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________________ jaina darzana : Adhunika sandarbha Adhunika yuga nirvivAda rUpa se vijJAna kA yuga hai| aba dharma aura darzana kA sthAna vijJAna ne le liyA hai aura vahI jJAna aura vyavahAra ke kSetra meM agragaNya aura digdarzaka bana gayA hai| vaijJAnika aura takanIkI pragati ne mAnava sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko nayI dizA dI hai-- use eka nayA vizva darzana (Weltanschuung) diyA hai| Adhunika yuga meM vahI darzana aura dharma upayogI ho sakatA hai jo vijJAna sammata ho - vijJAna kI mAnyatAoM ke anukUla aura vijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA utarane meM sakSama ho| jaina darzana yA koI bhI dharma-darzana tabhI prabhAvazAlI ho sakatA hai jaba ki usakI abhivRtti vaijJAnika ho aura use Adhunika vijJAna kA samarthana prApta ho / ataeva Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina-darzana kI upayogitA para vicAra karate samaya do prazna svabhAvataH hamAre samakSa uThate haiM - (1) kyA jaina darzana Adhunika vijJAna kI mAnyatAoM ke anukUla hai yA use vijJAna kA samarthana prApta hai ? (2) Adhunika vijJAna kI jo burAiyAM haiM unase kyA yaha dharmadarzana manuSya ko trANa dilA sakatA hai ? use cintA aura duHkha se mukta kara sakatA hai ? jaina darzana kI yaha vizeSatA mAnI jA sakatI hai ki yaha darzana atyanta vizAla, sarvagrAhI evaM udAra (Catholic) darzana hai, jo vibhinna mAnyatAoM ke bIca samanvaya karane evaM saboM ko ucita sthAna dene ko tatpara hai tathA isakA dRSTikoNa bahuta aMzoM meM vaijJAnika pravRtti (Spirit ) se mela khAtA hai| sAtha hI sAtha, yaha burAiyoM ko dUra kara vinAza ke kagAra para khar3I mAnavatA ko sukha, zAMti evaM mukti kA sandeza bhI detA hai| yaha dharma-darzana itanA pUrNa aura samRddha hai ki eka ora vijJAna ke anukUla hai aura dUsarI ora vijJAna ke azubha pratiphaloM se mukta bhI hai| isameM vijJAna kI sabhI khUbiyAM vartamAna haiM sAtha hI yaha unakI khAmiyoM se bhI mukta hai, balki yaha usakI pUraka prakriyA bhI ho sakatA hai aura vijJAna ko mAnavatAvAdI aura kalyANakArI dRSTikoNa bhI de sakatA hai| jaina darzana kI vizeSatAeM nimnalikhita do mantavyoM se spaSTa hai-- ekenArutI iyantI vastutasvamitareNa antena jayati jainI nItirmanthAna netramiva gopI / / ' DaoN0 harendra prasAda varmA ( jisa prakAra gvAlina pahale apane eka hAtha se mathanI kI rassI ke eka chora ko apanI ora khIMcatI hai, phira dUsare hAtha kI rassI ke chora ko DhIlA chor3a detI hai kintu use hAtha se sarvathA chor3a nahIM detI; phira zithila chor3e gaye chora ko punaH apanI ora khIMcatI hai aura isI prakAra kI kriyA-pratikriyA se mathakara makkhana nikAla letI hai, usI prakAra jainI vicAra-maMthana meM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM ko yathAprasaMga kabhI gauNa kabhI mukhya sthAna detA huA samanvaya rUpa navanIta evaM yathArtha satya upalabdha kara letA hai - yaha jainiyoM kI anekAntavAdI dRSTi hai|) syAdvAdo varttate yasmin pakSapAto na vidyate / nAstyanyapIDanaM kiMcid jaina dharmaH sa ucyate // ( jisameM syAd kA siddhAnta hai aura kisI prakAra kA pakSapAta nahIM hai; kisI ko pIr3A na ho--aisA siddhAnta jisameM hai, use jaina 1. zrI madhukara muni dvArA 'anekAnta darzana', muni zrI hajArImala smRti prakAzana, vyAvara, rAjasthAna, 1974, pR0 12 para uddhRta / 2. zrI madhukara muni, jaina dharma eka paricaya, 1974, pR0 32 para uddhRta / jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha 42
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________________ dharma kahate haiM) anekAntavAda, syAdavAda, ahiMsA aura aparigraha ye jaina darzana ke cAra AdhAra staMbha hai| vicAra meM anekAnta, vANI meM syAt, AcaraNa meM ahiMsA aura jIvana meM aparigraha ye jaina darzana ke AdhyAtmika caukhaTe ke cAra koNa haiM / prastuta sandarbha meM hama prathamataH yaha dekhane kA prayAsa kareMge ki (1) Adhunika vaijJAnika yuga kI mukhya pravRttiyAM kyA haiM aura jainadarzana kahAM taka anukUla hai ? phira yaha bhI dekheMge ki - ( 2 ) Adhunika yuga kI zoka santapta evaM vinAza para khar3I mAnavatA ke lie yaha dharma darzana kisa prakAra upayogI ho sakatA hai ? Adhunika vijJAna aura jaina darzana : Adhunika vijJAna kI pravRttiyAM nimnalikhita haiM (1) anubhavavAdI aura prayogavAdI abhivRtti (Empericism and Experimentalism) - Adhunika yuga evaM vijJAna kI pravRtti anubhavavAdI hai| vijJAna unhIM cIjoM ko sarapa aura prAmANika mAnane ko taiyAra hai jo nirIkSaNa aura prayoga kI kasauTI para kharI utaratI haiN| jo nirIkSaNa aura prayoga ke dAyare meM na AtA ho aura viveka sammata na ho use vijJAna mAnane ko rAjI nahIM hai| Adhunika yuga meM vizvAsa ( Dogma) aura Aptopadeza ( Authority ) kA koI sthAna aura mahattva nahIM hai / vijJAna ne manuSyoM ko inake viruddha vidroha karanA sikhAyA hai kyoMki mAna lene vAlA kabhI jAna nahIM sakatA hai / jAnane kI prakriyA sandeha aura jijJAsA kI prakriyA hai| jisameM vizvAsa aura avizvAsa donoM kA nivAraNa Avazyaka hai / ' vijJAna ko vahI svIkArya hai jo prayoga aura jAMca ke yogya ho / prAmANIkaraNa kI kSamatA arthavattA kI pahalI zarta hai / " vaijJAnika jAgaraNa ke prArambhika kAla meM hI rene DekArTa ( Rene Descartes) ne yaha ghoSaNA kI thI ki hameM kisI vastu ko vizvAsa ke AdhAra para AMkha mUMda kara nahIM mAna lenA cAhie, balki usake sambandha meM sandeha aura jijJAsA karanI cAhie aura jaba taka usake sambandha meM spaSTa ( Clear ) aura parispaSTa (Distinct ) jJAna na ho jAya use svIkAra nahIM karanA caahie|' Adhunika yuga meM prasiddha pAzcAtya vicAraka viTagensaTAina ( Wittgenstein) ne yaha ghoSaNA kI ki vaijJAnika bhASA ko chor3a kara anya kisI rUpameM sArthaka evaM bodha gamya rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| * jo bhI vijJAna sammata nahIM hai, vaha nirarthaka hai / jaina darzana meM bhI vijJAna kI bhAMti khule aura niSpakSa citta se satyAnusaMdhAna para jora hai| isameM bhI aMdhavizvAsa ke lie koI guMjAiza nahIM hai / jaina dArzanika maNibhadra kA spaSTa kathana hai--'na merA mahAvIra ke prati koI pakSapAta hai aura na kapila Adi anya dArzanikoM ke prati dveSa hI hai mujhe yuktisaMgata vacana hI pAhya hai cAhe ve kisI ke hoN|' jaina darzana vizvAsa aura avizvAsa sabhI ekAntika dRSTiyoM kA virodha karatA hai aura sAtha hI yaha mAnatA hai ki satya cAhe kisI srota se Ave hameM use grahaNa karanA cAhiye / isameM Aptopadeza ko AMkha mUMda kara mAnane para bala nahIM diyA jAtA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne svayaM kahA hai-- No logassa sesaNaM na me jine pakSapAtaH na dveSa kapilAdiSu / yuktimad vacanaM yasya tada grAhyaM vacanaM mam // 4 1. viTagensaTAina, 'yadi koI mujhase yaha prazna kare "kyA viTagensaTAina tuma "antima nyAya ke dina" meM vizvAsa karate ho ?" yA "kyA tuma antima nyAya ke dina" meM avizvAsa karate ho ?" maiM kahUMgA - "kisI meM nhiiN|" -- lekcarsa eNDa kanvarsesana oNna sAikolaoNjI, estheTiksa eNDa rilIjasa bilIpha, besila blaikavela; oNksaphorDa, 1967 2. A. J. Ayer, "We say that a sentence is factually significant to any given person, if and only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it purports to express." ----Language, Truth & Logic, Victor Gollancz, 2nd Ed. 1960, pR0 35 3. Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method, in Philosophical Works of Descartes (tr) E. S. Haldan 1931, dekhie Rule IX of the Regular 4. dekhie viTagensaTAina, TraikTeTasa lAjiko philosaoNphiksa, 6-53 raoNTaleja eNDa kegena paoNla, landana, 1922, rasela ne bhI kahA hai "Whatever can be known, can be know by means of Science." - History of Western Philosophy, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., Londan 1947, pR0 78 5. dekhie, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 44 para TIkA, caukhambhA saMskaraNa, pR0 36 50 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ cre|' kisI kA anukaraNa yA anusaraNa na kro| satya ko svayaM jAno; kyoMki udhAra liyA gayA satya mukta nahIM karatA, ulTe vaha parigraha bana jAtA hai / isI kAraNa mahAvIra ne zAstrIyatA kA virodha kiyaa| unhoMne kahA hai-veyA ahIyA na bhavanti tANaM / ( veda ko raTa lenA vANa nahIM de sakatA hai|) veda-jisakA dRSTikoNa nigamanAtmaka (Deductive ) hai, kyoMki usameM udghATita (Revealed) satyoM ko jIvana meM lAgU karane para jora hai- usake virodha meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ne AgamanAtmaka vidhi para bala diyA aura isa bAta kA samarthana kiyA ki manuSya ko svayaM apane prayatnoM se satya ko jAnanA cAhie, kyoMki satya kI khoja, jaisA ki ploTinasa ne kahA hai - 'akele kI akele kI ora ur3Ana' (Flight of the alone to the alone ) hai / satya ko svAnubhava se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai, jaise svayaM bhojana karane se hI bhUkha miTatI hai| isalie bhagavAn buddha ne kahA hai - AtmadIpo bhava / aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI kahA hai'apane dvArA hI apanA saMprekSaNa nirIkSaNa kareM / ' bhagavAn buddha saMpikkhae appagamappayaNAM / ' ne 'kahA thA merI bAtoM ko parIkSA karake grahaNa karo, mere mahattva ke kAraNa nahIM / parIkSya bhikSavo ! grAhyaM madvAco na tu gauravAt / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne to prayoga aura parIkSaNa para pUrA jora diyA hai| unhoMne kahA- 'tatvoM kA nizcaya karane vAlI buddhi se dharma ko parakho !' binA parakhe kisI cIja ko nahIM mAnanA caahie| paNa samita dhammaM tasaM tatta-vinicyiM / isa prakAra prayoga aura prAmANIkaraNa kI jo vaijJAnika dRSTi hai, jaina-darzana usake sarvadhA anukUla hai| yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki indriyAnubhava taka hI sImita hai, jabaki jaina darzana ke anusAra anubhava 'ekendriya cetanA' se lekara 'sarvajJatA' taka ho sakatA hai| isakA eka lambA vistAra hai jisameM 1deg se lekara 100 taka cetanA kI sambhAvanA hai| isI kAraNa jaina darzana indriyAnubhava ke sAtha hI sAtha anya prakAra ke anubhavoM ko bhI mahattva detA hai aura mati, zruti, avadhi jJAna, manaH paryAya, tathA kevala jJAna saboM ko jJAna kA sAdhana mAnatA hai / mati tAvadhimana:paryayakevalAni jJAnam / " (2) bhautikavAdI vicAradhArA (Materialism ) - Adhunika yuga bhautikavAdI hai| vijJAna kI pravRtti hI bhautikavAdI hai kyoMki usakI mAnyatA hai ki bhautika padArtha (matter) hI mUla sattA hai aura usI se jagat kI sabhI sattAoM kA vikAsa huA hai / sampUrNa jIva evaM cetana jagat kA vikAsa padArtha se hI huA hai| Adhunika yuga meM kArla mArksa ne bhautika padArtha ko hI mUla sattA mAnA aura bhautika tattva se hI cetanA kI utpatti mAnI / " 1. AcArAMgasUta 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 14 / 12 3. dazavekAlikasUna, cUlikA, 2, 12 4. uttarAdhyayanasUna, 23/25 5. tattvArtha sUtra, 1/2 . John Keosin. "From the materialists view, the origin of life was no more accident; it was the result of matter evolving to higher levels through the inexorable working out at each level of its inherent potentialities to drive at the next level". - The Origin of life, Chapman & Hall Ltd. London, 1964. pR0 3 7. Marks and Engels, "Feuerbach opposition of Materialistic and Idealistic outlook." Selected Woras, Vol. 1, pR0 32 Engles ne spaSTa likhA hai "Our consciousness and thinking, however suprasensuous they may seem are the products of a material, bodily organ, the brain. Matter is not a product of mind, but mind itself is merely higher product of nature". Ludwing Feuer bach, Ch-2, quoated by Maurice Conforth, Dialectical Materialism : The Theory of Knowledge, National Book Agency, Calcutta. 1955, pR0 35 jaMna tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha 51
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________________ Aparena (I. A. Oparin) ne bhI 1922 meM yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki dharatI para prathama jIva kA vikAsa rAsAyanika tattvoM ke saMyoga se huaa|' abhI hAla hI meM DA0 haragovinda khurAnA ne rAsAyanika tatvoM ke sammizraNa se saralatama jIvANu (D. N. A. ) utpanna karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai|" jaina darzana yadyapi bhautikavAdI nahIM hai, isakA jora adhyAtmavAda yA AtmAvAda para hI hai, phira bhI yaha bhautikavAda ko ucita sthAna aura mahattva detA hai| yaha jIva aura ajIva yA AtmA aura pudgala ( Matter) donoM kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai| pudgala kI isakI dhAraNA Adhunika vijJAna ke padArtha kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai| pudgala vaha hai, jisameM saMgaThana aura vighaTana hotA hai - jo TUTatA aura jur3atA hai (pUrayanti galanti ca / Adhunika vijJAna bhI mAnatA hai ki padArtha vaha hai jisameM saMgaThana (Fusion ) aura vighaTana (Fission) hotA hai| pudgala indriya kA viSaya hai aura rUpa, rasa, gandha aura sparza se yukta hai| jaina darzana bhautikavAdiyoM se isa sImA taka sahamata hai ki zarIra, bA, mana, prANa Adi bhautika haiN| zarIra vAGgamanaH prANApAnaH pudgalAnAm / dUsarI ora jIva yA AtmA vaha hai jisameM cetanA hai-- cetanA lakSaNo jIvaH / vijJAna bhI jIva aura ajIva do sattAoM ko svI kAra karatA hai| eka (jIva) jIva-vijJAna kA viSaya hai aura dUsarA (ajIva ) padArtha vijJAna kA jaina darzana kI jIva sambandhI dhAraNA kucha aMzoM meM jIva-vijJAna kI dhAraNA se milatI hai| kyoMki yaha jIva ko jIvanI-zakti ( Vital force) mAnatA hai / isa kAraNa yaha pahAr3a, vanaspati, khanija dravya Adi ko bhI sajIva mAnatA hai| akAraNa nahIM hai ki Adhunika vanaspati zAstrI per3a-paudhoM ko sajIva mAnane lage haiM / isa saMdarbha meM jagadIza candra basu kA prayoga prasiddha evaM sarvavidita hai / (3) vizleSaNavAdI paddhati ( Analytic Method) - vijJAna kI paddhati vizleSaNa yA vibhAjana kI paddhati hai / isameM jaTila vastuoM ko vibhAjita kara sUkSmAtisUkSma tattvoM meM paryavasita kara ke mUla tattvoM kA patA lagAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai / 16vIM sadI kA vijJAna padArtha kA khaMDa-khaMDa karake paramANu taka pahuMcA thaa| 20vIM sadI ke vijJAna ne paramANu kA bhI vighaTana kara DAlA hai aura pAyA hai ki paramANu bhI yaugika hai aura yaha ilekTrona, proTona, nyUTrona, paoNjITrona Adi vaidya,tika zaktiyoM kA saMgaThana hai; ataeva aba vijJAna zaktivAda kI ora jhuka rahA hai| jaina darzana kI paddhati vizleSaNAtmaka aura saMzleSaNAtmaka donoM hai vizleSaNa kI prakriyA se yaha bhI aNu taka pahuMcA hai-- dAda 15 aNu kI isakI dhAraNA pAzcAtya vijJAna ke aNu ke samakakSa nahIM hai, kyoMki aNu avibhAjya tattva hai jabaki padArtha vijJAna kA aNu vibhAjya siddha ho cukA hai| phira bhI, padArtha kA jo carama avibhAjya tattva hai, use hI jaina darzana aNu mAnatA hai / " jaina paramANuvAda DAlTana ke paramANuvAda ke prAyaH samakakSa hai| paramANuvAda ke saMbaMdha meM jaina darzana kI jo mahattvapUrNa dena hai, vaha hai- ( 1 ) paramANuoM ke saMgaThana kA niyama / jaina darzana meM paramANuoM ke saMgaThita hone ke tIna niyama batAe gae haiM- ( ka ) bheda, (kha) saMghAta, aura (ga) bheda-saMghAta " jo padArtha vijJAna 1. Oparin, I. A., Life Its Nature, Origin and Development, Acadamic Pres, New York, 1962 2. Dr. H. G. Khorana, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1968 3. sarvadarzanasaMgraha, 3 4. rUpiNa: pudgalAH / tasvArthasUna 5/5 rUparasagandhavarNavantaH pudgalAH / tattvArthasUtra 5 / 23 rUpiNa: : pudgalAH rUpaM mUrtiH rUpAdi saMsthAnapariNAmaH / rUpameSAmastIti rUpiNaH mUrtimantaH / sarvArthasiddhi, adhyAya 5 5. tattvArthasUna, 5/16 6. upayogolakSaNam, tatsvArthasUtra, 2/8 19. dekhie Sinclair Stevenson, The Hert of Jainism, Oxford University Press, London, 1915, pR0 65 8 tattvArthasUtra, 5/27 6. kundakundAcArya, sabvesi khaghANAM jo anto te biyANa paramANU / so sassado sassado asaddho, ekko avibhAjI muttibhavo / paMcAstikAya gAyA- 77 (arthAt skandhoM kA jo antima bheda hai, vaha paramANu hai, vaha avinAzI zabda rahita, vibhAga rahita aura pUttika hai / ) 10. umAsvAmI, bhedasaMghAtebhyaH utpadyante / tasvArthasUtra, 5 / 26 52 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ ke 'ilekTro vailensI,' 'ko-vailensI' aura 'ko oNrDIneTa ko-vailensI' kI dhAraNA se milate-julate haiM / jaina-darzana ke anusAra viSama guNa vAle paramANu Apasa meM saMgaThita hote haiN| snigdha aura rUkSa guNa vAle paramANuoM kA bandhana hotA hai / ' padArtha-vijJAna bhI mAnatA hai ki viparIta cArja vAle paramANuoM kA saMyoga hotA hai| (2) jaina-darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki samaguNa vAle paramANuoM kA bhI saMgaThana ho sakatA hai yadi unakI zakti kI mAtrA viSama ho, arthAt unameM eka kI apekSA dUsare meM kama se kama do ikAI zakti adhika ho (jaise 1:2, 2:4, 4:6, ityaadi)| padArtha-vijJAna bhI mAnatA hai ki samAna cArja vAle paramANu bhI saMgaThita ho sakate haiM bazarte unakA 'spina' bhinna ho / (3)jaina darzana ke anusAra jaghanya guNa yA nyUnatama zakti vAle paramANuoM kA saMgaThana nahIM ho sktaa|' Adhunika vijJAna bhI mAnatA hai ki nimnatama stara (Ground Level) ke paramANuoM kA saMgaThana nahIM ho sakatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki jaina padArtha-vijJAna kitanI dUra taka Adhunika vijJAna ke samAntara cala sakatA hai| anizcayavAda banAma syAdvAda evaM anekAntavAda : (Principle of Uncertainty vs-Syadvada & Anekantavada) 19vIM zatI ke vijJAna ke lie paramArtha sattA ke sambandha meM nirapekSa rUpa se kucha kahanA sambhava thaa| parantu Adhunika vijJAna ke lie aisA kucha kahanA sambhava nahIM ho rahA hai; kyoMki vijJAna yaha anubhava karane lagA hai ki paramArtha sattA kA koI ekAntika svarUpa nahIM hai| vaha kabhI kaNa (Particale) kI bhAMti kArya karatA hai to kabhI lahara yA taraMga (wave) kI bhAMti / ataeva aba nirapekSa rUpa se yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki 'padArtha paramANu kaNa hai' aura na yaha hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'padArtha lahara yA zakti hai|' padArtha kI dhAraNA meM bhUta (Matter) aura zakti (Energy)---donoM kI dhAraNA nihita ho gaI hai| isalie 'eTama' ke sthAna para 'kvAMTama' zabda kA AviSkAra kiyA gayA hai| sAtha hI, paramArtha tattva kI sthiti ko jaba ThIka-ThIka mApate haiM, to usakA vega ThIka se mApA nahIM jA sakatA (kyoMki vaha badala jAtA hai) aura yadi vega ko ThIka se mApate haiM, to sthiti ThIka se nahIM mApI jA sakatI hai (kyoMki sthiti badala jAtI hai) / yaha tathya hAIjenavarga (Heisenburg) ke 'anizcayatA siddhAnta' (Principle of Uncertainty) meM vyakta huA hai| jaina darzana kI pudgala kI dhAraNA Adhunika kvAnTama padArtha-vijJAna ke kvAnTama, (Quantum) kI dhAraNA se milatI-julatI hai, kyoMki isakI dhAraNA meM bhI bhUta (Matter) aura zakti (Energy) donoM kI dhAraNA nihita hai / sAtha hI, Aja vijJAna jisa sthiti meM A pahuMcA hai, vaha syAdvAda aura anekAnta kI sthiti hai| jaina darzana bhI mAnatA hai ki padArtha kA svarUpa ekAntika nahIM hai| usake ananta guNa dharma haiM-anantadharmakaM vastu / phira vijJAna, paramArtha sattA ke sambandha meM nirapekSa nirNaya nahIM de pA rahA hai ki vaha kaNa hai yA lahara / use kahanA par3a rahA hai ki eka dRSTikoNa se vaha kaNa hai; dUsare dRSTikoNa se lahara hai, yA eka prasaMga meM vaha kaNa kI bhAMti kArya karatA hai aura dUsare prasaMga meM lahara kI bhAMti / syAdvAda kA pratipAdana bhI isI uddezya se huA hai| isake anusAra pratyeka nirNaya sApekSata: satya hai, isalie kisI bhI vastu ke viSaya meM aisA hI hai na kahakara 'syAt aisA hai'-kahanA adhika samIcIna hai / paramatattva ke viSaya meM vijJAna bhI yahI kaha rahA hai ki 'syAt yaha kaNa haiM', 'syAt yaha lahara hai'| ataeva aba vijJAna jaina darzana ke syAdvAda ke darzana kI sthiti meM A gayA hai| pratItivAdI darzana (Phenomenalism): Adhunika vijJAna pratItivAdI hai / isake anusAra hamArA jJAna kevala pratIti (Phenomena) yA jo ghaTita ho rahA hai, usI kA ho sakatA hai| hama nirapekSa sattA ko nahIM jAna sakate haiN| Adhunika darzana mAnane lagA hai ki nirapekSa kI dhAraNA kevala kalpanA (Myth) yA rikta zabda hai / hama kevala sApekSa sattAoM ko hI jAnate haiM / nirapekSa sattA (Absolute) kI dhAraNA kevala bhASA ke galata prayoga se utpanna ho jAtI hai| jaina-dharma kI pravRtti bhI nirapekSa sattA virodhI hai| isake anusAra nirapekSa sattA adhika se adhika vibhinna sApekSa pahaluoM kA yogaphala hai| yaha sApekSatA ke pare jAkara kisI nirapekSa sattA meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA hai| 1. snigdha: ruksstvaadvndhH| tattvArthasUtra, 5/33 2. guNa sAmye sAdRzAnam / dvayadhikAdiguNAnAM tu / bandhe'dhiko pAriNAmiko / tattvArthasUtra, 5/36, 37, 38 3. na jaghanya guNAnAm / tattvArthasatra, 5/34 4. jaina dharma aura jIva vijJAna meM samatA ke lie dekhie, Dr. H. P. Verma and Dr. A. P. Jha, Jaina Vision and Genetic Research, 1975, jJAnam, bhAgalapura 5. dekhie A.J. Ayer, Language Truth and Logic, 2nd Ed., Victor Gollancz, London, 1946 bana tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha
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________________ vijJAna kevala pratIti taka hI sImita hai| isake anusAra hama kevala chAyA hI dekha pAte haiM, dravya nhiiN| sara eDiMgaTana ne likhA hai : "The frank realization that physical science is concerned with thc world of shadows is one of the most significant advances. In the world of physics we watch a shadow-performence of the drama of familiar life. The shadow of my elbow rests on the shadow-table as the shadow-ink flows over the shadow-paper.'" jaina darzana kA dRSTikoNa sarvagrAhI hai ; yaha dravya aura pratIti donoM pahaluoM kA samanvaya karatA hai| isake anusAra dravya meM guNa aura paryAya donoM haiM-guNaparyAyavad dravyaM / guNa kI dRSTi se dravya zAzvata sattA hai aura paryAya kI dRSTi se vaha pratIti hai / ataeva jaina-darzana sattA (Noumenon) aura pratIti (Phenomena) donoM ko mAnatA hai / eka dRSTi se vijJAna bhI ina do dRSTiyoM ko apanAtA hai| eka dRSTi se vaha mAtrA aura zakti ko nitya mAnatA hai aura dUsarI dRSTi se jagat ko unakA pratibhASa mAnatA hai| laDhe jiyara (Lavoisier) ne 'zaktinityatA niyama' kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai--"Nothing can be creatad and in every process there is just as much substanee (quantity of matter) present before and after the process has taken place. There is only a change or modification of matter.""jaina darzana bhI mAnatA hai ki jagat ke tattva zAzvata haiM aura jagat kevala unake rUpAntaraNa se udbhUta hotA hai| ataeva dravya kI dRSTi se yaha aparivartanazIla aura sanAtana hai tathA loka akRtrima haiprakRta svabhAva se hI udgama, vikAsa aura vinAza hotA hai| 'mUlAcAra' meM kahA gayA hai--'yaha loka akRtrima hai-prakRta svabhAva se udbhUta hai| jIva-ajIva dravyoM se bharA hai aura tAla vRkSa ke samAna khar3A hai|" loo akaTTimo khalu aNAI NihaNo sahAva nnippnno| jIvAjIvohiM bharoNicco tAla sakkha stthaanno||"" ataeva jagata sambandhI jaina-darzana kI dhAraNA vaijJAnika dhAraNa ke samakakSa hai| nAstikavAdI dharma darzana (Atheistic Philosophy) : . vijJAna ke prabhAva ke kAraNa Adhunika yuga kI pravRtti anIzvaravAdI hai| vijJAna mAnatA hai ki jagat kA sraSTA evaM saMcAlaka koI Izvara nahIM hai| vaha prAkRtika niyamoM se vizva kI vyAkhyA karatA hai / yadi jagat kA koI sRSTikartA mAnA jAya jo asRjita hai, to jagat ko hI asRjita aura zAzvata mAnane meM kyA hAni hai ? 5 jaina-darzana kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai| phraoNyaDa Adi manovizleSakoM ne mAnA hai ki Izvara kevala hamArI atRpta icchA aura bhaya kI upaja hai| Izvara kI dhAraNA zaizavakAlIna pitA ke anubhava se AtI hai| Izvara kevala pitA kA hI prakSepeNa hai-'pitA kI hI pratimA hai|' (God is nothing but father's image) | mArksa ne Izvara ko Arthika-pratADanA kI upaja mAnA hai aura yaha mata pratipAdita kiyA hai ki Arthika-saMkaTa, abhAva aura vipannatA meM jIne vAlA sAmarthyahIna manuSya eka atiprAkRtika sahAyaka kI kalpanA kara letA hai| ataeba "dharma kaThina jIvana jIne vAloM ke lie caina kI eka sAMsa hai, hRdayahIna saMsAra kA hRdaya hai, anAtmika paristhitiyoM kI AtmA hai / janatA ke lie aphIma hai (Religion is opium of the people) | isake naze meM vaha apanA duHkha-darda bhUlane kA prayAsa karatA hai| zAsaka kI pratimA meM manuSya vizva ke eka zAsaka kI pratimA gar3ha letA hai| jaina darzana bhI nirIzvaravAdI hai| isake anusAra jagat kA sRSTikartA koI Izvara nahIM hai / Izvara kI dhAraNA manuSya kI sAmarthyahInatA 1. The Nature of the Physical World, quoted in Mahrishis Gospel, Book-I and II, Shri Ramanasharm, Tiruvarrnamalai 2. tattvArthasUtra, 538 3. zrI dulIcandra jaina dvArA "jaina darzana meM pudgala-dravya aura paramANu-siddhAnta" candAbAI abhinandana grantha, a. bhA0 di0 jaina mahilA pariSad, 1954, pR. 263 para udRta 4. mUlAcAra, 8/28 5. dekhie, ardainDa rasela kA lekha 'The Existence of God', (Ed.) John Hick, Macmillan Co, New York, 1964, pR0 45 6. dekhie, Freud, Future of an Illusion', 1953 tathA 'Civilization and it's Discontents', 1930 7. mAksa, inTroDakzana TU e kriTika oNpha hI gelsa philaoNsaphI oNpha loN| krisTophara kaoNDabela dvArA phardara sTaDIja ina DAiMga kalcara, maMthalI rivyU presa, landana 1971, pR075 para uddhRta AcAryaratna zrI dezamUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha For Private & Personal use only
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________________ aura sAhasa ke abhAva kA dyotaka hai / yaha rAjatantra kA pariNAma hai|' rAjA kI upamA para hI manuSyoM ne saMsAra ke eka zAsaka kI kalpanA kara lI hai| Adhunika yuga kI pravRtti svAvalambana aura mAnavatAvAda kI pravRtti hai| oNgasTa kaoNmaTe (August Comte) ne mAnA hai ki vijJAna kA lakSya kevala jJAna ke lie jJAna pAnA nahIM, balki usakA lakSya mAnavatA kI-jo duHkhI aura santRpta hai,--sevA karanA hai, usake kalyANa kA mArga prazasta karanA hai| haksale, phrAyaDa, braTrainDa rasela, maiksa oTo, Adi sabhI vijJAnavAdI cintakoM kA yahI mata hai|' kaoNmaTe ne mAnA hai ki IzvaravAda manuSya ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai, kyoMki yaha manuSya ko Avazyaka rUpa se lobhI banAtA hai| jaina darzana meM bhI mAnA gayA hai ki Izvara kI dhAraNA manuSya ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka hai| AcArya amitagati ne likhA hai-"manuSya apane karma ke anusAra zubha-azubha phala pAtA hai| yadi dUsare se kucha prApta ho sakatA, to apanA karma nirarthaka ho jAtA hai| nijAjita karmoM ko chor3akara koI kisI ko kucha de nahIM sakatA, ataeva koI dUsarA de sakatA hai- isa dhAraNA ko mana se nikAla denA caahie|"" bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai..."manuSya svayaM apane sukha-duHkha kA kartA hai aura svayaM apane sukha-duHkha kA binAzaka ! vaha duSpravRtti aura supravRtti ke anusAra svayaM apanA zatru hai, aura svayaM apanA mitra / " appA kattAvikattA ya dukkhANa ya suhANa y| appA mittaMmittaM ya duSpaTThiya supaTThiya // jaina darzana kA lakSya bhI svAvalambana, AtmavikAsa aura mAnavatA kA kalyANa hai| paraspara eka-dUsare kA upakAra hI jIva kA dharma hai| parasparograho jIvAnAm / / aufaaarat atafa (Individualistic Attitude): vijJAna kI vizleSaNavAdI manovRtti ne padArtha ke kSetra meM paramANu kI dhAraNA aura samAja ke kSetra meM vyaktivAdI vicAradhArA ko janma diyA jisake anusAra vyakti hI satya hai| vyaktivAda kA vikRta rUpa svArthavAda hai jisase Adhunika yuga grasta hai| pratyeka vyakti apaneapane kholoM meM banda hai| koI apanA svArtha dUsare ke lie tyAgane ko taiyAra nahIM hai| benthama ne kahA hai-'sambhava hai ki svarga kA rAjya pRthvI para utara Ae, para sapane meM bhI mata soco ki koI manuSya tumhAre lie kAnI uMgalI bhI hilAegA, yadi vaisA karane meM bhI usakA kucha svArtha nihita na ho' (It is possible that heaven may come down to the earth, but dream not that man will move even his little finger to serve you, unless in doing so some of his own gains be obvious to him.) yaha svArthavAda kA nAma tANDava hai jisameM hara vyakti apane ko akelA (Lonely) anubhava kara rahA hai / Adhunika yuga meM yaha bhAva gaharA hotA jA rahA hai ki-'maiM kisI kA nahIM hai| koI merA nahIM hai aura yaha bhAvanA manuSya ke parama viSAda kA kAraNa bana gaI hai| Aja pratyeka manuSya eka-dUsare ke prati zaMkAlu hai| bAta parAye kI mata pUcho, hameM hAya apanoM se bhaya hai| DA0 rAma manohara lohiyA ne likhA hai- "svArtha apane-apane kuTumba ke dAyare meM to udAra rahatA hai, lekina mAnava kuTumba kI 1. dekhie, kailAzacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, jaina-dharma, bhA0 di0 jaina saMgha, mathurA, pu. 116 2.Comte, 'The Philosophy of Positivism' 3. dekhie, rasela--"A Free man's Worship", Mysticism and Logic, George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1951."What I believe", The besic writings of Burtrand Russell, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1946 4. AcArya amitagati---"svayaM kRtaH karma yadAtmanA purA, phalaM tadIya labhate zubhAzubhaM / pareNadattaM yadi labhyate sphuTaM, svayaM kRtaM karma nirarthakaM sadA / / nijAjitaM karma vihAya dehino, na kopi kasyApi dadAti kiMcana / vicAra yannevamanyamAnasaH parodadAti vimucya zemaSI // " 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 20/37 6. tattvArthasUtra, 5/21 jaina mAnavatAvAda kI vistRta vyAkhyA ke lie dekhie merI pustikA-'jIva se jina kI ora', jJAnam, bhAgalapura, 1674 jaina tatsva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha
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________________ vizAlatA ke Age saMkIrNa ho jAtA haiM / "" aba to sthiti yaha hai ki manuSya kuTumba ke dAyare meM bhI udAra nahIM rahA, vaha apane Apa hI meM banda hai| pariNAma yaha hai ki parivAra bhI vighaTita hotA jA rahA hai| pratyeka manuSya eka aparicita aura bAharI vyakti (Outsider) kI taraha jI rahA hai| ' bhagavAn mahAvIra ne vyaktivAda kA svastha rUpa prastuta kiyA hai jisake anusAra hara vyakti kA vyaktitva mUlyavAn hai / pratyeka vyakti apane Apa meM sAdhya hai aura usakI niyati vaha bananA hai, jo vaha vAstava meM hai| use kisI ke samakSa Atma-samarpaNa karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai, balki apane Apa para vijaya pAkara svastha aura AtmavAn honA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA dRSTikoNa gaNatAntrika hai ataeva ve 'sAdhyoM 'kA sAmrAjya' (Kingdom of ends ) basAnA cAhate haiM jisameM sabhI rAjA hoM-- sabhI Izvara hoM - ( ahamindra ) / unakI dhAraNA hai ki pratyeka AtmA paramAtmA hai, kisI paramAtmA kA khaNDa-aMza hone ke kAraNa nahIM, balki apane andara ananta zaktiyoM (ananta catuSTaya ) kI upasthiti ke kAraNa / pratyeka vyakti ko usI prakAra vikasita ho jAnA hai jaise kisI bagIce meM alaga-alaga kisma ke phUla khila jAte haiM aura saboM ke khilane meM hI bagIce kI zobhA aura saundarya hai| yaha vyaktivAda mila, kANTa yA sArtra ke vyaktivAda ke samakakSa hai| mila ne kahA thA - 'jabaki dasa pAgala vyaktiyoM meM nau vyakti nirIha mUrkha hote haiM, vaha dasavAM adhika mahattva kA hai, kyoMki vaha koI sukarAta yA jIsasa ho sakatA hai -- jise duniyA ne na pahacAnA ho / ' ataeva pratyeka vyakti kA samAna mUlya hai| kisI ke vyaktitva kA anAdara nahIM honA caahie| kANTa ne bhI kahA thA, 'mAnavatA cAhe tumhAre andara ho yA dUsare meM use sadA sAdhya samajho sAdhana nahIM / " sArtra ke anusAra 'pratyeka vyakti svatantra hai, nahIM - svatantratA hI manuSya haiN|' (Freedom is man ) / pratyeka vyakti anupama hai, ataeva kisI ko dUsare ke DhAMce meM nahIM DhalanA hai / 'dUsarA hI narka hai / ' (The other is hell) / - 3 vartamAna biDambanA ( The Present Crisis ) : yaha satya hai ki vijJAna ne dik aura kAla para vijaya pA lI hai| aura vaijJAnika takanIka ne manuSya ko candramA para pahuMcA diyA hai / vijJAna ne manuSya ke hAtha meM paramANu kI asIma zakti dI hai jisase bhautikatA ke mAmale meM manuSya atyanta samRddha ho gayA hai| parantu AtmikatA aura AtmIyatA ke kSetra meM vaha atyanta vipanna ho gayA hai| usakI mahattvAkAMkSA ne use bhItara se tor3a kara rakha diyA hai| DA0 rAdhAkRSNan ne likhA hai, "manuSya jo bananA cAhatA hai, aura jo hai, usake bIca vinAzakArI asantulana hai / yaha virodha hamArI azAMti kA kAraNa hai| hama bAta samajhadAra vyaktiyoM kI taraha karate haiM, para vyavahAra pAgaloM kI taraha se / " manuSya ne bAhya padArtha ko to anta taka jAna liyA hai, parantu use apane antara kA apane ApakA koI jJAna nahIM hai| vaha apane sAmane hI dIna-hIna ho gayA hai; vaha apane Apa se TUTa gayA hai| AtmA ajJAna ke kAraNa vaha bAhara - bAhara zaraNa kI talAza meM bhaTakatA hai, parantu bAhara use kahIM zaraNa nahIM mila sakatI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anusAra bAhara kI koI bhI vastu - dharA dhAma, dhana-sampatti, strI-putra koI hamArA zaraNa nahIM ho sakate / manuSya mAtra AtmA meM, dharma meM zaraNa pA sakatA hai / parantu Adhunika manuSya kabhI bhI apane Apa meM, dharma meM hai hI nhiiN| vaha sote-jAgate sadA bAhara hai| pratyeka vyakti khaulatA huA insAna hai, jisane Dhakkana svarUpa sabhyatA kA mukhauTA pahana rakhA hai| yaha khaulanA jaba taka 66.6 taka hotA taba taka vaha vyakti sAmAnya kahalAtA hai aura yahI jaba 100 taka pahuMca jAtA hai, to vaha vikSipta yA asAmAnya karAra diyA jAtA hai| vastutaH tathAkathita sAmAnya aura pAgala vyakti meM antara mAtra 1deg kA hai| phAyaDa ne kahA hai ki 'Adhunika manuSya saimasana kI bhAMti jaMjIroM meM jakar3A huA karAha rahA hai, parantu eka dina vaha sabhyatA ke khambhoM ko ukhAr3a pheMkegA aura punaH barbara avasthA meM lauTa jaaegaa| vartamAna sabhyatA ne manuSya meM bahuta asaMtoSa * 1. satIza varmA, "bar3e zaharoM kA prasAda bar3hatA tanAva", dharmayuga, 8 pharavarI, 1975, pR0 7 para uddhRta 2. Colin Wison, The Outsider, Pan Books Ltd, London, 1970 3. Kant, "Treat humanity either in thine own person or in others always as an end and never as a means."The Critique of Practical Reason 4. satIza varmA, dharmayuga, 6 pharavarI, 1975, pR0 6 para uddhRta 5, "dArANi ya suyA yeva, mittA ya taha baMdhavA / jIvantamaNu jIvanti, mayaM nANuvvayanti ya / " uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 18 / 14 "vitta pasavo ya nAio, taM vAle saraNaM ti mnnii| ete mama tesuviahaM, no tANaM saraNaM na vijjaI / " - sUtrakRtAMgasUna, 1/2/2/16 6. "jarA maraNaM vegeNaM, vujjhamANANa pANiNaM / dhammo dIvo, paiTThA ya, gaI saraNamuttamaM // " - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyAya 23, gAthA 68 arthAt jarA-maraNa ke teja pravAha meM bahate hue jIva ke lie dharma ho ekamAtra dIpa, pratiSThA, gati aura uttama zaraNa hai / 56 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ utpanna kara diyA hai| pratyeka vyakti sadA dvandva, saMgharSa aura Antarika yuddha meM jI rahA hai| isakA pratiphala hai-vigata sadI ke do vizva-yuddha! vAstava meM bAhya to antas kI praticchAyA mAtra hai| vijJAna ne manuSya ko zakti to dI hai, parantu AtmA chIna lI hai; usane sukha-suvidhA to bar3hAI hai, parantu nIMda, vizrAma, zAnti aura Ananda chIna liyA hai usane davAiyAM to dI haiM, parantu mAnavatA ko yuddha aura vinAza ke kagAra para lAkara khar3A kara diyA hai / zAnti kI paribhASA karate hue braTreMDa rasela ne likhA hai ki "eka yuddha kI samApti aura dUsare yuddha kI taiyArI una donoM ke bIca ke antarAla ko zAnti kahate haiN|" AinsaTIna ne kahA thA, "maiM tIsare vizyayuddha ke viSaya meM to kucha nahIM kaha sakatA, para cauthe vizvayuddha ke viSaya meM avazya hI nizcaya pUrvaka kaha sakatA hUM ki vaha patthara ke hathiyAroM se lar3A jaaegaa|" yaha hai jagat kI vartamAna paristhiti aura mAnava kI vastu-sthiti ! Aja mAnavatA bImAra hai, rugNa hai, pAgalapana kI kagAra para khar3I hai| manovizleSaka yuMga ne likhA hai-"manocikitsakoM ko avazya svIkAra karanA hogA ki 'aham' bImAra hai, kyoMki vaha samagra se TUTa gayA hai aura mAnavatA ke sAtha hI sAtha AtmA se usakA sambandha viccheda ho gayA hai|"2 vaha bhoga ke pIche dIvAnA hai, bhoga se jaba tRpti nahIM milatI, to vaha damana kI ora, AtmapIr3ana kI ora, mur3atA hai aura isa prakAra dvandva-duHkha kA zikAra banA huA hai| pahale isa dvandva se ghabar3A kara vaha Izvara kI zaraNa meM jAtA hai parantu Adhunika vijJAna ne vaha kAlpanika sahArA bhI usase chIna liyA hai| ataeva manuSya nirAdhAra hai aura akelA bAdala kI bhAMti havA para Dola rahA hai, jisakI na dharatI apanI hai, na AkAza ! nirAzA meM vaha apane Apa se jhagar3a par3atA hai aura apane Apa ko hI tor3ane lagatA hai| usakI vRtti AtmaghAtI ho gayI hai| audyogIkaraNa ne jIvana ko yAntrika aura asahaja banA diyA hai| isa duzcakra se nikalane kA upAya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa hai| unake anusAra bAhara sahAre kI talAza nirarthaka hai| jo bhI 'para' hai, vaha hamArA sahArA nahIM ho sakatA, cAhe vaha padArtha ho yA prmaatmaa| AtmA hI ekamAtra sahArA hai| svayaM ko chor3akara bAhara koI bhI sahArA nahIM ho sakatA, ataH sarvaprathama bAhara ke sabhI sahAroM kA bhrama-bhaMga Avazyaka hai| dUsarI bAta yaha ki jIvana jo itanA asahaja ho gayA hai, use sahaja, svAbhAvika rUpa meM lAnA Avazyaka hai| isake lie mahAvIra ne 'pratikramaNa' kA rAstA sujhAyA hai| jIvana meM jo itanA duHkhadvandva hai, vaha galata abhyAsa (kanDizaniMga) kA pariNAma hai ataeva 'tapa' ke mAdhyama se use miTAkara, phira sahaja sthiti meM lAne kI AvazyakatA hai| sAtha hI, 'dhyAna' ke mAdhyama se acetana mana se utarakara usameM ajJAna ke kAraNa Azrita saMskAroM, granthiyoM kA uccheda kara, granthiyoM se mukta honA- 'nirgrantha honA Avazyaka hai aura antataH AtmA meM sthita honA-'sAmAyikI'-- yahI parama zAnti Ananda aura mukti kA mArga hai| dharma kA yaha svarUpa pUrNataH vaijJAnika hai aura vijJAna ke doSoM ko dUra karane meM sakSama hai / yaha dharma prAyogika hai--isakA prayoga-sthala AtmA hai| yaha dharma karmakANDa yA vizvAsa (Ritual & Dogma) nahIM, balki manocikitsA (Psycho-Therapy) kA sAdhana hai jisase pUrva saMskAroM kA kSaya (nirjarA) aura navIna saMskAroM kA Azrava avaruddha (saMvara) ho jAtA hai, yuMga, Adi ne mAnA hai ki acetana ke prati sajaga hokara use rikta karake hI manuSya mAnasika graMthiyoM se mukta ho sakatA hai,-svastha, zAnta aura Anandita ho sakatA hai / isa prakAra AtmAnusandhAna hI ekamAtra mArga hai| jaba bhItara zAnti aura Ananda ho, to bAhara bhI vahI vikIrNa hogA hI, ataeva yuddha se nivRtti kA bhI yahI ekamAtra upAya hai| mahAvIra ke mArga para cala kara hI mAnavatA yuddha aura vinAza se mukta ho zAnti, zakti, Ananda va muktilAbha kara sakatI hai| 1. S. Freud, Civilization and its Discontents, Hogarth Press, 1930 P. Jung, "The psychotherapist must even be able to admit that the ego is ill, for the very reason that it is cut-off from the whole, and has lost its connection with the mankind as well as the spirit."--Modern Man in Search of Soul, pR0 141 phira dekhie, Ralph Harper, "There are two sources of solitude and its agony : being cut-off from other men and being cut-off from God." The Seventh Solitude, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Marry Land, America. 1965, pR0 1 jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha