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________________ jainadharma aura dIkSA bhAratakI saMskRti aura sabhyatA bahuta prAcIna hai| yahA~ samaya-samayapara aneka mahApuruSoMne janma liyA aura vizvako noti evaM kalyANakA mArga pradarzita kiyA hai| bhagavAn RSabhadeva inhI mahApuruSoMmeMse eka aura prathama mahApuruSa haiM, jinhoMne isa vikasita yugake AdimeM nIti va svapara-kalyANakA saMsArako patha pradarzita kiyA / zrImadbhAgavatameM inakA ullekha karate hue likhA hai 'jaba brahmAne dekhA ki manuSya-saMkhyA nahIM bar3hI to usane svayambhU manu aura satyarUpAko utpanna kiyaa| unake priyavrata nAmakA putra haa| priyavratake anIdhra, anIdhrake nAbhi aura nAbhi tathA marudevIke RSabhadeva hae / RSabhadevane indrake dvArA dI gaI jayantI nAmakI bhAryAmeM sau putra utpanna kiye aura bar3e putra bharatakA rAjyAbhiSeka karake saMnyAsa le liyaa| usa samaya unake pAsa kevala zarIra thA aura ve digambara veSameM nagna vicaraNa karate the| maunase rahate the / koI DarAye, mAre, Upara thake, patthara pheMke, matra-viSThA pheMke to isa sabakI ora dhyAna nahIM dete the| isa prakAra kaivalyapati bhagavAn RSabhadeva nirantara parama AnandakA anubhava karate hue vicarate the| jaina vAGmayameM prAyaH isI prakArakA varNana hai / kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva yugake prathama prajApati aura prathama saMnyAsamArga pravartaka the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale logoMko khetI karanA, vyApAra karanA, talavAra calAnA, likhanA-par3hanA Adi sikhAyA thA aura bAdako svayaM prabuddha hokara saMsArakA tyAga karake saMnyAsa liyA thA tathA jagatako AtmakalyANakA mArga batAkara brahmapada (apAra zAntike AgAra nirvANa) ko prApta kiyA thA / ina donoM varNanoMse do bAteM jJAtavya haiN| eka to yaha ki bha0 RSabhadeva bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sabhyatAke Adya pravartaka haiN| dUsarI yaha ki unhoMne Atmika zAntiko prApta karaneke lie rAja-pATa Adi samasta bhautika vaibhavakA tyAgakara aura zAntike ekamAtra upAya saMnyAsa-daigambarI dIkSAko apanAyA thaa| isase yaha jJAta hotA hai ki jainadharmameM prArambhase dIkSAkA mahattva evaM viziSTa sthAna hai| eka bAta aura hai| jainadharma AtmAkI pavitratAkI zikSA detA hai| zikSA hI nahIM, balki usake AcaraNapara bhI vaha pUrA jora evaM bhAra detA hai aura ye donoM cIjeM binA sabako chor3e evaM digambarI dIkSA liye prApta nahIM ho sktiiN| ataH AtmAkI pavitratAke liye dIkSAkA grahaNa AvazyakIya hai| yadyapi saMsArake vividha pralobhanoMmeM rahate hue AtmAko pavitra banAnA tathA indriyoM va mana aura zarIrako apane kAbUmeM rakhanA bar3A kaThina hai / kintu ina kaThinAiyoMpara vijaya pAnA aura samasta vikAroMko dUra karake AtmAko pavitra banAnA asaMbhava nahIM hai| jo viziSTa AtmAe~ unapara vijaya pA letI haiM unhIM 1. paM0 kailAzacandra zAstrI, jainadharma, pR0 5 / 2. svAmI samantabhadra, svayambhUstotragata RSabhajinastotra, zloka 2, 3, 4 / -- 143 -
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________________ mahAna AtmAoMko jainadharmameM 'jina' arthAt vikAroMko jItanevAlA kahA hai tathA unake mArgapara calane vAloMko 'jaina' batalAyA hai| ye jaina do bhAgoMmeM vibhakta haiM :-1 guhastha aura sAdhu / jo ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha ina pAMca vratoMko eka deza pAlate haiM unheM gRhastha athavA zrAvaka kahA gayA hai / inake Upara kuTumba, samAja aura dezakA bhAra hotA hai aura isaliye unake saMrakSaNa evaM samRddhimeM yogadAna dene ke kAraNa ye ina vratoMko sAdhukI taraha pUrNataH nahIM pAla paate| para ye unake pAlanekI bhAvanA avazya rakhate haiN| kheda hai ki Aja hama ukta bhAvanAse bhI bahuta dUra ho gaye haiM aura samAja, deza, dharma tathA kUTambake prati apane kartavyoMko bhUla gaye haiN| __ jainoMkA dUsarA bheda sAdhu hai| sAdhu unheM kahA gayA hai jo viSayecchA rahita haiM, anArambhI haiM, aparigrahI haiM aura jJAna-dhyAna tathA tapameM lIna haiM / ye kabhI kisIkA burA nahIM socate aura na burA karate haiM / miTTI aura jalako chor3akara kisI bhI anya vastuko ye binA diye grahaNa nahIM karate / ahiMsA Adi ukta pA~ca vratoMko ye pUrNataH pAlana karate haiM / jamIna para sote haiM / yathAjAta digambara nagna veSa meM rahate haiM / sUkSma jIvoMkI rakSAke liye pIchI, zauca-nivRttike liye kamaNDalu aura svAdhyAyake liye zAstra ina tIna dharmopakaraNoMke sivAya aura koI bhI parigraha nahIM rkhte| ye jaina zAstrokta 28 mUlaguNoMkA pAlana karate hue apanA tamAma jIvana parakalyANameM tathA AtmasAdhanA dvArA bandhanamukti meM vyatIta karate haiN| isa taraha kaThora caryA dvArA sAdhu 'jina' arthAt paramAtmA padako prApta karate haiM aura hamAre upAsya evaM pUjya hote haiM / bhatRharine bhI vairAgyazatakameM isa di0 sAdhu vRttiko AkAMkSA evaM prazaMsA kI hai / yathA ekAkI nispRhaH zAntaH pANipAtro digmbrH| kadA'haM saMbhaviSyAmi karmanimUlana-kSamaH / / 'kaba maiM akelA vihAra karanevAlA, niHspRhI, zAnta, pANipAtrI (apane hI hAthoMko pAtra banA kara bhojana lenevAlA), digambara nagna hokara karmoMke nAza karanemeM samartha houuNgaa|' nagna-mudrAkA mahatva nagnamadrA sabase pavitra, nirvikAra aura ucca mudrA hai / zrImadbhAgavatameM RSabhadevakA carita vaNita hai / usameM unheM 'nagna' hI vicaraNa karanevAlA batalAyA hai / hindU-paramparAke paramahaMsa sAdhu bhI nagna hI vicarate the| zakrAcArya, ziva aura dattAtreya ye tInoM yogI nagna rahate the| avadhatoMkI zAkhA digambara veSako svIkAra karatI thI aura usIko apanA khAsa bAhya veSa mAnatI thii| RksaMhitA (10-136-2) meM 'munayo bAtavasanAH' muniyoMko vAtavasana arthAt nagna kahA hai / padmapurANameM nagna sAdhukA carita dete hue likhA hai nagnarUpo mahAkAyaH sitamuNDo mahAprabhaH / mArjanIM zikhipakSANAM kakSAyAM sa hi dhArayan / / 've atyanta kAntimAn aura zira mur3Aye hue nagna veSako dhAraNa kiye hue the| tathA bagala meM mayUra paMkhoMkI pIchI bhI dabAye hue the|' isI taraha jAvAlopaniSad, dattAtreyopaniSad, paramahaMsopaniSad, yAzyavAlkyopaniSad Adi upaniSadoMmeM bhI nagnamudrAkA varNana hai / aitihAsika anusandhAnase bhI nagnamudrApara acchA prakAza par3atA hai| mejarajanarala je0 jI0 Ara pharlAGga apanI Short Studies in Science of Comparative Religiors (vaijJAnika dRSTise dharmokA -144 -
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________________ tulanAtmaka saMkSipta adhyayana) nAmako pustakameM likhate haiM ki 'hamane duniyAke sarva dhArmika vicAroMko sacce bhAvase par3hakara yaha samajhA hai ki ina sabakA mUlakAraNa vicAravAn jainiyoMkA yatidharma hai| jaina sAdhu saba bhUmiyoMmeM sudUra pUrvakAlase hI apaneko saMsArase bhinna karake ekAnta vana va parvatakI guphAoMmeM pavitra dhyAnameM magna rahate the|' DAkTara TAmsa kahate haiM ki 'jaina sAdhuoMkA nagna rahanA isa matakI ati prAcInatA batAtA hai|' samrATa candraguptake samayameM nagna guruoMkI bar3I pratiSThA thii| mudrArAkSasake kartA prasiddha vidvAn kavi kAlidAsane likhA hai ki isIliye jAsUsoMko nagna sAdhuke veSameM ghumAyA jAtA thaa| nagna sAdhuoMke sivA dUsaroMkI paha~ca rAjagharAnoMmeM unake antaHpura taka nahIM ho pAtI thii| isase yaha vidita ho jAtA hai ki jaina nirgrantha sAdhu kitane nirvikAra, niHspRhI, vizvAsapAtra aura ucca cAritravAn hote haiM aura unakI yaha nagnamudrA baccekI taraha kitanI vikArahIna evaM prAkRtika hotI hai / sAdhudIkSAkA mahatva ___isa taraha Atma-zuddhike liye digambara sAdhu hone athavA usakI dIkSA grahaNa karanekA mahattva spaSTa ho jAtA hai / jaba mumukSu zrAvakako saMsArase nirveda evaM vairAgya ho jAtA hai to vaha ukta sAdhukI dIkSA lekara ya jIvana bitAtA haA Atma-kalyANakI ora unmakha hotA hai / jaba use AtmasAdhanA karate-karate AtmadRSTi (samyagdarzana), AtmajJAna (samyagjJAna) aura AtmacaraNa (samyakcAritra) ye tIna mahattvapUrNa AtmaguNa prApta ho jAte haiM aura pUrNa vItarAga sarvajJa bana jAtA hai to vaha una guNoMko prApta karanekA dUsaroMko bhI upadeza karatA hai / ataeva sAdhu-dIkSA evaM tapakA grahaNa svapara-kalyANakA kAraNa honese usakA jaina dharma meM viziSTa sthAna hai| dUsaroMke liye to vaha eka Anandaprada utsava hai hI, kintu sAdhuke liye bhI vaha apUrva AnandakAraka utsava hai| aura isIse paNDitapravara daulatarAmajIne nimna padyameM bhava-bhogavirAgI muniyoMke liye 'bar3abhAgI' kahA hai 'muni sakalavratI bar3abhAgI, bhava-bhoganateM vairaagii| vairAgya upAvana mAI, cintau anuprekSA bhAI // jaina zAstroMmeM batalAyA gayA hai ki tIrthakara jaba saMsArase virakta hote haiM aura munidIkSA leneke liye pravRtta hote haiM to eka bhavAvatArI, sadA brahmacArI aura sadaiva AtmajJAnI laukAntika deva unake isa dIkSAutsavameM Ate haiM aura unake isa kAryako prazaMsA karate haiM / para ve unake janmAdi utsavoMpara nahIM Ate / isase sAdhu-dIkSAkA mahattva vizeSa jJAta hotA hai aura usakA kAraNa yahI hai ki vaha AtmAke svarUpalAbhameM tathA parakalyANameM mukhya kAraNa hai|