATilaputra uThA le gae the / khAravela IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI ke madhya meM usa pratimA ko magadha se apane rAjya meM lauTA lAe aura use unhoMne apane mukhya nagara meM pratiSThApita kiyA / pro0 kRSNadatta bAjapeyI isa zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki tIrtha kara mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa nandarAja mahApadmananda ke kucha pahale prArambha ho cukA thA / jaina sAhityika anuzruti se bhI patA calatA hai ki candana kI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya se yaha unake nirvANa ke pazcAt hI banane lagI thIM / uttara bhArata meM jaina kalA ke jitane kendra the unameM mathurA kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa / IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI 168
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________________ se lekara IsavI bArahavIM zatI taka ke dIrghakAla meM mathurA meM jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA rahA / yahA~ ke cittIdAra lAla balue patthara kI banI huI kaI hajAra jaina kalAkRtiyA~ aba taka mathurA aura usake AsapAsa ke jiloM se prApta ho cukI haiN| unameM tIrthaMkara Adi pratimAoM ke atirikta caukora AyAgapaTTa vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM una para prAyaH bIca meM tIrthakara mUrti tathA usake cAroM ora vividha prakAra ke manohara alaMkaraNa milate haiM / svastika, nandayAvarta, vardhamAnakya, zrIvatsa, bhadrAsana, darpaNa, kalaza aura mIna yugala - ina aSTamaMgala dravyoM kA AyAgapaTToM para sundaratA ke sAtha citraNa kiyA gayA hai / eka AyAgapaTTa para kSATha divakumAriyA~ eka-dUsare kA hAtha pakar3e hue AkarSaka DhaMga se maMDala nRtya meM saMlagna dikhAI gaI haiM / maNDala yA 'cakravAla' abhinaya kA ullekha 'rAyapaleniya sUtra' nAmaka jaina graMtha meM bhI milatA hai| eka dUsare AyAgapaTTe para toraNa dvAra tathA vedikA kA atyanta sundara aMkana hai| vAstava meM ye AyAgapaTTa prAcIna jaina kalA ke utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| inameM se adhikAMza abhilikhita haiM, jina para brAhmI lipi meM lagabhaga I. pU. eka sau se lekara IsavI prathama zatI ke madhya taka ke lekha haiM / mathurA kI jaina kalA kA prabhAva madhyapradeza meM vidizA, tumaina Adi sthAnoM kI kalA para par3A / pazcimI bhArata, madhya bhArata tathA dakSiNa meM parvatoM ko kATakara jaina devAlaya banAne kI paraMparA dIrghakAla taka milatI hai| vidizA ke samIpa udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM do jaina guphAeM haiN| vahA~ saMkhyA eka kI guphA meM guptakAlIna jaina mandira ke avazeSa upalabdha haiM / udayagiri kI saMkhyA 20 vAlI guphA bhI jaina maMdira hai / usameM gupta samrATa kumAragupta prathama ke samaya meM nirmita kalApUrNa tIrtha kara pratimA milI hai / jaina maMdira sthApatya kA dUsarA rUpa bhUmija mandiroM meM milatA hai| ina maMdiroM kA nirmANa prAyaH samatala bhUmi para patthara aura IMToM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / uttara pradeza, rAjasthAna, gujarAta, baMgAla aura madhyapradeza meM samatala bhUmi para banAe gae jaina maMdiroM kI saMkhyA bahuta bar3I hai / kabhI-kabhI ye maMdira jaina stUpoM ke sAtha banAe jAte the / jaina stUpoM ke saMbaMdha meM pracura sAhityika tathA abhilekhIya pramANa upalabdha haiN| unase jJAta hotA hai aneka prAcIna sthaloM para unakA nirmANa huA / mathurA, kauzAMbI Adi kaI sthAnoM meM prAcIna jaina stUpoM ke bhI avazeSa mile haiN| unase yaha bAta spaSTa hai ki ina stUpoM kA nirmANa Isava stUpoM kA nirmANa IsavI pUrva dUsarI zatI se vyavasthita rUpa meM hone lagA thaa| prAraMbhika stUpa ardhavRttAkAra hote the / unake cAroM ora patthara kA bAr3A banAyA jAtA thA / use 'vedikA' kahate the / vedikA ke staMbhoM para AkarSaka mudrAoM meM striyoM kI mUrtiyoM ko vizeSa rUpa se aMkita karanA prazasta mAnA jAtA thA / gupta kAla se jaina stUpoM kA AkAra laMbotarA hotA gayA / bauddha stUpoM kI taraha jaina stUpa bhI paravartI kAla meM adhika UMce AkAra ke banAe jAne lage / madhya kAla meM jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa vyApaka rUpa meM hone lgaa| bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM vividha pratimAoM se alaMkRta jaina maMdiroM kA nirmANa huA / isa kArya meM vibhinna rAjavaMzoM ke atirikta vyApArI varga tathA jana sAdhAraNa ne bhI prabhUta yoga diyA / candeloM ke samaya meM khajurAho meM nirmita jaina maMdira prasiddha haiN| ina maMdiroM ke bahirbhAga khajurAho kI viziSTa zailI meM ukere gae haiN| maMdiroM ke bAharI bhAgI para samAnAMtara alaMkaraNa paTTikAeM utkhacita haiN| unameM devI-devatAoM tathA mAnava aura prakRtijagata ko atyanta sajIvatA ke sAtha Alekhita kiyA gayA hai| khajurAho ke jaina maMdiroM meM pAzrvanAtha maMdira atyadhika vizAla hai| usakI UMcAI 68 phuTa hai / maMdira ke bhItara kA bhAga 166
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________________ mahAmaNDapa, antarAla tathA garbhagRha-ina tIna mukhya maMdira pAsa-pAsa bane hue haiN| madhyapradeza meM papaurA, bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| unake cAroM ora pradakSiNA mArga ahAra, thUbona, kuNDalapura, sonAgiri Adi aneka sthaloM hai / isa maMdira kI chata kA kaTAva vizeSa kalAtmaka hai para jaina maMdira-nagara nirmita hue| aise maMdira-nagaroM ke aura khajurAho ke sthApatya vizeSajJoM kI dakSatA kA lie parvata zRkhalAeM dhizeSa rUpa se cunI gyiiN| paricAyaka hai| maMdira ke praveza-dvAra para garur3a para bhArata ke aneka rAjavaMzoM ne jaina-kalA kI unnati dasabhujI jaina devI ArUr3ha hai / garbhagRha kI dvArazAkhA meM yoga diyaa| gupta zAsakoM ke bAda cAlukya, rASTrakUTa, para padmAsana tathA khaDgAsana meM tIrthaMkaroM kI pratimAeM kalacuri, gaMga, kadamba cola tathA pAMDya vaMza ke aneka ukerI gaI haiN| khajurAho ke ina maMdiroM meM vividha rAjAoM ne jaina-kalA ko saMrakSaNa tathA protsAhana diyaa| AkarSaka mudrAoM meM surasudariyoM yA apsarAoM kI bhI ina vaMzoM ke kaI rAjA jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| inameM siddhamUrtiyAM utkIrNa haiM / ina mUrtiyoM meM devAMganAoM ke aMgapratyaMgoM ke cAruvinyAsa tayA unakI bhAvabhaMgimAe~ rAja jayasiMha, kumArapAla, amodha varSa, akAlavarSa tathA vizeSa rUpa se darzanIya haiM / khajurAho kA dUsarA mukhya gaMgavaMzI bhArasiMha dvitIya ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| ina zAsakoM ko jaina dharma kI ora pravarta karane kA zreya jaina saMdira AdinAtha kA hai| isakA sthApatya pArzvanAtha maMdira ke samAna hai| svanAmadhanya hemacandra, jinasena, guNabhadra, kundakunda Adi jaina AcAryoM ko hai| rAjya-saMrakSaNa prApta hone evaM vidizA jile ke gyArasapUra nAmaka sthAna meM mAlA- vidvAna AcAryoM dvArA dhArmika pracAra meM kriyAtmaka devI kA maMdira hai| usake bahirbhAga kI sajjA tathA yoga dene para jaina sAhitya tathA kalA kI bar3I unnati garbhagRha kI vizAla pratimAeM kalAtmaka abhiruci kI huI / madhyakAla meM aThArahavIM zatI ke anta taka prAyaH dyotaka hai| madhya bhArata meM madhyakAla meM gvAliyara, samasta bhArata meM jaina maMdiroM evaM pratimAoM kA nirmANa devagar3ha, canderI, ajayagar3ha, ahAra Adi sthAnoM meM jArI rahA / sAmAjika-dhArmika itihAsa kI jAnakArI sthApatya tathA mUrtikalA kA pracura vikAsa huaa| ke lie yaha sAmagrI mahattva kI hai| jaina sthApatya tathA mUrtikalA kA prAcurya 'devAlayanagaroM meM dekhane ko milatA hai| aise sthaloM para saikar3oM 170