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________________ jainadharma meM Izvara viSayaka mAnyatA kA anucintana DA0 kRpAzaMkara vyAsa manuSya ke vaiyaktika jIvana meM manobhAvoM kI pradhAna bhUmikA hotI hai jabaki sAmAjika jIvana meM dhArmika aura Arthika vyavahAra kI pradhAnatA hotI hai| manobhAvoM aura vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa hI manuSya ke sampUrNa jIvana evaM astitva ko pratiSThita karatA hai| isaliye manuSya isa ekIkaraNa ko eka alaukika zakti meM kendrita kara usapara yuga-yugAntara se cintana-manana karatA A rahA hai| bodhArtha usa zakti ko "Izvara" nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| jisake prati atharvaveda' meM kathana hai-"vadantIryatra gacchanti tadAhuAhmaNaM mahat" usa sarvazaktimAn Izvara kA mAnava-mana se ati nikaTa kA saMbaMdha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pratyeka yuga meM pratyeka dharma-darzana ke manISiyoM ne isa asIma zaktimAn Izvara ke saMbaMdha meM apane vicAra vyakta karane kA upakrama kiyA hai| Izvara saMbaMdhI dArzanika cintana :-dArzanikoM ke anusAra sRSTi meM viSaya aura viSayI prAyaH eka saMsthAna ke rUpa meM saMyukta hone se pRthak nahIM haiN| indriyArtha sannikarSa se athavA mAnasika pratyayoM se utpanna sukha-duHkha rUpa viSayoM kA anubhavakartA jIva hai| ise dArzanikoM ne viSayI yA draSTA ke rUpa meM nitya svIkArA hai jabaki viSayoM ko parivartanazIla kSaNabhaMgura yA jar3a padArthoM se janya hone ke kAraNa kucha dArzanikoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI ne anitya mAnA hai| ise ajIva bhI kahA jAtA hai| jIva, ajIva kaba aura kaise saMyukta hokara sRSTi meM ko prApta huye-yahI gahana samasyA dArzanikoM ke samakSa AdikAla se banI huI hai| jisakA samAdhAna sabhI (bhAratIya tathA pAzcAtya) manISiyoM ne yathAzakya svamatAnusAra kiyA hai| yaha bhinna bAta hai ki adyatana sarva-sammata hala nahIM nikala sakA hai| - 'Izvara' kI mAnyatA ko kendra bindu banAkara bhAratIya darzana ko do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama vaha bhAga jo Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa karatA hai yathA-nyAyavaizeSika, yoga, evaM uttara mImAMsA, pUrvamImAMsA, evaM jaina kucha sImA taka tathA bhinna artha meM IzvarIya sattA meM vizvAsa karate hai / dvitIya vaha bhAga jo IzvarIya sattA ko svIkAra nahIM karatA, yathA-cArvAka, bauddha tathA sAMkhya (puruSa hI saba kucha hai, isake atirikta kucha nhiiN)| 1. athrvved-10|8|33 a) IzvaravAda banAma puruSArthavAda-DA0 kRpAzaMkara vyAsa, jainadivAkara smRti grantha pR0 501 bhAratIya IzvaravAda--paM0 rAmAvatAra zarmA pR0 1-50 medhA--mImAMsA aura jainadarzana kA anya darzanoM se Izvara viSayaka matabheda-pR0 71-80 "saddavvaM vA" bhagavatIsUtra 8 / 9 paMcAdhyAyI pUrvArdha zloka 8
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________________ jainadharma meM Izvara viSayaka mAnyatA kA anucintana rdh 'Izvara' aura 'IzvaravAda' (Theism) ko samajhane ke liye Avazyaka hai ki ina zabdoM kA prayoga kisa artha meM hotA hai-yaha samajhA jAye / 'Izvara' zabda 'Iz' dhAtu se niSpanna hai jisakA artha- - svAmI honA, Adeza denA, adhikAra meM karanA hai / 'Iz' dhAtu kA vizeSaNa hI 'Izvara' hai jo ki zakti sampannatA kI ora iMgita karatA hai / ataH yaha kahanA aucityapUrNa hai ki jIva se pare jo bhI sattA hai vahI 'Izvara' hai / Aja ke samAja meM 'Izvara' se sambandhita siddhAnta 'IzvaravAda' kA prayoga vyApaka evaM sImita donoM arthoM meM kiyA jAtA hai / vyApaka artha meM 'IzvaravAda' usa siddhAnta ko kahate haiM jo Izvara ko satya mAnatA hai / isa artha kI paridhi meM Izvara saMbaMdhI sabhI siddhAnta samAhita haiM / isa siddhAnta ko svIkAra karane vAloM meM na kevala bhAratIya manISI haiM apitu pAzcAtya bhI haiM, jinameM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya DekArTe (Descartes) barkale ( Berkeley }, kANTa ( Kant ), jemsavArDa ( James Ward ), sI i. ema jaoNDa (C. E. M. Joad), priMgala paiTisana (Prengle Patitisan ) haiM / sImita artha meM - IzvaravAda usa siddhAnta ko kahate haiM jo ki eka vyaktitvapUrNa Izvara kA samarthana karatA hai / isa siddhAnta kA samarthana vizeSata; jainadharma tathA anya saguNopAsaka dharmoM ne kiyA hai / isI mata ke pakSa meM pAzcAtya vidvAn phliNTa (Flient ) kA kathana hai ki " vaha dharma jisameM eka vyaktitvapUrNa Izvara ArAdhanA kA viSaya rahatA hai- IzvaravAdI dharma kahA jAtA hai / vyaktitva rahita Izvara kI apekSA vyaktitvapUrNa Izvara dhArmika bhAvanA kI saMtuSTi karane meM adhika sakSama hai / dhArmika cetanA ke liye Avazyaka hai ki upAsaka aura upAsya ke madhya nikaTatA rhe| isa naikaTya bhAva ko banAye rakhane ke liye yaha anivArya hai ki upAsaka ke hRdaya meM upAsya ke prati zraddhA, Adara, aura bhaktibhAva banA rahe ( jaina darzana evaM dharma meM siddhAntataH bhaktibhAva ko koI sthAna nahIM hai, kintu vyAvahArika jagat meM jaina samAja tIrthaMkaroM ke prati bhaktibhAva se pUrita hai ) " aura isI prakAra upAsya bhI upAsaka ke liye karuNA, kSamA, dayA aura sahAnubhUtibhAva se yukta rahe / 'Izvara' upAsya hai aura manuSya upAsaka / IzvaravAda vastutaH vyaktitvapUrNa Izvara kI sthApanA karake upAsaka manuSya kA usase nikaTa kA saMbaMdha sthApita karatA hai / Izvara meM yadi vyaktitva kA abhAva ho to vaha apane upAsaka ke prati kisI bhI prakAra se apane kAruNika bhAva ko prakaTa nahIM kara sakatA hai / 1. ( a ) saMskRta hindI koza - vA0 va0 ApTe pR0 179-180 (ba) vAcaspatyam - dvitIya bhAga pR0 1011-1048 2. IzvaravAdI siddhAnta ke pratipAdakoM meM spinojA, jaoNna kaoNlvina, jaoNna DholeNDa, tiNDala, lAibanija, breDale, rAyasa, haoNksina, Adi ke lie ( dharma aura darzana ) draSTavya - Izvara saMbaMdhI mata, DA0 rAmanArAyaNa vyAsa, pR0 94 132 ( ba ) bhAratIya IzvaravAda - paM0 zarmA 3. The Idea of God in Recent Philosophy. Y. Theistic religion is a religion in which the one personal and perfect God is the objective of worship--Flient p. 50 (Theism). 5. bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 pR0 303 - DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan
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________________ 70 DA kRpAzaMkara vyAsa isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki IzvaravAda vyaktitvapUrNa Izvara kI sthApanA karake mAnava-mAnasa kI dhArmika-saMtuSTi karatA hai| yahA~ yaha kahanA asamIcIna na hogA ki sabhI IzvaravAdA manISiyoM ne Izvara zabda kA prayoga kiyA avazya hai para unameM mataikya nahIM, artha bhinnatA hai| _isa sandarbha meM bhAratIya dArzanika udayanAcArya' kA kathana vizeSa aucityapUrNa pratIta hotA hai ki Izvara ke astitva meM sandeha karanA hI vyartha hai, kyoMki kauna aisA manuSya hai jo kisI na kisI rUpa meM 'Izvara' ko na mAnatA ho- yathA upaniSadoM ke anuyAyI 'Izvara' ko zuddha, buddha, mukta svabhAva ke rUpa meM; kapila anuyAyI 'Adi vidvAn siddha' ke rUpa meM; pataMjali anuyAyI kleza-karma vipAka, evaM Azaya (saMskAra) se rahita rUpa meM; pAzupata siddhAntAnuyAyI 'nirlepa tathA svataMtra rUpa meM; zaiva 'ziva' rUpa meM; vaiSNava 'viSNu' rUpa meM; paurANika 'pitAmaha' rUpa meM, yAjJika "yajJapuruSa' rUpa meM; saugata 'sarvajJa' rUpa meM; digambara 'nirAvaraNa mUrti' rUpa meM; mImAMsaka 'upAsya deva' ke rUpa meM; naiyAyika aura vaizeSika 'sarvaguNasampanna parama jJAnI cetana' ke rUpa meM; cArvAka 'lokavyavahAra; siddha' ke rUpa meM-jisakA cintana, manana va pUjana karate haiM vahI to isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki sabhI cintakoM ne 'Izvara' saMbaMdhI apanI bhAvanA ko yathAzakya mUrta rUpa dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai yadyapi 'Izvara' ke svarUpa ke saMbaMdha meM unake vicAroM meM paryApta bhinnatA hai| __ jagat meM jIva-ajIva ke saMyukta hone meM nyAya-vaizeSikAdira darzanoM ne Izvara, prakRtipuruSa-saMyoga, kAla, svabhAva, yadRcchA Adi ko kAraNa mAnA hai| ina darzanoM ke anusAra jIva ko zubhAzubha karmaphala kI prApti IzvarAdi ke dvArA hotI hai| isase viparIta mata jaina dArzanikoM kA hai / unake anusAra jIva karma karane meM svataMtra hai aura phala bhogane meM karmataMtra hai| hA~ yaha avazya hai ki jaina dArzanikoM ne isake sAtha hI sAtha kAla, svabhAva, aura karma ko bhI sRSTi meM kAraNa svarUpa mAnA hai tathA yadRcchAvAda kA purajora khaMDana kiyA hai / yadRcchAvAda kA khaMDana :-Izvara meM "kartumakartumanyathA kartum samarthaH' zakti mAnane se Izvara kisI ko sukhI aura kisI ko duHkhI banA sakatA hai| isase Izvara kI svairavRtti aura 1. (a) nyAya kusumAJjali-1-1 | bhAratIya darzana-umeza mizra pR0 224 / bhAratIya IzvaravAda-paM0 zarmA ) prazastapAdabhASya (sRSTisaMhAraprakaraNa) (ba) sAMkhya kArikA-21 (sa) nyaaysuutrbhaassy-4/1|21 (da) giitaa-5|14 3. "Asavadi jaNa kammaM pariNAmeNappaNo sa niNNeyo / bhAvAsavo jiNutto kammA savaNaM paro hodi" // (dravya saM0 29) 4. (a) SaDdarzana samuccaya-(tarka rahasya TIkA sahita) pR0 182-186 (ba) medhA "pR0 72 (mI0 jai0 darza "Izvara viSayaka matabheda)
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________________ jainadharma meM Izvara viSayaka mAnyatA kA anucintana 71 svataMtratA hI siddha hotI hai / isI prakAra yadRcchAvAda ke kAraNa nimitta ke binA bhI kArya kI prApti hone lagegI, pariNAmasvarUpa 'kAraNa kAryavAda' siddhAnta para praznacihna laga jAyegA tathA sarvatra avyavasthA ho jaayegii| koI bhI kArya niyamAnusAra na hogaa| jabaki dRzya jagat meM sabhI kArya niyamAnusAra hI dikhalAyI dete haiM-yathA agni kA uSNa honA, Ama ke vRkSa se Ama kI prApti Adi / ataH sRSTi meM kAraNabhUta mAne gaye yadRcchAvAda aura Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina darzana dvArA Izvara ke sraSTA-rUpa kA khaMDana :-nyAyAdi' darzanoM ke puraskartA ghaTAdi kAryoM ke kartA rUpa meM jisa prakAra kumbhakAra Adi ko svIkArate haiM usI prakAra jagat rUpa kArya ko dekhakara usake kartA rUpa meM Izvara ko bhI svIkArate haiN| jagat rUpI kArya jar3a paramANuoM ko gatizIla banAye binA saMbhava nahIM hai| isake liye Izvara kI icchA tathA preraNA Avazyaka hai| jar3a paramANuoM meM gatizIlatA hone para hI sRSTi saMbhava hai aura gatizIlatA ke liye Izvara kA kAraNa honA anivArya hai / jaina darzana jagat ko kisI kA kArya nahIM mAnatA hai| usake matAnusAra ajIva tattva jagat bhI jIva ke samAna hI nitya hai| naiyAyikoM ke isa kathana se ki pRthvI Adi ke avayavabhUta paramANu jagat ke samavAyI kAraNa haiM, ataH pRthivyAdi ke sAvayava hone ke kAraNa kAryatva kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| isa mata se jaina AcArya sahamata nahIM haiN| unhoMne aneka vikalpoM tathA tarkoM dvArA yaha siddha kiyA hai ki pRthvI Adi kArya nahIM haiM / ataH inake kartA ke rUpa meM 'Izvara' kI siddhi saMbhava nahIM hai| jaina dArzanikoM kA mata hai ki yadi kartA ke rUpa meM Izvara ko svIkAra kara bhI liyA jAye to pUnaH prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki kartA eka hai yA aneka / yadi kartA eka mAnA jAye to yaha mAnyatA anucita hai, kAraNa ki vicitra jagat ke nirmANa meM mahala Adi ke nirmANa ke samAna aneka kartAoM kI AvazyakatA hogii| eka kartA ke dvArA vicitra vizva kA nirmANa saMbhava nahIM hai| yadi IzvaravAdI jagat sRSTi ke liye aneka kartAoM ko svIkAra karate haiM to unameM paraspara matabheda kI saMbhAvanA se iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / eka vastu ke bhinna-bhinna rUpa ho jAyeMge phalataH sarvatra avyavasthA ho jaayegii| isa prakAra jaina darzana jIva aura ajIva ke saMyoga se hone vAlI sRSTi meM Izvara kI kAraNa rUpatA kA khaMDana karake jIvoM ke karmoM ko hI sRSTi meM sAdhakatama kAraNa mAnatA hai| jaina darzana usa mAnyatA ko bhI nirAdhAra evaM kAlpanika siddha karatA hai jisake anusAra jaDa aura cetana kA saMbaMdha karmAnusArI nahIM hotaa| jaina darzana meM phala pradAtA Izvara kA khaNDanaH-katipaya' cintakoM ke matAnusAra Izvara phala pradAtA hai| karma cUMki jar3a haiM ataH karma cetanA kI preraNA ke binA kathamapi phala dene 1. (a) sarvadarzana saMgraha-(Arhata darzana) (ba) SaDdarzana samuccaya-pR0 166-187 2. SaDdarzana samuccaya pR0 182-183
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________________ DA. kRpAzaMkara vyAsa meM samartha nahIM haiN| sabhI prANI apane zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala sukhada hI cAhate haiN| ataH ve svayaM apane karmoM ke sukha duHkhAtmaka phaloM ko niSpakSatA se grahaNa nahIM kreNge| isa kAraNa se bhI phala pradAtA ke rUpa meM niSpakSa Izvara kI apekSA kI jAtI hai| isa mAnyatA ke saMbaMdha meM pUrva meM hI kathana kara diyA gayA hai ki karma kI utpatti caitanya ke dvArA hI ataH jIva ke saMbaMdha ke kAraNa hI karma meM aisI zakti utpanna hotI hai jisase karma apane sukhada va duHkhada vipAkoM ko yathAsamaya jIva ke prati prakaTa kara detA hai| karmavAda para AsthA rakhane vAle karma ko pUrNatayA jar3a nahIM maante| kAraNa ki jIva (caitanya) kI kriyA ke dvArA utpanna karma (saMskAra), kriyA ke samApta ho jAne para bhI jIvAzrita bane rahate haiN| ye saMskAra cUMki dravya se utpanna hote haiM ataH inheM davya karma kahate haiM tathApi ve jIvAzrita zakti rUpa hone se jIva dvArA avazyameva bhoktavya haiN| viziSTa jJAnayakta jIva niSpakSa hokara svakRta karmoM ko nirlipta bhAva se bhogatA hai jabaki sAmAnya jJAnayukta jIva tatkAla sukhada-pariNAmataH aura duHkhada bAhya padArthoM ke bhogAnubhava ko ekatrita karate haiM phalataH usake anurUpa hI usakI buddhi ho jAtI hai / isa buddhi ke dvArA icchA na rahate huye bhI jIva ko svakRta karmoM kA azubha phala bhoganA hI par3atA hai / sarvadarzana' saMgraha meM vItarAga stuti meM prayukta 'svavazaH' vizeSaNa yadi Izvara kA mAnA jAye to Izvara apanI kAruNikatA ke kAraNa sabhI prANiyoM ko sukhI banAyegA, duHkhI nhiiN| Izvara yadi prANiyoM ke kRtakoM se prerita ho prANiyoM ko sukhI yA duHkhI banAtA hai to Izvara kI kartRtva zakti evaM svataMtratA para prazna cihna laga jAtA hai| karma kI apekSA rakhane para Izvara kA sarvezvaratva siddha nahIM hotA hai kAraNa ki karmoM ko Izvara niyaMtrita nahIM kara pAyegA / jIva svayaM ke karmoM ke anurUpa hI sRSTi karane evaM tadanurUpa phala bhogane meM svataMtra hai| jIva aura karmoM kA saMbaMdha :-uparyuktavivecana se spaSTa hai ki isa sRSTi kA kartA Izvara jagata kI saSTi meM yadacchA, mAyA. bhrama, prakRti Adi bhI kAraNa nahIM haiN|2 jIba hI isa sRSTi kA kartA evaM svakRta karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA hai| jIva aura karmoM kA saMbaMdha anAdi hai / karmoM ke kAraNa hI sakaSAya jIva sRSTi kA kAraNa banAtA hai| karmoM ke nirodha ke phalasvarUpa karmoM kA abhAva hone para jIva mukta ho jAtA hai, phira bhI yaha sRSTi anyoM (jIvoM) ke banI rahatI hai| jaina darzana aura Izvara --kAlAntara meM vaidika sAhitya dvArA pratipAdita karmakANDa tathA jJAnakANDa sAmAnya varga ke liye sahaja gamya evaM prApya na rahA aura pariNAmataH 6ThI IsApUrva meM isa abodhagamyatA kI pratikriyA svarUpa vaicArika parivartana AyA / isa parivartana kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki jIvana ke rahasya ko jAnane ke liye kisI jJAna vizeSa kI AvazyakatA para bala nahIM 1. kartA'sti kaccijjagataH sa caikaH, sa sarvajJa. sa svavazaH sa nityaH / (sarvadarzana saMgraha-Arhata darzana) 2. (a) zloka vA0 sambandhA 109-114 (ba) tattvArthasUtra (sarvArtha) 97 (sa) tttvaarthsuutr-8|3, 82 3 (a) saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya-dinakara pR0 81-95, 100 -121 (va) bhAratIna IzvaravAda---paM0 zarmA 284-321
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________________ jainadharma meM Izvara viSayaka mAnyatA kA anucintana diyA gayA thA, apitu yaha mAnA gayA ki manuSya apane AcAra, zIla va zuddhatA ke mAdhyama se hI jIvana ke caramasatya ko sahaja meM pA sakatA thaa| isa sarala buddhigamya mArga ko sAmAnya jana-mAnasa taka preSita karane ke liye tatkAlIna jana-bhASA (loka-bhASA) ko hI mAdhyama banAyA gayA / phalataH isa parivartana kA jana-mAnasa ne svAgata kiyaa| isI paristhiti kA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne yathAzakya lAbha lene kA prayAsa kiyA aura saphala bhI huye| mahAvIra ne samayAnurUpa niSkAma zuddhAcaraNa kI zikSA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| unakI mAnyatA thI ki niSkAma zuddhAcaraNa se vyakti vItarAga rUpI Izvarapada ko prApta kara sakatA hai| unhoMne apane yuga meM mAnava ko Izvaratva kI koTi taka pahu~cAne kA mahanIya kArya kiyaa| isameM unheM saphalatA bhI milii| unake isI mahattara kArya ke kAraNa hI unheM jainadharma ke 24veM tIrthaMkara jainadharma ke prastotA rUpa meM samAdRta sthAna diyA gayA hai|| kAlAntara meM (7vIM zatI meM) jaina rAjA kuna ke zaivamata meM dIkSita ho jAne ke phalasvarUpa mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita dharmadarzana para pratikUla prabhAva pdd'aa| vaiSNava va zaivamatoM se vaicArika bhinnatA ke kAraNa bhI jainadharma darzana kI sthiti sukhada nahIM rhii| isa kAraNa sthiti ko yathAvat sudRr3ha karane ke liye Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki mAnyatAoM meM samayAnurUpa parivartana kiyA jAye tAki jana-mAnasa punaH dharma kI ora AkarSita ho ske| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita 'Izvara' saMbaMdhI siddhAnta ko vaiSNava va zaiva ke anurUpa hI svIkRti dI gaI / parivartana kI apekSA se hI tIrthaGkaroM ko jinendra Izvara ke pada para pratiSThita kara diyA gayA tathA anya dharmoM ke samAna hI ina tIrthaGkaroM ke prati apanI bhaktipUrNa AdarAJjalI bhI dene kI svataMtratA de dI gii| bhakta apane jinendra kI devarUpa meM arcanA karane lge| ye jinendra hI sarvajJa rUpa meM nirUpita kiye gaye / kAlAntara meM isI bhaktipUrNa bhAvana puSTi kara dI gii| yaha avazya hai ki jaina dharma-darzana kA Izvara manuSya se bhinna nahIM hai- kevala AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki vaha kevala-jJAna va darzana prApta kare tabhI vaha mAnavatva se devatva kI koTi taka pahu~ca sakatA hai| vastutaH mAnava ke puruSArtha kI iti hI Izvaratva kI prApti hai| isa Izvaratva kI avasthA meM mAnava paramAtmabhAva ko prApta ho jAtA hai| manuSya ko kucha bhI aprAptavya nahIM hai / mAtra yahI apekSA hai ki jJAnArjana kara karma bandhana ko niHzeSa karane hetu prayAsazIla hoN| yaha prayAsa hI vyakti ko mAnavIya cetanA ke caramavikAsa Izvaratva taka pahu~cA sakatA hai / kathana bhI : "Rte jJAnAt na muktiH" 1. bhAratIya IzvaravAda-paM0 zarmA pR0 284-333 2. uttarAdhyayana 25 / 45 3. (a) cintana kI manobhUmi-(Izvaratva) pR0 33, (ba) "NANaM Narassa sAro' darzana pAhuDa 33 kundakundAcArya pR0 50-56
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________________ DA kRpAzaMkara vyAsa isI jJAnarUpI puruSArtha se mAnava vizva meM sarvopari evaM vandanIya bana sakatA hai| mAnava Izvara kI sRSTi nahIM hai balki Izvara hI mAnava kI sRSTi hai / sAdhAraNa se sAdhAraNa vyakti bhI carama sopAna Izvara pada para pahu~ca sakatA hai| yahI hai jaina darzana kA Izvara darzana / kisI kavi ne ucita hI kahA hai "bIja bIja hI nahIM, bIja meM taruvara bhI hai| manuja manuja hI nahIM, manuja meM Izvara bhI hai|" (cintana kI manobhUmi pR0 50) DaoN0 kRpAzaMkara vyAsa . 8 A mahAkAla siMdhIkAlonI, sAMvera ror3a ujjaina-456010