Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ jaina darzana sammata AtmA janetara darzanoM ke Aloka meM DaoN0 premacanda jaina bhAratIya vicAra-jagat ke dArzanika-vAGmaya meM sudIrgha kAla se anubhUtidhAraka tattva arthAt AtmA ke sambandha meM utsukatA evaM vicArAtmaka anusandhAna calA A rahA hai| aba taka aneka tIrthakara, RSi-muni, tattva-cintaka, saMnyAsI, Izvara-bhakta, santa, manISA-nidhi, dArzanika puruSa aura sarvocca koTi ke nirmala caritra sampanna loka-sevaka nAnAvidha bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika pragUDha samasyAoM kA cintana-manana karate hue isa vicAra-manthana meM anurakta rahe haiM ki isa mahAn ajJAta aura ajJeya rahasya vAle brahmANDa meM maulikatA tathA amaratA kA kauna-sA sattva hai? isa dArzanika vicAraNA kI dhArA zanaiHzanaiH vibhinna koTi ke cintakoM ke mastiSka meM pravAhita hone lagI aura pariNAmasvarUpa nitya naye-naye vicAra aura naI-naI vyavasthAeM tathA apUrva kalpanAyeM isa anubhUtimaya tatva ke sambandha meM upasthita hone lgiiN| unhIM ko AdhAra karake maiM yahAM yaha batAne kA prayAsa kara rahA hUM ki vibhinna bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmA ke viSaya meM kyA mantavya hai ? cArvAka darzana cArvAka darzana pratyakSa ko hI ekamAtra pramANa mAnatA hai| ata: usake mata meM svarga, naraka, AtmA, paraloka Adi nahIM hai| yaha saMsAra itanA hI hai jitanA dRzyamAn hai| jar3a jagat pRthvI Adi cAra prakAra ke tattvoM se banA huA hai| jaise pAna, cane aura katthe meM alagaalaga se lalAI nahIM dIkhatI, para unake milAne se lalAI utpanna ho jAtI hai aura mAdaka dravyoM ke saMyoga se madirA meM mAdakatA kA AvirbhAva hotA hai, vaise hI pRthvI Adi cAroM bhUta jaba deharUpa meM pariNata hote haiM, taba usa pariNAmavizeSa se usameM caitanya utpanna ho jAtA hai| usa caitanya-viziSTa deha ko jIva kahA jAtA hai| "maiM sthUla hUM", "maiM kRza hUM", "maiM duHkhI hUM" Adi anubhavoM kA jJAna hameM caitanyayukta zarIra se hotA hai / ina tatvoM (bhUtoM) ke nAza hone para usakA bhI nAza ho jAtA hai| ataH caitanya-viziSTa zarIra hI kartA tathA bhoktA hai| usase bhinna AtmA ke astitva kA koI pramANa nahIM hai| zarIra aneka haiM, ata: upalakSaNa se jIva bhI aneka haiN| zarIra ke sAtha utpatti evaM vinAza svIkAra karane se vaha zarIrAkAra aura anitya hai| cArvAka kA ekadeza koI indriya ko, koI prANa ko aura koI mana ko bhI AtmA mAnate haiN| koI caitanya ko jJAna aura deha ko jar3a mAnate haiN| unake mata meM AtmA jJAna-jar3Atmaka hai| bauddha-darzana bauddha dArzanikoM ne nitya zAzvata Atma-sattA kA niSedha kiyA hai, parantu AtmA ke astitva kA niSedha nahIM kiyaa| inake anusAra AtmA se kisI sthAyI dravya kA bodha nahIM hotA hai, kintu vijJAna-pravAha kA bodha hotA hai|6 vijJAna ke guNarUpa hone ke kAraNa usakA koI pariNAma nahIM hai / buddha ko upaniSad pratipAdita AtmA ke rahasya ko samajhAnA pradhAna-viSaya thaa| sakala duSkarmoM ke mUla meM isI AtmavAda 1. kiNvAdibhyo mdshktibccaitnymupjaayte|', sarvadarzanasaMgraha, pR02 2. 'caitanyaviziSTadeha evaatmaa|', sarva0 da0 saMgraha, pR04 3. 'vijJAnaghana evatebhyo bhUtebhyaH samutthAya tAnyevAnavinazyati na pretya saMjJAsti / ', bR0, 2/4/12 4. 'cArvAkai kadezina eva kecidindriyANyevAtmA, anye ca prANa eva-AtmA apare ca mana evAtmeti manyante / ', sarva0 80 saMgraha, pR056 5. caitanya viziSTe dehe ca caitanyAMzo bodharUpaH dehAMzca jar3arUpa ityetanmate jar3abodhaitadubhayarUpo jIvo bhavati / ', sarva0 da0 saMgraha, pR0 56 6. 'vijJAnasvarUpo jIvAtmA / ', sarva0 da0 saMgraha, pR0 57 jaina darzana mImAMsA 77
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ ko kAraNa mAnakara unhoMne AtmA jaise eka pRthak padArtha kI sattA ko asvIkAra kiyA hai| vijJAnoM kA pravAharUpa AtmA pratikSaNa naSTa hone ke kAraNa anitya hai| pUrva-pUrva vijJAna uttarottara vijJAna meM kAraNa rUpa hone se mAnasika anubhava aura smaraNAdika kI asiddhi nahIM hai| bauddha anAtmavAdI hote hue bhI karma, punarjanma aura mokSa ko svIkAra karate haiM / DaoN0 pharakohara kA mata hai ki buddha punarjanma ko mAnate the kintu AtmA ke astitva meM unakA vizvAsa nahIM thaa| yadi buddha AtmA kI nityatA ko nahIM mAnate the to punarjanma meM unakA vizvAsa kaise ho sakatA thaa| bAlya, yuvA aura vRddhAvasthA meM eka hI vyakti kA astitva kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| pratItyasamutpAda aura parivartanavAda ke kAraNa nitya AtmA kA astitva asvIkAra karate hue bhI buddha yaha svIkAra karate the ki jIvana vibhinna avasthAoM kA eka pravAha hai, jIvana kI vibhinna avasthAoM meM pUrvApara kArya-kAraNa saMbaMdha rahatA hai, isalie sampUrNa jIvana ekamaya pratIta hotA hai / jaise-dIpakajyoti, vaha pratikSaNa bhinna hone para bhI avicchinna jJAta hotI hai| eka bAra buddha ne AtmA ke viSaya meM pUchane para kahA thA ki yadi maiM yaha kahUM ki AtmA hai to loga zAzvatavAdI bana jAte haiM aura yadi yaha kahUM ki AtmA nahIM hai to loga ucchedavAdI ho jAte haiN|' buddha ne madhyama mArga btaayaa| rAhula sAMskRtyAyana kA mata hai ki buddha ke samaya meM AtmA ke sambandha meM do prakAra ke vicAra pracalita the pahalA to yaha ki AtmA zarIra meM basane vAlI, para usase bhinna eka zakti hai, jisake rahane se zarIra jIvita rahatA hai aura jisake cale jAne se vaha zava ho jAtA hai| dUsarA AtmA zarIra se bhinna koI kUTastha vastu nahIM hai / zarIra meM hI rasoM ke yoga se AtmA nAmaka zakti paidA hotI hai, jo zarIra ko jIvita rakhatI hai| rasoM kA nyUnAdhikya hone se isa zakti kA lopa ho jAtA hai, jisase zarIra jIvita nahIM raha paataa| buddha ne anyatra kI taraha yahAM para bhI madhyama mArga apanAyA aura batAyA ki AtmA na to sanAtana hai, na kUTastha aura na hI vaha zarIra ke rasoM para avalambita hai aura na hI zarIra se bhinna hai| vaha asala meM bhUtoM (skandhoM) aura mana ke yoga se utpanna eka zakti hai| jo anya bAhyabhUtoM kI bhA~ti kSaNa-kSaNa utpanna aura vilIna hotI rahatI hai| unhoMne na to bhautikavAdiyoM ke anucchedavAda ko svIkAra kiyA aura na upaniSadvAdiyoM ke zAzvatavAda ko| AtmA ke viSaya meM unakA mata azAzvatAnucchedavAda kA paryAya thaa| mAdhyamika bauddhoM ke anusAra vyavahAra dazA meM jIvAtmA pratibhAsita hotA hai, kintu usakA mUlasvarUpa zUnya hI hai| vedAntadarzana zaMkarAcArya kA mata hai ki svabhAvataH jIva eka aura vibhu hai, parantu zarIrAdi upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa aneka pratIta hotA hai| eka viSaya kA dUsare viSaya ke sAtha bheda, jJAta aura jJeya kA bheda, jIva aura Izvara kA bheda ye saba mAyA kI sRSTi hai| upaniSadoM meM pratipAdita jIva aura brahma kI ekatA ke ve pUrNa samarthaka haiM / zaMkarAcArya kA kathana hai ki pramANa Adi sakala vyavahAroM kA Azraya AtmA hI hai / ataH ina vyavahAroM se pahale hI usa AtmA kI siddhi hai / AtmA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA, nirAkaraNa hotA hai to Agantuka vastu kA, svabhAva kA nhiiN| manuSya, zarIra aura AtmA ke saMyoga se banA huA jAna par3atA hai parantu jisa zarIra ko hama pratyakSa dekhate haiM, vaha anyanya bhautika viSayoM kI taraha mAyA kI sRSTi hai, isa bAta kA jJAna ho jAne para AtmA aura brahma meM kucha antara nahIM hai| rAmAnuja ke viziSTAdvaita ke anusAra brahma hI Izvara hai, usake zarIra-bhUta jIva aura jagat usase bhinna haiM tathA nitya haiN| ata: jIva aura jagat usase bhinna haiM tathA nitya haiM, ataH padArtha eka nahIM tIna haiM--- cit, acit tathA Izvara / jIva (cit) aNuparimANa hai kintu ananta hai| sAMkhya-darzana sAMkhya darzana ke anusAra prakRti aura puruSa (AtmA) do mUla tattva haiM / prakRti jar3a hai parantu puruSa cetana tathA aneka haiM / sAMkhya AtmA ko nitya aura niSkriya mAnatA hai| sAMkhya puruSa ko amUrta, cetana, bhoktA, nitya, sarvavyApI, kriyArahita, akartA, nirguNa aura sUkSma mAnatA 1. baladeva upAdhyAya : bhAratIya darzana, pR0 185 2.dinakara : saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 135-136 3. 'astIti zAzvatagrAhI, nAstItyucchedadarzanam / ___ tasmAdastitva-nAstitve, nAzrIyeta vicakSaNaH // ', mA0 kA0, 18/10 4. dinakara : saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR0 136 5. vahI, pR0 136 6. 'AtmA tu pramANAdivyavahArAzrayatvAta prAgeva pramANAdivyavahArAta sidhyati / na cedRzasya nirAkaraNa saMbhavati, AgantukaM hi nirAkriyate na svruum|', zAMkarabhASya, 2/3/7 7. 'bAlAgrazatabhAgasya zatadhA kalpitasya / bhAgo jIvaH sa vijJeyaH sa cAnantyAya kalpate / ', zve0, 5/8 78 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ haiM / sAMkhya puruSa ko kartA nahIM mAnatA kantu prAtibhAsika kartA aura phala bhoktA mAnatA hai| usakA mAnanA hai ki kartRtvazakti prakRti meM hai| "maiM hUM" 'yaha merA hai', isa pratIti ke dvArA AtmA kA astitva nirvivAda siddha hai| buddhi meM cetanA-zakti kA pratibimba par3ane se AtmA (puruSa) apane ko abhinna samajhatA hai, ataH AtmA meM 'maiM sukhI hUM, duHkhI hUM', aisA jJAna hotA hai| mImAMsA darzana mImAMsakoM kA mAnanA hai ki AtmA kartA tathA bhoktA hai / vaha vyApaka hai aura pratyeka zarIra meM vidyamAna hai| jJAna sukha-duHkha tathA icchAdi guNa usameM samavAya-sambandha se rahate haiM / AtmA jJAnasukhAdirUpa nahIM hai| bhATTa-mImAMsaka AtmA ko aMzabheda se jJAnasvarUpa aura aMzabheda se jar3asvarUpa mAnatA ho usakI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA bodha-abodha rUpa hai| bhATTa AtmA ke kriyA-svarUpa ko mAnate haiM unake anusAra pariNAmazIla hone para bhI AtmA nitya padArtha hai| AtmA cidaMza se pratyeka jJAna ko prApta karatA hai aura acidaMza se vaha pariNAma ko prApta karatA hai / ' kumArila AtmA ko caitanyasvarUpa nahIM kintu caitanya viziSTa mAnate haiN| zarIra tathA viSaya se saMyoga hone para AtmA meM caitanya kA udaya hotA hai para svapnAvasthA meM viSaya se samparka na hone ke kAraNa AtmA meM caitanya nahIM rhtaa| jaina-darzana ___ darzana-kSetra meM jaina-darzana kA vizeSa mahattva hai| isakA jIva-ajIva kA siddhAnta mahatvapUrNa hai / jaina-darzana vaijJAnika darzana hai| isakI mAnyatA hai ki cetanA hI 'jIva' yA AtmA hai / caitanya hI pratyeka jIva kA svarUpa hai| cetanA lakSaNo jIva:5 AtmA jar3a se bhinna aura 'caitanyasvarUpa' hai| sAMkhyayoga meM jise 'puruSa' kahA gayA hai, bauddha jise vijJAna-pravAha' kahate haiM, cArvAka jise 'caitanya-viziSTa-deha' mAnate haiM, aura nyAya-vaizeSika tathA vedAntamata se jo AtmA hai, vaha jaina-darzana kI dRSTi se jIva hai| itane para bhI jaina darzana kI AtmAviSayaka vicAradhArA anya darzanoM se svatantra hai| dravyasaMgraha meM jIva kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai jIvo uvaogamao amutto kattA sdehprimaanno| bhottA saMsArattho siddho so vissasoDDhagaI // arthAt jIva upayogamaya, amUrta, kartA, svadehaparimANa, bhoktA, saMsArastha, siddha aura svabhAvata: UrdhvagativAlA hotA hai| isI prakAra kI vyAkhyA kundakundAcArya ne bhI paMcAstikAya meM kI hai jIvotti havadi cedA uvaoga visesido pahU kattA / __bhottA ca dehamatto Na hi mUtto kmmsNjutto|| arthAt jIva astitvavAn, cetana, upayogamaya, prabhu, kartA, bhoktA, dehamAtra, amUrta aura karmasaMyukta hai| jainoM ne AtmA kI sUrya se upamA dI hai| AtmA ke sAtha hI jIva hai anyathA mRta hai / bandhanayukta hone para AtmA kI zakti parimita ho jAtI hai| AtmA jIva hai aura jIva kA astitva jIva zabda se hI siddha hai| AtmA zarIra se bhinna hai aura sarvatra vyApta hai / isakA yaha artha nahIM ki yaha jar3a dravyoM kI taraha vistAra karatA hai, parantu isameM zarIra ke bhinna aMgoM ke anubhava vartamAna haiM / AtmA Aloka kI taraha zarIra ke pratyeka sthAna meM caitanya dvArA vyApta rahatA hai| yaha zarIra kA paricAlaka hai aura indriyAM sAdhana haiM / zarIra aura caitanya meM kArya-kAraNa kA sambandha sthApita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| zarIra ke sAtha caitanya kA sAhacarya nitya nahIM hotA jaise nidrA aura mUrchA ke samaya caitanya apanA kArya karatA hai| mahAvIra ne AtmA ko sarala zabdoM meM isa prakAra batAyA hai 1. 'prakRtereva vastutaH kartRtvam tacca prakRtisambandhAjjIvAtmani pratibhAsaH, atastatprAtibhAsikamiti sAMkhyA pAtaJjalAzca vadanti bhoktRtvamapyevameva / ', sarva da0 saMgraha, pR0 58 2. sAMkhyakArikA, 62 3. 'bhATTAH AtmAnamaMzabhedena jJAnasvarUpaM jar3asvarUpaM cecchanti / teSAM mata AtmA bodhAbodharUpa iti...|', citrapada prakaraNa, 6/65 4. 'cidaMzena dRSTatva so'yamiti pratyabhijJA, viSayatvaM ca acidaMzena / ', vahI 5. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pR047 6. dravyasaMgraha, gAthA 2 7. pNcaastikaay| jaina darzana mImAMsA 74
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ appA kattA vikattA ya suhANa ya duhANa y| appA mittamamitta ca supaTThiya duptttthiyo| AtmA hI kartA aura vikartA hai, yahI sukha aura dukha kA bhoktA hai| AtmA hI mitra, amitra, suprayukta aura duSprayukta hai| aura bhI-- ___appA daMto suhI hoI assi loe prtthe|' arthAta AtmA kA damana karane vAlA donoM lokoM meM sukhI hotA hai| AtmA ke lakSaNoM ke bAre meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai nANaM ca daMsagaM caiva carithaM ca tavo thaa| viriyaM uvabhogo ca evaM jIvassa lakkhaNaM // 2 arthAt jJAna, darzana, cAritra, tapa, vIrya aura upabhoga AtmA ke lakSaNa haiM / 'pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra' meM vAdideva sUri ne saMsArI AtmA kA svarUpa batAyA hai ki-"pratyakSAdi pramANoM se siddha, caitanyasvarUpa, pariNAmI, kartA, sAkSAdbhoktA, svadehaparimANa, pratyeka zarIra meM bhinna aura paudgalika karmoM se yukta AtmA hai|" cArvAka jar3a se bhinna padArtha kA astitva hI nahIM svIkAra karate / jainoM se bauddha dArzanika isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki caitanya jar3apadArtha kA vikAra nahIM hai| kintu ve AtmA nAmaka eka sat padArtha ke astitva ko nahIM svIkAra karate, kevala vijJAna-pravAha ko mAnate haiN| unakA mAnanA hai ki pratikSaNa udaya aura laya hone vAle isa vijJAna-pravAha ke mUla meM koI sthAI sat padArtha nahIM hai| vaizeSika caitanya ko, AtmA se bhinna, deha-indriya aura mana se utpanna hone vAlA Agantuka dharma mAnate haiN| pratisamaya anyAnya paryAyoM meM gamana karane ke kAraNa AtmA 'pariNAmI' hai| jaise sone ke mukuTa, kuNDala Adi banate haiM, taba bhI vaha sonA hI rahatA hai, ThIka usI prakAra cAroM gatiyoM meM bhramaNa karate hue jIva kI paryAyeM badalatI haiM, to bhI jIva-dravya vaisA hI rahatA hai| ____ AtmA kA pariNAmI' vizeSaNa hone ke kAraNa nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya Adi bhinna ho jAte haiM, kyoMki ve AtmA ko apariNAmI kUTasthanitya mAnate haiN| AtmA kartA tathA sAkSAdbhoktA bhI hai| jaisA karma karatA hai vaisA phala bhogatA hai| saMsArI AtmA apanI sat-asat pravRttiyoM ke dvArA zubhAzubha karmoM kA svayaM saMcaya karatA hai aura usakA phala sAkSAt bhogatA hai| pariNAmI, kartA aura sAkSAbhoktA vizeSaNoM ke dvArA sAMkhya alaga ho jAte haiN| kAraNa ve prakRti ko kartA mAnate haiM aura puruSa ko kartta tvazakti-rahita, pariNAmarahita, Aropita bhoktA mAnate haiN| AtmA 'svadeha-pariNAma' hai kAraNa usakA saMkoca aura vistAra kArmANazarIra sApekSa hotA hai| karmayukta dazA meM jIva zarIra kI maryAdA meM baMdhe hue hote haiM, isalie unakA pariNAma svatantra nahIM hotaa| jo AtmA hAthI ke zarIra meM rahatA hai vaha cIMTI ke zarIra meM bhI raha sakatA hai kyoMki usameM saMkoca-vistAra kI zakti hai / AtmA kA 'svadeha-pariNAmI' vizeSaNa hone ke kAraNa nyAya, vaizeSika, advaitavedAntI aura sAMkhya bhinna ho jAte haiM, kAraNa ki ve AtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnate haiN| AtmA pratyeka zarIra meM svatantra hai| yaha jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA sAMkhya, naiyAyika aura viziSTAdvaitavAdI ke anukUla hai, to bhI advaitavAdI kA mata bhinna hai kAraNa ki vaha mAnatA hai ki svabhAvata: jIva eka hai, parantu dehAdi upAdhiyoM ke kAraNa nAnA pratIta hotA hai| jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki AtmA karma-saMyukta hai| jaise sonA aura miTTI kA saMyoga anAdi hai vaise hI jIva aura karma kA saMyoga bhI anAdi hai| jaise khAyA huA bhojana apane Apa sapta dhAtu ke rUpa meM pariNata hotA hai, vaise hI jIva dvArA grahaNa kiye hue karma-yogya pudgala apane Apa karmarUpa meM pariNata ho jAte haiN| AtmA kA paudgalika adRSTavAn' vizeSaNa hone ke kAraNa nyAya-vaizeSika aura vedAntI bhinna ho jAte haiN| kAraNa ki cArvAka adRSTa ko mAnate hI nahIM / nyAya-vaizeSika adRSTa ko AtmA kA vizeSa guNa mAnate haiM aura vedAntI use mAyArUpa mAnakara usakI sattA ko hI svIkAra nahIM krte| niSkarSa rUpa meM jaina-darzana kA AtmA caitanyasvarUpa, vibhinna avasthAoM meM pariNata hone para bhI nitya (kUTasthanitya nahIM), zubhAzubha karmoM kA kartA tathA usake phaloM kA bhoktA, svadeha-pariNAmI, na aNa, na vibhu kintu madhyama-parimANa kA hai| 1. dazavakAlikasUtra, a0 4, gAthA 16 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/55 3. 'pramAtA pratyakSAdi prasiddha AtmA / ', pramANana0 tattvA0, sUtra 7/55 4. 'caitanyasvarUpaH pariNAmI kartA sAkSAdbhoktA svadehaparimANa pratikSetra bhinna: paudgalikAdRSTAMzcAyamiti', pramANanayatasvAlokAlaMkAra, sUtra, 7/56 80 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha