Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya kartA kA pratyeka karma jo naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya banatA hai, kisI hetu se abhiprerita hokara prArambha hotA hai aura anta meM kisI parimANa ko niSpanna kara parisamApta hotA hai| isa prakAra kArya kA vizleSaNa hameM yaha batAtA hai ki pratyeka kArya meM eka hetu (uddezya) hotA hai, jisase kArya kA prArambha hotA hai aura eka phala hotA hai jisameM kArya kI parisamApti hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM hetu ko kArya kA mAnasika pakSa aura phala ko usakA bhautika pariNAma kahA jA sakatA hai hetu kA nikaTa sambandha kartA ke manobhAvoM se hai, jabaki phala kA nikaTa sambandha karma se hai hetu para diyA nirNaya vastutaH kartA ke sambandha meM hotA hai jabaki phala para diyA huA nirNaya vastutaH karma ke sambandha meM hotA hai| nItijJoM ke lie yaha prazna vivAda kA rahA hai ki kArya ke zubhatva evaM azubhatva kA mUlyAGkana usake hetu ke sambandha meM kiyA jAe yA usake phala ke sambandha meM, kyoMki kabhI-kabhI zubhatva evaM azubhatva kI dRSTi se hetu aura phala paraspara bhinna pAe jAte haiM-- zubha hetu meM bhI azubha pariNAma kI niSpatti aura azubha hetu meM bhI zubha pariNAma kI niSpatti dekhI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi prIna yaha mAnate haiM ki zubhecchA yA zubha hetu se kiyA gayA kArya sarvadA zubha pariNAma dene vAlA hotA hai, lekina jAgatika anubhava hameM yaha batAtA hai ki kabhI-kabhI kartA dvArA anapekSita karma pariNAma bhI prApta ho jAte haiM aura anapekSita karma-pariNAma ko pariNAma mAnane para grIna kI karma ke uddezya aura phala meM ekarUpatA kI dhAraNA Tika nahIM pAtI hai| yadi kArya ke hetu aura kArya ke vAstavika pariNAma meM ekarUpatA nahIM ho to yaha prazna utpanna hotA hai ki inameM se kise naitika nirNaya kA viSaya banAyA jaaye| pAzcAtya naitika cintana meM isa samasyA ko lekara spaSTatayA do pramukha matavAdoM kA nirmANa huA hai, jo phalabAda aura hetuvAda ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM / phalavAdI dhAraNA kA pratinidhitva benthama aura mila karate haiN| benthama kI mAnyatA meM hetuoM kA acchA yA burA honA unake pariNAmoM para nirbhara hai| mila kI dRSTi meM 'hetu' ke sambandha meM vicAra karanA yaha naitikatA kA prazna hI nahIM hai, unakA kathana hai ki hetu ko kArya kI naitikatA se kucha bhI karanA nahIM hotA / " dUsarI ora hetuvAdI paramparA kA pratinidhitva kAMTa, baTalara Adi karate hai| mila ke ThIka viparIta kAMTa kA kahanA hai ki "hamArI kriyAoM ke pariNAma unako naitika mUlya nahIM de skte|"2 baTalara kahate haiM ki kisI kArya ki acchAI yA burAI bahuta adhika usa hetu para nirbhara hai jisase vaha kiyA jAtA hai|" isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ko lekara spaSTa rUpa se do dRSTikoNa haiM-- 1. phalavAda kI dRSTi meM naitika nirNaya kRtya ke sambandha meM hote haiM, 2. jabaki hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM naitika nirNaya kA sambandha kartA se hotA hai / phalavAda kI dRSTi meM pariNAma ho naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| phalavAda sArA bala kArya ke usa vastuniSTha tattva para, jo vAstava meM kriyA hai, detA hai| usake anusAra naitikatA kA artha aise pariNAmoM ko utpanna karanA hai, jisase jana sAdhAraNa ke kalyANa meM abhivRddhi ho / phira bhI yahA~ hameM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki pAzcAtya phalavAda kI dRSTi meM naitika mUlyAGkana ke lie pariNAma kI bhautika pariniSpatti utanI mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanI kI pariNAma kI vAMchitatA athavA pariNAma kA agrAvalokana beMthama aura mila bhI yaha nahIM kahate ki yadi kisI sarjana dvArA kiye gaye Aparezana se rogI kI mRtyu ho jAe to usakA kArya nindanIya hai; yadi sarjana kA vAMchita pariNAma yA agrAvalokita pariNAma Aparezana ke dvArA usakI jIvana rakSA karanA thA to usakA vaha kArya naitika dRSTi se ucita hI thA cAhe vaha usameM saphala nahIM huA ho / kintu mila evaM benthama ke anusAra isa bAta se sarjana kI naitikatA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA ki usane vaha kArya dhanArjana ke lie kiyA athavA apanI pratiSThA ke lie kiyA athavA dayA se prerita hokara kiyA / phalavAda ke anusAra dhana, yaza aura dayA ke preraka tattva naitika mUlyAGkana kI dRSTi se koI artha nahIM rkhte| isa dhAraNA ke viparIta hetuvAda meM saGkalpa athavA preraka hI naitika mUlya rakhate haiN| hetuvAda ke anusAra yadi preraka azubha thA, to kArya bhI azubha hI mAnA jaayegaa| yadi koI DAkTara kisI sundara strI kI jIvana rakSA isa bhAva se prerita hokara karatA hai ki vaha use apanI vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana banAegA, to hetuvAda kI dRSTi meM pariNAma ke zubha hone para bhI DAkTara kA vaha kArya naitika dRSTi se azubha hI hogaa| isa prakAra pAzcAtya naitika vicAraNA meM ye donoM vAda kArya ke do bhinna siroM para anAvazyaka bala dekara ekapakSIya dhAraNA kA vikAsa karate haiN| hetuvAda ke lie kArya kA Arambha hI saba kucha hai, jabaki phalavAda ke lie kArya kA anta hI saba kucha bana gayA hai| ye vicAraka yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki Arambha aura anta antatogatvA sikke ke do pahaluoM ke samAna kArya ke hI do pahalU haiM, jinheM alaga-alaga dekhA jA sakatA hai, lekina kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| ina vicArakoM kI bhrAnti yaha nahIM hai, ki inhoMne kArya ke ina do pahaluoM para gaharAI se vicAra nahIM kiyA, varan bhrAnti yaha hai, ki inhoMne inheM alaga-alaga karane kA asaphala prayAsa kiyaa| jisa prakAra zarIra ke vibhinna aGgoM ko alaga-alaga karake use ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA usI prakAra karma-preraka ko karma-pariNAma se aura karma - pariNAma ko karma-preraka se alaga karake ThIka rUpa se samajhA nahIM jA sakatA yahI unake siddhAntoM kI apUrNatA thii| bhAratIya cintana meM bhI karma-pariNAma aura karma- hetu para vicAra to huA lekina usameM itanI ekAGgitA kabhI nahIM aaii| Aie bhAratIya sandarbha meM isa samasyA para vicAra kreN| pAzcAtya AcAra-vijJAna kA yaha vivAdAtmaka prazna bhAratIya naitika cintanA ke prArambhika yuga se hI vivAda kA viSaya rahA hai| yadyapi isa sambandha meM bhArata meM utanI bAla kI khAla nahIM utArI gaI. jitanI .
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 260 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 pazcima meN| jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga meM bauddha-vicAraNA kI hetuvAda sambandhI ki vaha mila aura benthama ke lie hai| dhAraNA kA rocaka upahAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| bauddhAgama majjhimanikAya jahA~ taka gItA kI vicAraNA kA prazna hai, apane AcAra-darzana meM bhI buddha ne svayaM ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnA hai aura nirgrantha meM vaha bhI hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM bhI (jaina) paramparA ko phalavAda kA samarthaka batAyA hai| yadyapi nirgrantha karma ke naitika mUlyAGkana kA AdhAra karma kA pariNAma na hokara usakA paramparA ko ekAntata: phalavAdI mAnanA eka asaGgata dhAraNA hai; kyoMki hetu hI hai| gItA kA niSkAma karmayoga kA siddhAnta "karmapariNAma" pUrvavartI aura uttaravartI jainAgamoM meM hetuvAda kA bhI prabala samarthana kI apekSA karma-hetu para hI adhika bala detA hai| gItA meM jisa AdhAra kiyA gayA hai, jisa para pramANapUrvaka thor3I gaharAI se vicAra karanA para arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai usameM - Avazyaka hai| karma-hetu ko hI pramukhatA dI gaI hai, karma-pariNAma ko nhiiN| gII yaha to nirvivAda satya hai ki bauddhadarzana hetuvAda kA samarthaka meM kRSNa spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM- "he arjuna! amuka karma kA yaha hai| bauddha vicAraNA naitika mUlyAGkana kI dRSTi se kartA ke hetu athavA phala mile yaha bAta (mana meM) rakhakara karma karane vAlA na ho|'6 kArya kArya ke mAnasika pratyaya ko hI pramukhatA detI hai| dhammapada ke prArambha ke pariNAma para dRSTi rakhakara AcaraNa karanA gItAkAra ko abhipreta meM hI buddha kahate haiM- "sabhI prakAra ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa meM mAnasika nahIM hai, kyoMki vaha to karma-phala para vyakti kA adhikAra hI nahIM vyApAra (hetu) hI prAthamika haiM, mana kI duSTatA aura prasannatA arthAt mAnatA hai| gItAkAra kI dRSTi meM karmaphala para dRSTi rakhakara AcaraNa mana ke bhale-bure hone para hI karma bhI zubhAzubha huA karate haiM, aura karane vAle kRpaNa arthAt dIna yA nicale darje ke haiN| bAlagaGgAdhara usI se sukha-duHkha milatA hai| (dhammapada 1.2) / yahIM nahIM majjhimanikAya tilaka bhI gItA ke AcAra-darzana ko hetuvAda kA samarthaka mAnate haiM, meM eka aura prabala pramANa hai, jahA~ buddha karma ke mAnasika pratyaya kI unake anusAra karma ke bAhya-pariNAma ke AdhAra para naitika nirNaya pramukhatA ke AdhAra para hI bauddha paramparA aura nirgrantha paramparA meM antara denA asaGgata hai| ve likhate haiM- karma choTe yA bar3e hoM yA barAbara bhI sthApita karate haiN| buddha kahate haiM"- maiM (nigranthoM ke) kAya-daNDa, hoM unameM naitika dRSTi se jo bheda ho jAtA hai, vaha kartA ke hetu ke vacana-daNDa aura mano-daNDa ke badale kAya-karma, vacana-karma aura kAraNa hI huA karatA hai| gItA meM bhagavAn ne arjuna se kucha yaha manas-karma kahatA hU~ aura nirgranthoM kI taraha kAya-karma (karma ke bAhya socane ko nahIM kahA, ki yuddha karane se kitane manuSyoM kA kalyANa svarUpa) kI nahIM, varan manasa-karma (karma ke mAnasika pratyaya) kI pradhAnatA hogA aura kitane logoM kI hAni hogI; balki arjuna se bhagavAn yahI mAnatA huuN| kahate haiN| isa samaya yaha vicAra gauNa hai ki tumhAre yuddha karane se bhISma jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga bhI isa tathya kA samarthana karatA hai ki bauddha mareMge yA dronn| mukhya prazna yahI hai ki tuma kisa buddhi (hetu yA uddezya) paramparA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hai| granthakAra ne bauddha hetuvAda kA se yuddha karane ko taiyAra hue ho, yadi tumhArI buddhi sthita-prajJoM ke upahAsAtmaka citra prastuta kiyA hai| sUtrakAra pravrajyA grahaNa karane ko samAna zuddha hogI aura yadi tuma usa pavitra buddhi se apanA kartavya tatpara Ardraka kumAra ke sammukha eka bauddha zramaNa ke dvArA hI bauddha karane lagoge to phira cAhe bhISma mare yA droNa; tumheM usakA pApa nahIM dRSTikoNa ko nimna zabdoM meM prastuta karavAte haiM - lgegaa| gItA kA~Ta ke samAna saGkalpa ko hI samasta kAryoM kA mUla ___ "khola ke piNDa ko manuSya jAnakara bhAle se cheda DAle aura mAnatI hai| gItA-zAGkarabhASya meM kahA gayA hai "sabhI kAmanAoM kA usako Aga para seke athavA kumAra jAnakara tUmar3e ko aisA kare to mUla saGkalpa hai|"9 AcArya zaGkara ne manusmRti (2/3) tathA mahAbhArata hamAre mata ke anusAra prANivadha kA pApa lagatA hai| parantu khola kA se uddharaNa dekara bhI ise siddha kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM piNDa mAnakara koI zrAvaka manuSya ko bhAle se chedakara Aga para sekeM ___ kahA gayA hai, 'he kAma! maiM tere mUla ko jAnatA hU~, tU nissaMdeha "saGkalpa" athavA tUmar3A mAnakara kumAra ko aisA kare to hamAre mata ke anusAra se hI utpanna hotA hai, maiM terA saGkalpa nahIM karU~gA, ata: phira tU mujhe usako prANivadha kA pApa nahIM lagatA hai'| prApta nahIM hogaa| majjhimanikAya aura sUtrakRtAGga ke uparokta sandarbho ke AdhAra yadyapi arjuna ke lie yuddha ke aucitya kA samarthana karate samaya para yaha siddha hotA hai ki bauddha naitikatA hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI gItA karma ke naitika mUlyAGkana ke lie bAhya pariNAma para vicAra karane hai, dUsare zabdoM meM usake anusAra karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA AdhAra kI dRSTi ko ojhala kara detI hai aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gItA kartA kA Azaya hai, na ki karma prinnaam| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa ekAnta hetuvAda kA samarthana karatI hai| lekina yadi gItA ke samagra rakhanA cAhie ki saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA samarthana karate hue svarUpa ko dRSTigata rakhate hue vicAra kiyA jAe to hameM apanI isa bhI vyavahArika rUpa meM bauddha naitikatA phalavAda kI avahelanA nahIM krtii| dhAraNA ke pariSkAra ke lie vivaza honA par3atA hai| yadi gItA kI vinayapiTaka meM aise anekoM prasaGga haiM jahA~ karma ke hetu ko mahattva nahIM dRSTi meM karma kA bAhya pariNAma apanA koI naitika mUlya nahIM rakhatA dekara mAtra karma-pariNAma ke loka-nindanIya hone ke AdhAra para hI usakA hai to phira gItA ke karmayoga aura lokasaMgraha ke hetu karma karate rahane AcaraNa bhikSuoM ke lie avihita ThaharAyA gayA hai| bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| cAhe kRSNa ne arjuna ke ke lie karma-pariNAma kA agrAvalokana utanA hI mahattvapUrNa hai, jitanA dvArA prastuta yuddha ke pariNAma svarUpa kulakSaya aura varNa-saGkaratA kI Jain Education Interational
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya 261 utpatti ke vicAra kI eka bAragI upekSA kara dI ho, lekina anta mAnanA par3egA, dUsare zabdoM meM unheM naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnanA meM unheM svayaM hI yaha svIkAra karanA par3A ki "yadi maiM karma na karUM hogA, kyoMki unake kriyA-kalApa bhI kisI ke sukha aura duHkha ke to yaha loka bhraSTa ho jAe aura maiM varNasaGkara kA karane vAlA hoU kAraNa to banate hI haiM aura aisI dazA meM unheM zubhAzubha kA bandha tathA isa sArI prajA kA mArane vAlA bneN|" kyA yaha kRSNa kI phala bhI hogA hii| dUsare yadi zubha kA artha svayaM kA duHkha aura azubha dRSTi nahIM hai? svayaM tilakajI bhI gItA-rahasya meM ise svIkAra karate kA artha svayaM kA sukha ho to vItarAga tapasyA ke dvArA zubha kA bandha haiM, unake zabdoM meM gItA yaha kabhI nahIM kahatI ki bAhya karmoM kI karegA evaM jJAnI AtmasaMtoSa kI anubhUti karate hue bhI azubha yA ora kucha bhI dhyAna na do| kisI manuSya kI vizeSakara anajAne manuSya pApa kA bandha kregaa| kI buddhi kI samatA kI parIkSA karane ke lie yadyapi kevala usakA ata: yaha siddha hotA hai ki svayaM kA athavA dUsaroM kA sukha bAhya karma yA AcaraNa, pradhAna sAdhana hai; tathApi kevala isa bAhya AcaraNa athavA duHkha rUpa pariNAma zubhAzubhatA kA nirNAyaka nahIM ho sakatA, dvArA hI nItimattA kI acUka parIkSA hamezA nahIM ho sktii| 11 isa varan usake pIche rahA huA kartA kA zubhAzubha prayojana hI kisI kArya prakAra saiddhAntika dRSTi se gItA hetuvAda kI samarthaka hote hue bhI ke zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nizcaya karatA hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se karma ke bAhya pariNAma kI upekSA nahIM karatI hai| aSTasahasrI meM AcArya vidyAnandI phalavAda yA karma ke bAhya pariNAma gItA karmaphalAkAMkSA kA yA karmaphalAsakti kA niSedha karatI hai, na ki ke AdhAra para naitika mUlyAGkana karane kI vastuniSTha paddhati kA virodha karma-pariNAma ke agrAvalokana yA pUrva vicAra kaa| yaha ThIka hai ki karate haiN| ve kahate haiM ki kisI dUsare ke hitAhita ke AdhAra para puNya-pApa usakI dRSTi meM zubhAzubhatva ke nirNaya kA viSaya karma-saGkalpa hai| kA mUlyAGkana nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki kucha tattva to puNya-pApa aba yadi kArya ke mAnasika hetu aura bhautika pariNAma meM kauna ke isa mApa se nIce haiM, jaise jar3a padArtha aura kucha puNya-pApa ke naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya hai? isa samasyA para jaina dRSTi se vicAra isa mApa ke Upara haiM, jaise arht| puNya-pApa ke kSetra meM apanI kriyAoM kareM, to hama pAte haiM ki jaina dRSTikoNa ne isa samasyA ke nirAkaraNa ke AdhAra para ve hI loga Ate haiM jo vAsanAoM se yukta haiN| dUsare kA samucita prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina dRSTi ekAGgI mAnyatAoM kI virodhI zabdoM meM bandhana ke heturUpa meM vAsanA hI sAmAnya tattva hai| ata: mAtra rahI hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prathamata: usane hetuvAda kI ekAGgI kisI ko sukha dene yA duHkha dene se koI kArya puNya-pApa nahIM hotA mAnyatA kA khaNDana kiyA hai| varan usa kArya ke pIche jo vAsanA hai, vahI kArya ko zubhAzubha banAtI jainAgama sUtrakRtAGga meM hetuvAda kA jo khaNDana kiyA gayA hai vaha hai| arhat kI vItarAgatA ke kAraNa kisI ko sukha yA duHkha to ho ekAGgI hetuvAda kA hai| jaina dArzanikoM dvArA kie gae hetuvAda ke khaNDana sakatA hai, lekina usakI apanI koI vAsanA yA prayojana nahIM hai, ke AdhAra para use phalavAdI paramparA kA samarthaka mAna lenA svayaM meM ata: use puNya-pApa kA bandha nahIM hotA hai| sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| jaina cintakoM dvArA hetuvAda kA phalavAda se niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaina dRSTi ke anusAra bhI kartA kA prayojana bhI adhika samarthana kiyA gayA hai, jise aneka tathyoM se paripaSTa kiyA yA abhisaMdhi hI zubhAzubhatva kI anivArya zarta hai, na ki mAtra sukha-duHkha jA sakatA hai| AcArya kundakunda ke samayasAra meM, AcArya samantabhadra ke prinnaam| kI AptamImAMsA kI vRtti meM tathA AcArya vidyAnandI kI aSTasahasrI bhAratIya darzana ke adhikArI vidvAn zrI yadunAtha sinhA bhI jaina TIkA meM phalavAda kA khaNDana aura hetuvAda kA maNDana pAyA jAtA naitika vicAraNA ko isI rUpa meM dekhate haiM, ve likhate haiM ki "jaina hai| AcArya kundakunda samayasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se likhate haiM ki "hiMsA AcAra darzana kArya ke pariNAma (phala) se vyatirikta usake hetu kI kA adhyavasAya arthAt mAnasika hetu hI baMdhana kA kAraNa hai, cAhe zuddhatA para hI bala detA hai| usake anusAra yadi kArya kisI zuddha bAhya rUpa meM hiMsA huI ho yA na huI ho| 12 vastu (ghaTanA) nahIM varan prayojana se kiyA gayA hai to vaha zubha hI hogA, cAhe usase dUsaroM saGkalpa hI bandhana kA kAraNa hai| 13 dUsare zabdoM meM bAhya rUpa meM ghaTita ko duHkha kyoM nahIM pahu~cA ho| kArya yadi azubha prayojana se kiyA karma-pariNAma naitika yA anaitika nahIM hai, varan vyakti kA karma-saGkalpa gayA hai to azubha hI hogA, cAhe pariNAma ke rUpa meM usase dUsaroM yA hetu hI naitika yA anaitika hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM AcArya samantabhadra ko sukha huA ho|'15 zrI suzIlakumAra maitrA bhI likhate haiM- "zubhAzubha aura vidyAnandI ke dRSTikoNoM kA ullekha suzIlakumAra maitrA aura yadunAtha kA vinizcaya bAhya pariNAmoM para nahIM varan kartA ke Atmagata prayojana - sinhA ne bhI kiyA hai|4 jaina dArzanika samantabhrada batAte haiM ki kArya kI prakRti ke AdhAra para karanA caahie|"16 tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kA zubhatva kevala isa tathya meM nihita nahIM hai ki usase dUsaroM ko apane-apane hetuvAda ke samarthana meM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra sukha hotA hai aura svayaM ko kaSTa hotA hai| isI prakAra kArya kA azubhatva darzanoM meM adbhuta sAmya parilakSita hotA hai| hama viSaya kI gaharAI isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM karatA ki usakI phala-niSpatti ke rUpa meM meM praveza nahIM karate hue mAtra tulanA kI dRSTi se dhammapada aura gItA dUsaroM ko duHkha hotA hai aura svayaM ko sukha hotA hai| kyoMki yadi ke eka zloka ko prastuta kreNge| jaina grantha puruSArthasiddhyupAya meM AcArya zubha kA artha dUsaroM kA sukha aura azubha kA artha dUsaroM kA duHkha amRtacandra kahate haiM- "rAgAdi se rahita apramAda yukta AcaraNa karate ho to hameM acetana jar3a padArtha aura vItarAga saMta ko bhI bandhana meM hue yadi prANAghAta ho jAe to vaha hiMsA nahIM hai arthAt aisA vyakti
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 262 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 niSpApa hokara bandhana meM nahIM aataa|"17 bauddha grantha dhammapada meM kahA yaha ThIka hai ki kabhI-kabhI karma ke kartA ke hetu aura usake pariNAma gayA hai- "mAtA, pitA, do kSatriya rAjA evaM anucaroM sahita rASTra meM ekarUpatA nahIM raha pAtI hai, lekina yaha apavAdAtmaka sthiti hI kA hanana karane para bhI vItatRSNa jJAnI (bAhmaNa) niSpApa hI hotA hai|"18 hai aura apavAda ke AdhAra para sAmAnya niyama kI pratisthApanA nahIM gItA kahatI hai jisameM Asakti aura kartRtva bhAva nahIM hai vaha isa kI jA sakatI hai| janasAdhAraNa kI mAnyatA to yaha hai ki bAhya AcaraNa samagra loka ko mArakara bhI na to mAratA hai aura na bandhana meM AtA kartA kI manodazAoM kA hI pratibimba hai| hai|" vastuta: aisI hiMsA hiMsA nahIM hai|9 yadyapi samAlocya AcAra yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina naitika vicAraNA ne kArya ke naitika darzanoM meM itanI vaicArika ekarUpatA hai phira bhI jahA~ taka gItA aura mUlyAGkana ke lie saiddhAntika dRSTi se jahA~ kartA ke mAnasika hetu jainAcAra darzana kA prazna hai isa ekarUpatA ke hote hue bhI eka antara kA mahattva svIkAra kiyA, vahA~ vyAvahArika dRSTi se kArya ke bAhAI hai aura vaha antara yaha hai ki gItA ke anusAra sthita-prajJa avasthA pariNAma kI avahelanA bhI nahIM kI hai| zrI sinhA bhI likhate haiM ki meM rahakara hiMsA kI jA sakatI hai jabaki jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai ki 'jaina-AcAra darzana vyaktiniSTha naitikatA para bala dete hue bhI kAryoM isa avasthA meM rahakara hiMsA kI nahIM jA sakatI hai, mAtra vaha ho ke pariNAmoM para bhI samucita rUpa se vicAra karatA hai|"22 jainAcArajAtI hai| darzana ke anusAra yadi kartA mAtra apane uddezya kI zuddhatA kI ora prazna hotA hai ki yadi jaina cintana ko prayojana yA hetuvAda svIkArya hI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura karma-pariNAma ke sambandha meM pUrva se hI vicAra hai to phira use hetuvAda ke samarthaka bauddhadarzana kA upahAsa karane yA nahIM karatA hai to usakA vaha karma ayatanA (aviveka) aura pramAda usakI AlocanA karane kA kyA adhikAra raha jAtA hai| lekina vastu ke kAraNa azubhatA kI koTi meM hI mAnA jAtA hai aura sAdhaka prAyazcita sthiti aisI nahIM hai| yadi jaina cintakoM ko kevala hetuvAda svIkArya kA pAtra banatA hai| karma-pariNAma kA agrAvalokana yA pUrva-viveka jaina, hotA to ve bauddha dArzanikoM kA upahAsa nahIM krte| jaina vicAraNA naitikatA meM Avazyaka tathya hai| saiddhAntika dRSTi se hetuvAda kA virodha nahIM karatI hai, usakA virodha vAstavikatA yaha hai ki naitika mUlyAGkana sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika usa ekAGgI hetuvAda se hai jisameM vyavahAra kI avahelanA kI jAtI ina donoM dRSTiyoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaba hama sAmAjika dRSTi hai| ekAGgI hetavAda meM jaina vicAraNA ne jo sabase bar3A khatarA dekhA, se kisI karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM to hameM tathya paraka dRSTi vaha yaha thA ki ekAGgI hetuvAda naitika mUlyAGkana kI vastuniSTha kasauTI se hI mUlyAGkana karanA hotA hai aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke pariNAma ko samApta kara detA hai, phalasvarUpa hamAre pAsa dUsare ke kAryoM kA hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hoNge| lekina jaba vaiyaktika dRSTi se kisI naitika mUlyAGkana yA mApa karane kI koI kasauTI hI nahIM raha jAtI karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karate haiM, to hameM Atmaparaka dRSTi se mUlyAGkana hai| yadi abhisaMdhi yA kartA kA prayojana hI hamAre karmoM kI zubhAzubhatA karanA hogA aura usa avasthA meM kArya ke preraka hI naitika nirNaya kA ekamAtra nirNAyaka hai, to phira koI bhI vyakti dUsare ke AcaraNa / ke viSaya hoNge| jainAcAra-darzana kI bhASA meM yadi kaheM to phala ke ke sambandha meM koI bhI naitika nirNaya nahIM de sakegA, kyoMki kartA AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karanA yaha vyavahAradRSTi hai aura kA prayojana jo ki eka vaiyaktika tathya hai, dUsare ke dvArA jAnA nahIM kartA ke hetu ke AdhAra para karma kA naitika mUlyAGkana karanA yaha nizcayadRSTi jA sakatA hai| dUsare vyakti ke AcaraNa ke sambandha meM to naitika nirNaya yA paramArtha dRSTi hai| jainAcAra-darzana ke anusAra donoM hI apane apane usake kArya ke bAhya pariNAma ke AdhAra para hI diyA jA sakatA hai| kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa haiM aura AcAra darzana ke samagra svarUpa kI dRSTi sAtha hI loga bAhya rUpa se anaitika AcaraNa karate hue bhI yaha kahakara se kisI kI bhI avahelanA nahIM kI jA sktii| lekina jahA~ taka ki usameM hamArA prayojana zubha thA, svayaM ke naitika yA dhArmika hone AtmaniSTha naitikatA kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki naitika kA dambha kara sakate haiN| svayaM mahAvIra ke yuga meM bhI bAhya rUpa meM nirNaya kA viSaya koI Atmaparaka tathya hI ho sakatA hai, vastuparaka anaitika AcaraNa karate hue, aneka vyakti svayaM ko dhArmika yA naitika tathya nahIM ho sktaa| AtmaniSTha naitikatA meM nirNaya kA viSaya kartA hone kA dambha karate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki sUtrakRtAGga meM mahAvIra kI mAnasika avasthAe~ hotI haiM, bAhya ghaTanAe~ nhiiN| pAzcAtya vicAraka ko yaha kahanA par3A ki "mana se satya ko samajhate hue bhI bAhara se mila ko bhI anta meM yaha svIkAra kara lenA par3A ki naitika nirNaya dUsarI bAteM karanA kyA yaha saMyamI puruSoM kA lakSaNa hai?"20 hetuvAda kA viSaya kartA dvArA abhIpsita phala (vAJchita pariNAma) hai na ki kA sabase bar3A doSa yahI hai ki usameM naitikatA kA dambha panapatA hai| bAhya-ghaTita bhautika prinnaam| lekina jaise hI hama kartA ke vAJchita dUsare ekAnta hetuvAda meM mana aura karma kI ekarUpatA kA koI artha pariNAma kI bAta karate haiM, kisI Antarika tathya kI ora saGketa karate hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| hetuvAda yaha mAna letA hai ki kArya ke mAnasika haiM aura naitika nirNaya ke viSaya ke rUpa meM bAhya ghaTanAoM yA phala pakSa aura usake pariNAmAtmaka pakSa meM ekarUpatA Avazyaka nahIM hai, ke sthAna para karma ke mAnasika pakSa ko svIkAra kara lete haiM, vaise donoM svatantra haiM, unameM eka prakAra kA dvaita hai| jabaki sacce naitika hI hama karma ke bhautika pahalU se mAnasika pahalU kI ora bar3hate haiM, jIvana kA artha hai, manasA vAcA karmaNA vyavahAra kI ekruuptaa|21 hamArI vivecanA kA kendra karma ke sthAna para kartA bana jAtA hai| bAhya naitika jIvana kI pUrNatA to mana aura karma ke pUrNa sAmaJjasya meM hai| ghaTita bhautika pariNAma kartA ke mAnasa ke pratibimba avazya haiM, lekina
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina darzana meM naitika mUlyAGkana kA viSaya ve sadaiva use yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita nahIM krte| ataH abhrAnta naitika nirNaya ke lie karma ke caitasika pakSa yA kartA kI mAnasika avasthAoM para vicAra karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| jaina AcAra- darzana yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI manodazAe~ haiM, bAhya pariNAma usI avasthA taka naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAne jA sakate haiM, jaba taka ki ve kartA kI manodazA ko yathArtha rUpa meM pratibimbita karate haiN| lekina AcaraNa kA mAnasika pakSa bhI itanA adhika vyApaka hai ki pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne usake eka-eka pahalU ko lekara naitika nirNaya ke viSaya kI dRSTi se usa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyaa| isake phalasvarUpa nimna cAra vibhinna dRSTikoNa sAmane Ate haiM (1) mila kA kahanA thA ki "kArya kI naitikatA pUrNataH abhiprAya para arthAt kartA jo kucha karanA cAhatA hai, usa para nirbhara hai|" mila kI dRSTi meM abhiprAya ( irAdA ) se tAtparya karma ke usa rUpa se hai, jisa rUpa meM kartA use karanA cAhatA hai|" mAna lIjie koI vyakti kisI vyakti vizeSa kI hatyA karane ke lie usa savArI gAr3I ko ulaTanA cAhatA hai, jisase vaha vyakti yAtrA kara rahA hai| usakA prayAsa saphala hotA hai aura usa vyakti ke sAtha-sAtha aura bhI anekoM yAtrI mAre jAte haiN| isa ghaTanA meM mila ke anusAra usa vyakti ko kevala eka vyakti kI hatyA meM doSI nahIM mAnakara sabhI kI hatyA kA doSI mAnA jAyegA; kyoMki vaha gAr3I ko hI ulaTanA cAhatA thaa| (2) kAMTa ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kA viSaya mAtra kartA kA saGkalpa hai| yadi uparyukta ghaTanAkrama ke sambandha meM vicAra kareM to kAMTa ke anusAra vaha vyakti kevala usa vyakti vizeSa kI hatyA kA doSI hogA, na ki sabhI kI hatyA kA, kyoMki use kevala usI vyakti kI mRtyu abhIpsita thI / (3) isa sambandha meM eka tIsarA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU kA hai, unake anusAra naitika nirNaya kA viSaya vaha abhipreraka hai jisase prerita hokara kartA ne vaha kArya kiyA hai| uparyukta dRSTAnta ke AdhAra para mArTinyU ke mata kA vicAra kareM to mArTinyU kaheMge ki yadi kartA usakI hatyA vaiyaktika vidveSa yA svArtha se prerita hokara karanA cAhatA thA to vaha doSI hogA, lekina yadi vaha rASTrabhakti yA lokahita se prerita hokara karanA cAhatA thA to vaha nirdoSa hI mAnA jAyegA / (4) cauthA dRSTikoNa maikanjI kA hai, unake anusAra karma ke (sambandha meM kartA kA caritra hI naitika nirNaya kA viSaya hai| mAna lIjie koI vyakti naze meM golI calA detA hai aura usase kisI kI hatyA ho jAtI hai| sambhava hai ki kAMTa aura mArTinyU kI dhAraNA meM vaha nirdoSa ho, lekina maikanjI kI dRSTi meM to vaha apane caritra kI duSitatA ke kAraNa doSI mAnA jaayegaa| nItivettAoM ne uparyukta cAroM matoM kA parIkSA kI aura unheM ekAGgI evaM doSapUrNa pAyA hai yahA~ para vistArabhaya se yaha saba denA sambhava nahIM hai| isa vivecanA se hamArA tAtparya mAtra yaha dikhA denA hai ki kisa prakAra jaina vicAraNA ina cAroM virodhI matavAdoM ke samanvaya ke 263 dvArA unakI ekAGgitA ko dUrakara eka samagra dRSTikoNa pradAna karatI hai| jaina vicAraNA meM zubhatva aura azubhatva kA nikaTastha sambandha kramazaH saMvara aura Asrava se mAnA jA sakatA hai| hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisase Asrava hokara karmabandha ho vaha azubha hai aura jisase saMvara ho karma baMdhana nahIM hotA to vaha zubha hai| jaina vicAraNA meM Asrava ke pA~ca kAraNa haiM-- 1. midhyAdRSTi 2. kaSAya, 3. avirati 4. pramAda aura 5. yog| isI prakAra saMbara ke 5 kAraNa haiM-- 1. samyagdRSTi, 2. akaSAya, 3. virati, 4. apramAda aura 5. ayoga | pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke 1. saGkalpa, 2. preraka, 3. caritra aura 4. abhiprAya (irAdA) apane lAkSaNika arthoM meM nimna prakAra se inake samAnArthaka mAne jA sakate haiN| , 1. saGkalpa- 1. 2. preraka 2. 3. caritra 3 - dRSTi kaSAya (vAsanA) avirati / mithyAdRSTi samyagdRSTi -- duzcaritra virati apramAda saccaritra 4. pramAda 4. abhiprAya - 5. yoga (manoyoga ) vastutaH pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke 1. saGkalpa, 2. preraka, 3. caritra aura 4, abhiprAyaH jaina darzana ke Asava evaM saMvara ke 5 mUla kAraNoM ke paryAyavAcI haiM aura jaina darzana meM zubhAzubhatA kA nirNaya una pA~coM para hI hotA hai ataH hameM yaha mAnanA par3egA ki jaina darzana meM pAzcAtya vicAraNA ke ye cAroM matavAda avirodhapUrvaka samanvita haiN| uparyukta cAra matavAdoM ke AdhAra para yadi samAlocya AcAra darzanoM kI tulanA kareM to hama kaha sakate haiM ki gItA kA dRSTikoNa kAMTa ke saGkalpavAda aura bauddha darzana kA dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke abhiprerakavAda ke adhika nikaTa hai| kyoMki gItA ke anusAra naitika nirNaya kA viSaya kartA kI vyAvasAyika buddhi ko mAnA gayA hai, jo ki kAMTa ke saGkalpa ke nikaTa hI nahIM varan samAnArthaka bhI hai| isI prakAra bauddha vicAraNA meM zubhAzubhatA ke nirNaya kA AdhAra prANI kI vAsanA (tRSNA) ko mAnA gayA hai| yahI tRSNA sArI jAgatika pravRttiyoM kI preraka hai| isa prakAra tRSNA preraka ke samAnArthaka hai, ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddha dRSTikoNa mArTinyU ke adhika nikaTa hai jahA~ taka jaina dRSTikoNa kA prazna hai use kisI sImA taka maikenjI ke caritravAda ke nikaTa mAnA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki caritra zabda meM jo artha-vistAra hai vaha jaina samanvayavAdI dRSTi ke anukUla hai, phira bhI ina vivecya AcAra darzanoM ko kisI eka matavAda ke sAtha bAMdha denA saGgata nahIM hogA, kyoMki unameM sabhI vicAraNAoM ke tathya khoje jA sakate haiN| gItA meM kAma aura krodha ke abhipreraka aura bauddha vicAraNA kI nirAkAra avidyA bhI naitika nirNaya ke mahatvapUrNa viSaya haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki bhAratIya vicAra dRSTi samasyA ke kisI eka pahalU ko anya se alaga kara usa para vicAra nahIM karatI varan sampUrNa samasyA kA usake vibhinna pahaluoM sahita vicAra karatI hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaba bauddha vicArakoM .
Page #6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 264 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ne bandhana ke kAraNa para vicAra kiyA to avidyA, tRSNA Adi meM se bala nahIM diyA, apitu mithyAtva, kaSAya, avirati, pramAda aura yoga kisI eka ko kAraNa nahIM mAnA, varan unakI pratItyasamutpAda ke rUpa ke paMcaka ko svIkAra kiyaa| yaha sambhava hai ki kisI eka dRSTi vizeSa meM zRGkhalA khar3I kara dii| jaina vicArakoM ne jaba Asrava ke kAraNa se vicAra karate samaya eka pakSa ko pramukhatA dI gaI ho, lekina dUsare para vicAra kiyA to kevala mithyAtva yA kaSAya meM se kisI eka para pakSoM ko jhuThalAyA nahIM gayA hai| mi; i sandarbha : (abhisaMdhi) thought it leads to unhappiness to others. It 1. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, DaoN0 rAmanAtha zarmA, meraTha, pR0 75 / considers an action to be wrong if it is actuated by bad nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 75 / intention though it leads to happiness of others. nItizAstra kI rUparekhA, pR0 76 / -- History of Indian philosophy. 4. majjhimanikAya, sutta 56 / 16. Hence right and wrong are to be determined not by sUtrakRtAGga, 2/6/26-27 / objective consequences but by the nature of the subjective 6. mA phaleSu kadAcana, mA karmaphalaheturbhUH - gItA, 2/47 / intention of the agent. 7. kRpaNA: phalahetavaH- gItA 2/49 / -- The Ethics of the Hindus P. 289. gItA rahasya, bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka, pR0 481 / 17. yuktAcaraNasya sato rAgadyAbazamantareNA'pi / saGkalpamUlA hi srvekaamaaH| - gItA zAGkarabhASya, gItApresa nahi bhavati jAtu hiMsA prANavyaparopaNAdeva / / gorakhapura, 6/4 / -puruSArthasiddhayupAya (amRtacandra), 45 / 10. kAmaM jAnAmi te mUlaM saGkalpAntvaM hi jaayse| 18. mAtaraM pitaraM hantvA rAjAno dve ca khattiye / na tvAM saGkalpayiSyAmi tena me na bhvissysi|| ra8 sAnucaraM hantvA anigho yAti brAhmaNo / / -dhammapada, 294 / - mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, gItApresa. 177/25 / 19. yasya nAhakRtA bhAvA buAddhayasya na lipyt|| 11. gItA rahasya, 3/24 kI ttiikaa| hatvApi sa imAllokAna hanti na nibadhyate / / - gItA, 18/17 / 12. ajjhavasideNa baMdho satte mAreu mA vA maareu| - samayasAra 262 / 20. sUtrakRtAGga, 2/6/32! 13. Na ya vatthudo du baMdho ajjhavasANeNa bNdhotthi|-smysaar 265 / / 21. manasyaikaM vacasyaikaM karmaNyekaM mhaatmnaam| 14. (a) esa0 ke maitrA-di aithiksa oNpha di hindUja, pR0 22. The Jain Ethics stresses subjective morality though it 2 321-323 / gives due consideration to the consequences of actions. (ba) je0ena0sinhA-inDiyana philAsaphI, jaina philaasphii| --History of Indian Philosophy. 23. TippaNI- jaina darzana meM jisa prakAra yoga mAnasika aura zArIrika 15. The Jain Ethics emphasises purity of motives as kRtyatA hai usI prakAra mila ke anusAra abhiprAya bhI kRtyatA hai| ata: distinguished from consequences of action. It considers donoM hI samAna mAne jA sakate haiN| an action to be right if it is actuated by good intention