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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA - pro0 sAgaramala jaina pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA hai ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirpekss| naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM pramukha rUpa se jarmana dArzanika kAMTa kA nAma AtA hai| kAMTa kA kathana hai ki "kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sko|"| kAMTa yaha mAnate hai ki "naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM arthAt naitika niyama aise niyama haiM jo deza-kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote| yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| hameM pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie|" kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM, jo AcaraNa naitika hai vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai vaha sadaiva anaitika rhegaa| dezakAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se ve prabhAvita nahIM hote haiM arthAt AcAra ke jo karma naitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM naitika karma raheMge aura AcAra ke jo karma anaitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM anaitika karma rheNge| isa prakAra jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM dezakAla aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta naitika darzana kI jo vicAraNAe~ naitika karmoM evaM AcaraNoM ko apavAda yukta evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI haiM, naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAeM kahI jAtI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki eka hI karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| hAbsa, mila tathA sijavika prabhRti sukhavAdI vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAte hai| naitika karmoM ke apavAda ke prazna ko lekara inakA kAMTa se virodha hai| ye vicAraka naitika jagata meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate hai| haoNbsa likhate haiM ki "akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho taba kSudhAtRpti ke liye koI caurya karma kA AcaraNa kare to usakA vaha anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaaegaa|"2 mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, ki "aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana kI rakSA karanA kevala kSamya karma hI nahIM hai apitu manuSya kA kartavya hai|" isI prakAra sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete hai, ve likhate haiM -- "yadyapi yaha kahA gayA hai ki saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie tathApi hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate hai ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kAryavAhI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai ve dUsare vyaktiyoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|" phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jAna DIvI likhate haiM "vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya -- arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM jinameM
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________________ 124 : zramaNa/ apraila-jUna/1995 sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI, jinheM sAdhAraNataH maitika aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai, Adarza hoN|"4 ina sabhI ke viparIta kATa naitika niyamoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete haiN| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA pArsala A rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja vipatti meM phaMsa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM kAMTa kA phaloM kA pArsala bhI khola liyA gyaa| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa khulA huA pArsala pahu~cA, to kAMTa ne pArsala kA kholA jAnA sarvathA anaitika tthhraayaa| kAMTa batAte hai ki naitika kabhI anaitika nahIM banatA aura anaitika kabhI naitika nahIM bntaa| deza aura paristhitiyA~ anaitika ko naitika nahIM banA sktii| dUsare spensara Adi kucha anya vikAsavAdI vicAraka evaM samAjazAstrIya vicAraka bhI naitika karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| spensara yadyapi naitikatA ko tathya svIkAra karate haiM phira bhI ve usase santuSTa nahIM hote haiM aura nirapekSa nIti kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiN| pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI vicAraNAe~ huI haiN| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirApavAditA kI carcA ke svara smRti- granthoM aura paurANika sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiN| jahA~ taka jainavicAra meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa kI mAnyatA kA prazna hai use ekAMtika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai, na nirpekss| yadi use sApekSa kahane kA Agraha hI rakhA jAye to vaha isIliye sApekSa hai kyoMki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai| nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa bhI saccA sApekSa nahIM hai| vaha nirapekSa isaliye hai kyoMki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| Aiye jarA isa prazna para gaharA vicAra kareM ki jaina naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina naitikatA kA sApekSa jaina tattvajJAna jisa anekAMtavAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calatA hai usake anusAra sArA jJAna sApekSa hI hogA cAhe vaha kitanA hI vistRta kyoM nahIM ho| yadi hama apUrNa hai to vastu ke ananta pakSoM ko nahIM jAna sakate, ataH jo kucha bhI jAneMge vaha apUrNa hogA, sApekSa hogaa| yadi jJAna hI sApekSa rUpa meM hogA to hamAre naitika nirNaya jinheM hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para karate haiM, sApekSa hI hoMge isa prakAra anekAntavAda kI dhAraNA se naitika nirNayoM kI sApekSatA hotI hai| gItA bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki "kiM kartavya" kA nizcaya kara pAnA athavA karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirapekSa rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai|' AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha yA azubha athavA puNya yA pApa ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvarA die gae yaha nirNaya sApekSika hI ho sakate haiN| hamAre nirNayoM ke dene se kama se kama kartA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI hai| dUsare vyakti ke AcAra ke bAre meM lie jAne vAle nirNayoM meM hama prayojana sApekSa hote hai| koI bhI vyakti pUrNatayA na to yaha jAna sakatA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA, na svayaM ke karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA, isakA pUrA jJAna rakha sakatA hai|
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 125 ataH jana sAdhAraNa ke naitika nirNaya hamezA sApekSa ho sakate haiN| dUsarI ora hameM jisa jagat meM naitika AcaraNa karanA hai vaha sArA jagat hI ApekSikatAoM se yukta hai kyoMki usakI pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai| ataH isa sApekSikatA ke jagata meM naitika AcaraNa bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sktaa| sabhI karma deza-kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM aura isalie ve nirapekSa nahIM ho skte| bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyA~ aura karma ke pIche rahA huA vaiyaktika abhiprayojana (Intention ) bhI AcaraNa ko naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sApekSa banA dete haiN| jainadarzana dArzanika dRSTi se vastu kI ananta dharmAtmakatA ko svIkAra karatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke zabdoM meM AdIpavyoma sabhI vastue~ syAdvAda kI mudrA se aMkita hai arthAt sabhI jAgatika tathya aneka guNa-dharmoM se yukta hai| naitika karma bhI eka jAgatika tathya hai vaha bhI aneka pakSoM se yukta hai| ataH usa para kisI nirapekSa athavA ekAntika dRSTikoNa se vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usake deza-kAlagata aneka pakSoM kI binA samIkSA kiye unheM naitika athavA anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| koI bhI karma dezakAla bhAva Adi tathyoM se bhinna ekAnta rUpa meM na to naitika kahA jA sakatA hai aura na anaitika / pAzcAtya dArzanika breDale isI vicAra ke samarthaka haiM / ve likhate haiM "pratyeka karma ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, vaha aneka rUpoM se sambandhita hotA hai, usa para vicAra karane ke aneka dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate haiM jinake antargata usa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie use (ekAnta rUpa meM) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotii| eka karma eka dazA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura dUsarI dazA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma eka vyakti ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai dUsare vyakti ke lie anaitika ho sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA karmoM kI naitika dRSTi se isa sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai| prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki "jo Asava yA bandha ke kAraNa hai ve sabhI mokSa ke hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM ve sabhI bandha ke hetu ho jAte haiN|" isa prakAra koI bhI anaitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai aura koI bhI naitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai| vastutaH AcaraNa yA kiyA apane Apa meM na to naitika hotI hai aura na anaitika varan paristhitiyA~ evaM vyakti kA prayojana use naitika athavA anaitika banA detA hai| 10 dAna denA naitika karma hai lekina kupAtra ko yaza prApti ke nimitta diyA huA dAna anaitika ho jAtA hai| ataH AcaraNa kI zubhatA athavA azubhatA kA nizcaya nirapekSa rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAdhyAya amaramunijI likhate haiM "tribhuvanodara vivaravartI samasta asaMkhyeya bhAva apane Apa meM na to mokSa ke kAraNa haiM aura na saMsAra ke kAraNa haiN| sAdhaka kI apanI antaH sthiti hI unheM acche yA bure kA rUpa de detI hai|" lekina na kevala sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti jise jaina zabdAvalI meM bhAva kahate haiM AcaraNa ke tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai varan usake sAtha-sAtha jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kAla ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tattva svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja apanI AdhArAMgasUtra kI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM bandha aura nirjarA (naitikatA aura anaitikatA) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA 8
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________________ 126 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 bhI mUlya hai| AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne carakasaMhitA kA eka zloka12 uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA artha hai ki dezakAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnavajIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aisI avasthA bhI A jAtI hai jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai aura kArya akArya bana jAtA hai| jo vidhAna hai, vaha niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura jo niSedha hai vaha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA meM cAra ApekSikatAe~ naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM bhAga letI haiN| AcaraNa ke tathya inhIM cAra bAtoM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika nahIM hote varan vastusthiti, sthAna, samaya aura kartA ke manobhAva yaha cAroM milakara use naitika athavA anaitika banA dete haiN| saMkSepa meM ekAnta spa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika varan dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyA~ aura dravya tathA bhAvagata Antarika paristhitiyA~ unheM vaisA banA detI hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA vyakti ke kartavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAMtavAdI yA sApekSika dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki jo dAnAdi eka gRhastha ke naitika kartavya hai ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akartavya hote haiN| kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA meM jaina vicAraNA kisI bhI ekAMtika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| samadarzI AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki tIrthaMkaroM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai| tIrthakara kA eka hI Adeza hai, eka hI AjJA hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI vaphAdArI ke sAtha karate rho|13 AcArya umAsvAti kA kathana hai naitika-anaitika, vidhi (kartavya) niSedha ( akartavya ) athavA AcaraNIya yA anAcaraNIya ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM hai| dezakAla, vyakti, avasthA, upayAta aura vizuddha manaH sthiti ke AdhAra para asamAcaraNIya samAcaraNIya aura samAcaraNIya asamAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai| vartamAna yuga ke prasiddha jaina vicAraka upAdhyAya amaramunijI ne jaina naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko bar3e sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, ve likhate hai "kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga (naitikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthati) ko pakar3akara calanA cAhate hai aura jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiM, unakI dRSTi meM apavAda dharma nahIM apitu eka mahattara pApa ( anaitikatA) hai-- dUsarI ora kucha sAdhaka ve haiM jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate haiM -- ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM nahIM A skte| jainadharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, apitu anekAnta kI sundara aura svastha sAdhanA hai|"15 anyatra ve punaH likhate hai -- "usake (jaina darzana ke) darzana kakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI baiMdhI-baMdhAI niyata sparekhA nahIM hai, iyattA nahIM hai|"16 pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale bhI kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| ve likhate haiM ki "merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta svIkAra karatA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai to koI bhI naitikatA nahIM hogii| aisI naitikatA jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai|"17 jaina naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa hamane jainadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 127 nahIM ki jainadarzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate haiM ki naitikatA kA eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate hai| jaina tIrthakaroM kA udghoSa thA ki ahiMsA zuddha, nitya aura zAzvata dharma hai| yadi dharma meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma pravartakoM (tIrthakaroM) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki sabhI tIrthakaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkara ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM vibhinnatA ho sakatI hai, jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvarA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA Antara pakSa sadaiva-sadaiva eka spa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharma mArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravyahiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hiMsA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| Antara parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina devya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAdoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai| sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAye lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sktaa| jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane heta yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai| lekina pariNAma athavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai| isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra naya {vyavahAra dRSTi) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai| lekina nizcaya naya (pAramArthika dRSTi ) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai| jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai varana kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai|20 naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa svAtantrya ko svIkAra kara lete
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________________ 128 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 haiM to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA hai ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai / yadi saMkalpasApekSa nahIM hai to usake sandarbha meM naitikatA ko bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM mAnatI hai| usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai aura kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM hotA hai| lekina nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai| DaoN Izvaracandra zarmA likhate haiM ki "yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai to vaha bAhyAtmaka nahIM hokara antarAtmaka hI honA caahie| AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI niyama ho sakatA hai jo ki manuSya ke anta meM upasthita ho / yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA kyoMki usake pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA pdd'egaa|"21 jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke kSetra tk| jaina-darzana "mAnasa karma" ke kSetra meM naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatA hai| lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke bAhya AcaraNa kA kSetra AtA hai, vaha use sApekSa svIkAra karatI hai| vastutaH vicAraNA kA kSetra, mAnasa kA kSetra, AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai| ata: vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva eka mAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| jaina vicAraNA ke itihAsa meM bhI eka prasaMga aisA AyA hai jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha jaina vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kii| vastutaH jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra sApekSika dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI hai ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa yathArthatA (actuality ) kI bhUmikA ko mahattva detI haiM, jisameM sAdhaka vyakti khar3A huA hai| lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtI hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve "jo hai" usa para to dhyAna detI hai lekina "jo honA cAhie" isa para unakI dRSTi nahIM pahu~catI / unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai. Adarza para nhiiN| naitikatA kI ekAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai| usameM naitikatA sadaiva sAdhana vastu hI banI rahatI hai| sApekSavAdI naitikatA AcaraNa kI eka aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai jisakA apanA koI "AkAra" nhiiN| (Relative morality gives us only matter of conduct not the form of conduct. ) vaha to usa kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA piNDa ke samAna hai jisakA kyA bananA hai yaha nizcita nhiiN| isI prakAra jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI hai, ve yathArya kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI hai, ve naitika Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM, lekina usake sAdhanA patha kA samucita
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 129 nirdhAraNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtI hai, usameM naitikatA mAtra sAdhya banakara raha jAtI hai| naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika jIvana ke prayojana yA lakSya aura dUsare zabdoM meM karma ke pIche rahe hue kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mAna letI hai| ve mAtra Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai lekina sAdhaka kI dezakAlagata avasthAoM para vicAra nahIM karatI hai| naitika jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kiye jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara caritra vAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika vikAsa vAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhe| jaina naitikatA apane naitika Adarza ko itane hI lacIle spa meM prastuta karatI hai, jisameM pApI se pApI AtmA bhI kramika vikAsa karatA huA naitika sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahu~ca jAtA re| sApekSavAdI aura nirapekSavAdI donoM hI vicAraNAe~ apane ekAMtika rUpa meM apUrNa hai| eka usa bhUmi para to dekhatI hai, jahA~ sAdhaka khar3A hai, lekina usase Age nhiiN| dUsarI usa Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai, jo sudUra UMcAiyoM meM sthita hai| lekina ina donoM dazAoM meM naitika jIvana ke lie jisa gati kI AvazyakatA hai vaha samyag rUpeNa sampanna nahIM ho paatii| naitikatA to eka lakSyonmukha gati hai, lekina usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi kevala usa bhUmi para hI sthita hai jisa para vaha gati kara rahA hai aura apane gantavya mArga kI ora sAmane nahIM dekhatA hai, to kabhI bhI lakSya ke madhya sthita bAdhAoM se TakarAkara padacyuta ho sakatA hai| isI prakAra jo sAdhaka mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA jisa para cala rahA hai to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura kANTakoM se pada viddha kara letA hai| naitika jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai| jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai na mAtra nIce dekhane se| jo pathika mAtra nIcI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura sAmane nahIM dekhatA vaha Thokara to nahIM khAtA lekina TakarA jAtA hai| jo sAmane to dekhatA hai lekina nIce nahIM dekhatA vaha TakarAtA to nahIM lekina Thokara khA jAtA hai| calane kI samyak prakriyA meM pathika ko sAmane aura nIce donoM ora dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai| isI prakAra naitika jIvana meM sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza donoM para daSTi rakhanI hotI hai| sAdhaka kI eka A~kha yathArtha para aura TasarI Adarza para ho tabhI vaha naitika jIvana meM samyak pragati kara sakatA hai| sambhavataH yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki hameM sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI hai lekina naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kauna sI hai| kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para jamAo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para arthAt karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI or| jainadarzana ne naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rahI huI hai| prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA jo ki vastutaH sApekSa hI hai AvaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM se sambandhita hai arthAt AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usa sAmAnya dazA kI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve
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________________ 130 : bhramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya hai| vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chUTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sakatA hai| vahA~ para sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti tathA dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyoM donoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai arthAt yadi vyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ bhI vahI haiM, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI usI rUpa meM karanA hogA, jisa rUpa meM unakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise utsarga mArga kahA jAtA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM utsarga mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika AcaraNa usI rUpa meM karanA hotA hai jisa rUpa meM zAstroM meM usakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi - niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai| jaise mana-vacana-kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karane vAle kA samarthana krnaa| lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ke niyamoM kA kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM usI rUpa meM kiyA jAnA sambhava nahIM hotA to unheM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai| naitika AcaraNa kI yaha avasthA apavAda mArga kahI jAtI hai| utsarga mArga apavAda mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara isakA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai| utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza-kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nahIM hai| utsarga naitika AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhati hai| lekina donoM hI kisI eka lakSya ke lie hai aura isalie donoM hI naitika haiN| jisa prakAra eka nagara ko jAne vAle donoM mArga yadi usI nagara ko hI pahu~cAte hoM to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nhiiN| usI prakAra apavAdAtmaka naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai| lekina nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai jisameM vaha sadaiva hI dezakAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM ke Upara uThI hotI hai| naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM "naitika Adarza" svayaM hI hai| naitikatA kA lakSya aisA nirapekSa tathya hai, jo sAre naitika AdharaNoM ke mUlyAMkana kA AdhAra hai| naitika AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA aMkana bhI isI para AdhArita hai| koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga mArga se yA apavAda mArga se, hameM isa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai, zubha hai| isake viparIta jo bhI AcaraNa hameM isa naitika Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, azubha hai, anaitika hai| samyag naitikatA isI ke sandarbha meM hai aura isalie isakI apekSA se sApekSa hai, yahI mAtra apane Apa meM nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa hote haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase abhinna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatA kA saccA tattva pradAna karatI hai| lakSya rUpI jisa sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda ke donoM mArgoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, vaha mokSa kI prApti hai| yadi naitika AcaraNa eka sApekSa tathya hai ora dezakAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai to prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AdharaNa kiyA jAe, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ? jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra
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________________ meM utsarga mArga sAmAnya mArga hai, jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM hara eka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka dezakAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI hai| taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai, lekina vizeSa aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda mArga para cala sakatA hai| lekina yahA~ bhI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nirNaya kauna kare ki kisa paristhiti meM apavAda mArga kA sevana kiyA jA sakatA hai / yadi isake nirNaya karane kA adhikAra svayaM vyakti ko de diyA jAtA hai to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA (Objectivity) kA abhAva hogA, hara eka vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda mArga kA sahArA legaa| jaina vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai| vaha naitika pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTa (Subjective) nahIM banA denA cAhatI hai ki pratyeka vyakti dvArA unako manamAnA rUpa diyA jA ske| jaina vicAraNA naitika maryAdAoM ko yadyapi itanA kaThora bhI nahIM banAtI ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa nahIM kara sake lekina ve itanI adhika lacIlI bhI nahIM hai ki vyakti apanI icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| upAdhyAya amaramunijI ke zabdoM meM " jaina vicAraNA meM naitika maryAdAe~ usa khaNDahara durga ke samAna nahIM hai, jisameM vicaraNA kI pUrNa svatantratA to hotI hai, lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA bhaya sadA banA hotA hai, varan sudRr3ha cAradIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI eka sImita svatantratA hotI hai / jainadarzana ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga meM dvArapAla ke sthAna para "gItArtha" hotA hai jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajhane meM samartha ho / jainAgamoM meM gItArtha ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai, "gItArtha vaha hai jise kartavya aura akartavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArtharUpeNa jJAna hai| 22 jo Aya-vyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agAr3ha (rogI, vRddha)- anAgAr3ha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha asamartha, yatanA- ayatanA kA samyagjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta karttavya karma ke pariNAmoM ko bhI jAnatA hai vahI vidhivAn gItArtha hai| "23 yadyapi jaina naitika vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhiti vizeSa meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirdhAraNa gItArtha karatA hai lekina usake mArga nirdezaka ke rUpa meM Agama grantha hI hote haiN| yahA~ para jaina naitikatA kI jo vizeSatA hameM dekhane ko milatI hai vaha yaha hai ki vaha na to ekAnta rUpa se zAstroM ko hI sAre vidhi-niSedha kA AdhAra banAtI hai aura na vyakti ko hI / usameM zAstra mArgadarzana hai lekina nirNAyaka nahIM / vyakti kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM kyA kartavya hai aura kyA akartavya haiM isakA nirNaya to le sakatA hai lekina usake nirNaya meM zAstra hI usakA mArgadarzaka hotA hai| sandarbha 1. 2. jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 131 "Act only on that maxim (Principle) which thou canst at the same time will to become a Universal Law. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Sec.Il Leviathan, Part II, Chapt. 27, p.13 (Morley's Universal Library edition ) Hobbes.
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________________ 132 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 3. Thus to save a life it may not only be allowable but a duty to steal. Mill -- Utilitarianism, Chap. 5, p.95 (15th Ed.) naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 59 5. vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekhie -- tilaka kA gItA rahasya, karma jijJAsA, adhyAya 1 / anekAntopyanekAntaH pramANa-naya sAdhanAt / anekAntaH pramANAt te tadekAnto'rpitAt nyaat|| - svayaMbhUstotra, arajinastavana-18 7. gahanA karmaNo gatiH -- gItA, 4/17 8. (ka) je AsavA te parissavA je parissavA te AsavA / ___ -- AcArAMga, 1/4/2/130 (kha) ya evAsavA karmabandhasthAnAni ta eva parisavA karmanirjarA spadAni / -- AcArya zIlAMka AcArAMga TIkA 1/4/2/130 9. yasmin deze kAle yo dharmoM bhavati sa nimittAntareSu adharmoM bhavatyeva / / - udghata amara bhAratI (maI 1964), pR015 10. Every act has of course, many sides, many relations, many points of view from which it may be regarded, and so many qualities there is not the smallest difficulty in exhibiting it as the realization of either right or wrong. No act in the world is without some side capable of being subsumed under a good rule. -- Ethical Studies (1962), p. 196. 11. AcArAMgasUtra hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pR0 378, saMskaraNa 1963 12. utpadyate hi sAvasthA dezakAlAmayAn prti| yasyAmakArya kArya syAt karma kArya ca varjayeta / / __ - aSTakaprakaraNa, 27/5 TIkA (uddhRta amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965) 13. na vi kiMci aNuNNAtaM, paDisiddhaM vAvi jiNavariMdehi / titthagarANaM ANA, kajje sacceNa hoyavvaM / / - upadezapada, 779 14. dezaM kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupadhAta shuddhprinnaamaan| prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM, naikAntAtkalpyate klpym||146 -- umAsvAti prazamarati-146 (amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965 ) 15. amara bhAratI, pharavarI, 1965, 905 16. vahI, mArca 1965, pR0 38 17. e. breDale -- epikala sTaDIja, pR0 189 18. esa dhamme suddhe nitie saase| -- AcArAMga 1/4/1/127
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA : 133 19. vizeSa draSTavya -- uttarAdhyayanasUtra, adhyAya 23 20. mahAvIra kI prathama strI ziSyA mahAsatI candanabAlA kI mAtA dhAriNI ke dvArA apane satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gaI AtmahatyA ko jaina vicAraNA meM anumodita hI kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArAjA ceTaka ke barA nyAya kI rakSA ke lie lar3e gaye yuddha ke AdhAra para unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnA gayA hai| 21. zarmA, Izvaracandra -- pAzcAtya AcArazAstra kA AlocanAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 139 22. (a) adhigata nizIthAdizruta sUtrArtha (ba) gIto-vijJAto kRtyAkRtya lakSaNo'rtho yena sa gItArthaH / - abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, khaNDa 3 23. AyaM kAraNaM gAdaM, vatthu juttaM sasatti jayaNaM c| savvaM ca sapaDivakkhaM, phalaM ca vidhivaM viyaannaah|| - bRhatkalpaniyuktibhASya-951