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________________ jaina dharma aura sthApatya kA saMgama tIrtha-prosiyA DaoN. sohanakRSNa purohita rAjasthAna ke aitihAsika nagara jodhapura se 52 kilomITara dUra uttara pazcima dizA meM jaina dharma aura sthApatya kA pramukha kendra "osiyA" sthita hai| osiyA grAma meM Aja bhI vaiSNava, zaiva, aura jaina mandira vidyamAna haiN| isalie yadi ise "mandiroM kA nagara" kahA jAya to atizayokti nahIM hogii| abhilekhoM aura sAhityika granthoM meM osiyAM ko upakezapaTTana' athavA upazIzA' kahakara pukArA gayA hai| isa nagara kI sthApanA ke sambandha meM janasAdhAraNa meM kaI kiMvadantiyAM pracalita haiN| eka kathA ke anusAra vikrama samvat prArambha hone ke cAra sau varSa pUrva bhInamAla meM bhImasena nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usake zrIpuJja tathA uppaladeva nAmaka do rAjakumAra the| eka bAra donoM rAjakumAroM meM kisI bAta ko lekara jhagar3A ho gyaa| isalie zrIpuJja ne uppaladeva para yaha tAnA kasA ki jo vyakti apane bAhubala se rAjya sthApita karatA hai, usI ko dUsare para prabhutva jamAne kA adhikAra hotA hai| apane bhrAtA ke mukha se yaha vAkya sunakara uppaladeva vahAM se turanta ravAnA ho gayA tathA apane eka maMtrI ko lekara dillI phuNcaa| vahAM usane sAdhu nAmaka rAjA se eka nayA rAjya sthApita karane kI svIkRti prApta kI tathA mAravAr3a ke upakezapura yA osiyA meM apane navIna rAjya kI sthApanA kI / uppaladeva kI adhiSThAtrI devI cAmuNDA thii| DA0 DI0 Ara0 bhaNDArakara' kA mata hai ki bhInamAla ke kisI paramAra rAjA para zatru kA atyadhika davAba bar3ha jAne se usane yahAM Akara "osalA" (zaraNa) liyA thA isalie isa sthala kA nAma osiyA pdd'aa| DaoN0ke0sI0jaina kI mAnyatA hai ki bhInamAla se osiyA Ane vAlA rAjakumAra paramAra-vaMzIya nahIM, apitu gurjara pratihAra vaMza kA thaa| jainagrantha "upakezagaccha prabandha" (1326 I0) ke anusAra sura-sundara nAmaka rAjA ke putra zrIpuJja kA pitA se jhagar3A ho jAne para osiyA rAjya kI sthApanA kI thii| mahAvIra-mandira ke eka lekha ke anusAra AThavIM zatAbdI ke antima dazaka taka yahAM pratihAra nareza vatsarAja kA zAsana thaa| osiyA kI sthApanA ke sambandha meM hamArI mAnyatA hai ki isakA saMsthApaka saMbhavata: bhInamAla kA koI rAjakumAra thaa| vaha kisa rAjavaMza kA thA ; isa sambandha meM hamArA anumAna hai ki vaha koI cAvar3A vaMzIya rAjakumAra thaa| pratihAra aura paramAra vaMza kA itihAsa aba lagabhaga spaSTa ho cukA hai aura usameM zrIpuJja yA uppaladeva jaise rAjakumAroM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| jabaki cAvar3A vaMza kA itihAsa abhI bhI aMdhakAra-pUrNa hai| ina paristhitiyoM meM osiyA rAjya kI sthApanA kA kAla yadi chaThI zatI I0 meM rakhate haiM to vaha anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| osavAla jAti kA mUla nivAsa sthAna osiyA ko mahAjanoM kI osavAla jAti kI utpatti se bhI sambandhita mAnA jAtA hai| yahAM janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita eka kathAnaka ke anusAra osiyA kA rAjA uppaladeva athavA zrI puJja cAmuNDA devI kA kaTTara bhakta thaa| eka bAra prasiddha jainAcArya ratnaprabha sUrI (bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke sAtaveM paTTezvara) apane 500 ziSyoM sahita cAturmAsa karane hetu osiyA Aye ; lekina vahAM para 1. ojhA, gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda, jodhapura rAjya kA itihAsa khaNDa 1, pRSTha 28 gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIja, bar3audA, 76 pRSTha 156 bhaNDArakara, DI0Ara0, progresa riporTa oNva Ayolojikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, vesTarna sakila', 1607, pRSTha 36 jaina, ke0sI0, eziyeMTa siTIja eNDa TAunsa oNva rAjasthAna, pR0 180 vahI (lahara 2, saMkhyA 8, pRSTha 14) 6. nAhara, pUrNa candra, jaina inskripsaMsa, kalakattA, 1616-26, saMkhyA 788 7. zarmA, dazaratha, rAjasthAna yU di ejija, pR0 112, 288, 440, 707, 226, 131 142 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ jaina muniyoM hetu nivAsa kI ucita vyavasthA na hone para unhoMne kisI anya sthAna para jAkara caturmAsa karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| bhagavatI cAmuNDA mAtA kI preraNA se kucha sAdhuoM ne AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI se osiyA meM hI cAturmAsa karane kI prArthanA kI jise unhoMne svIkAra kara liyaa| eka dina osiyA ke rAja-parivAra ke kisI bAlaka ko kAle nAga ne Dasa liyA / pariNAmasvarUpa usa bAlaka kI akAla mRtyu ho gaI / lekina AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI ne apane AdhyAtmika prabhAva se usa bAlaka ko punaH jIvita kara diyaa| isa camatkAra se prabhAvita hokara rAjA aura usakI prajA bheMTa sahita AcArya ke pAsa phuNce| lekina AcArya mahodaya ne bhautika bheMTa lene se manA kara diyA / ataH rAjA ne AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI se prArthanA kI ki ve yaha batalAyeM ki unakI kyA icchA hai tAki vaha use pUrA kara AcArya kI sevA kA lAbha utthaayeN| taba AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI ne kahA ki unakI to eka mAtra icchA yahI hai ki osiyA ke sabhI loga jaina dharma svIkAra kara leN| isa prakAra jo loga AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI se dIkSita hue, ve aura unake vaMzaja osavAla khlaaye| AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI kA osiyAM kI janatA para itanA adhika prabhAva par3A ki vahAM ke rAjA ne svayaM bhI jaina dharma aMgIkAra kara liyA aura vahAM kI cAmuNDA mAtA kI pazubali ko banda karavA diyaa| isa ghaTanA ke bAda vahAM kI adhiSThAtrI devI ko sacciyAya mAtA kahakara unakI pUjA kI jAtI hai / - aba prazna uThatA hai ki osavAla jAti kI utpatti kaba huI ? jaina muniyoM ne osavAla jAti kI utpatti kA samaya vIra nirvANa samvat 70 (457 I0 pU0) mAnA hai|' mahAmahopAdhyAya paNDita gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda AjhA ne isa tithi ko kalpanA para AdhArita mAnA hai, kyoMki 457 I0 pU0 taka to osiyA nagara kI sthApanA bhI nahIM huI thii| unhoMne osavAla jAti kI utpatti 11vIM zatAbdI IsavI ke AsapAsa svIkAra kI hai| zrI ke sI jaina ne bhI apane grantha meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki hameM navIM zatAbdI se pUrva osavAla jAti kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai| hamArI mAnyatA hai ki osavAla jAti kI utpatti havIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM kabhI huI thii| "nAbhinandana-jinoddhAra prabandha" nAmaka grantha (jisakI racanA kakka sUrI ne(1338 I0) kI thI), sUcita karatA hai ki osiyA meM osavAloM ke 18 gotra nivAsa karate the| unameM se eka "vaisAtha" gotra ke loga bhI the lekina goSThikoM se saiddhAntika matabheda hone ke kAraNa ve kirADU meM jAkara basa gaye the / -osiyA ke mahAvIra mandira kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi jaina sAhitya meM osiyA kA ullekha eka jaina tIrtha sthAna ke rUpa meM huA hai| yahAM para kaI vaiSNava tathA jaina mandira bane hue haiM jina para paravartI gupta sthApatya kA prabhAva hai| yahAM kA mahAvIra mandira to jaina-sthApatya kA eka utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| yaha mandira apanI ucita vyavasthA ke kAraNa Aja bhI pUrNatayA surakSita hai / dUra se dekhane para to yaha mandira eka deva vimAna samAna dikhalAI detA hai| eka kivadanto ke anusAra, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 70 varSa pazcAt AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI ne isa mandira meM pratimA kI sthApanA kI thii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI ne isa kSetra meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA, aura isa mandira meM pratimA sthApita kara use prArambhika svarUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| mandira ke kalAtmaka svarUpa ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa mandira ke nirmANa meM zatAbdiyoM kI kalA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai parantu kyoMki AcArya ratnaprabha sUrI ne hI yahAM jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA, isalie yahAM jaina dharma se sambandhita jo avazeSa haiM, una saba kI anuzrutiyoM kA sambandha ukta jaina muni se jur3a gayA hai / mahAvIra-mandira kI eka zloka-baddha prazasti (vi0 saM0 1013-656 I0) se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki yaha mandira pratihAra nareza vatsarAja ke samaya (harivaMza purANa ke anusAra zaka saMvat 705-763 I0) meM vidyamAna thaa|' isI prakAra eka anya lekha (vi0 saM0 1075-1016 I0) se yaha saMketita hotA hai ki isa mandira kA dvAra do vyaktiyoM ne milakara banavAyA thaa| mandira ke dvAra, mUrtiyoM tathA stambhoM para utkIrNa lekhoM (978 se 1701 I0 ) se yaha jAnakArI milatI hai ki isa mandira kA toraNa dvAra kaI bAra * jaina, ke0sI0, pUrvokta, pRSTha 183 2. ojhA, pUrvokta, pRSTha 26 3. vhii| jaina ke0sI0, pUrvokta, pRSTha 183 5. muni jJAna sumdara jI, bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA itihAsa, phlAdo, 1643, pRSTha 156 para udhata / 6. zarmA, dazaratha, pUrvokta, pR0 72 7. ojhA, pUrvokta, pRSTha 26 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 143
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________________ punanirmita karavAyA gayA thaa|' mandira ke sthApatya ke AdhAra para DaoN0ke0sI0 jaina ne ise AThavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita mAnA hai| paravartI kAla meM jindaka nAmaka eka vyApArI ne isa mandira kA jorNoddhAra karavAyA thaa|' 1188 I0 ke do abhilekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki sampUrNa zrAvikA pAlhiyA kI putrI tathA devacandra kI putravadhU aura yazodhara kI patnI ne apanA bhavana mahAvIra mandira ke ratha ko rakhane hetu dAna diyA thaa|' isa lekha kI puSTi kakka sUrI ke "nAbhinandana jinoddhAra prabandha" nAmaka grantha se bhI hotI hai| isake anusAra mahAvIra ke eka svarNaratha kA nAma "nardama" thA jo varSa meM eka bAra nagara-parikramA ke lie upayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa|' isase saMketita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM osiyA meM mahAvIra pratimA kA eka jalUsa bhI nikAlA jAtA thA / mahAvIra mandira kA sthApatya osiyA kA pramukha jaina mandira mahAvIra kA mandira hai / isa mandira kA mukha uttara kI ora hai| isa mandira kI sampUrNa nimiti meM pradakSiNA patha ke sAtha garbhagRha, pAlabhittiyoM ke sAtha gUDhamaNDapa tathA sIr3hiyAM car3hakara pahuMca jAne yogya mukhacatuSkI sammilita hai| dvAra maNDapa se kucha dUrI para eka toraNa hai jisakA nirmANa eka zilAlekha ke anusAra 1010 I0 meM kiyA gayA thA, kintu isase bhI pUrva 656 I0 meM dvAra-maNDapa ke sAmane samakendrita vAlANaka (AcchAdita sopAnayukta praveza dvAra) kA nirmANa karAyA gayA thaa| garbhagRha ke donoM ora eka AcchAdita vIthi nirmita hai / mukha-maNDapa tathA toraNa ke madhya rikta sthAna ke donoM pAryo meM yugala devakulikAeM bAda meM nirmita kI gaI haiN| garbhagRha eka vargAkAra kakSa hai jisameM tIna aMgoM arthAt bhadra, pratiratha aura karNa kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| uThAna meM pITha ke antargata eka vizAla bhitti, vistRta antarapatra aura caitya toraNoM dvArA alaMkRta kapota sammilita haiN| kapota ke Upara belabUToM se alaMkRta basaMta paTTikA caukI ke samAnAntara sthita pITha ke Upara sAmAnya rUpa se pAye jAne vAle vedI baMdha sthita haiN| vedI baMdha ke kuMbha devakulikAoM dvArA alaMkRta haiM, jinameM kubera, gaja-lakSmI tathA vAyu Adi devatAoM kI AkRtiyA~ banAI gaI haiN| isa prakAra kA alaMkaraNa guptakAlIna mandiroM meM DhUMr3hA jA sakatA hai / vedI baMdha ke alaMkaraNayukta kapotoM ke Upara udgamoM se AveSThita devakulikAoM meM digapAloM kI AkRtiyA~ banI huI haiN| jaMghA kI pariNati padma vallariyoM kI zilpAkRti ke rUpa meM hotI hai aura varaNDikA ko AdhAra pradAna karatI haiM / varaNDikA dvArA chAdya se AveSThita do kapotoM ke bIca aMtarAla kI racanA hotI hai / garbha gRha bhadroM ko ucca koTi ke kalAtmaka jharokhoM se yukta una gavAkSoM se saMbaddha kiyA gayA hai jo rAjasenaka vedikA tathA AsanapaTTa para sthita haiN| ina gavAkSoM ko aise caukora tathA manohArI yugala bhitti-stambhoM dvArA vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai jo kamala-puSpoM, ghaTa-pallavoM, kIrtimukhoM tathA latAgulmoM ke aMkana dvArA surucipUrvaka alaMkRta kiye gaye haiM aura unake Upara taMraga ToDo kI nirmiti haiN| chajjoM se yukta gavAkSoM ke jharokhoM ke vividha manohara rUpa pradarzita haiM / garbhagRha ke Upara nirmita zikhara maulika nahIM hai| yaha gyArahavIM zatAbdI kI mArU-gurjara zailI kI eka paravartI racanA hai| vikasita karNoM ko darzAne vAle uraH zRgoM tathA laghu zRgoM kI tIna paMktiyA~ isakI vizeSatAeM haiN| gUDha maNDapa kI rUparekhA meM kevala do tattva sammilita haiM arthAt bhadra aura karNa / varaNDikA taka garbhagRha ke goTe tathA anya alaMkaraNa isake antargata Ate haiN| isakI jaMghA ke agrabhAga kA alaMkaraNa yakSoM, yakSiyoM aura vidyA deviyoM kI pratimAoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai / sAmane ke karNa meM bAMyI ora sarasvatI aura pArzvayakSa tathA dAMyI ora acchuptA aura apraticakA kI pratimAeM sthita haiN| gUDha maNDapa kI chata tIna paMktiyoM kI phAnasanA hai, jisakA saundarya adbhuta hai| prathama paMkti svakaNTha se prArambha hotI hai| aura vaha vidyAdhara aura gandharyoM kI nRtya karatI huI AkRtiyoM se alaMkRta hai, jinake pazcAt chAdya tathA zataraMjI rUpa utkIrNa Ate haiN| prathama paMkti ke cAra kone bhavya zRgoM se maNDita haiN| bhadroM se rathikA prakSipta hotI hai jisa para pazcima dizA meM kubera tathA pUrva meM eka aparicita yakSa kI AkRti sammilita hai / dUsarI paMkti ke cAra konoM ko sundara karNakUToM dvArA alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai aura usake zIrSa bhAga meM sundara AkRti ke ghaNTA kalaza kA nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| trika maNDapa kA zikhara gUr3ha maNDapa ke sadRza phAnasanA prakAra kI do paMktiyoM vAlA hai| isake Upara cAroM ora siMha karNa 1. vhii| jaina ke0sI0 pUrvokta, pRSTha 182 Ayolojikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, enyuala riporTa, 1908-6 pRSTha 106 jaina ke0sI0, pUrvokta pRSTha 183-184 para udRdhRta vhii| yaha sampUrNa sAmagrI "jaina kalA evaM sthApatya" khaNDa prathama (bhAratIya jJAna pITha, naI dillI 1975) ke zrI kRSNa deva ke lekha se jyoM kI tyoM kI gaI hai| isake lie hama vidvAn lekhaka tathA bhAratIya jJAnapITha ke atyanta AbhArI haiN| 144 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha :
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________________ ke tIna phalaka hai| uttara kI ora ke siMha karNa para mahAvidyAoM, gaurI baroTyA tathA mAnasI kI AkRtiyAM haiN| pazcimI phAnasanA ke uttara kI ora yakSI-cakrezvarI, mahAvidyA, mahAkAlI tathA vAkdevI kI AkRtiyAM darzAyI gaI haiM / pazcima kI ora pArzva meM yakSImUrtiyoM ke madhya mahAvidyA mAnavI ko AkRti hai / dvAra maNDapa kI do paMktiyoM vAlI phAnasanA chata ghaNTA dvArA aveSThita hai| isake tribhujAkAra toraNoM kI tIna phalakoM meM pratyeka para devI-devatAoM kI pratimAeM utkArNa kI gaI haiM / pUrva kI ora mahAvidyA kAlI aura mahAmAnasI aura varuNayakSa kI pratimAeM haiM / pazcima kI ora deviyoM dvArA saMpAvita mahAvidyA rohiNI kI mUrti hai| uttara kI ora yakSa sarvAnubhUti, AdinAtha tathA ambikA kI pratimAeM haiN| garbha gRha kI bhItarI racanA sAdhAraNa hai kintu usameM tIna devakulikAeM nirmita haiM jo aba rikta haiN| garbhagRha ke dvAra ke kalAtma: vivaraNa hAla meM kiye gaye raMga-lepa aura zIze kI jar3AI ke kAraNa chipa gaye haiN| zAlA ke cAroM stambha mUlarUpa se caukora haiM aura unheM ghaTa pallavoM-(belabUToM) nAgapAza aura vizAla kIrtimukhoM dvArA alaMkRta kiyA gayA hai| zAlA ke Upara kI chata nAbhiccheda zailI meM nirmita hai| isakI racanA sAde gajatAluoM dvArA hotI hai| gUr3ha maNDapa kI bhittiyoM para paryApta gaharAI kI dasa devakulikAeM haiN| unameM se do kubera aura vAyu kI AkRtiyAM haiN| gUr3ha maNDapa ko pratyeka kramAvAsthita pradakSiNA zailI meM nirmita ina devatAoM kI pratimAyeM rohiNI, beroTyA, mahAmAnasI aura nirvANI kA pratinidhitva karatI haiM / pratyeka bhadra ke saradala ke Upara sthita phalaka para anucaroM ke sAtha pArzvanAtha kI do pratimAoM ko darzAyA gayA hai| aisA vizvAsa karane ke lie aneka kAraNa haiM ki AThavIM zatAbdI meM vatsarAja dvArA nirmita mUla mandira ke abhinna aMga ke rUpa meM valANaka vidyamAna thA aura 956 I0 meM stambha yukta kakSa ke atirikta nirmANa ke sAtha isakA navInIkaraNa karAyA gayA thaa| mUla mahAvIra mandira prArambhika rAjasthAnI vAstukalA kA eka manorama namUnA hai| isameM mahAn kalA guNa sampanna maNDapa ke Upara phAnasanA chata tathA jaina vAstukalA ke sahaja lakSaNoM se yukta trika maNDapa kI prAcInatama zailI kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| mukhya mandira aura usakI devakUlikAeM prArambhika jaina sthApatya aura mUrtikalA ke samRddha bhaNDara haiM aura devakulikAe~ to vAstava meM sthApatya kalA ke laghu ratna hI haiM / niSkarSa ke rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'osiyA' bhArata kA eka mahAn jaina tIrtha sthAna hai / prAcIna kAla se hI yaha sthala eka pramukha tIrtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha rahA hai / vidvAn pAThakoM kA dhyAna isa lekha ke mAdhyama se nimna binduoM kI ora AkarSita kiyA jA sakatA hai-prathama, osiyA ke mandira kI jaba ratnaprabha sUrI ne sthApanA kI, usa samaya yaha bahuta hI sAdhAraNa mandira rahA hogA / dvitIya, mandira meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki isakA kauna-sA khaNDa kaba banA aura kaba vidyamAna thA aura kisane banavAyA thaa| lekina makhya bAta yaha hai ki mandira kA zikhara mAru-gurjara zailI kA aura lagabhaga 11vIM zatAbdI kA hai / ataH spaSTa hai ki mandira kA zikhara bAda meM jor3A gayA thaa| hama jAnate haiM ki binA zikhara ke mandira prArambhika guptakAla meM banate the| isalie mandira-nirmANa kI tithi gaptakAla ke prArambha meM rakhI jA sakatI hai / lekina mandira meM jo aMkana aura kalAtmaka pratIka upalabdha haiM, unase yaha saMketita hai ki isane kalAtmaka svarUpa guptottara kAla meM dhAraNa kiyA thA, parantu isane apanA vartamAna svarUpa gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM dhAraNa kiyA thaa| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke bAda to osiyAM kI khyAti eka pramukha tIrtha ke rUpa meM dUra-dUra taka phailane lagI thii| bArahavIM zatI meM prasiddha vidvAn siddhasena ne apane grantha (sakalatIrtha stotra) meM osiyA ko pramukha tIrtha sthala ke rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA hai|' zvetAmbaroM kA upakezagaccha bhI osiyA se sambandhita rahA hai| isa gaccha kA ullekha 1202 I0 ke lekhoM meM milatA hai| sirohI (rAjasthAna) sAla ke ajArI grAma se prApta 1137 I0 ke zilAlekha meM isa gaccha kA nAma milatA hai|' osiyA kA upakezagaccha terahavIM se solahavIM zatI ke madhya jaisalamera, udayapura tathA sirohI meM prasiddha thaa|' osiyA ke adhikAMza vaiSNava mandira mohammada gaurI ke AkramaNa ke samaya naSTa kara die gae the| lekina yaha hamArA saubhAgya hai ki yahAM kA sacciyAya mAtA tathA mahAvIra mandira Aja bhI pUrNatayA surakSita haiN| bhArata ke pratyeka nAgarika hetu osiyA mandira sthApatya evaM dhArmika dRSTi se vAstava meM avalokana ke yogya hai| 1. gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIja, 76, pRSTha 156, jaina ke0sI0 dvArA pUrvokta pR0 184 para upadhRta / upakezagaccha prabandha, lahara 2, saMkhyA 8, pR0 14 zarmA dazaratha pUrvokta pR0 422, nAhara pUrvokta 1 pRSTha 761 3. jina vijaya, mudi, arbudAcala pradAkSiNA jaina lekha, sambodha, saMkhyA 404, bhAvanagara, vi0 saM0 2005 vahI, nAhara pUrNacanda, pUrvo, khaNDa 2, 3 5. jaina ke0sI0, pUrvokta, pR0 184 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 145