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________________ Jain Agam Literature Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh NC 27607-3969 919-859-4994 and fax E-mail: education @jaina.org Website: www.jaina.org
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________________ Index Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature f Definition f Classification f Listings of Sutras Summary of Agams by Jainsects f History of Preservation f Agam substitute Literature of Digambar f Authors of Agam Literature f Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas #Commentary on Jain Agams f Niryukti f Bhasya f Churni f Tika Summary of Jain Literature Various Subjects / Languages f Jain Authors f Important Jain scriptures
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________________ Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) -Definition f Absolute Point of View (Reader/Listener) -Enhances Spiritual Life -Finds Happiness within -Reduces kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc.) within f Empirical Point of View (Author/Speaker) -Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant, Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion -Preach Universal Truth -Conduct - Equanimity, Universal affection, Friendship -Thought - Principle of Relativity Language f Ardha-maghadhi 400 to 100 B.C. f Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD.
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________________ Jain Sects Jain Sects Digambar Monks - no cloths Swetambar Monks - white cloths Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox murtipujak L Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami Murtipujak Orthodox murtipujak Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14th Cen) Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18th Cen) Simple murtipujak Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16th Cen)
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________________ Jain Agam Literature Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures) Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 Purvi Acharyas 11 Ang-agams Swetambar-all survived Digambar - all extinct 12th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct Digambar Angbahya-agams 14 scriptures (all sects) All extinct Swetambar Angbahya-agams 34/21 Scriptures All survived Five Parikarmas Upang 12 Murtipujak 12 Non-murtipujak Sutra Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak 4 Non-murtipujak Prathamanuyog Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak 3 Non-murtipujak Fourteen Purva-gatas Chulika 2 Murtipujak 2 Non-murtipujak - Five Chulikas Prakirna 10 Murtipujak 0 Non-murtipujak
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________________ Ang-pravistha Agam Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir Composed by Ganadhars -12 Ang-pravishta Agams Digambar (all sects) f All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 AD. -Shwetambar (all sects) f 11 Ang-agams are survived f 12th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.
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________________ Ang-pravistha Agams 1. Acharang 2. Sutra-kratang 3. Sthanang 4. Samavay-ang 5. Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati 6. Jnata-dharma-kathang 7. Upasaka-dashang 8. Antahkra-dashang 9. Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang 10.Prashna-vyakran 11.Vipaka-sutra 12.Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad
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________________ Drishti-pravada-anga 12th Ang-agam -Divided into Five Parts: 1 Five Parikarmas 2 Sutra 3 Pratham-anuyoga 4 Fourteen Purva-gatas or Purvas 5 Five Chulikas
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________________ Drishti-pravada-anga -Five Parikarmas f Chandra-prajnapti f Surya-prajnapti f Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti f Dvip-prajnapti f Vyakhya-prajnapti Sutra f An account of 363 false creeds -Pratham-anuyoga f Life stories of 63 great Leaders -24 Tirthankars -12 Chakra-vartis -9 Narayans or Vasudevs -9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs -9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs
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________________ Listings of 14 Purvas 1. Utpada-purva 1. describes the origination, destruction, and permanance nature of substances 2. Agraya-niya 1. describes seven tattvas, and six dravyas 3. Viryanu-vad 1. describes the power and qualities of living and nonliving substances. 4. Asti-nasti-pravad 1. Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and their usage. 5. Jnana-pravad 1. Eight types of knowledge (Jnana) 6. Satya-pravad 1. Description of truth, silence, speakers 7. Atma-pravad 1. Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and Vyavahar point of view
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________________ Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont..) 8. Karma-pravad 8. Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul 9. Pratya-khyan 8. Description of vows, penances, repentances, and renounciation of bad things. 10. Vidyanu-vad 8. Acquiring special power by learning various Mantras and other knowledge 11. Kalyan-vad 8. Description of the grand celebrations of great events (Kalyanak) 12. Prana-vad 8. knowledge about removal of pains caused by spirit, ghost, snake etc. 13. Kriya-visal 8. Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman 14. Triloka-bindu-sara 8. Way of attaing Moksha and glory and hapiness of it.
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________________ Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power 1 Jala-gata power to walk on water, staying in the water, passing through fire etc 2 Sthala-gata travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc 3 Maya-gata fpower to perform miracles 4 Rupa-gata transformation of body into various forms. 5 Akasa-gata travel into space
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________________ Ang-bahya Agams: Composed by Sthaviras. f 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas Digambar f All sects - 14 -Shwetambar f Murti-pujak -34 f Non-murti-pujak - 21
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________________ Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams f 1. Samayik f 2. Samstava f 3. Vandana f 4. Prati-kraman f 5. Vinaya f 6. Kriti-karma f 7. Das-vaikalik f 8. Uttar-adhyayan f 9. Kalpa-vyavahara f 10. Kalpa-kalpa f 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka f 12. Pundarika f 13. Maha-pundarika f 14. Nishidika "All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364 B.C. to 157 A.D.
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________________ Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Sect.............. ............ Upang Agams Chhed-sutra Agams Mul-sutra Agams Chulika-sutra Agams Prakirna Agams Total t ~ ~ o n -A = Swetambar Murti-pujak sect -B = Swetambar Nonmurti-pujak sect
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________________ Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Upang Agams 1. Aupa-patika 2. Raja-prasniya 3. Jivabhigam 4. Prajnapana 5. Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti 6. Surya-prajnapti 7. Chandra-prajnapti 8. Nirayavali or Kalpika 9. Kalpa-vatansika 10. Pushpika 11. Pushpa-chulika 12. Vrashni-dasha -Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects.
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________________ Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: -Chhed-sutra Agams: 1. Nishitha 2. Maha-nishitha 3. Vyavahara* 4. Das-sruta-skandha 5. Brahat-kalpa 6. Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa* -Mul-sutra Agams 1. Avasyaka 2. Dasha-vaikalika 3. Uttara-dhyan 4. Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti* -Chulika-sutra Agams 1. Nandi-sutra 2. Anuyoga-dvara .* Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect
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________________ Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: -Prakirna Agams 1. Chatuh-sarana 2. Samstarak 3. Atura-pratya-khyana 4. Bhakti-parijna 5. Tandul-vaitalika 6. Chandra-vedhyaka 7. Devendra-stav 8. Ganit-vidya 9. Maha-pratya-khyan 10.Vir-stava - None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect
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________________ Agam Summary by Jain Sects Digambar (all sects) f 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC f Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157 AD f Agam Substitute Literature -Satkhand Agam -Kashay-pahud -Four Anuyogs Shwetambar (all sects) f 12th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD f 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived -Shwetambar Murtipujak f Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams -Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak f Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams
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________________ History of Preservation -First Recension (226 BC) f Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra f 11 Ang Agams orally complied f 14 Purvas not remembered f Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD) f Mathura by Skandil f Valabhi by Nagarjun f Agams and Anuyogs documented Third Recension (527 AD) f Valabhi by Devardhi-gani f Prakirnas documented f Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved f Differences documented in Churni f Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra) Current Status f Deviation from Nandi Sutra -Many Prakirnas are extinct -Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added
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________________ Commentary Literature To study Jain agams, one requires to study complete Panchagini of each Agam. -Panchagini (Five Types) f Original Sutras f Niryukti f Bhasya f Churni f Tika
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________________ Niryukti Literature Written on Agam sutras -Prakrit Language -Poetic Form and Short -Provides General Meaning -Contains f Historical Incidences f Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples f Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts -Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second) f Written on 10 Agams before 600 AD Independent Niryukties f Sanstarak Niryukti f Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra f Aradhana Niryukti
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________________ Bhasya Literature -Written on Agam and Niryukti Prakrit Language -Poetic Form -Provides Specific Meaning -Contains f Prachin (old) Anushruties f Jatak Stories f Provides Good Understanding of -History of Jainism -Conducts and Behavior of Monks -Authors f Sanghdas-gani f Jinbhadra-gani f Written - 400 to 600 A.D.
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________________ Churni Literature Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya -Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language Prose Form -Contains Jatak and Religious Stories -Provides Good Understanding f Social Customs f Business f Food Habits f Festivals f Clothing of people -Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar -600 AD
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________________ Tika Literature Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and Churni Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories -Most Important to understand Agam literature -Prominent Tika Authors f Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A.D.) Prajnapana, Avasyaka*, Nandi, Dashavaikalika*, Anuyoga-dvara f Shilanka-suri (8th century) -Acharang, Sutra-kratang f Abhaydev (11th century) -9 of 11 Ang agams f Malladhari Hemchandra (11th century) -Anuyogdvar f Acharya Malay-giri (11th century) -Nandi, Prajnapana, Jiva-bhigama, Brahatkalpa, Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak* f Shanti-suri (1563 A.D.) -Uttara-dhyan Sutra Vrahat Tika*
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________________ Jain Literature Classification Code English Name Prakrit Name SOOOW 4 OI? Metaphics Spiritual/Philosophy Meditation Karma Logic Conduct Morality Astronomy Story, Biography Ritual and Sutras Drama and Poetry Tattvajnan Adhyatma Yoga, Dhyan Karma Darshan, Naya, Praman Charnanuyoga Niti, Upadesh Lok Svarup Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang Stotra, Mantra, Puja Lalit Kavya, Kavya Shastra, k -M Natak -N c = 6 3 6 6 Figures of speech Dictionary Grammar Mathematics Astrology Physics Politics Alankar Dictionary, Kosha, Lokjnan Vyakaran Ganit Jyotish Padarth Vijnan Rajniti
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________________ Jain Authors Kundkunda-charya (1st century) f Ashta Pahud B f Baras Anuvekkha (Anupreksha) f Das Bhakti Granth f Niyamsar f Panchastikaya f Pravachansar f Samaysar Umaswati or Umaswami (2nd century) f Tattvarth Sutra f Prashama-rati Prakarana f Tattvarth Bhasya Siddhasen Divakar or Gandh-hasti (5th century) f Dvatrishika Stotra f Kalyan Mandir Stotra (S) f Nyayavatar f Sanmati-tark (prakaran) f Tattvarth Bhasya
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________________ Jain Authors TI -Samant-bhadra (5th century) f Apta Mimansa (Devagma Stotra) E f Ratna Karand Shravakachar f Stuti Vidya f Svayambhu Stotra -Pujyapad or Devanandi (6th century) f Ishtopadesh f Jainendra Vyakaran f Samadhi Sataka f Samadhi Tantra f Sarvarth Siddhi (Tattvarth tika) f Siddhi Priya Stotra -Akalank (7th century) f Ashtashati (Apta Mimansha tika) f Lagiyasraya f Nyaya Vinishchaya f Praman Sangraha f Siddhi Vinishchaya M M M M M
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________________ Jain Authors -Haribhadra-suri (8th century) f Anekant Jaya Pataka f Anuyogadvara f Asada-kavikrata Upadesha f Dharma Bindu f Dharma Samgrahani f Dhurta-khyan f Jambudvipa Prajnaapti f Jiva-bhigam f Kandati f Lalit Vistra f Nandi f Nyaya Pravesh (tika-non Jain text f Samaraicchakaha f Savay Pannitti f Shad-darshan Samuccaya A. UZO DUC TTT m
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________________ Jain Authors - Haribhadra-suri (8th century) cont... f Tattvarth Sloka Vriti f Upadesha Pada f Yoga Bindu f Yoga Drasti Samucchaya f Yoga Shataka Vidyananda (8th century) f Apta Pariksha E f Ashta Sahasri (Apta Mimansa tika)E f Naya-vivarnam f Patrapariksa f Praman Pariksha A f Satya Shasan Pariksha f Tattvarth Shloka Vartika (tika) G s C s E shshsh sh << E E E A
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________________ Jain Authors Nemichandra Siddhant Chakravarti (10th century) f Brahat Dravya Sangraha f Gomatsar Jivakanda f Gomatsar Karmakanda f Kshetra Ganita f Labdhisar (Gomatsar purak) f Raghava Pandaviya Kavya f Triloksar -Somdev (10th century) f Adhyatma Tarangini f Nitivakyamrit f Syadvad Upanishad f Upasak Addhayan f Yashastilak Champu A D D LOMI D H CUCF -- s s |
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________________ Jain Authors -Hemchandra (12th century) f Abhidhana Chintamani f Alankar Chudamani f Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika f Anekartha Namamala f Arhan-niti f Chhandonu-shasana f Deshi Namamala f Dhvayashrya Mahakavya f Kavyanu Shashana f Mahadev Stotra f Nighantukosha f Paramatma Prakaran A zwa EAE ERAU
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________________ Jain Authors O UMC -Hemchandra (12th century) cont.. f Parishishta Parva f Praman Mimansa f Shesha Namamala f Siddha Hemachandra Vyakarana f Siddhahema Shabdanu Shasan f Trishishta Shalaka Purush f Vadanu Shasan f Vitarag Stotra K f Yoga Shastra f Yoga Shastra Vratti f Yoga Vinshikas
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________________ Jain Authors Yashovijayji (18th century) f Adhyatma Pariksa f Adhyatma Sara f Adhyatma Upanishad f Ashta Sahasri Vivaran f Dharma Pariksha f Dvatrimshad f Jain Tark Paribhasha f Jnan-bindu-sara f Karma-prakrati Tika f Naya-pradip f Naya-rahasya f Nayamrit Tarangini f Nyaya Khandan Khadya f Nyayalok f Tattvarth Sutra Vriti f Upadesha Rahasya