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________________ -. -. -. .-.-. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. -.-. -. -. -. -.-.-.-.-. -. -.-. -. -.-. -.-.-.-..-. -. jaina dharma aura lokatantra D pro0 candrasiMha nenAvaTI (rAjanIti vijJAna vibhAga, udayapura vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura) 'mittI me savvabhUesu' ye zabda 'jaina pratikramaNa' meM yuga-yuga se cale A rahe niyamita cintana-manana ke lie pratiSThita rahe haiN| saba prANiyoM ke prati udAtta maitrI-bhAva rakhane vAle vyaktiyoM se sabhI nAgarikoM kI samAnatA meM sahaja vizvAsa kI AzA karanA svAbhAvika hai| yahI samAnatA kI bhAvanA lokatantra kI AdhArazilA hai| samAnatA svatantratA kI bhaginI hai| phrAMsa kI rAjya krAnti (1786) meM lokatantra kA kaNThasvara "svatantratA, samAnatA, bandhatA" aise hI nAroM meM gUMjA thaa| amerikA meM TaoNmasa pena (Thomas Paine) ne 'viveka kA yuga' (1793) meM likhA thA : "maiM manuSya kI samAnatA meM vizvAsa karatA hU~; aura merA vizvAsa hai ki nyAya karane, premapUrNa dayA, aura apane sAthI prANiyoM kI prasannatA ke lie prayatna meM dhArmika kartavya nihita haiN|"1 samAnatA meM AsthA rakhane vAlA vyakti dharma, mUlavaMza, (Race), jAti, liMga, janma-sthAna ityAdi ke AdhAra para bheda-bhAva nahIM maantaa| vaha 'manasAvayasA, kAyasA' samAnatA kA AcaraNa karatA hai| yaha jaina-sandeza hai; yaha lokatantra kA bhI nirdeza hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne 'yaMga iNDiyA' meM san 1921 I0 meM likhA thA; "merA dharma baMdIgRha kA nahIM hai| isameM paramAtmA ke choTe se choTe prANI ke lie sthAna hai, kintu yaha mUla vaMza, dharma aura varNa (raMga) ke durAgrahI abhimata se prabhAvita nahIM hotaa|" samAnatA kI yaha bhAvanA jaina dharma aura darzana meM AdhArabhUta rUpa se bahuta gaharI hI nahIM, vyApaka bhI rahI hai| vastuta: use 'samatA' kA siddhAnta kahanA upayukta hogaa| samatA kI dRSTi vyakti ke vyaktitva ko santulita aura zAnta rakhatI hai; vaha samAja ko bhI samarasatA, sahAnubhUti aura sukha-zAnti pradAna karatI hai| manuSya-manuSya meM antara jaina siddhAntoM ke anukUla nahIM kahA jA sktaa| koI bhI ho, samyakjJAna, samyakdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke mArga se mokSa prApta kara sakatA hai| usake lie jAti, dharma, bhASA Adi ke bheda kI mAnyatA nahIM hai / jaina darzana kA samatva to prANI mAtra taka prasArita hai, sImita yA saMkucita nhiiN| lokatantra meM jisa samAnatA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai, vaha sabhI prANiyoM taka nahIM to bhI saba nAgarikoM taka avazya vyApta hotI hai| rAjanItika samAnatA meM eka vyakti, eka voTa' vA siddhAnta nAgarikoM kI barAbarI para hI AdhArita hai| vaha yuga bIta cukA hai jabaki katipaya tathAkathita lokatantrAtmaka rAjyoM meM zikSA yA saMpatti Adi ke nAma para matAdhikAra sImita rakhA jAtA thA aura kucha vargoM ko eka hI nikAya ke lie cunAva meM eka se adhika voTa dene kA adhikAra hotA thA / iMglaiMDa meM bahula matadAna (Plural Voting) kI usa koTi meM antima avaziSTa udAharaNa thA vizvavidyAlaya-matAdhikAra (University Franchise), jisake antargata vizvavidyAlaya zaikSika upAdhidhAriyoM 1 "I believe in the equality of men; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavouring to make our fellow creatures happy." --Thomas Paine : The Age of Reason. In Education International : :
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________________ 158 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : caturtha khaNDa ko sabake sAtha voTa dene ke sivAya bhI eka bAra aura alaga se voTa dene kA adhikAra hotA thA; kintu vaha bhI aba to rAjanItika itihAsa ke pRSThoM meM vilIna ho cukA hai| strI-puruSa ke adhikAroM kI asamAnatA bhI aba samAptaprAya hai| yaha sahI hai ki kaI jagaha isake lie bar3e AndolanoM kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| striyoM ko iMglaiNDa meM bhI bahuta saMgharSa ke pazcAt hI matAdhikAra prApta ho skaa| phrAMsa jaise lokatantrAtmaka rAjya meM bhI bahuta bAda-~-dvitIya vizvayuddha ke bAda ke samaya meM hI-pahilAoM ko matadAtAoM kI paMktiyoM meM sthAna mila skaa| lokatantra kA ghara mAne jAne vAle deza sviTajaralaiMDa meM to mahilA-matAdhikAra abhI kucha varSa pahale hI prApta huA hai| astu, aba to sabhI lokatantroM meM (katimA vaidhAnika niryopatAoM vAle vyaktiyoM ke sivAya) samAna vayaska matAdhikAra kI bahAra hai / isa samAnatA ke sidvAnta ko hI zreya hai ki sabhI nAgarika-nAgarika hone ke nAte se hI-samAna mAne jAte haiN| AdhyAtmika samAnatA kI yaha eka rAjanItika pariNati hai| jaina darzana ke AdhAra para to sabhI ke prati samatApUrvaka maitrIbhAva kI kAmanA kI gaI hai| bala se kisI prANI ko apane adhIna karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai-- savve pANA savve bhUyA savve jIvA savve sattA na haMtavvA, na ajjAveyavvA, parighetavvA, na pariyAveyavvA na uddaveyavvA / esa dhamme suddha Niie mAsae / (sarva prANI, bhUta, jIva aura satva haiM, inakA ghAta mata karo; valAt kisI ko apane adhIna mata karo; prahAra mata karo; zArIrika, mAnasika pIr3A mata upajAo; klAnta mata karo; upadrava mata kro|' AcArya hemacandra ne kahA hai AtmavatsarvabhUteSu, sukhaduHkhe priyApriye / cintayannAtmano'niSTAM, hiMsAmanyasya nAcaret / / (yogazAstra, 2 / 20) arthAt "jyoM nija ko sukha priya aura duHkha apriya hai, ThIka tyoM hI dUsaroM ko bhI sukha priya aura duHkha apriya hai-yaha samajhakara vivekI manuSya kisI kI bhI hiMsA na kreN|" 3 isa saiddhAntika samAnatA kA vyAvahArika rUpa kyA ho ? eka vicAraka kA kathana hai : "samAnatA kA abhiprAya utanA hI bhramapUrNa hai jitanA yaha kahanA ki pRthvo samatala hai|" prakRti ke dvArA sabako samAna zaktiyA~ nahIM milI haiN| prAkRtika asamAnatA ke atirikta sAmAjika viSamatAe~ bhI hamAre bIca meM haiN| lokatantra meM samAnatA kA tAtparya sAmAjika vaiSampa aura prakRtijanya asamAnatA ke prabhAva ko vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hone se rokatA hai; sabhI nAgarikoM ko apane vikAsa ke lie samAna avasara sulabha hoN| prophesara lAskI ne isI dhAraNA ko yoM vyakta kiyA hai :--- "nissaMdeha isameM (samAnatA meM) mUla rUpa meM eka samatalIkaraNa kI prakriyA nihita hai |"......""atH samAnatA kA sarvaprathama Azaya hai, vizeSAdhikAra kA abhAva / ............ dvitIyataH, samAnatA kA artha hai ki paryApta avasara sabake lie khule hoN|"3 1. jaina tattva saMgraha (prathama bhAga), pR0 36; prakAzaka-jaina zve0 te0 mahAsabhA, klktaa| jaina tattva cintana (muni zrI nathamala), pR0 40, prakAzaka, Adarza sAhitya saMgha, curU / 3. "Undoubtedly, it (equality) implies fundamentally a certain levelling process.........Equa ity, therefore, means first of all the absence of special privilege.........Equality means, in the second place, that adequate opportunities are laid open to all." -Harold J. Laski: A Grammar of Politics, pp. 153-154.
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________________ jaina dharma aura lokatantra 186. .. .......... ........ ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -. -. -.-.-. -.-. -. -.-. -. -... lokatantra meM svatantratA kI jo anivAryatA hai use bhI sakArAtmaka aura sAmAjika sandarbha meM grahaNa karanA hotA hai| pro0 lAskI ke hI zabdoM meM punaH kahanA hogA ki svatantratA "usa vAtAvaraNa ko banAye rakhanA hai jisameM manuSyoM ko apane jIvana kA sarvotana vikAsa karane kI suvidhA prApta ho"|' ataH svatantratA kI samasyA kA hala bhI samAnatA meM hI nihita hai| jaina darzana ke karma siddhAnta ke prakAza meM isa samAnatA aura svatantratA tathA lokatantra meM mAnya vyakti kI garimA ko spaSTa dekhA aura samajhA jA sakatA hai| apane hI karmoM ke prabhAva se vyakti kA ihaloka aura paraloka banatA hai| apane prayAsa se hI manuSya mokSa bhI prApta kara sakatA hai| sabake lie mArga aura dvAra samAna rUpa se khule haiM / samyakjJAna, samyakdarzana aura samyakcAritra ke dvArA vaha agrasara ho sakatA hai| jaina darzana karmaphala kA niyamana karane kA kAma kisI bAhya zakti meM nahIM mAnatA / acche-bure karmoM kA AtmA para saMskAra par3atA rahatA hai, vaha aduSTa hai; jaba taka usakA phala nahIM mila jAtA, taba taka vaha AtmA ke sAtha rahatA hai| yaha darzana karma ko svatantra dravya mAnatA hai| karma ananta paramANuoM ke skandha haiN| ve jIvAtmA kI acchI-burI pravRttiyoM ke dvArA usase ba~dha jAte haiN| karmaparamANuoM kA jIvAtmA para gaharA prabhAva par3atA hai| karma grahaNa karane meM jIvAtmA svatantra nahIM hotA, parantu jIva aura karma kA saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| jaba jIva ke kAla Adi kI anukUla labdhiyA~ hotI haiM taba vaha karmoM kA kSaya bhI kara sakatA hai| pUrvajanmoM aura isa janma meM pahale ba~dhe hue karmoM kI sthiti aura zakti naSTa karane ke lie tapasyA Adi prayAsa karane kA jIvAtmA ke pAsa sadA hI avasara hai ; vaha svaviveka se avasara kA upayoga karate hue vikAsa kara sakatA hai| yaha avasara kI samAnatA hai jisakA lAbha uThA kara vyakti bandhanoM se svatantra ho sakatA hai| ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ke vratoM ke pAlana se manuSya karmoM ko pachAr3a kara carama vikAsa kI ora agrasara hotA hai| yahA~ bhAgyavAda nahIM, svataH kA prayAsa aura usake lie prApta avasara kI samAnatA evaM upayogitA draSTavya hai / isa prakAra AdhyAtmika darzana laukika naitikatA meM lokatantra kI bhitti prastuta karatA hai| lokatantra bahumata kA zAsana hai| sabakA eka mata sAmAnyatayA ho nahIM sakatA kintu sabako apanA mata prakaTa karane kA adhikAra honA cAhiye / ye mata bhinna-bhinna hI nahIM, kabhI-kabhI paraspara tIvra virodha bhare bhI ho sakate haiN| sacce lokatantra kI yaha bhI eka kasauTI hai ki vicAra cAhe kitane hI bhinna kyoM na hoM, unheM prakaTa karane kA avasara sabako milanA caahiye| adhinAyakatantra meM eka hI vicAradhArA meM sabako bahanA hotA hai| vahA~ yaha hogA ki eka vizeSa mata vAle (matavAle ?) to ho sattA meM aura anya mata vAle hoM jela meM / lokatantra meM virodha aura virodhI kA bhI sthAna aura sammAna hotA hai / "nindaka bapurA para upakArI, 'dAdU' nindA kare hamArI", lokatantra ke lie bhI yaha santa-vacana satyavacana hI hogaa| virodhI ke bhASaNa momakkhI kI bhA~ti tIkhe, kATate hue laga sakate haiN| gomakkhI ke kATane se lokatantra maregA nahIM, kyoMki prabhAvita aMga kI sojiza ko vaha sarala hAsa viveka se kama karane meM samartha hotA hai| yadi koI lokatantra aisA na kara sake aura isake bajAya hiMsAtmaka pratikriyA pradarzita kare to samajhanA cAhiye ki usake rakta meM koI vikAra hai| jaba etheMsa meM prAcIna yUnAnI lokatantra ne sukarAta ko, usakI tarka-zailI aura vicAra praNAlI ke kAraNa, viSa kA pyAlA pilAne kA kadama uThAyA to vaha spaSTa cihna thA ki usa zAsana-praNAlI ke kadama DagamagAne lage the ; vaha vikRta, bhraSTa aura avanata ho cukI thii| lokatantra meM kaI aise avasara A sakate haiM ki kisI vyakti yA varga kA mata sabase bhinna ho; parantu ho sakatA hai ki usa alpamata kI bAta meM bhI satya ho yA Age calakara vaha sahI sAbita ho / isalie sabako nirbhaya hokara apanA mata rakhane kA avasara denA aura sahiSNutApUrvaka virodha ko samajhane-samajhAne kA sAmarthya lokatantra kA balasambala hai| kaI bAra Aja kA alpamata kala bahumata siddha ho jAtA hai| lakSya ko yA mArga ko apanI-apanI dRSTi se 1. "By liberty I mean the eager maintenance of that atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be their best selves." -A Grammar of Politics, p. 142.
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________________ 160 dekhA jA sakatA hai / mata kI vibhinnatA aura vicitratA ke vAtAvaraNa meM bhI santulana banAye rakhanA taba sambhava hai jaba sahanazIlatA kA dRSTikoNa ho isake lie mahAvIra svAmI ke batAye hue anekAnta aura svAdvAda kI mahatI upadevatA hai| karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : caturtha khaNDa mahAvIra svAmI ke tasya cintana ke anusAra pratyeka padArtha ananta guNoM kA puMja hai| sUkSma paramANu meM bhI aura pratyeka jIva meM bhI ananta vizeSatAe~ aura ananta zaktiyA~ haiM / eka hI vastu vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vibhinna rUparaMga-yukta, nitya-anatya, eka ityAdi hotI hai| padArtha meM paraspara viruddha pratIta hone vAlI bhI katipaya vizeSatAe~ ho sakatI haiN| usakI isa anekarUpatA ko pratipAdita karatA hai anekAntavAda | I vastu ke ananta guNoM ke jJAna ke lie jisa anantajJAna kI AvazyakatA hai use 'kevalajJAna' kahate haiM / jo jJAna kI uccatama indriyAtIta avasthA hai / indriyoM aura zabdoM dvArA vastu kA sImita jJAna hotA hai, jisameM usake ananta guNoM meM se kucha guNoM kA bodha ho sakatA hai / vastu ke ananta guNoM meM se kisI eka guNa kA bodha karanA naya hai / naya kI dRSTi eka samaya meM kisI eka guNa ko grahaNa karate hue bhI dUsare guNa ko amAnya nahIM krtii| isake bhASAtmaka prakaTIkaraNa kI zailI ko 'syAdvAda' kahA gayA hai / syAdvAda 'hI' ko pakar3akara baiThane ke bajAya 'bhI' kA prayoga karatA hai| eka puruSa bahina kI dRSTi se bhAI, patnI kI dRSTi se pati, putra kI dRSTi se pitA aura pautra kI dRSTi se dAdA ho sakatA hai| vaha puruSa bhAI hI nahIM hai, pati hI nahIM hai, pitA hI nahIM hai, dAdA hI nahIM hai| balki vAstava meM vaha bhAI bhI hai, pati bhI hai, pitA bhI hai, aura dAdA bhI hai tathA aura bhI bahuta kucha hai / yaha prazna lagabhaga sabane sunA hogA-- eka parivAra ke do pitA aura do putra sar3aka para jA rahe haiM batAiye ve kitane vyakti haiM? isa prazna kA uttara jisane 'cAra' diyA use sahI nahIM mAnA gayA aura jisane 'tIna' kahA use pUre aMka mila gaye kyoM? isalie ki dAdA, apane putra aura pautra ke sAtha hai, unameM se sabase adhika Ayu vAle kI apekSA jo putra hai, vahI vyakti sabase kama Ayu vAle kI apekSA se pitA haiM / kahane vAloM kI apanI-apanI apekSA hotI hai, parantu kevala usa 'hI' kA Agraha matabheda aura kalaha kA kAraNa bana sakatA hai / ataH syAdvAda Agraha ke sthAna para samanvaya kA preraka hai / ise apanAne vAlA sAmane vAle ke dRSTikoNa ko samajhane kA prayAsa karegA, na ki usakA tirskaar| yaha bauddhika udAratA lokatantrAtmaka kArya-praNAlI ke lie anivArya hai / vyaktiyoM meM apanI-apanI sUjha' ke bajAya kisI eka ke vicAra kI 'gUMja' lokatantra kI sabhA ko adhinAyakavAda ke nakkArakhAne meM badala degI / tAnAzAha yahI to kahate haiM: "ai sAdhAraNa jhuMDa vAlo ! svayaM ke lie socane kI zakti tuma meM nahIM hai; vaha kAma to asAdhAraNa manuSya hI kara sakate haiM / hama haiM asA - dhAraNa manuSya, hama tumhAre lie socane kA kAma kara leMge aura taba tumheM samajhA deMge ki vaha tumhArA hI vicAra hai jo ki hamane tumheM batAyA hai / "" jaise bAjAra meM milane vAle sile- silAye kapar3e 'phiTa' kara die jAte haiM vaise hI pake- pakAye vicAra bhI zirodhArya karane par3e to jJAna-gaMgA kA pravAha athAha sAgara kI ora na bar3ha sakegA, na cintana kI coTiyoM para car3hakara vizva darzana kA prayAsa koI tenasiMha kara pAyegA / phira to yuga-yuga meM gelIliyo daNDita hotA rahegA; yuga-yuga meM mIrAM ko yahI kahanA par3egA "rANA bhejyA jahara piyaalaa"| na to koI manISI apanI apekSA se satya kA varNana kara sakegA, na koI AinsTIna sApekSavAda kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kara sakegA / aise damaghoTU 'lokatantra' se to saMbhavataH loga 'paralokatantra' ko hI behatara mAnane lageM / isalie saccA janatantra to vaicArika svAtantrya meM hI panapa sakatA hai / syAdvAda usake lie prANadAyI paryAvaraNa prastuta karatA hai / apanI pUrNatA aura saphalatA ke lie lokatantra eka aura mahAn yogadAna jaina dharma se grahaNa kara sakatA hai; 1. "You, the common herd, are not capable of thinking for yourselves, it is only uncommon men who can do that. We are uncommon men, and we will do the thinking for you, and then persuade you that you have thought for yourselves what we tell you to think." --Charleton Kemp Allen : Democracy & the Individual, p. 52, .
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________________ jaina dharma aura lokatantra 161 ...... ...... .......... .............. ...... ........ .. .. .. .. .... .. ........ ... vaha hai aparigraha / manuSya ke manuSya dvArA zoSaNa ke Arthika sAdhanoM aura Arthika viSamatA ke kAraNa lokatantra vAstavika samAnatA se vaMcita raha jAtA hai| isI AdhAra para soviyata saMgha aura anya sAmyavAdI dezoM ke netA phrAMsa, briTena, amerikA Adi pAzcAtya lokatantroM ko 'korA' aura khokhalA' batAte haiN| Arthika samAnatA rAjanItika samAnatA kI pUraka hai| isIlie samAjavAdI janatantra kI lokapriyatA meM vRddhi huI hai / yadi AvazyakatAoM ko sImita rakhane aura saMgrahavRtti ko tyAgane kA dharmopadeza jIvana-vyApAra meM caritArtha ho jAye to vyakti aura samAja ke hitoM meM tAdAtmya spaSTa lakSita hogA / aparigraha kA asteya se aura ina donoM kA janatantra kI rIti-nIti se cAritrika sambandha hai| ___ lokatantra meM eka aura vizeSa AvazmakatA hai jo sAdhya ke lie prayukta hone vAle sAdhanoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai| usake lie ahiMsA hameM mArga dikhAtI hai| sattA-prApti ke lie pratiyogitA rAjanIti kI eka vAstavikatA hai| anya kisI paddhati meM cAhe SaDyantra, hatyA Adi ko sthAna prApta ho, lokatantra meM to sattAhastAntaraNa lokamata se hI kiyA jAtA hai jo sAmAnyatayA nAgarikoM ke gopanIya matadAna se nirNAyaka rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai| jaina darzana meM ahiMsA kA bar3A vyApaka artha hai; usakI vizada vyAkhyA kI carcA meM yahA~ praveza nahIM kareM to bhI yaha to nirvivAda rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki lokatantra meM hiMsAtmaka sAdhanoM ke lie na koI AvazyakatA honI cAhiye, na koI sthAna / anta meM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki dharma kevala upadeza ke lie nahIM hotA; lokatantra kevala bhASaNa ke lie nahIM hotaa| dharma kevala upAsanA gRhoM ke lie nahIM hotA; lokatantra kevala sattA-saMsthAnoM ke lie nahIM hotaa| jaise yaha kahA jAtA hai ki 'dharmo rakSati rakSitaH' vaisA hI kathana lokatantra ke lie bhI upayukta hogaa| dharma jIvana kI sampUrNa dhArA ke sAtha cirapravAhI hai / lokatantra bhI kevala zAsana kI eka praNAlI hI nahIM, eka vicAra paddhati, eka sAmAjika yavasthA aura jIvana jIne kI vidhi bhI hai| jIvana ke kArya-kalApa meM lokatAntrika rIti ko tilAMjali dekara zAsana meM lokatAntrika paddhati ko dekhanA mRgatRSNA ke samAna hI hai| jaise jIvana ke pRthak-pRthak khaNDa nahIM kiye jA sakate kyoMki vaha samaya aura sampUrNa hai, vaise hI lokatantra ko bhI vyApaka rUpa meM grahaNa karanA hogA; aura taba svataH spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharma meM pratipAdita ucca siddhAnta lokatantra ko anuprerita aura anuprANita karane kI sahaja kSamatA rakhate haiM / hazA (Hernshaw) kA kathana smaraNa ho jAtA hai ki lokatantrAtmaka siddhAnta kA caritra anivAryata: dhArmika hai| 00.000000000 ALJ..00 - .