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________________ jainadharma aura usake siddhAnta bhAratavarSa kI prAcInatama saMskRtiyoM meM zramaNa saMskRti kA atyanta mahatvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| vibhinna deza aura kAloM meM yaha viziSTa nAmoM se vyavahRta rahI hai| yadyapi itihAsa ke vidvAn tathA manIgI isakI prAcInatA lagabhaga tIna sahasra varSa hI svIkAra karate haiM kintu vaidika sAhitya, jaina Agama sAhitya tathA anya dezoM ke sAhitya evaM paramparA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaidika yuga ke pUrva pArhata saMskRti kA prasAra bhalIbhAMti isa deza meM vyApta thaa| vedoM meM hameM jisa yajJaparAyaNa saMskRti ke darzana hote haiM vaha veda aura brahma ko sarvazreSTha ghoSita karatI hai aura brahma kI prApti ke lie yajana-karma ko parama puruSArtha nirUpita karatI hai| parantu isa mAnyatA kA veda-kAla meM aura usake bAda bhI ghora virodha huaa| vaidika kAla ke pahale se hI brAhmaNa saMskRti tathA sRSTikartatva virodhI vrAtya tathA sAdhya zreNI ke loga pAhata saMskRti ke prasAraka the| ye Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA nahIM mAnate the| inakA vizvAsa thA ki sRSTi prakRti ke niyamoM se banI hai| prakRti ke niyamoM ko bhalI bhAMti jJAta kara manuSya bhI naye saMsAra kI racanA kara sakatA hai| manuSya kI zakti sabase bar3I zakti hai| vaha samasta zaktiyoM meM zreSTha hai| kahA jAtA hai ki sAdhyoM ne sarasvatI aura sindhu ke saMgama para vijJAna bhavana sthApita kara sUrya kA nirmANa kiyA thA / usa vijJAna bhavana meM baiTha kara samasta brahmANDa kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA thA / Ahata loga karma meM vizvAsa rakhate the| aura yahI unake sRSTikartA Izvara ko na mAnane kA mUla kAraNa thA / pAhata loga mukhya rUpa se kSatriya the| rAjanIti kI bhAMti ve dhArmika pravRttiyoM meM vizeSa ruci rakhate the aura samaya par3ane para ve vAda-vivAdoM meM bhI bhAga lete the| prArhat "arhat" ke upAsaka the| unake devasthAna pRthak the aura pUjA avaidika thii| ima Aheta paramparA kI puSTi "zrImadbhAgavata", padmapurANa, viSNupurANa, skandapurANa aura zivapurANa Adi paurANika granthoM se hotI hai / isameM jainadharma kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM bhI aneka AkhyAna upalabdha hote haiM 2 / yathArtha meM Arhata dharma jisa paramparA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai vahI vedoM, upaniSadoM, tathA purANa-sAhitya meM yatkicit parivartana ke sAtha saSTa rUpa se jhilamilAtI huI lakSita hotI hai| nizcaya hI tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ke samaya taka jainadharma ke lie "pAhata" zabda hI pracalita thA / bauddha pAli grantroM meM tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM "nimgaMTha" zabda kA prayoga milatA hai| niggaMTha yA nirgrantha zabda jainoM 1 2 dekhie, devadatta zAstrI dvArA likhita-cintana ke naye caraNa, pR0 68 / zrI madbhAgavata 5 / 3 / 20, padmapurANa 13 / 350, viragupurANa 317-18 a0, skandapurANa36-37-38 a0 aura zivapurANa 5 / 4-5 /
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________________ jainadharma aura usake middhAMta 41 kA pAribhASika zabda hai, jisakA artha hai-bhItarI (kAma, krodha, moha Adi) aura bAharI (kaupIna, vastrAdi) parigraha se rahita zramaNa sAdhu / iNDo-grIka aura iNDo-sIthiyana ke samaya meM yaha dharma "zramaNa-dharma ke nAma meM pracalita thaa| megasthanIja ne mukhya rUpa se brAhmaNa aura zramaNa dArzanikoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| pichale do darzakoM meM jainadharma kI prAcInatA ke sambandha meM kaI pramANa upalabdha hue haiM jinase patA calatA hai ki vedoM ke yuga meM aura usake pUrva jainadharma isa deza meM pracalita thA / vaidika kAla meM yaha 'Ahata' dharma ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| Ahata loga "ahaMta" ke upAsaka the| ve veda aura brAhmaNoM ko nahIM mAnate the| veda aura brAhmaNoM ko mAnane vAle tathA yajJa-karma karane vAle "bAhata" kahe jAte the| bAhata "bRhatI" ke bhakta the| bRhatI veda ko kahate the| vaidika yajana-karma ko hI ve sarvazreSTha mAnate the| vedoM meM kaI sthAnoM para Arhata aura bArhata logoM kA ullekha huA hai tathA "arhana" ko vizva kI rakSA karane vAlA evaM zreSTha kahA gayA hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa meM arhana kA Ahvana kiyA gayA hai aura kaI sthAnoM para unheM zreSTha kahA gayA hai 5 / yadyapi RSabha aura vRSabha zabdoM kA vaidika sAhitya meM kaI sthAnoM para ullekha huA hai para brAhmaNa sAhitya meM ve bhinna arthoM meM prayukta hue haiN| kahIM unakA artha baila yA sAMDa hai to kahIM megha aura agni tathA kahIM vizvAmitra ke putra aura kahIM baladAyaka evaM kahIM zviknoM ke rAjA bhI hai| adhikatara sthaloM meM "vRSabha" ko kAmanApUraka evaM kAmanAoM kI varSA karane vAlA kahA gayA hai / sAyaNa ke anusAra "vRSabha" kA artha kAmanAoM kI varSA karane vAlA tathA grahan' kA artha yogya hai| kintu Rgveda meM do sthaloM para spaSTa rUpa se "vaSabha" paramAtmA ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| Rgveda meM vRSabha ko kahIM-kahIM rudra ke tulya aura kahIM-kahIM agni ke sandarbha meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra "ariSTanemi" kA artha hAni rahita nemi vAlA, tripuravAsI asura, purujitsuta aura zrautoM kA pitA kahA gayA hai| kintu zatapathabrAhmaNa meM ariSTa kA artha ahiMsaka hai aura "ariSTanemi" kA artha ahiMsA kI dhurI arthAt ahiMsA ke pravartaka hai / arhan, vRSabha aura RSabha ko vaidika sAhitya meM prazasta kahA gayA hai / vRSa ko dharmarUpa hI mAnA gayA hai / jainAgamoM meM RSabhadeva dharma ke Adi pravartaka kahe gaye haiM / anya dezavidezoM kI mAnyatAoM evaM unakI AcAra vicAra paddhati se isa kI puSTi hotI hai / kahIM yaha vRSabha "dharmavaja" ke rUpa meM, kahIM kRSidevatA ke rUpa meM aura kahIM "vRSabhadhvaja' ke rUpa meM pUje jAte haiN| kahIM yaha AdinAtha hai to kahI Adi dharmapravartaka aura kahIM paramapuruSa ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| bRhaspati kI bhAMti ariSTanemi kI bhI saMstuti kI gaI hai / 3 4 5 enziyenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAi megasthanIja eNDa arrayana, pa067-68 / Rgveda 2 / 33 / 10, 2 / 3 / 1,3, 7 / 18 / 22, 10 / 2 / 2,66.7 / tathA-101854, aigraa05|2|2, zAM 114, 1812,23 / 1, ai0 4 / 10 3 / 4 / 1 / 3-6, te0 218 / 6 / 6, taipA0 41517, 5 / 4 / 10 prAdi / ___ Rgveda 4 / 58 / 3, 4 / 5 / 1, 10 / 166 / 1 / / svasti na indro vRddhazravA : svasti naH pUSA vizvavedAH / mvasti nastAyo ariSTanemi svasti no bRhaspatirdadhAtu / -Rgveda 16
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________________ DaoN0 devendrakumAra zAstrI vaidika yuga meM paNi aura vrAtya Ahata dharma ko mAnane vAle the| paNi bhAratavarSa ke Adi vyApArI the| ve atyanta samRddha aura sampanna the / dhana meM hI nahIM jJAna meM bhI bar3he-caDhe the| isalie yajJaparAyaNa saMskRti ko nahIM mAnate the| ve brAhmaNoM ko havi, dakSiNA-dAna nahIM dete the| deza kA lagabhaga sabhI vyApAra unake hAthoM meM thA / ve kAravAM banAkara araba aura uttarI aphrIkA ko jAte the| bAda meM cIna tathA anya dezoM se bhI paNi logoM ne vyApArika saMbaMdha sthApita kara liye the| paNi yA paNika hI Age cala kara vaNika bana gaye jo pAja baniyA rUpa meM jAne jAte haiN| vrAtya Arya tathA kSatriya the / inheM abrAhmaNa-kSatriya kahA gayA hai| ye brahma-brAhmaNa tathA yajJa-vidhAna Adi ko nahIM mAnate the| kinhIM vidvAnoM ke anusAra ye dalita aura hInavarga ke the-yaha ThIka pratIta nahIM hotA, kyoMki paMcaviMzabrAhmaNa meM (17-1) meM vrAtyoM ke lie yajJa kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH vrAtya loga vratoM ko mAnate the| arhantoM (santoM) kI upAsanA karate the aura prAkRta bolate the| unake santa aura yoddhA brAhmaNa sUtroM ke anusAra brAhmaNa aura kSatriya the| atharvaveda meM"vrAtya" kA artha ghUmane vAlA sAdhu hai / vrAtyakANDa meM pUrNa brahmacArI ko "vrAtya" kahA gayA hai| isase bhI vratoM kI pUjA karane vAloM kI puSTi hotI hai / atharvaveda meM vrAtya kI bhAMti "mahAvRSa" bhI eka jAti kahI gaI hai / '' mahAvRSa loga Arya jAti ke kahe gaye haiM / jo bhI ho, isase yaha patA laga jAtA hai ki vaidika kAla meM brAhmaNavirodhI ja.tiyAM bhI thIM jo prAkRtika niyamoM se sRSTi kA vartana-pravartana mAnatI thiiN| vastutaH yaha adhyAtmavAdI paramparA thI jo prAtmA ko sarvazreSTha mAnatI thI aura yaha kahatI thI ki jaba AtmA hI sarvopari hai to alaga se brahma yA Izvara ko mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA raha jAtI hai ? yadyapi vaidika yuga meM brAhmaNa jAti kI pradhAnatA thI para usa samaya sAdhyoM kA pUre samAja para pUrNa prabhAva aura niyantraNa kahA jAtA hai| prAgvaidika sAdhyoM ko devadrohI kahA jAtA thaa| ye saMsAra kI racanA prAkRtika niyamoM se mAnate the| parantu pratyeka yuga-yuga meM samaya-samaya para saMgharSa hue aura usa saMgharSa kA pariNAma brahmavAda kI sthApanA meM parilakSita huaa|12 jyoM-jyoM yuga palaTate gaye, tyoM-tyoM yaha antara adhika bar3hatA gayA aura vibhinna sampradAya evaM dhArmika vicAra-krAntiyoM kA janma tathA vikAsa hotA gyaa| isa prakAra yaha eka hI paramparA vibhinna kendroM meM vikAsazIla raho hai aura sAmAjika tathA rAjanaitika kAraNoM se isake vividha rUpa kahe jA sakate haiM / parantu pAhata aura bArhata donoM ho eka paramparA ke do prAraMbhika mukhya kendra-bindu haiM jinake cinha Aja bhI parilakSita hote haiN| bhAratIya dharma aura saMskRti ke itihAsa meM prArhata dharma evaM zramaNa saMskRti kA mahatvapUrNa yoga * rahA hai| sahasra zatAbdiyoM se pracalita isa dharma aura saMskRti ne deza-videzoM ke hArda ko prabhAvita kiyA hai jisake cinha Aja bhI vividha rUpoM meM lakSita hote haiN| sahasroM varSoM se bhArata aura bebIlona, IrAna, ejaTika, aphrIkA Adi dezoM se vyAvasAyika aura sAMskRtika saMbandha bane hue haiN| ina dezoM meM dharma aura 8' maikDAnala aura kItha : gaidika iNDeksa, dUsarI jilda, 1658,pR0 343 / 6 sUryakAnta : vaidika koza, vArANaseya hindU vizvavidyAlaya, 1663 10 atharvaveda 5-22, 4-5.8 / 11 devadatta zAstrI : cintana ke naye caraNa, 1067-68 / 12 vahI, pR0 66 /
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________________ jainadharma aura usake siddhAMta 43 saMskRti kA pracAra karane vAle adhikatara zramaNa sAdhu aura bauddha bhikSu the| maigasthanIja ne apanI bhAratayAtrA ke samaya meM do prakAra ke dArzanikoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| brAhmaNa aura zramaNa usa yuga ke pramukha dArzanika the|13 usa yuga meM zramaNoM ko bahuta Adara diyA jAtA thaa| kAlabraka ne jaina sampradAya para vicAra karate hae maigasthanIja dvArA ullikhita zramaNa sambandhI anuccheda ko uddhRta kiyA hai aura batAyA hai ki jina aura buddha ke dhArmika siddhAntoM kI tulanA meM andhavizvAsI hindU logoM kA dharma aura saMsthAna Adhunika hai / 14 maigasthanIja ne zramaNoM ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa diyA hai usameM kahA gayA hai ki ve vana meM rahate the| sabhI prakAra ke vyasanoM se alaga the| rAjA loga unako bahuta mAnate the aura devatA kI bhAMti unakI stuti evaM pUjA karate the / 15 rAmAyaNa meM ullikhita zramaNoM se bhI isakI puSTi ho jAtI hai| TIkAkAra bhUSaNa ne zramaNoM ko digambara kahA hai / 16 sambhava hai ki usa samaya digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM prakAra ke sAdhu rahate hoM aura vastra ke rUpa meM valkala paridhAnoM ko dhAraNa karate hoM, jaisA ki maMgasthanIja likhA hai / brAhmaNa sAhitya meM bhI zramaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 17 kintu isa para adhikatara vidvAna mauna haiN| rAmAyaNa kI TIkA meM jina vAtavasana muniyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai ve Rgveda meM vaNita vAtarazana muni hI jJAta hote haiM / unakA vivaraNa ukta varNana se mela bhI khAtA hai / 18 kezI muni bhI vAtarazana kI zreNI ke the|16 vAtarazana muni utkRSTa koTi ke muni the jo nirgrantha sAdhu the| jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa meM ve sabase bar3e mAne jAte the| zrI bAhubali ne bhI isI prakAra kI tapazcaryA kI thii| tapa hI inakI eka mAtra caryA raha jAtI thii| brAhmaNa sAhitya meM-mukhya rUpa se taittirIya prAraNyaka meM inakA vistRta ullekha milatA hai / kaI sthaloM para inakI stuti kI gaI hai / 2deg isa prakAra jainadharma Ahata aura zramaNa nAma se prAcIna kAla meM pracalita rahA hai / arhana ke upAsaka prArhata kahe gaye haiM jo Age calakara jina ke anuyAyI jaina ho gye| kintu yaha zramaNa zabda barAbara pracalita rahA hai aura mahAvIra ko zramaNa hote dekha kara buddha ko mAnane vAle gautamabuddha ko "mahA 13 enziyenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAya maigasthanIja eNDa eriyana, kalakattA, 1626, 14 vahI, pR0 101-102 / / pR0 67-68 / 15 TrAnsalezana prAva da phregmenTsa prAva da iNDikA prAva megasthanIja, bAna, 1846, pR0 105 // 16 "nAthavantaH" dAsA : zUdrAdaya iti yAvat zramaNAH digambarA: "zramaNA vAtAvasanA" iti nighaNTuH / yaddhA "caturthamAzramaM prAptA : zramaNA nAma te smRtA :" iti smRtiH " / -govindarAjIya rAmAyaNabhUSaNa / 17 sh014|7|1122, taipA0 21711 18 "vAtarazanA: vAtArazanasya putrAH munayaH atIndriyArthadazino jUtivAtajUtiprabhRtaya : pizaMgA . pizaMgAni kapilavarNAni malA malinAni valkalarUpANi vAsAMsi vasate AcchAdayanti / " 16 vahIM, 10 / 13517 -sAyaNa bhaassy,101136|2 20 taiyA0 1 / 21 / 3, 23 / 2, 24 / 4, 31 / 27. 15
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________________ DaoN0 devendrakumAra zAstrI zramaNa " kahane lage / 21 parantu jaina paramparA meM "zramaraNa" zabda apane mUla rUpa meM Aja taka surakSita hai / 23 vastutaH brAhmaNa sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha nizcita ho jAtA hai ki bhramaNoM kI apanI paramparA rahI hai jo purANakAla taka aura taba se aba taka avicchinna rUpa meM pravAhita hai| zrI madbhAgavata meM merudevI ( marudevI ) tathA nAbhi rAjA ke putra bhagavAn RSabhadeva vAtarazana zramaraNoM ke dharmapravartaka kahe gaye haiM / 23 aura unheM "yogezvara" kahA gayA hai / 24 isI prakAra anya purANoM meM bhI grArhata dharma kA ullekha milatA hai jise kahIMkahIM jainadharma kahA gayA hai| padamapurANa, viSNu purANa, skanda aura ziva purANoM se prArhata paramparA kI puSTi hotI hai / ina purANoM meM jainadharma kI utpatti tathA vikAsa ke saMbaMdha meM kaI AkhyAna bhI milate haiM / matsyapurANa ' meM spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai ki jinadharma vedabAhya hai jo vedoM ko nahIM mAnatA 25 / isase yaha to patA laga hI jAtA hai ki jisa yuga meM vedoM kI sRSTi huI thI usa samaya grArhata loga veda virodhI the aura tabhI se vedavirodhI dharma ke rUpa meM unakA smaraNa evaM ullekha kiyA jAtA rahA, kyoMki kisI vaicArika krAnti ke sandarbha meM hI apane Apa ko purAnA mAnane vAle isa prakAra kA nAma dene ye haiM / kintu isase jainadharma kI prAcInatA para aura bhI prakAza par3atA hai / saMkSepa meM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya taka yaha Aheta dharma ke nAma se hI pracalita thA / bauddhagranthoM tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM yaha "niggaMTha" ke nAma se prasiddha rahA aura iNDo-grIka tathA inDo-sIthiyana ke yuga meM "zramaNa " dharma ke nAma se deza-videzoM meM pracArita rahA / purANa-kAla meM yaha jina yA jainadharma ke nAma se vikhyAta huA aura taba se yaha isI nAma se suprasiddha hai / jainAgama tathA zAstroM meM isa ke jinazAsana, jainatIrtha, sthAdvAdI, syAdvAdavAdI, anekAntavAdI, Arhata aura jaina Adi nAma milate haiN| deza ke vibhinna prAntoM meM samaya-samaya para yaha bhinna nAmoM se pracalita rahA hai / jisa samaya dakSiNa meM bhakti Andolana jora pakar3a rahA thA, usa samaya vahAM para yaha bhavyadharma ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| paMjAba meM yaha "bhAvAdAsa" ke nAma se pracalita rhaa|26 tathA "sarAvaga-dharma" ke nAma se grAja bhI rAjasthAna meM pracalita hai| gujarAta meM aura dakSiNa meM yaha alaga alaga nAmoM se pracalita rahA hai| aura isa prakAra Aheta, vAtavasana yA vAtarazana zramaNa se lekara jinadharma aura jainadharma taka kI eka bRhat tathA atyanta prAcIna paramparA prApta hotI hai / 44 21 sambuddhaH karuNAkUrcaH sarvadarzI mahAbalaH / vizvabodho dharmakAyaH saMguptAM rhansunizcitaH / / vyAmAbho dvAdazAkhyazca vItarAgaH subhASitaH / sarvArthasiddhastu 22 23 mumukSuH zramaNo yatiH / - prabhidhAnacintAmaNi, 1,75 / " nAmaH priyacikIrSayA tadavarodhAyane merudevyAM dharmAn darzayitukAmo vAtarazanAnA zramaNAnAMmRSINAmUrdhvamanthinAM zuklayA tanuvAvatatAra / " - zrI madbhAgavata, 5 / 3 / 20 24 "bhagavAnRSabhadevo yogezvaraH prahasyAtmayogamAyayA svavarSamajanAmaM nAmAbhyavarSat / " vahI, 5143 mahAzramaNaH kalizAsanaH / trikANDazeSa, 1,10-11 25 gatvA tha mohayAmAsa rajiputrAn vRhaspatiH / jinadharma samAsthAya vedabAhyaM savedavit / matsyapurANa, 24147 26 DA0 jyoti prasAda jaina: jainijma da prolDesTa liviMga rilIjana, pR0 62 //
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________________ jainadharma aura usake siddhAnta jaina purAtatva se bhI aneka aitihAsika tathya prApta hote haiM jo dharma kI prAcInatA para prakAza DAlate haiM / yadyapi mohana-jodar3o aura har3appA kI khudAI meM prApta murtiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM abhI taka nizcaya rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakA hai ki ve jina haiM yA ziva; kinnu kAlIbaMgA ke utkhanana se yaha rahasya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra uttara-pazcima bhArata meM rahA hai| upalabdha jaina mUrtiyAM I0 pU0 300 taka prAcIna kahI jAtI haiN| mauryakAlIna kucha-mUrtiyAM paTanA saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita haiN|27 isI prakAra lagabhaga prathama I0 pU0 se jaina citrakalA ke spaSTa nidarzana milane lagate haiN| purAtana zilAlipi meM vIra ni0 84 kA sarvaprAcIna saMvat sUcaka lekha milatA hai| mathurA ke jainalekha to atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM jinake AdhAra para DA0 harmana jekobI ne jainAgamoM kI prAcInatA siddha kI hai|26 saMsAra kI prAcIna lipi evaM kalA kI bhAMti zramaNa saMskRti evaM kalA meM sUkSma bhAvoM kA aMkana karane ke lie pratIka zailI kI paramparA pracalita rahI hai| mati nirmANa meM, caitya yA mandiroM kI racanA meM, siddha-yaMtroM tathA citroM kI kalA meM yaha pratIka zailI antayaM rahasyamaya rUpa se abhivyakta haI hai| yahI nahIM, jaina-sAhitya meM bhI yaha paramparA surakSita hai| yadi isakA bhalIbhAMti adhyayana kiyA jAye to isakI prAcInatA ke anya pramANa bhI spaSTa rUpa se mila sakate haiN| zilAlekhoM se prApta pramANoM ke AdhAra para aba tIrthaGkara neminAtha kI aitihAsikatA bhI nizcita ho gaI hai| kyoMki prabhAsa-paTana kA eka prAcIna tAmra-patra prApta huA hai jisakA anuvAda DA0 prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra ne kiyA hai| usase bebIlona ke rAjA nevacandanejara ke dvArA saurASTra ke girinAra parvata para sthita nemi mandira ke jIrNodvAra kA ullekha hai| bebIlona ke rAjA nevucandajara ne prathama kA samaya 1140 I0 pU0 aura dvitIya kA 604-561 I0 pU0 ke lagabhaga kahA jAtA hai| usa rAjA ne apane deza kI usa prAya ko jo use nAvikoM se kara dvArA prApta hotI thI, vaha jUnAgar3ha ke girinAra parvata para sthita ariSTanemi kI pajA ke lie pradAna kI thii|26 isI prakAra anya bauddha yAtriyoM ke ullekhoM se bhI jainadharma kI prAcInatA para prakAza paDatA hai| yanAna aura mizra ke dArzanikoM ne bhI zramaNa santoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura unakA prabhAva svIkAra kiyA hai| jainadharma ke mukhya cAra siddhAnta kahe jA sakate haiM-ahiMsA, prAtmA kA astitva evaM punarjanma, karma tathA syaadvaad| ahiMsA eka vyApaka tathA sarvamAnya siddhAnta hai| jainadharma kA yaha mUlabhUta siddhAnta hai- 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH, yato dharmastato jayaH" / zramaNa saMskRti kA yaha prANa-tatva hai| isameM vyakti aura samAja kI saMjIvanI zakti nihita hai| vastutaH mAnava kA mUla dharma ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA vyakti kI bhIratA. zithilatA yA samAja ke bhaya kA pariNAma na hokara moha kI anAsakti aura saccaritra evaM zIla kI rASTravyApinI zakti hai jo prema aura zAnti ko janma detI hai| jisase karuNA tathA dayA kA saMcAra hotA hai| aura jo samAja kalyANa ke lie amogha zakti hai| isalie ahiMsA hameM kAyara aura Darapoka nahIM banAtI / vaha hameM moha aura kSudra svArthoM ko jItane ke lie prerita tathA utsAhita karatI hai| usameM 27 muni kAntisAgara : zramaNa saMskRti aura kalA 16521 pR. 24 / 28 vahI, pR0 80 / dekhie "anekAnta" varSa 11, kiraNa 1 meM prakAzita bAbU jayabhagavAna, bI0 e0 eDavokeTa kA mohanajodaDokAlIna aura Adhunika jaina saMskRti zIrSaka lekha, pa048 /
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________________ DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI kSAtradharma kA dardA evaM teja hai| jainoM ne vyavahAra meM aisI ahiMsA kA sarvathA virodha kiyA hai jo Dara ke mAre apane yA dUsare ke prANa lene kA pATha sikhAtI ho| jainadharma ke sabhI tIrthaGkara kSatriya evaM rAjaputra the| adhikatara tIrthakara ikSvAku vaMza meM utpanna hue the| apane jIvana meM unhoMne kaI yuddha kie the| candragupta maurya, samprati, khAravela, amoghavarSa, ceTaka, zreNika, zivakoTi tathA kalacuri, gaMga aura rASTrakUTa vaMza ke aneka rAjA jaina the| candragupta, bimbasAra, ajAtazatru, udayana, mahApadma, bindusAra aura azoka ko jaina tathA bauddha paramparAe apanA matAvalambI mAnate haiN| jo bhI ho, isase spaSTa hai ki jJAta, ajJAta na jAne kitane samrATa aura rAjA hue jinhoMne yuddha aura ahiMsA kA saphalatA se saMcAlana kiyA thaa| jaina zAstroM meM hiMsA ke saMkalpI, virodhI, prArambhI aura udyamI-ye cAra bheda kie gae haiN| ye hiMsA ke sthUla bheda haiN| inakA mUla hai-pramAda pUrvaka kArya na karanA, sAvadhAnI rakhanA / 30 aura yahI Age cala kara dravya rUpa aura bhAvarUpa bhedoM se hiMsA mUkhya rUpa se do koTiyoM meM vibhakta ho jAtI hai| prAcArya kundakunda ne bhAvapakSa kI mukhyatA ko lekara spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki jIva kA ghAta ho yA nahIM, yadi asAvadhAnI se pravRtti kI gaI hai to nizcaya se vaha hiMsA hai aura sAvadhAnI se pravRtti karane vAle se yadi kadAcit prANoM kA ghAta bhI ho jAye to use hiMsA ke nimitta kA bandha nahIM hotaa|31 vastutaH acche aura bure bhAvoM para jIvana kI nIMva TikI huI hai| jIva ko jaisA anna aura jala milatA hai vaisA hI usakA nirmANa hotA hai| bhAva aura pravRti jIvana meM anna aura jala kI bhAMti poSaka tatva haiM jinase dharma ko saMracanA hotI hai, dharma kA vigraha janma letA hai| ahiMsA kA sabhI dharmoM meM mahatva vaNita hai| bhAratIya saMskRti to mUlataH ahiMsAniSTha rahI hai / vAlmIki ne bhI apanI rAmAyaNa meM ahiMsA kA AcaraNa karane vAle muniyoM ko pUjya tathA zreSTha kahA hai / 32 vastutaH ahiMsA kI upaskAraka zramaNa-saMskRti thI jisane sUkSma se sUkSma ahiMsA kA nirUpaNa evaM nirvacana kiyA hai aura samasta dharma rUpoM ko ahiMsA kI vyApaka vyAkhyA meM samAhita kara liyaa| yadi hama vibhinna saMpradAyoM evaM dharmoM kA itihAsa dekheM to spaSTa ho jAyagA ki kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI hiMsA 30 pramattayogAtprANa vyaparoparaNaM hiMsA / -tatvArthasUtra, 78 31 maradu va jiyadu ba jIvo ayadAcArassa NicchidA hiNsaa| payaDassa patthi bandho hiMsAmatteNa samidassa / / pravacanasAra, 3 / 17 32 dharme ratAH satpuruSaiH sametAstejasvino dAnaguNapradhAnAH / ahiMsakA vItamalAzca loke bhavanti pUjyA munayaH pradhAnAH // vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, 106 / 3 tathA ahiMsAsatyamasteyaM zaucamindriyanigrahaH / etat sAmAsikaM dharma cAturvarNya bravInmanuH / / yannUnamazyAM gati mitrasya yAyAM pathA / asya priyasya zarmaNyahiMsAnasya sazcire / / Rgveda, 5 / 64 / 3
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________________ jainadharma aura usake siddhAnta kA pratyAkhyAna karate rahe para kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI dharma mAnane vAle hiMsA ko karate rahe aura apane pramANa meM " vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati" tathA yaha dharma kI hiMsA hai-- kaha kara apane ko bacAte rahe / kintu jaina dharma hI eka aisA dharma hai jisane kisI bhI rUpa meM hiMsA ko mAnya nahIM svIkAra kiyA aura usake vibhinna staroM kA sAMgopAMga vivecana kiyaa| Aja bhI yaha jAti ahiMsAniSTha evaM pracAra-pradhAna dekhI jAtI hai / yathArtha meM yaha tapa, tyAga evaM prAcAra - pradhAna saMskRti hai jo aneka prAdhAtoM ko sahakara bhI Aja jyoM kI tyoM sthira hai / 47 jainadharma AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karatA hai / yaha zuddha rUpa meM grAtmA ko zuddha, buddha tathA niraMjana mAnatA hai / parantu aneka janmoM ke karmoM se Abaddha hone ke kAraNa AtmA azuddha evaM mailI hone se saMsAra ke parAvartanoM meM bhaTaka rahI hai / yadyapi isameM anaMta zakti aura guNa vidyamAna haiM aura itanI kSamatA hai ki apanI nirvRttipradhAna kriyA se svayaM mukta ho sakatI hai kintu karmoM ke timira jAla meM ulajhI hone se mukta hone meM samartha nahIM ho rahI hai| isalie karma bandhana se mukta hone kA nAma hI mukti hai / isake lie kisI paramAtmA ke Ane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki vaha apane sthAna se nIce utara kara hamArI sahAyatA karane ke lie yahAM Aye, balki AtmA meM vaha parama zakti vidyamAna hai ki vaha "nara se nArAyaNa", AtmA se paramAtmA bana sakatI hai / yadi usameM yaha zakti vidyamAna nahIM hai to saMsAra kI koI aisI zakti nahIM haiM jo use Izvaratva pradAna kara ske| usameM svayaM zakti kA vaha prakAza hai tabhI to vaha apanI jyoti ko UrdhvagAmI banA sakatA hai| isI rUpa meM jainadharma AtmA ko svIkAra karatA hai / aura yaha to sadvAda kA siddhAnta hai ki jo vidyamAna hai, jisakA astitva hai vaha kabhI prabhAva-rUpa nahIM ho sakatA aura sadbhAva kA kabhI vinAza nahIM hotA / isalie karma - bandhanoM ko kATane kA artha hai unase alaga ho jAnA, jar3atva ko sarvathA chor3a kara zrAtmA ke yathArtha ko, pUrNa cetana rUpa ko prApta kara lenA / hiMsA kI bhAMti karmavAda aura syAdvAda bhI jainadharma ke maulika siddhAnta haiM / jainadharma ke anusAra karma eka svatantra dravya hai / AtmA ke sAtha mila kara calanazIla hone para yaha vibhinna bhAvoM kI sRSTi karatA hai / yaha apanI kriyAoM se jIva ko saMsakta kara ke rakhatA hai aura pUrI taraha se usa para chA jAtA hai / isalie AtmA ke pradezoM meM jo parispandana hotA hai usameM kArmANa vargaNAoM kA yoga rahatA hai / ataeva punarjanma kI prakriyA karmoM ke anusAra sampAdita hotI rahatI hai / gautama buddha bhI karmAnusAra punarjanma ko svIkAra karate haiM / karma ananta paramANuoM kA skandha kahA jAtA hai / yaha samUce loka meM vyApta rahatA hai / jisa prakAra bIja ke dagdha ho jAne para phira vRkSa utpanna nahIM hotA usI prakAra janma dene vAlA karma saMsAra kA bIja hai aura usake prAtyantika kSaya yA daradha ho jAne para phira punarjanma nahIM hotA / karma se hI AtmA meM vikRti utpanna hotI hai / isa vikRti ko dUra karane ke lie jina zAsana meM jJAna, dhyAna aura tapa kA zrAcaraNa mukhya batalAyA gayA hai / tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ne bhI ahiMsA kI mukhya preraka zakti ko saMyama kahA hai| saMyama eka prAntarika sAdhanA hai jo bhItarI zuddhi para adhika bala detI hai| aura saMzuddhi ko prakaTa karatI hai / vijJAna kI bhAMti karma kA bhI apanA jJAna-vijJAna hai jisake anusAra yaha karmaskandha rUpa ( paramANu samUha ) hone para bhI dRSTigocara nahIM hotA / parantu raja ke sUkSmatama kaNoM ke samAna sampUrNa
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________________ DaoN0 devendrakumAra zAstrI loka meM vyApta rahatA hai| aura isalie karmavAda meM Izvara kA koI sthAna nahIM hai| kama hI Izvara ke sthAna para mAnA jA sakatA hai| yadyapi saMsAra ke kArya kisI na kisI kAraNa se udbhUta hote haiM para jinakA kAraNa pratIta nahIM hotA, jo vibhinna viSayoM ke janaka haiM aura jinakA spaSTa anubhava hotA hai ve saba kisI alaukika zakti se utpanna na hokara karmoM se utsaSTa hote haiN| saMsAra kI vibhinna viSamatAoM kA kAraNa karna hai| karma hI mulabhUta viSamatAoM ke mUla meM hai| karma janma-janmAntaroM ke cakra ke rUpa meM vibhinna mAnasika prakiyAmoM kI sRSTi karatA rahatA hai| aura isa prakAra jainadharma kA karmavAda Izvara kA sthAna grahaNa kara letA hai| jainadharma meM karmoM ke vibhinna bhedoM tathA vividha avasthAoM kA gaNita ke AdhAra para vistRta evaM sUkSma vivecana milatA hai| aura karmoM se alaga hone kA upAya tapa kahA gayA hai| jisa mamaya meM jisa prakAra kA tapa sampAdita ho jAtA hai vaha azuddha tathA vikRta bhAva alaga ho jAtA hai| ise hI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM "nirjarA" kahate haiN| 33 aura jahAM na indriyA~ haiM, na upasarga ( milane vAlA kaSTa ) hai, na moha hai, na Azcarya, na nidrA, na pyAsa aura na bhUkha hI, vahAM nirvANa hotA hai / vAstava meM nirvANa vahI sthiti hai, jisameM sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti nahIM hotI, kevala atIndriya nirbAdha alaukika Ananda prApta hotA hai| syAdvAda jainoM kA dArzanika siddhAnta hai| isameM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se padArtha kI satyatA kA vyAkhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH jar3a aura cetana sabhI meM aneka dharma vidyamAna haiN| una saba kA eka mAtha kathana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vivakSA ke anusAra eka samaya meM kisI eka kI mukhyatA lekara kathana kiyA jAtA hai| usako dArzanika zabdAvalI meM "kayaMci apekSA" se kahA jAtA hai jisakA dUsarA nAma apekSAvAda bhI hai| apekSAvAda kA yaha siddhAnta dArzanika matavAdoM ke prAgraha ko zithila karatA hai aura jIvana kA yathArtha dRSTikoNa bhinna-bhinna rUpoM meM hamAre sAmane prastuta karatA hai| apekSAoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA kathana kinhIM dRSTikoNoM (nayoM) kI apekSA rakhatA hai| jainAgamoM meM sAta dRSTikoNoM ko sAta bhaMgimAoM ke sAtha prastuta kiyA gayA hai| jo ina dRSTikoNoM ko samajhe binA syAdvAda ko samajhane kA prayatna karate haiM unheM yaha saMzayavAda jAna par3atA hai| yathArtha meM syAdvAda saMzayavAda na ho kara samanvayavAda kahA jA sakatA hai jisameM vibhinna dharmoM ko dRSTiyoM ko kathaMcit rUpa meM, kisI apekSA se vyavahAra meM yA nizcaya meM satya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| svayaM tIrthaGkara mahAvIra svAmI vaira-virodha ko hisA mAnate the| ve satya ko satya ke rUpa meM hI dekhanA aura kahanA cAhate the| isalie unhoMne vastroM kA tyAga kiyaa| manuSya kI vAstavika avasthA ko prApta kara AdhyAtmika utkrAnti kI aura saba meM samatAbhAva kA pracAra kiyaa| yaha vaira-virodhamUlaka samanvayavAdinI vaha dRSTi thI jo aneka kendra vindunoM para eka vastu kA vicAra kara usakI vAstavikatA ko parakhatI thii| kyoMki satya akhaNDa hotA hai| zabdoM ke sImita ghere meM usake ananta guNoM kI vyAkhyA saMbhava nahIM hai| kintu usake kendra meM vyApta mukhya binduoM 33 jaha kAleNa taveNa ya bhuttarasaM ' kammapuggalaM jeraNa / ___ bhAveNa saDadi raNeyA tassaDaNaM cedi NijjarA duvihA // dravyasaMgraha, 36 34 Navi idiya uvasaggA Navi moho vimhiyo Na NiddA ya / 14 nihA raNeva chuhA tatyeva ya hoi NivvAramaM / niyamasAra, 18.
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________________ jainadharma aura usake siddhAMta 46 ko alaga-alaga tathA samAhAra rUpa meM samajha kara usakI akhaNDatA kA bodha kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaba taka vastu ke ananta tathA vibhinna avayavoM kA evaM usake rUpoM kA jJAna nahIM hotA, taba taka na to vizleSaNa hI kiyA jA sakatA hai aura na usakA sAmAsika kathana hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra syAdvAda satya taka pahu~cane kI vaha paddhati hai jo jIvana ko prAtmA ke Antarika vyApAroM se jor3atI hai aura jisameM bAharI tathA bhItarI jIvana kI eka praNAlI samAhita hai jo vividha dRSTiyoM ko eka kendra meM sthApita kara vastu kI satyatA kA nirvacana karatI hai| saca yaha hai ki vastu ko kisI dharma vizeSa ke sAtha mAnanA aikAntika hai| aura isa ekAnta kA parihAra anekAnta ke binA sambhava nahIM jAna par3atA / vibhinna nayoM evaM dRSTikoNoM se eka hI vastu ko samajhane para usakI sacAI samajha meM AtI hai / prAcArya samantabhadra ne "Atma-mImAMsA" meM to yahAM taka kaha diyA hai ki nirapekSa naya mithyA hote haiM aura sApekSa naya vastu ko siddha karane vAle hote haiN| jIvana kA yaha dRSTikoNa sApekSika ekAntavAda yA anekAntavAda se prApta ho sakatA hai jo jainadharma ke mUlabhUta rahasya ko prakaTa karatA hai / tIrthaGkara mahAvIra ke lie syAdvAda koI nayA siddhAnta nahIM thA / yaha to bahuta pahale se hI calA A rahA thaa| vaidika yUga meM vibhinna dArzanika matavAda the / Rgveda se patA lagatA hai ki sAdhyoM kA mUla siddhAnta sadvAda, asadvAda, sadAsadvAda, vyomavAda, aparavAda, rajovAda, aMbhivAda, AdarzavAda, ahorAtravAda aura saMzayavAda ina dasa siddhAntoM para AdhArita thA / 35 sadAsadvAda kA siddhAnta bahuta hI vyApaka rahA hai / dArzanika jagat meM kisI ne sat ko svIkAra kiyA aura kisI ne asat ko / Rgveda ke RSi "eka sad viprA bahudhA vadanti" kA udghoSa karate haiM / vastutaH vizva kI vyAkhyA karane ke lie vividha matavAdoM kI dArzanika bhUmikA para sRSTi huI jinakA samAhAra syAdvAda kI sapta bhaMgiyoM meM lakSita hotA hai jise 'saptabhaMgI syAdvAda" kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra vaidika kAla se aura usake bhI pahale se jainadharma avicchinna rUpa se pravAhita calA A rahA hai / yaha AryoM kI yajJaparAyaNa saMskRti se pRthaka, para Arya saMskRti kI paramparA ko hI pradarzita karatI hai jisameM bhAratIya prAcAra-vicAra tathA garimA ke utkRSTa rUpoM kA samAhAra milatA hai / vAstava meM yaha dharma aura saMskRti tapaHpUta ahiMsA mUlaka hai jo apanI viziSTitAoM ke kAraNa deza-videzoM meM samAdRta rahA hai aura jisameM jIvana kI nizchala evaM zAnta prakRti ke darzana upalabdha hote haiN| 35 devadatta zAstrI : cintana ke naye caraNa, 1960 pR068 /