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________________ jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA svarUpa DA0 sAgaramala jaina maoNrala AblIgezana ke lie hindI bhASA meM naitika prabhuzakti, naitika bAdhyatA, naitika dAyitva yA naitika kartavyatA zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai / vastutaH maoNrala AblIgezan dAyitva bodha yA kartavyabodha kI usa sthiti kA sUcaka hai jahA~ vyakti yaha anubhava karatA hai ki "yaha mujhe karanA cAhie / " pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ke anusAra naitika kartavyatA kA svarUpa "yaha karanA cAhie" isa prakAra kA hai, na ki "yaha karanA hogA" / pAzcAtya paramparA meM naitika kartavyatA kA " cAhie" (ought) ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko "hogA " (must) ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA; kyoMki dharma ko IzvarIya Adeza mAnA gyaa| jabaki bhAratIya paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA meM naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ko kartavyatA kI prakRti eka sopAdhika kathana ke rUpa meM hai, usameM cAhie kA tattva to hai, kintu usake sAtha eka bAdhyatA kA bhAva bhI hai| usameM " cAhie" (ought) aura "hogA " (must) kA sundara samanvaya hai / usakA svarUpa isa prakAra kA hai - yadi tuma aisA cAhate ho to tumheM aisA karanA hogA arthAt yadi tuma mukti cAhate ho to tumheM samyak cAritra kA pAlana karanA hogA / usameM bAdhyatA meM bhI svatantratA nihita hai / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcI gaI aura na unheM eka dUsare se pRthak mAnA gayA hai / punaH jaina darzana ke anusAra naitika evaM dhArmika dAyitva yA kartavyatA kI isa bAdhyatA kA udgama AtmA dvArA karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti meM rahA huA hai / yadyapi karma siddhAnta eka vastuniSTha niyama hai, kintu usakA niyAmaka - tava svayaM AtmA hI hai / karma niyama para AtmA kI yaha niyAmakatA usakI AcAra kI pavitratA ke sAtha bar3hatI hai / jaina paramparA meM tIna prakAra kI AtmAe~ mAnI gayI haiM- bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / isameM bahirAtmA indriyamaya AtmA hai aura antarAtmA vivekamaya AtmA hai / naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke dAyitvoM kI kartavyatA kA udbhava vivekamaya AtmA se hotA hai, jo indriyamaya AtmA ko vaisA karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| jaina darzana aura je0 esa0 mila isa sandarbha meM ekamata haiM ki sampUrNa naitikatA aura dhArmikatA dAyitva kI cetanA kA AdhAra kartavya ke vidhAna se utpanna vivekamaya antarAtmA kI tIvra vedanA hI hai / antara kevala itanA hI hai ki jahA~ mila kA Antarika Adeza mAtra bhAvanAmUlaka hai vahA~ jaina darzana kA Antarika Adeza bhAvanA aura viveka ke samanvaya meM udbhUta hotA hai| vaha kahatA hai ki yadi, tumheM amuka Adarza ko prApta karanA hai to amuka prakAra se AcaraNa karanA hI hogA / samyak cAritra kA vikAsa samyaka darzana ( bhAvanA ) aura samyakjJAna ( viveka ) ke AdhAra para hotA hai / samyakdarzana aura samyakjJAna naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA ke lie eka Abandha prastuta karate haiM, pariNAmataH AtmA samyak cAritra (sadAcAra) kI dizA meM pravRtta hotA hai / 12
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________________ DA0 sAgaramala jaina cUMki jaina darzana kisI aise Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, jo "karma ke niyama" kA niyAmaka yA adhizAstA hai, ataH usameM naitika aura dhArmika bAdhyatA bAhya Adeza nahIM apitu, kama niyama kI draSTA antarAtmA kA hI Adeza hai| usameM bAdhyatA to hai, kintu, yaha bAdhyatA nirapekSa na hokara sApekSa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu svabhAva ko hI dharma kahA jAtA hai aura yadi vastu svabhAva hI dharma hai, to dhArmika kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava bAhara se nahIM hokara andara se hI hogaa| jaina darzana meM AtmA kA svabhAva "samatA" batAyA gayA hai| ataH "samabhAva kI sAdhanA" kI kartavyatA kA AdhAra bAharI na hokara Antarika hai| isI prakAra prANIya prakRti kA svAbhAvika guNa jijIviSA hai aura ahiMsA kI naitika kartavyatA isI jijIviSA ke kAraNa haiN| kahA gayA hai-"sabhI jInA cAhate haiM koI maranA nahIM caahtaa"| ataH prANa-vadha kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra jaina dharma meM cAhe samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI kartavyatA kA prazna ho yA ahiMsA ke vrata ke pAlana kA prazna ho, unakI bAdhyatA antarAtmA se hI AtI hai, vaha kisI bAhyatattva para AdhArita nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyoM ko abhinnatA sAmAnyatayA kucha pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne dharma aura nIti ke bIca eka vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcI hai aura isI AdhAra para ve naitika aura dhArmika kartavyoM meM bhI antara karate haiN| ve naitika kartavyatA ko "karanA cAhie" ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko "karanA hogA" ke rUpa meM lete haiN| kintu, sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya dArzanika aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina dArzanika naitika evaM dhArmika kartavyatA ko abhinna rUpa se hI grahaNa karate haiN| ve dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI sImA rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| bhArata meM dharma zabda kA vyavahAra adhikAMza rUpa meM kartavya evaM saptacAra ke artha meM hI haA hai aura isa prakAra vaha nItizAstra kA pratyaya bana jAtA hai| bhArata meM nItizAstra ke lie dharmazAstra zabda kA hI prayoga haA hai| dharma aura nIti meM yaha vibhAjana makhyatayA mAnavIya cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma kA AdhAra vizvAsa yA zraddhA hai. jabaki naitikatA kA AdhAra saMkalpa hai| dharma kA sambandha hamAre bhAvanAtmaka pakSa se hai, jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha hamAre saMkalpAtmaka pakSa se hai| semyuala elekjeNDara ke zabdoM meM dhArmika honA isase adhika kartavya nahIM hai, jaise ki bhUkhA honA koI kartavya hai| jisa prakAra bhUkha eka mAtra sAMvegika avasthA hai, usI prakAra dharma bhI eka sAMvegika avasthA hai| viliyama jemsa kA kahanA hai ki "yadi hameM dharma kA koI nizcita artha lenA hai to hameM use bhAvanAoM ke atireka aura utsAhapUrNa AliMgana ke artha meM lenA caahie| jahA~ tathAkathita naitikatA kevala sira jhukA detI hai aura rAha chor3a detI hai|" vastutaH bhArata meM dharma aura naitikatA do alagaalaga tathya nahIM rahe haiN| mAnavIya cetanA ke bhAvanAtmaka aura saMkalpAtmaka pakSoM ko cAhe eka dUsare se pRthak dekhA jA sakatA ho, kintu, unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAvanA viveka aura saMkalpa, mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna pakSa haiN| cUMki manuSya eka samagratA hai, ataH ye tInoM pakSa eka dUsare ke sAtha mile hue haiN| isIlie maithyU AranaoNlDa ko yaha kahanA par3A thA ki bhAvanAyukta naitikatA hI dharma hai| pazcima meM yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa rUpa se carcita rahA hai ki dhArmika aura naitika kartavyoM meM kauna prAthamika hai ? DekArTa, laoNka prabhRti aneka vicAraka
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________________ jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA svarUpa naitika niyamoM ko IzvarIya Adeza se pratiphalita mAnate haiM aura isa artha meM ve dharma ko naitikatA se prAthamika mAnate haiM jabaki kaoNNTa, mArTinyU Adi naitikatA para dharma ko adhiSThita karate haiN| kaoNNTa ke anusAra dharma, naitikatA para AdhArita hai aura Izvara kA astitva naitikatA ke astitva ke kAraNa hai| jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA kA prazna hai ve dharma aura naitikatA ko eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM karate haiN| AcAro prathamodharmaH ke rUpa meM nIti kI pratiSThA dharma ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| jaina darzana kI bhASA meM kaheM to donoM anyonyAzrita haiN| samyagcAritra kA AdhAra samyagdarzana hai aura samyagcAritra samyagdarzana bhI nahIM hotA hai| sadAcaraNa ke binA samyaka zraddhA aura samyaka zraddhA ke binA sadAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| dharma na to naitikatAvihIna hai aura na to naitikatA dharmavihIna / braiDale ke zabdoM meM yaha asambhava hai ki eka vyakti dhArmika hote hue anaitika AcaraNa kare / aisI sthiti meM yA to vaha dharma kA DhoMga kara rahA hai yA usakA dharma hI mithyA hai| kucha loga dharma aura naitikatA kA antara isa AdhAra para karate haiM ki naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| jahA~ taka zubha aura azubha kA saMgharSa hai vahA~ taka naitikatA kA kSetra hai| dharma ke kSetra meM zubha aura azubha kA dvandva samApta ho jAtA hai| kyoMki dhArmika tabhI huA jA sakatA hai, jabaki vyakti azubha se pUrNatayA virata ho jAye aura jaba azubha nahIM rahatA to zubha bhI nahIM rahatA / jaina dArzanikoM meM AcArya kundakunda ne puNya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) donoM se Upara uThane kA nirdaza diyA thaa| yadyapi, hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki azubha se nivartana ke lie prathama zubha kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| dharma kA kSetra puNya-pApa ke atikramaNa kA kSetra hai; ataH vaha naitikatA se Upara hai, phira bhI hameM . yaha mAnanA hogA ki dhArmika hone ke lie jina kartavyoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ve svarUpataH naitika ho haiN| jaina dharma ke pA~ca vratoM, bauddha dharma ke paMcazIloM aura yoga darzana ke paMcayamoM kA sImAkSetra naitikatA kA sImA-kSetra hI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dhArmika hone ke lie naitika honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra AcaraNa kI dRSTi se naitika-kartavyatA prAthamika hai aura dhArmika kartavyatA paravartI hai| yadyapi, naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava karma ke niyama se hotA hai, ataH ina kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava mUlataH dhArmika hI hai / __ kacha pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki binA dhArmika kartavyoM kA pAlana kiye bhI vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai / sadAcArI jIvana ke lie dhArmikatA anivArya tattva nahIM hai| Aja sAmyavAdI dezoM meM iso dharmavihIna naitikatA kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA hai| yadi dharma kA artha kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA yA pUjA ke kriyA-kANDoM taka sImita hai, taba to yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti dhArmika hue binA bhI naitika ho sakatA hai| kintu, jaba dhArmikatA kA artha hI sadAcAritA ho to phira yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki binA sadAcArI hue koI vyakti dhArmika ho jaaye| jaina darzana hameM dharma kI jo vyAkhyA detA hai vaha na to kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA kI bAta kahatA hai aura na dharma kI kucha kriyA-kANDoM taka sImita rakhatA hai| usane dharma kI paribhASA karate hue cAra dRSTikoNa prastuta kiye haiM (1) vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai; (2) kSamA Adi sadguNoM kA AcaraNa dharma hai;
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________________ DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina (3) samyak jJAna, darzana aura cAritra hI dharma hai; aura (4) jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI dharma hai| yadi hama ina paribhASAoM ke sandarbha ko dekheM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dhArmika honA aura naitika honA yaha do alaga-alaga tathya nahIM haiN| dharma naitikatA kI AdhArabhUmi hai aura naitikatA dharma kI bAhya abhivyakti / dharma naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura naitikatA dharma kA zarIra / ataH jaina vicAraka dhArmika aura naitika kartavyatA ke bIca koI vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiM / unake anusAra Antarika niSThApUrvaka sadAcAra kA pAlana karanA arthAt naitika dAyitvoM yA kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA hI dhArmika honA hai| jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA vyAvahArika pakSa jaina dharma meM hama naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA meM koI vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcanA cAheM to use sAmAjika kartavyatA aura vaiyaktika kartavyatA ke AdhAra para hI khIMcA jA sakatA hai| hamAre kartavya aura dAyitva do prakAra ke hote haiM, eka jo dUsaroM ke prati hai, aura dUsare jo apane prati hai| jo dUsaroM arthAt samAja ke prati hamAre dAyitva haiM ve naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ate haiM-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke vratoM kA bAhya yA vyavahAra pakSa hai| usakA pAlana naitika kartavyatA hai, jabaki samabhAva, draSTAbhAva yA sAkSIbhAva jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'sAmAyika' kahA gayA hai, kI sAdhanA dhAmika kartavyatA hai| jaina dharma meM AcAra ke aura pUjA-upAsanA kI jo dUsarI prakriyAe~ haiM unakA mahattva yA mUlya isI bAta meM hai ki samabhAva jo hamArA sahaja svabhAva kI upalabdhi meM kisa sImA taka sahAyaka hai| yadi, hameM jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko ati saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to unheM kramazaH "ahiMsA" aura 'samatA" ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai, usameM ahiMsA sAmAjika yA naitika kartavyatA kI sUcaka hai aura samatA ( sAmAyika ) dhArmika kartavyatA kI sUcaka hai| nidezaka, pA0 vi0 zodha saMsthAna vArANasI-5