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________________ jaina kAnUna (Jain Law) zrI. vAlacaMda padamasI koThArI, aeNDavhokeTa, gulabargA ( mhaisUra sTeTa ) prAstAvika kathana jaina dharma svatantra aura atiprAcIna dharma hai| jaina dharma, tattvajJAna, AcAra aura vicAra purAtana kAla se cale Arahe haiM / usI taurapara 'jaina-laoN' bhI eka svatantra siddhAMta Jurisprudence hai / jainIyoM ke prathama tIrthaMkara zrI AdinAtha bhagavAn (zrIRSabhanAtha ) ke jyeSTha putra zrI bharata cakravartI (Emperor) ne jaina kAnUna ko banAyA thA, aura jaina kAnUna upAsakAdhyayana grantha kA eka vibhAga thaa| lekina upAsakAdhyayana grantha Ajataka upalabdha nahIM ho pAyA / upAsakAdhyayana ke AdhAra se likhI huI kucha pustakeM, vartamAna kAla meM prApta huI hai| unake nAma1 bhadrabAhu saMhitA, 2 vardhamAna nIti, 3 arhannIti, 4 iMdranaMdIjina-saMhitA, 5 trivarNAcAra, 6 zrI AdipurANa / granthoM kA paricaya 1. zrIbhadrabAhu saMhitA kI racanA zrI bhadrabAhu zrutakevalI ne kI thii| yaha grantha lagabhaga 2400 varSa pahale likhA gayA thaa| lekina yaha grantha bhI Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| karIba 800 varSa hone ke bAda maujudA bhadrabAhu saMhitA kI racanA kI jAnA pAyA jAtA hai / lekina isa grantha kA saMkalana kisane kiyA mAlUma nahIM huaa| 2. arhannIti aura 3 vardhamAnanIti ko zrI hemacaMdrAcArya ne saMkalita kiyA aisA mAlUma hotA hai / vardhamAnanIti kA saMpAdana zrI amitagati AcArya ne lagabhaga sa. 1011 i. meM kiyA thaa| rAjA bhuMja ke samaya meM zrI amitagati AcArya hue the| zrI bhadrabAhu saMhitA aura vardhamAnanIti ke kucha zlokoM meM samAnatA pAyI jAtI hai| 4. iMdranandI jinasaMhitA--isake racayitA zrI vasunandI iMdranandI svAmI haiM / upAsakAdhyayana ke AdhAra para ye grantha likhe gae haiN| 5. trivarNAcAra--sa. 1611 i. meM zrI bhaTTAraka somasena ne isakI racanA kI hai !
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________________ 319 jaina kAnUna 6. zrI AdinAtha purANa - bhagavat jinasenAcArya ne i. sa. 900 zatAbdi meM isa purANa ko 'likhA hai| vartamAna kAla meM ye graMtha upalabdha haiM, parantu inameM se kisI meM bhI saMpUrNa jaina kAnUna kA varNana nahIM milatA / phira bhI kAnUna kI kucha Avazyaka bAtoM kA ina graMthoM se patA calatA hai / 1. briTiza amala ke kAla meM jaina laoN kI avasthA bhArata meM biTiza zAsana hone ke bAda nyAyAlaya ( civil courts) sthApana huye / virAsata kA kAyadA (Succession Rights) vibhaktapanA ( Partition ) dattaka vidhAna (Adoption) aura vidhavA strI kA pati ke jAyadAda para adhikAra (Widows ' rights over her Husband's estate ) vagairaha / ina kAnuna ke bAre meM jaba jaina logoM ke mukaddamAta korTa meM peza hote the to zurU meM jainIyoM ne - apane jaina laoN ko nyAyAlayoM meM peza karane kA virodha kiyA / isakA viparIta pariNAma yaha huA ki nyAya karanevAle (Judges) nyAyAdhIzoM ne yaha nirNaya kara liyA ki jainIyoM kA koI svataMtra jaina kAnUna nahIM hai| paraMtu nyAyAlayoM kA isameM kucha aparAdha nhiiN| agara jaina samAja jAgRta raha kara apanA kAnUna adAlata meM peza karate to usakI mAnyatA bhI ho sakatI thI liyA / aura hiMdu laoN ke bAre meM jo kucha hiMdu zAstra the nyAyAlayoM meM phaisale bhI hote rahe / / isa viSaya meM hiMduoM ne buddhimAnI se kAma adAlata meM peza kiye aura unake AdhArapara usI taurapara muslima maulavI aura kAjI muslIma laoN ko (Mohammedan law) korTa meM peza karate gaye aura virAsata vagaire mAmalata meM muslima laoN ke anusAra phaisale hote gaye / 2. jaina laoN kA saMkalana zrI jugamaMdaralAlajI jaina baeNrisTara ne ( jo iMdora hAyakorTa ke cIpha jajja bhI the ) prathama bAra isa duravasthA ko dekha kara jaina laoN nAma kA eka graMtha tayyAra kiyA / jisako 1916 i. meM prakAzita karAyA / lekina zrI jugamandaralAlajI ko paryApta avakAza na milane se yaha graMtha bhI apUrNa rUpa rahA / isake pazcAt sa 1921 i. meM jaba DaoN. gaura kA hiMdu koDa ( Hindu code) prakAzita huA usameM jainIyoM ko dharma - vimukha hiMdu (Hindu) likhA / isa hiMdu koDa ke kAraNa jaina samAja meM halacala mcii| isakA virodha karane ke liye 'jaina laoN 'kamiTI' kAyama huI lekina dUra dezAMtara se sadasya vaktapara ekatrita na ho sake isaliye yaha jaina laoN kamiTI bhI apane uddezoM ko purA na kara sakI /
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________________ 320 A. zAMtisAgarajI janmazatAbdi smRtigraMtha aisI duravasthA ho gii| zrImAna caMpatarAyajI jaina baeNrisTara ne jaina laoN kA saMkalana karake sa. 1926 i. meM isa pustaka ko laMDana meM prakAzita kiyA aura bhArata meM vApisa lauTane ke bAda 'jaina kAnUna' ke nAma se sa. 1928 i. meM hiMdI meM prakAzita kiyaa| 'jaina laoN' isa uddeza se tayyAra kiyA gayA ki jaina laoN phira svataMtratApUrvaka eka bAra prakAza meM Akara kArya meM pariNata ho sake, aura jaina loga apane hi kAnUna ke pAbaMda rahakara apane dharma kA samucita pAlana kara ske| 'jaina ke ' mitra saMpAdaka zrI mUlacaMdajI kApaDiyA ne isa hiMdI jaina kAnUna ko punarapi sa. 1969 i. meM surata se prakAzita kiyA hai / 'jaina laoN' kI nIti (system) eka aise dRSTikona para nirbhara hai jisameM kisI dUsarI rItikrama (system) ke praveza kara dene se sAmAjika vicAra aura AcAra kI svataMtratA kA nAza ho jAtA hai aura jaina dharma ke pAlana meM zithilatA paidA hotI hai| jaina laoN ko, hiMdu laoN yA muslima laoN ko jo zreNI (Status) prApta huI hai vaisI zreNI prApta nahIM ho skii| jaba koI rItirivAja (customs and usage) hiMdu laoN se bhinna honA jaina loga bayAna kareM to usako sAbita karane kA uttaradAyitva jainiyoM para hI rakhA jAtA hai| lekina yaha bahuta kaThina kAma ho gayA hai| kAnUna ke jAnanevAle jAnate haiM ki kisI vizeSa rivAja ko pramANita karanA bahuta prayatnasAdhya kArya hai| saiMkaDo sAkSI aura udAharaNoM dvArA isako sAbita karane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jo choTe mukaddamevAloM kI haisIyata ke bAhara hotA hai / itanA kaSTa lene ke bAda bhI, nyAya milegA aisA vizvAsa nahIM rahatA / isa prakAra aura bhI hAniyAM hai / ve usI samaya dUra ho sakeMgI jaba jaina laoN para adAlata meM amala hotA rhegaa| 3. jaina dharmapraNAli aura hiMdu dharmapraNAli meM kucha bhinnatAe~ (1) jagat ko (vizva ko) jaina anAdi mAnate haiM; yaha jagat Izvara nirmita hai aisA hiMdu mAnate haiN| (2) jaina tIrthaMkaroM kI-[paramAtmA pada ko prApta honevAle mahApuruSoM kI] mUrtiyA~ maMdiroM meM sthApana karake jaina unakI pUjA karate haiN| lekina hiMdu paraMparA se prayatnasAdhya paramAtmapada kI kalpanA nahIM hai|
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________________ jaina kAnUna 321 jaina mata meM devatAoM ko bhoga lagAnA aura devatA apanI icchA tRpti kareM aisI prArthanA karanA mithyAtva mAnA jAtA hai, lekina hiMdu mata meM devatAoM ko prasanna karanA, unase artha prApti kI siddhi kalpanA hai / (3) hiMdu veda ko mAnate haiM; jainI veda ko nahIM mAnate / jaina dharma meM samyagdarzana - - samyagjJAna aura samyamcAritra kA pAlana karanA isako dharma kahA gayA hai / cAra ghAtIyA karma kA nAza hone ke bAda kevalajJAna prApta hotA hai usI avasthA ko arihaMta kahate haiM / aise kevalajJAnIyoM ne jina tattvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai una para aTala zraddhA rakhanA ise samyag darzana kahate hai / yathArtha jJAna ko samyagjJAna kahate haiM / vaha jJAna cAra prakAroM meM pAyA jAtA hai / prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga / pAMca aNuvrata, tIna guNatrata aura cAra zikSAvrata ko pAlana karane se gRhastha kA samyak cAritra hotA hai / 4. kisI bacce ko dattaka lenA kevala vyAvahArika dRSTi se ( In a Secular way ) jaina mAnate haiM / pAralaukika sukha ke prApti kI icchA se jaina dattaka ko nahIM lete| jaina matAnusAra putra ke hone na hone se koI manuSya puNya pApa kA bhAgIdAra nahIM banatA / tIrthaMkara putra na hote huye bhI mukta sthiti ko prApta huye hai / aura bahuta se manuSya putravAna hote huye bhI apane karmAnusAra naraka gati ko prApta hue haiN| hiMdu dharma meM datta lenA eka dharmavidhi hai / pAralaukika sukha prApta karane ke hetu se hiMdu dharma meM dattaka lenA avazya samajhate haiM / 5. striyoM ke adhikAra - pati se prApta huye jAyadAda para jaina laoN ke anusAra pUre hote haiM parantu hiMdu laoN ke anusAra striyoM ko sirpha jIvana paryaMta ( Life estate ) kA adhikAra hotA hai / 6. hiMdu laoN meM ekatra kuTuMba aura avibhAjita esTeTa (Joint family & Joint property ) kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai lekina jaina laoN meM usakA niSedha na karate hue vibhakta dazA kA Agraha kiyA gayA hai tAki dharma kI vRddhi ho / bhArata svataMtra hote ke bAda hiMdu laoN ke virAsata aura dattaka sambandhI mAnyatA meM bahuta pharaka ho gayA hai| 1. hiMdu virAsata kA kAyadA sa. 1956 ( Hindu Succession Act 1956) amala meM AyA hai / buddha, jaina aura sIkha dharmI loka bhI isa kAnUna ke pAbaMda kiye gaye haiM / isa kAnUna ke daphA 14 ke lihAja se kisI hiMdu strI ke kabje meM jo kucha jAyadAda AI ho usa jAyadAda kI vaha strI pUrNa mAlika bana jAtI hai / 2. hiMdu dattaka aura bharaNa Maintenance Act 1956) pAsa 41 poSaNa kA kAyadA 1956 ( Hindu Adoption & huA hai isa kAnUna ke daphe 11 ke lihAja se dattahoma kA
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________________ 322 A. zAMtisAgarajI janmazatAbdi smRtigraMtha karanA jarurI nahIM batalAyA gayA, aura daphA 12 ke lihAja se dattaka putra dattaka mAtA-pitA kI isTeTa meM unakI hayAtI meM koI hakka prApta nahIM kara sktaa| sirpha rizte ke lihAja se dattaka putra samajhA jAtA hai / ina donoM naye kAnUna meM jaina laoN kI mAnyatAoM ko aMzataH svIkAra kiyA hai| 5. jainIyoM ke bAre meM nyAyAlayoM ke kucha mahattva ke phaisale (1) oNla iMDiyA riporTara 1962 suprIma korTa pAna 1943 (A. I. R. 1962 S. C. 1943) munnAlAla banAma rAjakumAra vagairaha isa mukaddame ke donoM pArTI jaina the| jAyadAda ke vibhakta karane kA (Partition suit) dAvA thA / ekatra kuTuMba ke vidhavA strI ne dattaka liyA thaa| usa vidhavA ne dattaka lene ke lie apane pati kI AjJA bhI (permission) nahIM lI thii| kuTuMba ke anya logoM ne isakA virodha kiyA thaa| tahata kI korTa ne jisako dattaka liyA thA usako maMjura kiyA aura vahI phaisalA hAyakorTa aura suprIma korTa se bahAla rakhA gyaa| vibhAjana kI prAthamika DikrI (preliminery) vidhavA ke hakka meM huI thii| lekina pratyakSa baTavAre (Actual position) ke pahile hI vidhavA kA svargavAsa huA to bhI vidhavA kA vArasa putra usa vibhAjana meM apanA hissA pA sakatA hai aisA suprIma korTa ne phaisalA kiyaa| (2) oNla iMDiyA riporTara sana 1968 kalakattA 74 (A. I. R. 1961 Cal. 74) kamIznara veltha haeNksa pa. baMgAla banAma caMpAkumArI siMdhI isa mukaddame meM kalakattA hAyakorTa ne phaisalA kiyA ki jaina vedoM ko nahIM maante| hiMduoM ke kriyA kAMDa ko jaina nahIM svIkAra karate / hiMduoM se dharma-vimukha hiMdu (Hindu) jainiyoM ko mAnanA sahI nahIM hai| jaina hiMdu nahIM hai isa vajaha se hiMdu zAdI kA kAyadA 1955 (Hindu marriage Act 1955) aura hiMdu virAsata kA kAyadA 1956 (Hindu succession Act 1956) jainIyoM ko yaha kAnUna lagAyA gayA hai / isase mAlUma hotA hai ki hiMdu se jaina alAhidA haiM / isa mukadame meM hiMdu ekatra kuTuMba ke samAna jaina ekatra kuTuMba paddhati nahIM hai aisA taya kiyA gayA hai / aMtima nivedana nyAyAlayIna phaisaloM ke anusAra jaina dharma svataMtra hai aura hiMdudharma bhI eka svataMtra dharma hai; paraMtu janIyoM ko hiMdu dharma se vimukha samajhanA sahI nahIM hai / jainIyoM kA tattvajJAna aura usake zraddhAna ke anusAra jo jaina samAja racanA hai aisI samAja vyavasthA jaina dharmapraNAlI ke anusAra kAyama raha sake aisA prayatna karanA hara jainIkA kartavya hai aura isI dhyeya pUrti ke liye jaina laoN para amala ho sake aisA samucita prayatna honA jarUrI hai|