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________________ jainadharma meM ahiMsA DaoN0 zrIraMjana sUrideva paTanA (bihAra) ahiMsA jainadharma kI AdhArazilA hai / jaina cintakoM ne ahiMsA ke viSaya meM jitanI gambhIra sUkSmekSikA se vicAravizleSaNa kiyA hai, utanI sUkSma dRSTi se kadAcit hI kisI anya sampradAya ke vicArakoM ne cintana kiyA ho| jainoM kI ahiMsA kA kSetra bar3A vyApaka hai| unake anusAra ahiMsA bAhya aura Antarika-donoM rUpoM meM sambhava hai / bAhya rUpa se kisI jIva ko mana, vacana aura zarIra se kisI prakAra kI hAni yA pIr3A nahIM pahu~cAnA tathA usakA dila na duHkhAnA ahiMsA hai, to Antarika rUpa se rAga-dveSa ke pariNAmoM se nivRtta hokara sAmyabhAva meM sthita honA ahiMsA hai| bAhya ahiMsA vyAvahArika ahiMsA hai, to Antarika ahiMsA nizcayAtmaka ahiNsaa| isa dRSTi se vyAvahArika rUpa se jIva ko AghAta pahuMcAnA yadi hiMsA hai, to AghAta pahu~cAne kA mAnasika nizcaya yA saMkalpa karanA bhI hiMsA hI hai / vastutaH antarmana meM rAga-dveSa ke pariNAmoM se nibRttipUrvaka samatA kI bhAvanA jabataka nahIM AtI, taba taka ahiMsA sambhava nahIM hai| isa prakAra ativyApaka rUpa meM satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha Adi sabhI sadguNa ahiMsA meM hI samAhita haiN| kula milAkara ahiMsA hI jainadharma kI mUladhurI hai aura isIlie jaina dArzanikoM ne ahiMsA ko parama dharma kahA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se yadi dekheM, to jala, sthala, AkAza Adi meM sarvatra hI kSudrAtizudra jIvoM kI avasthiti hai, isalie bAhya rUpa meM pUrNataH ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai; parantu antarmana meM samatA kI bhAvanA rahe aura bAhyarUpa meM pUrNa yatnAcAra ke pAlana meM pramAda na kiyA jAya, to bAhyajIvoM kI hiMsA hone para bhI soddezya hiMsA kI mana:sthiti ke abhAva ke kAraNa sAdhaka yA zrAvaka manuSya ahiMsaka banA hI rahatA hai| isa prakAra jainoM ke "ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra", "kAttikeyAnupekSA" Adi AcAra granthoM ke pariprekSya meM vizleSaNa karane se spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA mukhyataH do prakAra kI hai : sthUla ahiMsA aura sUkSma ahiMsA / sa jIvoM arthAt apanI rakSA ke lie svayaM calane-phirane vAle ( yAnI kITa-pataMga aura pazu-pakSI se manuSya taka ) do indriyoM se pA~ca indriyoM taka ke jalacara, thalacara aura khecara jIvoM kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhiye aura akAraNa ekendriya, arthAt banaspatikAyika jIvoM kI bhI hiMsA yAnI per3oM ko kATanA yA unakI DAliyoM aura pattoM ko tor3anA Adi kArya bhI nahIM karanA caahiye| yaha sthUla ahiMsAvata hai / phira, jo zrAvaka manuSya jIvoM ke prati dayApUrNa vyavahAra karatA hai, sabhI jIvoM ko Atmavat mAnatA hai aura apanI nindA karatA huA dUsare prANI ko kaSTa nahIM pahu~cAtA hai tathA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sa jIvoM kI na svayaM hiMsA karatA hai, na dUsaroM se karAtA hai aura na dUsare ke dvArA kI jAnevAlI hiMsA kA anumodana karatA hai, vaha sUkSma ahiMsA arthAt ahiMsANuvrata kA pAlana karane vAlA kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra sarvatobhAvena jIvoM kI rakSA karanA hI ahiMsA-vrata hai| Adya jaina cintaka AcArya umAvAti ne 'tattvArthasUtra' ( 74 ) meM ahiMsAvata ke pAlana ke lie sAdhanasvarUpa pA~ca bhAvanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai : vacanagupti, manogupti, IryAsamiti AdAnanikSepaNa-samiti aura AlokitapAna
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________________ 18 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [ khaNDa bhojana / ina bhAvanAoM kA artha moTe taura para leM, to hiMsA se bacane ke nimitta vacana ke vyavahAra meM satarka rahanA yA pramAda na karanA hI vacanagupti hai, mana meM hiMsA ko bhAvanA yA saMkalpa ko utpanna na hone denA manogupti hai, calane-phiraneuThane-baiThane Adi meM jIvahiMsA na ho, yAnI jova ko kaSTa na pahu~ce, isakA dhyAna rakhanA IryAsamiti hai, kisI vastu ko uThAne-rakhane meM jIvahiMsA se bacanA AdAna-nikSepaNa samiti hai aura nirIkSaNa karake bhojana-pAna grahaNa karanA AlokitapAna bhojana hai| isase spaSTa hai ki rAga, dveSa, pramAda Adi se sarvathA rahita hone kI sthiti hI ahiMsAtmaka sthiti hai| 'sarvArthaziddhi' (7/22/363/10 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki mana meM rAga Adi kA utpanna honA hisA hai aura na utpanna honA ahiMsA aura phira, 'dhavalApustaka' ( 14/5,6,93/5/10 ) ke lekhaka ne kahA hai-jo pramAdarahita hai, vaha ahiMsaka hai aura jo pramAdayukta hai, vaha sadA ke lie hiMsaka hai isalie dharma ko ahiMsAlakSaNAtmaka ('paramAtma prakAzaTIkA', 2/68 ) kahA gayA hai aura ahiMsA jIvoM ke zuddha bhAvoM ke binA sambhava nahIM hai / AtmarakSA kI dRSTi se bhI anya prANiyoM kI ahiMsA ke dharma kA pAlana atyAvazyaka hai / jo AtmarakSaka nahIM hotA, vaha pararakSaka kyA hogA? 'Atmopamyena bhUteSu dayA kurvanti sAdhava' jaisI nIti ke samarthaka sarvajIvadayAparAyaNa bhAratIya nItikAroM kI 'AtmAnaM satataM rakSet' kI avadhAraNA isI ahiMsA-siddhAnta para Azrita hai / "jJAnArNava" (8/32) meM ahisA jaganmAtA kI zreNI meM parigaNita hai| isa grantha meM jaganmAtA ke vimala vyaktitva se vimaNDita ahiMsA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai : ahiMseva jgnmaataahisevaanndpddhtiH| ahiMseva gatiH sAdhvI zrIrahisaiva zAzvatI // arthAt ahiMsA hI jagat kI mAtA hai kyoki vaha samasta jIvoM kA paripAlana karatI hai| ahiMsA hI Ananda kA mArga hai / ahiMsA hI uttamagati hai aura zAzvatI, yAnI kamo kSaya na hone vAlI lakSmI hai / isa prakAra, jagat meM jitane uttamottama guNa haiM, ve saba isa ahiMsA meM samAhita haiM / isIlie to 'amitagati zrAvakAcAra' ( 11/5 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki jo eka jIva ko rakSA karatA hai, usakI barAbarI parvatoM sahita svarNamayI pRthvI ko dAna karane vAlA bhI nahIM kara sktaa| 'bhAvapAhur3a' ( To0 134/283 ) meM to ahiMsA ko sarvArthadAyinI cintAmaNi kI upamA dI gaI hai / cintAmaNi jisa prakAra sabhI prakAra ke artha kI siddhi pradAna karatI hai, usI prakAra jIvadayA ke dvArA sakala dhArmika kriyAoM ke phala kI prApti ho jAtI hai / itanA hI nahIM, AyuSya, saubhAgya, dhana, sundara rUpa, kotti Adi saba kucha eka ahiMsAvata ke mAhAtmya se hI prApta ho jAte haiN| isa prakAra janazAstra meM ahiMsA ko pracura mahattA kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai, jisakA sAratattva yahI hai ki ahiMsAvata ke pAlana ke nimitta mAvazuddhi aura Atmazuddhi ke binA rAga dveSa aura pramAda kA vinAza sambhava nahIM hai, athaca ina donoM ke vinAza ke binA ahiMsAvata kA pAlana asambhava hai| jainazAstra meM hiMsA ke cAra prakAra mAne gaye haiM-saMkalpI, udyogI, AraMmmI aura virodhii| akAraNa saMkalpajanya pramAda se kI jAne vAlI hisA saMkalpI hai| bhojana Adi banAne, ghara kI saphAI Adi karane jaise gharelU kAryoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA ArambhI hai, jisakI tulanA brAhmaNa-paramparA kI smRti meM varNita paMcasUcanA doSa se kI jA sakatI hai| artha kamAne ke nimitta kiye jAne vAle vyApAra-dhandhe meM hone vAlI hiMsA udyogI hai aura apane AzritoM athavA deza kI rakSA ke lie yuddha Adi meM kI jAne vAlI hiMsA virodhI hai| ina cAra prakAra kI hiMsAoM meM sarvAdhika khataranAka saMkalpI
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________________ jainadharma meM ahiMsA 19 hiMsA hai / yahI hiMsA zeSa tIna prakAra kI hiMsAoM kA mUla kAraNa hai / saMkalpI hiMsA kA mana meM utpanna honA hI bhISaNa se bhISaNatara narasaMhAra kI ghaTanAoM kA kAraNa bana jAtA hai| manuSya ke mana meM jaba hiMsA kA saMkalpa udita hotA hai, taba vaha nirantara aprazasta dhyAna yAnI AtadhyAna aura raudradhyAna meM rahatA hai| raudradhyAnI yA ArtadhyAnI manuSya sadaiva asatya kA Azraya letA hai aura asatya vacana bolane vAlA nizcita rUpa se hiMsaka hotA hai| jaina zAstra meM satya aura asatya ke pariprekSya meM hiMsA aura ahiMsA para bhI bar3I sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| jara ho. vaisA hI kahanA, arthAta yathAkathana hI satyakathana kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai| "mahAbhArata" meM vyAsadeva ne kahA hai : 'yallokahitatyantaM tatsatyamiti naH zrutam / ' isakA tAtparya hai, jo adhika se adhika lokahitasAdhaka hai, vahI satya hai| spaSTa hai ki loka kA hita hisA se aura usakA ahita hiMsA se jur3A ha adhyAtmamArga meM 'sva' aura 'para' donoM ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai| Atmagata yA paragata rUpa meM ahiMsA-dharma ke pAlana ke krama meM satyakathana ke nimitta vacanagupti, arthAt hita aura mitavacana kA prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai aura yahI hita aura mitavacana satyavacana hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI aisI sthiti bhI A jAtI hai ki ahiMsA ke lie 'kathaMcit asatya' bhI bolanA par3atA hai| aura, nItikAroM kA kathana hai ki 'priya satya' bolanA cAhie, 'apriya satya' nahIM / to, yaha eka prakAra kI dvividhA kI sthiti ho jAtI hai| kintu, jo jJAnI yA moharahita puruSa hote haiM, ve isa dvividhA kI sthiti ko bar3I nipuNatA se sambhAla lete haiN| eka kahAnI hai ki eka bAra, vyAdha ke bANa se Ahata mRga AtmarakSA ke lie kisI muni ke Azrama meM jAkara chipa gayA / vyAdha, usakA pIchA karatA huA Azrama meM pahu~cA aura muni se usane pUchA ki Apane mere zikAra ( mRga ) ko dekhA hai| muni apane mana meM socane lage : 'yadi maiM saca kaha detA hU~, to eka nirIha jIva kI hiMsA ho jAyagI aura jhUTha bolatA hU~, to mithyAbhASaNa kA doSI ho jaauuNgaa| anta meM yathArtha kathana kI eka yukti nikAlI aura vyAdha se kahA : yaH pazyati na sa te yo brUte sa na pazyati / aho vyAdha svakAryAthin ki pRcchasi punaH punaH // arthAt, jo ( netra ) dekhatA hai, vaha bolatA nahIM aura jo ( mukha ) bolatA hai, vaha dekhatA nhiiN| isalie, apane matalaba sAdhane vAlA vyAdha ! tU ( mujhase ) bAra-bAra kyA pUchatA hai ? muni kI bAta sunakara vyAdha vahA~ se khisaka gayA aura isa prakAra eka prANI kI hiMsA hote-hote bhI nahIM huii| to, satya aura asatya-bhASaNa kI dvividhAtmaka sthiti meM bhI yuktipUrvaka satya kA pAlana karanA pratyeka sujAna vyakti ke lie apekSita hai| prasiddha jainAcAra grantha 'bArasaaNuvekkhA' kI gAthA saM074 meM likhA hai : 'jo muni dUsare ko kleza pahu~cAnevAle vacanoM kA tyAga kara apane aura dUsare kA hita karane vAlA vacana bolatA hai, vaha satya dharma kA pAlaka hotA hai|' yo satya kI paribhASAeM aneka haiN| kintu, moTe taura para asatya ke viruddha vANI ke samasta prakAra kA prayoga asatya hai| jainAcArya padmanandikRta 'paMcaviMzatikA' meM kahA gayA hai ki muniyoM ko sadaiva svacarahitakAraka parimita tathA amRta sadRza satyavacana bolanA caahie| yadi kadAcit satya vacana bolane meM bAdhA pratIta ho, to mauna raha jAnA caahie| sthUla satyavrata to yaha hai ki rAga aura dveSa se vivaza hokara asatya nahIM bolanA cAhie aura satya bhI ho, lekina prANihiMsaka ho, to use bhI nahIM bolanA caahie| ___anekAntavAdI janadArzanikoM kI dRSTi meM vizuddha satya kucha bhI nahIM hotaa| apekSayA satya bhI asatya hotA hai aura apekSayA asatya bhI satya hotA hai arthAt eka hI vastu apekSayA satya aura apekSayA asatya bhI ho sakatA hai /
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________________ . 2. paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda.grantha [ khaNDa udAharaNa ke lie, koI saccI kintu kar3avo bAta kiso se kaha dI gaI aura usase usake hRdaya ko coTa pahuMcI, to ukta saccI bAta apanI yathArthatA kI apekSA se saccI ( hisAkAraka ) hote hue bhI kahane kI apekSA se jhUThI ( hisAkAraka ) bana gii| zAbdika vyutpatti kI dRSTi se 'paMkaja' kA sAmAnya lokarUr3ha artha hai kamala / kintu kamala kevala paMka se hI to nahIM utpanna hotA, apitu usake lie paMcabhUta ke sammilita prabhAva kI apekSA hotI hai| isa prakAra kamala ko 'paMkaja' kahanA lokarUr3hi kI apekSA se satya hote hue bhI pAMcabhautika prabhAva kI apekSA se asatya hai| isalie jainaSTi kisI bhI vastu ko kevala satya na mAnakara use satyAsatya yA ubhayAtmaka yA anekAntAtmaka mAnatI hai| spaSTa hai ki hiMsA kI apekSA se satya bhI agrAhya hai aura ahiMsA kI apekSA se asatya bhI grAhya hai / aura yahI taba vyAsa kI pUrvoddhRta ukti caritArtha hoto hai ki 'yallokahitamatyantaM tatsatyamiti naHzrutam / ' arthAt, adhikAdhika lokahita hI, cAhe vaha jisa kisI prakAra se ho, satya hai| mahAbhArata-yuddha meM yudhiSThira ke dvArA maMgyantara se kahI gaI ukti, 'azvatyAmA hataH kuJjaro vA naro vA' asatyagandhI hote hue bhI lokahita kI dRSTi se asatya nahIM thii| yudhiSThira ke liye Atmahita ko apekSA se unakI yukti yadi asatya ( hiMsaka ) thI, to vyApaka lokahita ko apekSA se satya ( ahiMsaka ) thii| apane putra azvatthAmA kI mRtyusUcanA se, cAhe vaha galata hI thI, droNAcArya zokAhata hue aura unake dvArA kI jAne vAlI bhISaNa virodhI prANihiMsA meM zoka-zaithilyavaza sahaja hI nyUnatA A gaI, jo lokahita yA yuddhazAnti ke prayAsa ke rUpa meM hI mUlyAMkita huI / prAcIna yuga meM satya aura ahiMsA ke bahuta bar3e pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra hue aura arvAcIna yuga meM mahAtmA gAndhI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke satya aura ahiMsA kI prAsaMgikatA ko lokatAMtrika dRSTi se adhika-se-adhika vikAsAtmaka vyAkhyA kii| donoM hI mahAtmA isa bindu para ekamata dikhAI par3ate haiM ki ahitakArI satya bhI asatya aura hitakArI asatya bhI satya hai| udAharaNa ke lie, agara kisI rogI kI hAlata bigar3ane lagatI hai, to DaoNkTara hitabhAvanA se usako tasallI ke lie, usake hRdaya ko mRtyu ke AtaMka se bacAne ke lie usake Thoka ho jAne kA jhUThA azvAsana detA hai / yaha hitakArI hone ke kAraNa asatya hote hue bhI satya hI hai| ThIka isake viparIta roga kI bhISaNatA kI satya gI ko AtaMkita karane vAlA vyakti satya bolate hue bhI ahitakArI hone ke kAraNa asatya yA hiMsaka vANI bolatA hai / isI sandarbha meM 'lATosaMhitA' meM jina-vacana kA ullekha prApta hotA hai : satyamapi asatyatAM yAti kvacid hisAnubandhataH / . asatyaM satyatAM yAti kvacid jIvasya rakSaNAt / / arthAt, jisa bAta se jIvahiMsA sambhava ho, vaha satya hokara bhI asatya ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra, kvacit jIvoM kI rakSA hone se asatya vacana bhI satya ho jAtA hai / 'anagAradharmAmRta' meM isI siddhAnta kA samarthana kiyA hai : satyaM priyaM hitaM cAha : sUnRtaM sunRtvtaa| tatsatyamapi no satyamapriyaM cAhitaM ca yat // jo vacana prazasta, kalyANakaraka, AhlAdaka tathA upakArI ho, aise vacana ko satyavrata puruSoM ne satya kahA hai, kintu vaha vANI satya hokara bhI satya nahIM hai, jo priya aura ahitakara, arthAt hiMsaka hai| _ jainadharma kI ahiMsA kI yaha vyAkhyA atizaya vyAvahArika hone ke kAraNa vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI apanA tato'dhika mUlya rakhatI hai|