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________________ jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA svarUpa maoNrala AblIgezana ke lie hindI bhASA meM naitika prabhuzakti, naitika bAdhyatA, naitika dAyitva yA naitika kartavyatA zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| vastutaH maoNrala AblIgezana dAyitva bodha yA kartavyabodha kI usa sthiti kA sUcaka hai jahA~ vyakti yaha anubhava karatA hai ki "yaha mujhe karanA caahie|" pAzcAtya nItivettAoM ke anusAra naitika kartavyatA kA svarUpa "yaha karanA cAhie" isa prakAra kA hai, na ki "yaha karanA hogaa|" pAzcAtya paramparA meM naitika kartavyatA ko "cAhie" (Ought) ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko 'hogA' (Must) ke rUpa meM dekhA gayA; kyoMki dharma ko IzvarIya Adeza mAnA gayA jabaki bhAratIya paramparA meM vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA meM naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ko kartavyatA kI prakRti eka sopAdhika kathana ke rUpa meM hai, usameM cAhie kA tattva to hai, kintu usake sAtha eka bAdhyatA kA bhAva bhI hai| usameM "cAhie" (Ought) aura "hogA" (Must) kA sundara samanvaya hai| usakA svarUpa isa prakAra kA hai-- yadi tuma aisA cAhate ho to tumheM aisA karanA hogA arthAt yadi tuma mukti cAhate ho to tumheM samyak cAritra kA pAlana karanA hogaa| usameM bAdhyatA meM bhI svatantratA nihita hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI vibhAjaka rekhA nahIM khIMcI gaI aura na unheM eka dUsare se pRthak mAnA gayA hai punaH jaina darzana ke anusAra naitika evaM dhArmika dAyitva yA kartavyatA kI isa bAdhyatA kA udgama AtmA dvArA karma siddhAnta kI svIkRti meM rahA hai| yadyapi karma siddhAnta eka vastuniSTha niyama haiM, kintu usakA niyAmaka tattva svayaM AtmA hI hai| karma-niyama para AtmA kI yaha niyAmakatA usake AcAra kI pavitratA ke sAtha bar3hatI hai| jaina paramparA meM tIna prakAra kI AtmAe~ mAnI gayI haiM-- bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura paramAtmA / isameM bahirAtmA indriyamaya AtmA hai aura antarAtmA vivekamaya AtmA hai| naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke dAyitvoM kI kartavyatA kA udbhava vivekamaya AtmA se hotA hai, jo indriyamaya AtmA ko vaisA karane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai| jaina darzana aura je0esa0 mila isa sandarbha meM ekamata haiM ki sampUrNa naitikatA aura dhArmikatA ke dAyitva kI cetanA kA AdhAra kartavya ke vidhAna utpanna vivekamaya antarAtmA kI tIvra vedanA hI hai| antara kevala itanA hI hai ki jahA~ mila kA Antarika Adeza mAtra bhAvanAmUlaka hai vahA~ jaina darzana kA Antarika Adeza bhAvanA aura viveka ke samanvaya meM udbhUta hotA hai vaha kahatA hai ki yadi tumheM amuka Adarza prApta karanA hai to amuka prakAra se AcaraNa karanA hI hogA / samyagcAritra kA vikAsa samyagdarzana (bhAvanA) aura samyagjJAna (viveka) ke AdhAra para hotA hai| samyagdarzana aura samyagjJAna naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA ke lie eka Abandha prastuta karate haiM, pariNAmataH AtmA samyagcAritra (sadAcAra) kI dizA meM pravRtta hotA hai / cU~ki jaina darzana kisI aise Izvara kI sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA hai, jo "karma ke niyama" kA niyAmaka yA adhizAstA hai, ataH usameM naitika aura dhArmika bAdhyatA bAhya Adeza nahIM, apitu, karma niyama kI draSTA antarAtmA kA hI Adeza hai| usameM bAdhyatA to hai, kintu, yaha bAdhyatA nirapekSa na hokara sApekSa hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra vastu svabhAva ko hI dharma kahA jAtA hai aura yadi vastu svabhAva hI dharma hai, to dhArmika kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava bAhara se hI na hokara andara se hogaa| jaina darzana meM AtmA kA svabhAva "samatA' batAyA gayA hai| ataH "samabhAva kI sAdhanA " kI kartavyatA kA AdhAra bAharI na hokara Antarika hai| isI prakAra prANIya prakRti kA svAbhAvika guNa jijIviSA hai aura ahiMsA kI naitika kartavyatA isI jijIviSA ke kAraNa hai| kahA gayA hai- "sabhI jInA cAhate haiM, koI maranA nahIM caahtaa|" ataH prANa vadha kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM cAhe samabhAva kI sAdhanA kI kartavyatA kA prazna ho yA ahiMsA ke vrata ke pAlana kA prazna ho, unakI bAdhyatA antarAtmA se hI AtI hai, vaha kisI bAhyatattva para AdhArita nahIM hai| jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyoM kI abhinnatA sAmAnyatayA kucha pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ne dharma aura nIti ke bIca eka vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcI hai aura isI AdhAra para ve naitika aura dhArmika kartavyoM meM bhI antara karate haiN| ve naitika kartavyatA ko 'karanA cAhie' ke rUpa meM aura dhArmika kartavyatA ko " karanA hogA" ke rUpa meM lete haiM kintu sAmAnya rUpa se bhAratIya dArzanika aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina dArzanika naitika evaM dhArmika kartavyatA ko abhinna rUpa se hI grahaNa karate haiN| ve dharma aura nIti ke bIca koI sImA rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| bhArata meM dharma zabda kA vyavahAra adhikAMza rUpa meM kartavya evaM sadAcAra ke artha meM hI huA hai aura isa prakAra vaha nItizAstra kA pratyaya bana jAtA hai| bhArata meM nItizAstra ke lie dharmazAstra zabda kA hI prayoga huA hai dharma aura nIti meM yaha vibhAjana mukhyatayA mAnavIya cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka pakSoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka yaha mAnate haiM ki dharma kA AdhAra vizvAsa yA zraddhA hai, jabaki naitikatA kA AdhAra saGkalpa hai| dharma kA sambandha hamAre bhAvanAtmaka pakSa se hai, jabaki naitikatA kA sambandha hamAre saGkalpAtmaka pakSa se hai| semyuala elekjeNDara ke zabdoM meM 'dhArmika honA' isase adhika kartavya nahIM hai, jaise ki 'bhUkhA honA koI kartavya hai| jisa prakAra bhUkha ekamAtra sAMvegika avasthA hai, usI prakAra dharma bhI eka sAMvegika avasthA hai| viliyama jemsa kA kahanA hai ki "yadi hameM dharma kA koI nizcita artha lenA hai to hameM use bhAvanAoM ke atireka aura utsAhapUrNa AliGgana ke artha meM lenA caahie| jahA~ tathAkathita .
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________________ 266 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 naitikatA kevala sira jhukA detI hai aura rAha chor3a detI hai|" vastuta: kucha pAzcAtya vicArakoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki binA dhArmika bhArata meM dharma aura naitikatA do alaga-alaga tathya nahIM rahe haiN| mAnavIya kartavyoM kA pAlana kiye bhI vyakti sadAcArI ho sakatA hai| sadAcArI cetanA ke bhAvAtmaka aura saGkalpAtmaka pakSoM ko cAhe eka dUsare se jIvana ke lie dhArmikatA anivArya tattva nahIM hai| Aja sAmyavAdI pRthak dekhA jA sakatA ho, kintu unheM eka dUsare se alaga nahIM kiyA dezoM meM isI dharmavihina naitikatA kA pATha par3hAyA jAtA hai| yadi dharma jA sktaa| bhAvanA, viveka aura saGkalpa, mAnavIya cetanA ke tIna kA artha kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA yA pUjA ke kriyA-kANDoM pakSa haiN| cU~ki manuSya eka samagratA hai, ata: ye tInoM pakSa eka dUsare taka sImita hai, taba to yaha sambhava hai ki koI vyakti dhArmika hue ke sAtha mile hue haiN| isIlie maithyu AranaoNlDa ko yaha kahanA par3A binA bhI naitika ho sakatA hai| kintu, jaba dhArmikatA kA artha hI thA ki bhAvanAyukta naitikatA hI dharma hai| pazcima meM yaha prazna bhI mahattvapUrNa sadAcAritA ho to phira kyA yaha sambhava hai ki binA sadAcArI hue rUpa se carcita rahA hai ki dhArmika aura naitika kartavyoM meM kauna prAthamika koI vyakti dhArmika ho jAye? jaina darzana hameM dharma kI jo vyAkhyA hai? DekArTa, laoNka prabhRti aneka vicAraka naitika niyamoM ko IzvarIya detA hai vaha na to kisI vaiyaktika Izvara ke prati AsthA kI bAta kahatA Adeza se pratiphalita mAnate haiM aura isa artha meM ve dharma ko naitikatA hai aura na dharma ke kucha kriyA-kANDoM taka sImita rakhatA hai| usane se prAthamika mAnate haiN| jabaki kaoNNTa, mArTinyU Adi naitikatA para dharma kI paribhASA karate hue cAra dRSTikoNa prastuta kiye haiMdharma ko adhiSThita karate haiN| kaoNNTa ke anusAra, dharma naitikatA para (1) vastu kA svabhAva dharma hai; AdhArita hai aura Izvara kA astitva naitikatA ke astitva ke kAraNa (2) kSamA Adi sadguNoM kA AcaraNa dharma hai; hai| jahA~ taka bhAratIya cintana aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina paramparA kA (3) samyagjJAna, samyagdarzana aura samyagcAritra hI dharma hai: aura prazna hai ve dharma aura naitikatA ko eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM karate haiN| (4) jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI dharma hai| 'AcAra: prathamo dharma:' ke rUpa meM nIti kI pratiSThA dharma ke sAtha jur3I yadi ina paribhASAoM ke sandarbha ko dekheM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA huI hai| jaina darzana kI bhASA meM kaheM to donoM anyonyAzrita haiN| samyagcAritra hai ki dhArmika honA aura naitika honA yaha do alaga-alaga tathya nahIM kA AdhAra samyagdarzana hai aura samyagcAritra ke abhAva meM samyagdarzana haiN| 'dharma' naitikatA kI AdhArabhUmi hai aura 'naitikatA' dharma kI bAhya bhI nahIM hotA hai| sadAcaraNa ke binA samyak zraddhA aura samyak zraddhA abhivykti| dharma naitikatA kI AtmA hai aura naitikatA dharma kA shriir| ke binA sadAcaraNa sambhava nahIM hai| dharma na naitikatAvihIna hai aura ata: jaina vicAraka dhArmika aura naitika kartavyatA ke bIca koI vibhAjaka na to naitikatA dhrmvihiin| braiDale ke zabdoM meM yaha asambhava hai ki rekhA nahIM khIMcate haiN| unake anusAra Antarika niSThApUrvaka sadAcAra eka vyakti dhArmika hote hue anaitika AcaraNa kre| aisI sthiti meM kA pAlana karanA arthAt naitika dAyitvoM yA kartavyoM kA pAlana karanA yA to vaha dharma kA DhoMga kara rahA hai yA usakA dharma hI mithyA hai| hI dhArmika honA hai| kucha loga dharma aura naitikatA kA antara isa AdhAra para karate haiM ki naitikatA kA kSetra zubhAzubha kA kSetra hai| jahA~ taka zubha aura azubha jainadharma meM naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA kA vyAvahArika pakSa kA saMgharSa hai vahA~ taka naitikatA kA kSetra hai| dharma ke kSetra meM zubha aura jainadharma meM hama naitika aura dhArmika kartavyatA meM koI azubha kA dvandva samApta ho jAtA hai| kyoMki dhArmika tabhI huA jA vibhAjaka rekhA khIMcanA cAheM to use sAmAjika kartavyatA aura sakatA hai, jabaki vyakti azubha se pUrNatayA virata ho jAye aura jaba vaiyaktika kartavyatA ke AdhAra para hI khIMcA jA sakatA hai| hamAre azubha nahIM rahatA to zubha bhI nahIM rhtaa| jaina dArzanikoM meM AcArya kartavya aura dAyitva do prakAra ke hote haiM, eka jo dUsaroM ke prati kundakunda ne puNya (zubha) aura pApa (azubha) donoM se Upara uThane kA haiM aura dUsare jo apane prati haiN| jo dUsaroM arthAt samAja ke prati nirdeza diyA hai| yadyapi hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki azubha se hamAre dAyitva haiM ve naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ate haiM- ahiMsA, nivartana ke lie prathama zubha kI sAdhanA Avazyaka hai| dharma kA kSetra satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke vratoM kA jo bAhya yA vyavahAra puNya-pApa ke atikramaNa kA kSetra hai; ata: vaha naitikatA se Upara hai, pakSa hai, usakA pAlana naitika kartavyatA hai, jabaki samabhAva, draSTAbhAva phira bhI hameM yaha mAnanA hogA ki dhArmika hone ke lie jina kartavyoM yA sAkSIbhAva jise jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM 'sAmAyika' kahA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai ve svarUpataH naitika hI haiN| jaina dharma ke gayA hai, kI sAdhanA dhArmika kartavyatA hai| jaina dharma meM AcAra aura pA~ca vratoM, bauddha dharma ke paJcazIloM aura yoga darzana ke paJcayamoM kA pUjA-upAsanA kI jo dUsarI prakriyAe~ haiM unakA mahattva yA mUlya isI sImAkSetra naitikatA kA sImA-kSetra hI hai| bhAratIya paramparA meM dhArmika bAta meM hai ki samabhAva jo hamArA sahaja svabhAva hai, kI upalabdhi meM, hone ke lie naitika honA Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra AcaraNa kI dRSTi kisa sImA taka sahAyaka hai| yadi hameM jaina dharma meM naitika aura dhArmika se naitika-kartavyatA prAthamika hai aura dhArmika-kartavyatA paravartI hai| yadyapi kartavyatA ko ati saMkSepa meM kahanA ho to unheM kramaza: 'ahiMsA' aura naitika aura dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava ___'samatA' ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai, usameM ahiMsA sAmAjika yA karma ke niyama se hotA hai, ata: ina kartavyoM kI bAdhyatA kA udbhava naitika kartavyatA kI sUcaka hai aura samatA (sAmAyika) dhArmika kartavyatA mUlataH dhArmika hI hai| kI sUcaka hai|