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________________ -. -. - . -. - . -. -. ............................................... jaina kaviyoM ke brajabhASA-prabaMdha-kAvya 0DaoN0 lAlacanda jaina hindI vibhAga, banasthalI vidyApITha, vanasthalI (rAja.) bhAratIya vAGamaya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna avismaraNIya hai| jisa prakAra bhAratIya dharmoM meM jaina dharma eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai, usI prakAra bhAratIya sAhitya meM jaina sAhitya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki jaina dharma eka prAcIna dharma hai aura isa dharma ke bahuta se karNadhAra sAhitya ke praNetA bhI rahe haiM tathA aneka sAhityakAra apanI dhArmika AsthAoM ko lekara cale haiN| isa prakAra jaina sAhityakAra atItakAla se hI apanI manISA evaM bhAvukatA kA paricaya dete rahe haiN| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki jaina sAhityakAra bhArata kI vividha bhASAoM aura sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM meM sAhitya kA sRjana karate rahe haiM / jisa prakAra unhoMne bhArata kI aneka bhASAoM meM sAhitya kI racanA kI, usI prakAra brajabhASA meM bhI kii| brajabhASA meM unake dvArA prabhUta parimANa meM kAvya-sRSTi huI hai| usameM bhI yadyapi muktaka kAvya kA prAcurya hai, kintu prabandhakAvyoM kI bhI eka viziSTa bhUmikA hai| ina prabandhakAvyoM ke antargata mahAkAvya aura khaNDakAvya ke atirikta ekArtha kAvya bhI ullekhanIya haiN| ___ Alocya prabandhakAvyoM meM pArzvapurANa (bhUdharadAsa), nemIzvaradAsa (nemicandra) jaise mahAkAvya, sItA carita (rAma candra bAlaka), zreNika carita (lakSmIdAsa), yazodharacarita (lakSmIdAsa), yazodharacarita caupaI (sAha lohaTa) jaise ekArthakAvya, baMkacora kI kathA (nathamala), AdinAtha beli (bhaTTAraka dharmacandra), ratnapAla rAso (sUracanda), cetanakarma carita (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa), madhu binduka caupaI (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa), neminAtha maMgala (vinodIlAla), nemi rAjamatI bArahamAsA savaiyA (jinaharSa), nemi-rAjula bArahamAsA (vinodIlAla), zata aSTottarI (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa), nemi byAha (vinodIlAla), paMcendriya saMvAda (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa) rAjula paccIsI (vinodIlAla) sUA battIsI (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa), nemicandrikA (AsakaraNa), zIlakathA (bhArAmalla), saptavyasana carita (bhArAmalla), nizibhojana-tyAga kathA (bhArAmalla) nemicandrikA (manaraMgalAla) Adi khaNDakAvya braja prabandhakAvya-zRMkhalA kI mahattvapUrNa kar3iyA~ haiN| uparyukta prabandhakAvyoM ke atirikta, paryApta saMkhyA meM, anUdita prabandhakAvya bhI upalabdha hote haiM, jaise-dharmaparIkSA (manoharalAla), prItakara carita (jodharAja godIkA), pANDava purANa (bulAkIdAsa), dhanyakumAra carita (khuzAlacandra), jIvaMdhara carita (daulatarAma kAsalIvAla), zreNika carita (ratnacanda), varAMgacarita (pANDe lAlacandra), jinadatta carita (vakhtAvaramala) Adi / yadi hama anUdita prabandhakAvyoM ko chor3a deM to bhI yaha kahanA cAhie ki maulika prabandhakAvya bhI saMkhyA meM kama nahIM haiM aura unameM nAmakaraNa, viSaya evaM zailI Adi kI dRSTi se vividhatA parilakSita hotI haiN| nAmakaraNa kI dRSTi se ye racanAe~ carita, purANa, kathA, veli, maMgala, candrikA, bArahamAsA, saMvAda, chanda-saMkhyA Adi aneka nAmAnta haiM, jo apane vividha rUpavidhAnoM kA saMketa karatI hai| viSaya ke vicAra se bhI ye racanAe~ kaI prakAra kI haiN| inameM kucha paurANika haiM, yathA-sItA carita, zreNika carita, nemIzvara rAsa Adi, kucha dhArmika haiM, jaise--baMkacora kI kathA,
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________________ 658 101 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha paMcama khaNDa J zItakathA Adi kucha kI racanA dArzanika yA AdhyAtmika viSayoM ke AdhAra para huI hai. jaise-cetana karma carita aSTIsarI paMcendriya svAda, madhu vinduka caupaI, sUA basIsI aadi| yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki jisa kAla meM ina prabandhakAvyoM kA praNayana huA, vaha kAla hindI meM rItikAla ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa yuga meM zRMgAraparaka muktaka kAvya kI sRSTi apane utkarSa para thii| bahuta thor3e prabandhakAvyoM kA udaya apane astitva kI sUcanA de rahA thaa| aise samaya meM vastu evaM zilpa viSayaka aneka viziSTatAoM se sampuTita aneka prabandhakartAoM kI racanA eka Azcarya kI bAta hai / Alocya pravandhakAvyoM meM do pramukha mahAkAvya hai (1) pArzvapurANa aura (2) nemIzvararAsa | * ukta donoM mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM kI kasauTI para prAyaH pUre utarane vAle kAvya haiN| ye mahAn nAyaka, mahaduddezya, veSTha kathAnaka, vastu vyApAra-varNana, rasAbhivyaMjanA, udAsa sI Adi kI dRSTi se paryApta saphala hai| ekAryakAvyoM meM kavi lakSmIdAsa kA yazodhara carita evaM zreNika parita, ajayarAja kA neminAtha carita, rAmacandra bAlaka kA sItAcarita Adi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / ye kAvya carita kAvyoM kI paramparA ke pratIta hote haiM, jinameM prabandhatva ke sAtha-sAtha kathAkAvya evaM itivRttAtmaka kathA ke lakSaNa bhI vidyamAna haiM / Alocya yuga meM race gaye khaNDakAvyoM kI saMkhyA hI sarvAdhika hai / jahA~ mahAkAvya aura ekArthakAvya prAyaH purANa, carita, caupAI aura rAsa nAmAnta haiM, vahA~ khaNDakAvya kathA, carita, caupAI, maMgala, byAha candrikA, veli bArahamAsA, saMvAda tathA chanda saMkhyA (zata aSTotarI, sUA battIsI, rAjula paccIsI) Adi aneka nAmAnta haiN| ina khaNDakAvyoM ke pratipAdya viSaya aneka haiM aura unameM prayukta zailiyA~ bhI aneka haiM / ina khaNDakAvyoM meM bhAva pradhAna khaNDakAvyoM kI saMkhyA kAphI hai| ye anubhUti kI tIvratA se sampuTita hai, hamAre hRdaya ko chUte haiM aura adhika samaya taka rasamagna rakhate haiN| inameM prayukta adhikAMza chandoM evaM TAloM kA nAda-saundarya sahRdayoM ko vimohita karatA hai| isa prakAra ke khaNDakAvyoM meM AsakaraNa kRta nemicandrikA, vinodIlAla kRta rAjula paccIsI, nemi-byAha, neminAtha maMgala, nebhi-rAjula bArahamAsA saMvAda jina kRtanemi rAjula bArahamAsA Adi ullekhanIya haiN| kucha aise khaNDakAvya bhI haiM, jo varNanapradhAna yA ghaTanApradhAna haiN| baMkacora kI kathA ( nathamala ), varNanapradhAna tathA cetana karmacarita (bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa) ghaTanApradhAna khaNDakAvya kahe jA sakate haiM / samanvayAtmaka khaNDakAvyoM meM bhArAmalla kRta zIla kathA, bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa viracita sUA-battIsI madhubinduka caupAI, evaM pacendriya-saMvAda sundara bana par3e haiM / 1 vastutaH khaNDakAvya ke kSetra meM bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa evaM vinodIlAla ko adhika prasiddhi milI hai bhaiyA ne pAMca khaNDakAvyoM (zata aSTottarI, cetanakarmacarita, madhu vinduka caupAI, sUA battIsI aura paMcendriya saMvAda) kA praNayana kiyA hai / ina pA~coM khaNDakAvyoM kA kathApaTa jhInA hai, kintu kAvyAtmaka evaM kalAtmaka raMga gaharA hai / sAdhya evaM sAdhana donoM dRSTiyoM se bhagavatIdAsa ke khaNDakAvya aura kAmAyanI (prasAda) eka hI paramparA ke kAvya haiM / antara mAtra itanA hI hai ki bhagavatIdAsa kI kRtiyAM sImita lakSya ke kAraNa khaNDakAvya huI, vahAM prasAda kI kRti uddezya kI mahattA ke kAraNa mahAkAvya ho gayI / bhagavatIdAsa mahAkAvya kI racanA na karane para bhI mahAkavi ke gauravabhAgI haiN|" bhaiyA kavi ke atirikta vinodIlAla ke khaNDakAvya bhI bhAva, bhASA evaM zailI kI dRSTi se utkRSTa koTi ke haiM / Alocya prabandhakAvyoM kI racanA kA uddezya bhI vicAraNIya hai| dhyAna rakhane kI bAta yaha hai ki vaha kAla 1. DaoN0 siyArAma tivArI hindI ke madhyakAlIna khaNDakAvya, pR0 365. : .
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________________ jaina kaviyoM ke brajabhASA-prabandhakAvya 656 . ..................................... mukhyata: rIti, zRMgAra aura kalA kA kAla thaa| usa yuga ke kAvya meM vilAsitA evaM aihika sukha-bhoga kI pravRtti bar3ha calI thI, kintu hamAre kAvyoM meM bhinna pravRtti-nivRttimUlakatA kA hI atireka dikhAI detA hai| isa kI dRSTi se inameM zAnta rasa zIrSa para hai| jaina kavi banArasIdAsa (vi0saM0 1643-1700) ne 'navamo zAnta rasana ko nAyaka' kahakara zAnta ko rasoM kA nAyaka svIkAra kiyA thA / anya pUrvavartI kaviyoM kI cetanA ne bhI zAnta rasa kI dhArA meM khUba avagAhana kiyA hai| vAstava meM hamAre yuga ke kavi bhI AdhyAtmika dhArA ke poSaka the aura zRMgAra ke antargata mAMsala prema ke virodhI / unakI racanA meM zRMgAra kI lahareM zAnta ke pravAha meM vilIna ho gaI haiM / rasa kI yaha pariNati rIti ke jhakoroM se mukta eka vizeSa dazA kI sUcaka hai| ina prabandhakAvyoM meM bhakti kA, dharma evaM darzana kA svara bhI prabala hai aura unameM sthala-sthala para unake praNetAoM kI santa-pravRtti kA unmeSa jhalakatA hai / kahanA na hogA ki ina kRtiyoM meM yA to tirasaThazalAkA puruSoM kA yazogAna hai yA Atmatattva kI upalabdhi ke lie rUpaka athavA pratIka zailI meM dArzanika evaM AdhyAtmika rahasyoM kA udaghATana hai, yA anyAnya caritroM ke pariprekSya meM udAtta mUlyoM evaM AdarzoM kI pratiSThA hai| vastuta: lakSya ke vicAra se ina kAvyoM kI vairAgyonmukha pravRtti kA mUla uddezya tatkAlIna avyavasthA se kSatavikSata sAmantavAda ke bhagnAvazeSa para khar3e trasta aura pIr3ita mAnava ko sphUrti aura utsAha pradAna karake dizAntara meM prerita karatA hai, jIvana-patha meM AcchAdita andhakAra aura nirAzA ko dUra kara usameM AzA aura Aloka bharanA tathA vilAsa-jarjara mAnava meM naitika bala kA saMcAra karanA hai| inameM sthala-sthala para jo bhakti kI anabarata gaMgA baha rahI hai, vaha bhI isa bhAvanA ke sAtha ki mAnava apane pApoM kA prakSAlana kara le, apanI AtmA ke kAluSya ko dho DAle aura inameM jo Adarza caritroM kA utkarSa dikhalAyA gayA hai, vaha bhI isalie ki una jaise guNoM ko hRdaya meM utAra le| isa prakAra vivecya prabandhakAvyoM meM dharma ke donoM pakSoM (AcAra evaM vicAra) para prakAza DAlate hue mAnava ko yaha bodha karAyA gayA hai ki vyakti aura samAja kA maMgala dharmAdoM ke paripAlana evaM cAritrika pavitratA ke AdhAra para hI saMbhava hai| prAyaH samasta prabandhoM meM saMgharSAtmaka paristhitiyoM kA niyojana tathA anta meM Atma-svAtantrya kI pukAra hai| unake madhya meM sthala-sthala para aneka lokAdarzoM kI pratiSThA hai| loka-maMgala kI bhAvanA unameM sthala-sthala para ubharI hai| vahA~ pApa para puNya, adharma para dharma aura asatya para satya kI vijaya kA udghoSa hai| unameM aise prasaMga Aye haiM jahA~ hiMsA, krodha, vaira, viSayAsakti, parigraha, lobha, kuzIla, durAcAra Adi meM lipta mAnava ko eka yA aneka paryAyoM meM ghoratama kaSTa sahate hue batalAyA gayA hai aura antata: ahiMsA, akrodha, kSamA, tyAga, udAratA, aparigraha, zIla, saMyama, cAritra Adi kI zreyatA, pavitratA aura mahattA siddha kara ihaloka aura paraloka ke sAphalya kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai| unakA lakSya rAga nahIM virAga hai, bhautika prema nahIM AdhyAtmika prema hai, bhoga nahIM yoga hai. tapa hai, mokSa hai| saMkSepa meM, caturvarga phaloM meM se dharma aura mokSa kI prApti hai, artha aura kAma uparyukta donoM phaloM kI upalabdhi ke sAdhana mAtra haiN| ___ niSkarSa yaha hai ki vidvAnoM dvArA Alocya prabandha-kAvyoM kA prabandhakAvya-paramparA meM cAhe jo sthAna nirdhArita kiyA jAye, kintu itanA avazya hai ki unameM cintana kI, AcAragata pavitratA kI, sAmAjika maMgala evaM AtmotthAna kI vyApaka bhUmikA samAviSTa hai / sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM sAhityika tInoM hI dRSTiyoM se ina kAvyoM kA avismaraNIya mahattva hai| 1. dekhie-DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI : hindI jaina sAhitya parizIlana