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________________ jainabhakta kavi banArasIdAsa ke kAvya - siddhAnta hindI sAhitya ke bhaktikAla meM caudahavIM zatI se satrahavIM zatI taka bhakti aura nIti viSayaka kAvya-racanA meM aneka jaina kaviyoM ne yoga diyA thaa| inameM sadhAru aura zAlibhadra sUri ne prabandhakAvya-racanA meM aura padyanAbha, ThAkura sI, banArasIdAsa, rAjasamudra tathA kuzalabIra ne mukhyataH nItikAvya-racanA meM bhAga liyA kavitvaguNa kI dRSTi se inameM banArasIdAsa kA sthAna sarvapramukha hai| 1 kavi banArasIdAsa kA janma 1586 I0 meM uttarapradeza meM jilA jaunapura meM huA thaa| ve jahA~gIra aura zAhajahA~ ke samakAlIna the aura donoM ke darabAra meM unakA vizeSa sammAna thA / satya, ahiMsA, kSamA, zIla Adi naitika guNoM para padya racanA ke sAtha hI unhoMne jaina dharma ke anurUpa bhaktikAvya kI bhI manoyoga se racanA kI thii| unake ciMtana meM mAnavavAda para bala rahatA thA, phalasvarUpa unakI racanAoM ko paryApta lokapriyatA prApta thii| isI sandarbha meM unhoMne mukhyataH kAvya-prayojana, kAvya-hetu aura kAvya-varNya para tathA saMkSepa meM kAvya-zilpa aura sahRdaya ke viSaya meM vicAra vyakta kie haiM, jo bhaktikAlIna cintana-paramparA ke sarvathA anurUpa hai| Alocya kavi kI tIna racanAe~, suprasiddha haiM-nATaka samayasAra, banArasIvilAsa, ardhakathAnaka 'nATaka samayasAra svAmI kundakundAcArya kI prAkRta racanA 'samayapAda' ke andara kRta saMskRta-rUpAntara para AdhArita hai| banArasIvilAsa' meM 'sUktamuktAvalI (somaprabha sUri ke kAvya 'sindUra prakara' kA anuvAda), 'adhyAtma battIsI', 'mokSapair3I', 'sindhu caturdazI', 'nAmamAlA', 'karmachattIsI', 'sahasranAma', 'aSTakagIta', 'vacanikA' Adi ar3atAlIsa kRtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| inameM se kAvya-siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa vizeSataH 'nATaka samayasAra ' meM huA hai / yaha ullekhanIya hai ki isa kRti kI 'utthAnikA' aura granthAnta ke kucha chanda hI banArasIdAsa dvArA racita haiN| kAvya-prayojana banArasIdAsa ne kAvya-racanA ke prayojanoM para susambaddha rUpa meM vicArAbhivyakti nahIM kI hai, tathApi unake sphuTa vicAroM kA samanvaya karane para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki adhyAtma mArga kA pratipAdana karane ke kAraNa unhoMne manovikAra-nAza aura mokSalAbha ko bhaktikAvya ke sahaja pariNAma kahA hai aura 'nATaka samayasAra' tathA karmaprakRtividhAna' nAmaka granthoM meM samyak jJAna se vibhUSita evaM caritrabala-preraka sAmagrI ke samAveza kA ullekha ina zabdoM meM kiyA hai : 112 (a) gyAnakalA upajI aba mohi, kahA~ guna nATaka Agama kero / jAsu prasAda sadhai sivamAraga, vegi miTai bhavabAsa basero // DaoN0 surezacandra gupta (A) mola calibe ko mauna karama ko kare bona jAke rasa-mauna budha launa kyoM ghulata hai| guna ko garaMtha niraguna ko sugama paMtha, jAko jasu kahata sureza akulata hai| yAhI ke ju pacchI te ur3ata gyAna gagana meM, yAhI ke vipacchI jagajAla meM rulata haiM / hATaka sau vimala virATaka sau vistAra, nATaka sunata hIye phATaka khulata haiM / AcArya (nATaka samayasAra utthAnika pRSTha 12) ( nATaka samayasAra, utthAnikA, pRSTha 16 ) zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ (i) aisau paramAgama banArasI bakhAna jAmaiM, ___ gyAna ko nidAna sukha cArita kI coSa hai| (nATaka samayasAra, utthAnikA, pRSTha 26) (6) jo jAna bheda bakhAna saravahi, zabda artha bicaarsii| so hoya karmavinAza nirmala, zivasvarUpa bnaarsii| (banArasIvilAsa, pRSTha 124) ina uktiyoM para vicAra karane ke pUrva dvitIya avataraNa kA spaSTIkaraNa abhISTa hai| isameM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki 'samayasAra' nATaka mokSa-mArga kI ora pravRtta kara karmajanita vikAroM ke vamana (bauna ) arthAt nAza kI preraNA detA hai, isake rasa-kSetra meM vidvajjana lavaNa kI bhA~ti lIna ho jAte haiM, isameM samyak darzana Adi guNoM aura mukti-mArga kI sahaja abhivyakti hai, isakI mahimA ko prakaTa karane meM indra bhI saMkucita hotA hai, ise zraddhApUrvaka grahaNa karanevAle vyakti pakSI kI bhA~ti jJAna-gagana meM ur3ate haiM, isase virata prANI bhava-jAla meM ulajha jAte haiM, isameM svarNa-jaisI kAntivAle bhAva haiM aura virAT prabhu kI mahimA isameM vistArapUrvaka vaNita hai, jise sunane para mana ke ruddha dvAra khula jAte haiN| isa prakAra unhoMne vikAranAza, jJAna-preraNA aura mokSa-prApti ko bhaktikAvya kI sahaja siddhiyAM svIkAra kiyA hai| banArasIdAsa ke dRSTikoNa ke samyak paricaya ke lie 'gyAnakalA', 'nATaka Agama','siva-mAraga', 'zivasvarUpa', 'karama ko karai bauna', 'rasa-bhauna budha launa jyoM ghulata haiM', 'hIye phATaka khulata hai', 'saradahi' aura 'zabda artha bicArasI' prayoga vyAkhyAsApekSa haiM : (1) prathama uddharaNa meM 'gyAnakalA' zabda kavi ke racanA-viveka kA paricAyaka hai| viveka-sampanna kavi kI kRti meM hI una guNoM kA samAhAra sambhava hai jinase sahRdaya ke jJAna-kSitija kA vistAra hotA hai-'yAhI ke ju pacchI te ur3ata gyAna gagana meM' se yahI abhivyaMjita hai| 'nATaka Agama' meM bhI adhyayanajanita jJAna-sAdhanA ko sAhitya-kSetra kI sahaja pravRtti mAnA gayA hai| 'nATaka' sAhitya kI vidhAvizeSa hai aura 'Agama' zAstra kA paryAya hai; ina donoM ke sahabhAva kA artha hai-sAhitya ke lAlitya aura zAstra kI jJAnadhArA meM samanvaya kI sthApanA / isa prakAra banArasIdAsa vicAra-kSetra kI korI siddhAntavAditA ke samarthaka pratIta nahIM hote, unhoMne bhAvAMcala-pariveSTita vicArasAmagrI ko hI mahattva diyA hai / pramAtA kI bhAvapravaNatA aura kAvyAnuzIlana se vicAroddIpana ko unhoMne eka hI manaHsthiti kI vikAsazRMkhalA mAnA hai| (2) 'sivamAraga' kA prayoga lokamaMgala kI siddhi ke artha meM huA hai| isa lakSya kI upalabdhi tabhI sambhava hai jaba racayitA vikAra-mukta hokara sadbhAvabhAvita kAvya kI racanA meM pravRtta ho, kyoMki AtmapariSkAra ke abhAva meM loka-pariSkAra kI preraNA denA sAmAnyata: sarala nahIM hai; aura yadi vAkchala kA Azraya lekara koI aisA mukhauTA dhAraNa kara bhI le to usakI kRti meM anubhUti kI gahanatA aura preSaNIyatA kA samAveza nahIM ho paaegaa| zukla jI ke zabdoM meM, "kavitA manuSya ke hRdaya ko svArthasambandhoM ke saMkucita maMDala se Upara uThAkara lokasAmAnya bhAvabhUmi para le jAtI hai| usakI anubhUti sabakI anubhUti hotI hai yA ho sakatI hai| isa anubhUti-yoga ke abhyAsa se hamAre manovikAroM kA pariSkAra tathA zeSa sRSTi ke sAtha hamAre racanAtmaka sambandha kI rakSA aura nirvAha hotA hai|" (cintAmaNi, pahalA bhAga, pRSTha 141) banArasIdAsa dvArA vikAra-vamana--karama ko karai bauna-para bala denA manovikAroM ke pariSkAra se kucha bhinna hai| unhoMne bhaktikAvya ko vikAroM ke ucchedana kA sAdhana pAnA hai tathA arastU ke virecana-siddhAnta ke anurUpa use vikAragrasta mana ke parizodhana meM sahAyaka svIkAra kiyA hai| (3) Alocya kavi ne 'rasa-bhauna budha launa jyoM ghulata hai' meM kAvyazAstrIya viveka kA samyak paricaya diyA hai / varNya kI dRSTi se unake kAvya kI paridhi meM zAnta rasa kI sAmagrI kA prAdhAnya hai, phalataH prastuta kAvyAMza meM sahRdaya kI rasonmukhatA kA artha huA-kAvyagata naitika mUlyoM ke prati bhAvaka ke citta kA dravIkaraNa / 'budha' se unakA abhiprAya aise pramAtA se hai jo apanI tattvAbhinivezI dRSTi se sat aura asat ke dvandva kA nirAkaraNa kara sake; zAnta rasa kI kavitA meM avagAhana se aise pramAtA kA AnandAbhibhUta honA svAbhAvika hai / 'nATaka sunata hIye phATaka khulata hai' dvArA bhI isI mantavya kI puSTi hotI hai| saundarya-tattva aura naitika mUlyoM kI samaveta abhivyakti kA dRSTikoNa unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke aMgrejI-kaviyoM ko bhI itanA hI mAnya rahA hai| (4) bhaktikAvya kI racanA se mokSa-prApti ke vizvAsa kA bhaktizAstrajJa kaviyoM ne prabala samarthana kiyA hai-banArasIdAsa kI ukti begi miTai bhavabAsa baserauM' bhI isI paramparA meM AtI hai / kisI-kisI vidvAn ne aisI kAvyoktiyoM ke sandarbha meM yaha zaMkA prakaTa kI hai ki 'isa prayojana kI prApti kAvya dvArA sambhava nahIM hai, zrota-smArta granthoM dvArA bhale hI mAnI jA ske|" (hindI-rIti-paramparA ke pramukha AcArya, DaoN. satyadeva caudharI, pRSTha 115) kintu, bhaktikAvya kI racanA ke samaya samAdhi-sukha jaise Ananda kA anubhava karanevAle bhakta kaviyoM ke kRtitva kI pRSThabhUmi meM yaha mata grAhya nahIM hai| (5) antima uddharaNa meM saMsAra-cakra meM lipta vyaktiyoM ke lie jJAnarAzi ke sAkSAtkAra ko pApanAzaka kahA gayA hai, kintu jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 113
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________________ inake lie unake pitta meM zraddhA (saradahi) tathA zabdArtha cintana kI kSamatA kA honA Avazyaka hai| mastikAvya ke anuzIlana meM bhAvanA aura viveka ke samaMjana para bala denA nizcaya hI vivecya kavi ke praur3ha kAvya-viveka kA paricAyaka hai / banArasIdAsa ne isI se sambaddha eka anya prayojana 'bAlabodha' arthAt lokazikSArtha sarala grantha racanA ko bhI mAnyatA dI haikezava unake 'karma prakRtividhAna' nAmaka grantha ke mUla meM siddhAnta-granthoM kI subodha vyAkhyA kA bhAva hI nihita hai| pUrvavartI kaviyoM meM nandadAsa, aura jAna ne kAvya-racanA ke isa prayojana ko svIkRti dI hai| kAvya-hetu banArasIdAsa ne kavi vANI ke unmeSa meM vAgdevI kI anukampA ko mahattvapUrNa mAnA hai / 'banArasIvilAsa' meM 'ajitanAtha jI ke chanda' ke Arambha meM unhoMne likhA hai "saramuti devi prasAda sahi, gAU~ ajita jinanda" yadyapi ajitanAtha jI kI mahimA ke varNanArtha vAgdevI kI kRpA ke AhvAna meM hetu kI dRSTi se koI maulikatA nahIM hai, tathApi varNya viSaya kI navInatA avazya dhyAna AkRSTa karatI hai| isI sandarbha meM kavi kI nimnalikhita uktiyA~ bhI draSTavya hai jinameM kAvya-pravRtti ko ziva, ziva-paMtha, pArzvanAtha, jinarAja aura jina-pratimA kA kRpA phala mAnA gayA hai : (a) baMdoM siva avagAhanA aru baMdoM siva paMtha / jasu prasAda bhASA karoM nATakanAma garaMtha // (A) teI prabhu pArasa mahArasa ke dAtA aba / bIjaM mohi sAtA bugalIlA kI lalaka meN| (i) jina-pratimA jina-sAranI, narma banArasi tAhi / jAki bhakti prabhAva sauM, kInau grantha nivAhi // ( nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 460) bhakti rasa (mahArasa ) kI abhivyakti ke nimitta kavi ke lie yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki vaha zAnti (mAtA) arthAt samAhitacittadazA kI bhI kAmanA kre| ziva aura jinarAja ke anugraha se kAvya-viveka kI sphUrti tabhI sambhava hai jaba kavi meM saMzleSaNadRSTi, AtmasAkSAtkAra kI pravRtti, atIndriya jJAna ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA Adi kA samucita antarbhAva ho / kavi kA kartRtva usakI samAdhi-dazA para nirbhara karatA hai, jisake lie prabala AsthA aura dRr3ha saMkalpa zakti Avazyaka haiN| zivArcana ke rUpa meM banArasIdAsa ne jisa yAsthA aura AstikatA ko vyakta kiyA hai, vaha paramparAgata saMskAroM kA phala hai, jisakI kAvya-jagat meM prAyaH abhivyakti milatI hai / yathA : (a) sambhu prasAda sumati hi tulasI rAmacaritamAnasa kavi tulsii| (rAmacaritamAnasa, pRSTha 18 ) (A) kATe saMkaTa ke kaTaka, prathama tihArI gAtha / mohi bharoso hai sahI, vai bAnI gananAtha // (chatraprakAza, lAla, pRSTha 1 ) jaina dharmAvalambI hone ke kAraNa ve mAtra isI se saMtuSTa nahIM hue, pArzvanAtha jinarAja ke prati bhI unhoMne vaisI hI zraddhA dilAI hai| 1.14 ( nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 12 ) pratibhA kI avatAraNA meM divya preraNA kA vAhe kitanA bhI yoga ho, usake lie pauruSeya prayatna bhI utane hI apekSita haidevatAdi kI vandanA to manaHsaMghaTana ke lie nimitta mAtra hai| yaha jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai ki AstikatA prerita kavi pratibhA ke meM mUla diye kI prabalatA rahatI hai yA bhAvukatA kI ? sAmAnyataH bhaktikAvya meM bhAva pravaNatA kA prAbalya rahatA hai, kintu usakI pRSThabhUmi meM kahIMna kahIM viveka kI bhUmikA bhI avazya rahatI hai| jaba kavi dvArA racanA ke Arambha meM devavizeSa kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI hai, taba usake jJAna aura bhAvanA kA uttarottara AdhAra-Adheya-krama se vikAsa hotA hai| bhakta kI bhA~ti vaha kevala bhAvukatA ke aMcala se nahIM lipaTA rahatA, adhikRta hone ke kAraNa usakI prajJA meM kalA, dharma, darzana aura vijJAna bhI sannihita rahate haiN| ( nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 5 ) vivekAzrayI hone para bhI kavi antataH bhAva-loka- viharaNa kA abhilASI hotA hai, isIlie bhAvuka aura sahRdaya kavi prAyaH ahakAra-mati se paricAlita nahIM hote| unheM apanI kAvya-kalA aura varNana kSamatA para abhimAna nahIM hotA : ( nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 13 ) ( nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 525 ) AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha (a) maiM alpa buddhi nATaka AraMbha kInau / (A) alapa kavIsura kI mtidhaaraa|
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________________ (i) tuccha mati morI tAmaiM kavikalA thorii| (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 526) (I) samayasAra nATaka akatha, kavi kI mati laghu hoii| . (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 526) uparyukta uktiyoM meM banArasIdAsa ne jisa vinamratA ko prakaTa kiyA hai usake mUla meM unakI bhAva-pravaNatA asandigdha hai| vAcyArya meM alpa, tuccha aura laghu kavi-pratibhA kI sImAoM ke dyotaka ho sakate haiM, kintu vastutaH yahA~ pratibhA kI avamAnanA nahIM huI hai kyoMki kavikRti kI vimalatA sadaiva viveka aura anubhUti-vaizadya ke vinayapUrNa samanvaya para nirbhara karatI hai| pratibhA ke unmeSa meM guru-kRpA kA avalambana bhI prasiddha kAvya-hetu hai| banArasIdAsa ne guru ke mArga-darzana kI mahimA ko ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai : jyoM garaMtha ko aratha kahau guru tyoMhi, hamArI mati kahive ko sAvadhAna bhaI hai| (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 14) banArasIdAsa ke pUrvavartI jaina kavi vasunandi ne bhI AcArya zrI nandi se nemicandra taka kI guru-paramparA kA zraddhApUrNa stavana kiyA hai| (dekhie 'vasunandi zrAvakAcAra', pRSTha 142) aise sthaloM para guru ke mahattva kI svIkRti ke do kAraNa sambhava haiM -eka to yaha ki jJAnasAdhanA aura tatsambaddha samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke lie guru kI sahAyatA apekSita hotI hai aura dUsare yaha ki nirantara sAhacarya ke pariNAmasvarUpa unake guNoM ke prati AsthA-buddhi vikasita ho jAtI hai| inameM se prathama pakSa upayogitAvAdI dRSTikoNa para AdhArita hai aura dUsarA paramparAgata saMskAroM kI dena hai-eka kA sambandha buddhi se adhika hai, to dUsare kA hRdaya se| kAvya-sarjanA meM ina donoM kA pratyakSa yoga, rahatA hai| pUrvavartI zreSTha kaviyoM kI racanAoM ke manoyogapUrNa anuzIlana, AdhyAtmika granthoM meM zraddhApUrvaka avagAhana Adi bhI kavipratibhA ke preraka aura saMskAraka sAdhana haiM-kalpanA-sAmarthya tathA ukti-kauzala kA samucita vinyAsa karane para inake mAdhyama se prabhAvI kAvya-sRSTi asaMdigdha hai / banArasIdAsa kI uktiyoM meM isI tathya kA saMketa milatA hai : (a) inake nAma bheda vistAra, varaNahu~ jinavAnI anusaar| (banArasIvilAsa, mArgaNA vidhAna, pRSTha 104) (A) jinavANI paramANa kara, suguru sIkha mana Ana / kachuka jIva aru karma ko, nirNaya kahoM bakhAna // (banArasIvilAsa, karmachattIsI, pRSTha 136) banArasIdAsa dvArA jinavANI ko pramANa mAnanA vaiSNava bhakta kaviyoM kI vedAdi granthoM ke prati AsthA ke samakakSa hai-prathama uddharaNa meM jaina mata ke caudaha mArgoM tathA bAsaTha zAkhAoM meM nirdhAraNArtha tathA dvitIya ukti meM karma-nirNaya ke lie jinavANI sambandhI granthoM ke upayoga kA parAmarza kAvya-cakra kA svAbhAvika aMga hai ; Agama kA anusaraNa karanevAle aise kaviyoM ko rAjazekhara ne 'zAstrArtha kavi' kI saMjJA dI hai| (dekhie 'kAvya mImAMsA', paMcama adhyAya, pRSTha 42, 47) sAhitya meM dhArmika matavAda kI abhivyakti paryApta vivAdAspada rahI hai, phira bhI dhArmika AsthAoM aura pracalita sAmAjika saMskAroM kA kavi-kartRtva para prabhAva avazya par3atA hai| kAvya-varNya kAvya meM varNanIya viSayoM ke sandarbha meM banArasIdAsa ne anubhUta satya kI abhivyakti para bala diyA hai| vastutaH kAvya-darya kI dIpti viSaya kI prAmANika prastuti para nirbhara karatI hai| yaha prAmANikatA lokadarzanAdi ke AdhAra para svataH anubhUta bhI ho sakatI hai aura Apta vAkyoM ke kAraNa zraddhAprerita bhii| banArasIdAsa ne satkAvya meM ina donoM dRSTiyoM ke nirvAha para bala diyA hai aura kAvya meM Aropita mithyA sthitiyoM, durAgraha, abhimAna Adi ko sthAna dene kA virodha kiyA hai| unakA lakSya satya kI taTastha abhivyakti karanA thA, phalasvarUpa unhoMne usake sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhA pahu~cAnevAle kalpanA-vilAsa ke prati anAsthA prakaTa kI hai: (a) kalapita bAta hiyaM nahiM Ane, guru paramparA rIti bakhAne / satyAratha sailI nahiM chaMDe, mRSAvAda sauM prIti na maMDai // (nATaka samayasAra, gR 0 ) (mA) mRSAbhAva rasa barana hita sauM, naI ukati upajAvaM cita sauN| (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 53.) (1) aise mUda kukavi kudhI, gahai mRSA maga daur| rahe magana abhimAna meM, kahai aura ko aura // (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 532) maMna sAhityAnuzIlana
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________________ (I) vastu sarUpa lakha nahIM vAhija driSTi pravAMna / . mRSA vilAsa viloki ke kara mRSA gunagAna // (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 533) (u) mithyAvaMta kukavi je prAnI, mithyA tinako bhASita vaanii| (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 534) bhakta kavi hone ke nAte banArasIdAsa ne kAvya meM naitika mUlyoM ke nirvAha para vizeSa bala diyA hai| unhoMne una kaviyoM kI bhartsanA kI hai jo bAhya dRSTi ke phalasvarUpa kalpanAvilAsa meM magna rahate haiM aura mithyA varNana ko hI 'naI ukati' mAna baiThate haiM / ye sandarbha kavi kI upayogitAvAdI dRSTi ke paricAyaka haiM aura inake AdhAra para sAhitya kA adhyayana ekAMgI hI rhegaa| sAhitya ke AsvAdana meM saundaryazAstrIya dRSTi bhI itanI hI apekSita hai| kAvya-kSetra meM adhyayana kI ye donoM saraNiyA~ samAnAntara rUpa se pracalita rahI haiM, kintu kavi-kartRtva kA samyak mUlyAMkana inake samanvaya para hI nirbhara karatA hai| anubhUta satyoM aura naitika mUlyoM para bala dene ke phalasvarUpa banArasIdAsa ne kAvya meM bhakti-nirUpaNa kA bhI samarthana kiyA hai| bhakti-bhAva kI abhivyakti kabhI AratI ke rUpa meM aura kabhI sundara vANI dvArA Izvara ke prati sazraddha namana ke rUpa meM hotI hai : "kabahU AratI va prabhu sanamukha AvaM, kabahU subhAratI hUM bAhari bagati hai|" (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 15) isIlie banArasIdAsa ne brahma-mahimA-varNana aura paramArtha-paMtha-nirUpaNa meM hI bhakta kavi ke kRtitva kI sArthakatA mAnI hai| 'jinasahasranAma,' 'vedanirNayapaMcAsikA', aura 'dhyAnabattIsI' meM unhoMne bhakti-tattva kI varNanIyatA ko ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai : (a) mahimA brahmavilAsa kI, mo para kahI na jAya / yathAzakti kachu varaNaI, nAmakathana guNa gAya // (banArasIvilAsa, pRSTha 16) (A) tinake nAma ananta, jJAnabhita gungjhe| maiM tete varaNaye, aratha jina jinake bUme // (banArasIvilAsa, pRSTha 100) (i) yaha paramAraya paMtha guna agama ananta bakhAna / kahata banArasi alpamati, jathAsakati paravAna // (banArasIvilAsa, pRSTha 143) yadyapi yahA~ kavi ne vinamratAvaza svayaM ko 'alpamati' kahA hai, tathApi AtmasAkSAtkArajanita bhAva-varNana aura jJAnabhita tattva-cintana meM unakI pravRtti asandigdha hai| isIlie unhoMne mukti-mArga kI ora pravRtta karanevAle zuddha saMkalpa aura zuddha vyavahAra kI anubhavaprerita abhivyakti para bala diyA hai aura parama tattva kI vyAkhyA ke saMdarbha meM 'samayapAhuDa' meM zivamArga ke kAraNabhUta guNa-saMsthAnoM kA varNana na pAkara 'nATaka samayasAra' meM isa prakaraNa kA samAveza kiyA hai: parama tatta parace isa mAMhI, gunathAnaka kI racanA naahiiN| yAmaiM gunathAnaka rasa AvaM, to garaMtha ati sobhA pAvai // iha vicAri saMchepa soM, gunathAnaka rasa coj| baranana kara banArasI, kArana siva-patha khoja // (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 470-471) bhakti-bhAva kI prabala preraNA ke phalasvarUpa banArasIdAsa ne zRMgAra-kAvya kI pratyakSa avamAnanA kI hai-kizorAvasthA meM likhita zrRMgArapradhAna racanA ke sandarbha meM, jise bAda meM naSTa kara diyA thA, unhoMne svayaM ko 'kukavi' aura 'mithyA granthakAra' kahakara yahI bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai : tAmaiM navarasa racanA likhI, 4 bisesa baranana aasikhii| aise kukavi banArasi bhae, mithyA grantha banAe ne|| (ardha kathAnaka, pRSTha 17) zrRMgAra-kAvya kA niSedha karane para bhI banArasIdAsa ne prazastikAvya kA samarthana kiyA hai, jo una-jaise saMkalpamanA bhakta ke lie sarvathA vicitra pratIta hotA hai, kintu vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne svArthaprerita rAjaprazasti ke sthAna para cittavaizadya para AdhArita mitraprazasti ko gaurava diyA hai / vyavasAya-kSetra meM sahAyatA karanevAle snehI mitra narottamadAsa ke lie bhATa-vRtti apanAne meM bhakta kavi banArasIdAsa ko koI saMkoca nahIM hai : AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ rIti narottamadAsa ko, kono eka kavitta / par3he raina dina bhATa sau, ghara bajAra jita kitta / / (ardhakathAnaka, pRSTha 44) kAvya-zilpa banArasIdAsa ne kAvya-zilpa ke saMyojaka tattvoM ke vivecana meM bahuta kama ruci lI hai-unakA vivecana kAvya-bhASA aura chanda ke viSaya meM saMkSipta pratyakSa-apratyakSa vicAra-prastuti taka sImita hai| (ka) kAvya-bhASA : Alocya kavi ne kAvya-bhASA ke sandarbha meM varNavinyAsa, zabda-sauSThava, artha-garimA Adi ke mahattva kA pratyakSa kathana kiyA hai / yathA : (a) chaMda sabada acchara aratha kahai siddhAnta.pravAMna / jo ihi vidhi racanA ra so hai sukavi sujAna / / (nATaka samayasAra, pRSTha 530) (A) varaNa bhaMDAra paMca varaNa ratana sAra, bhaura ho bhaMDAra bhAvabaraNa suchaMdajU / varaNa teM bhinnatA suvaraNa meM pratibhAsa, suguNa sunata tAhi hota hai anaMda jU / (banArasIdilAsa, jJAna bAvanI, pRSTha 86) (i) ekArayavAcI zabda aru dvirukti jo hoy| nAma kathana ke kavita meM, doSa na lAge koya // (banArasIvilAsa, jinasahasranAma, pRSTha 3) prathama uddharaNa meM zabda-vinyAsa-kauzala para bala dene ke sAtha hI kavi ne dvitIya ukti meM bhI varNa-lAlitya evaM kAvya-guNoM ke saMyojana para bala diyA hai| 'guNa' se unakA abhiprAya zabda-guNa aura artha-guNa donoM se pratIta hotA hai kyoMki unake kRtitva meM sAmAnyataH jitanA bala artha-gAmbhIrya para rahA hai, bhAvAnusAriNI bhASA ke prati bhI ve prAyaH utane hI sajaga rahe haiM-yaha dUsarI bAta hai ki unakA pramukha viSaya adhyAtma-tattva-nirUpaNa hai aura usakI abhivyakti sarvatra kAvya kI sahaja-paricita sarasa zabdAvalI meM nahIM ho sakI hai| dvitIya avataraNa meM 'paMca varaNa ratana sAra' prayoga bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai jisase unakA abhiprAya yaha pratIta hotA hai ki mAnava-mana ke vibhinna bhAvoM ko rUpAyita karane meM vibhinna vargoM ke samAhAra se nirmita bhAvapoSaka zabdAvalI kA ullekhanIya yoga rahatA hai| tRtIya uddharaNa meM bhI kavi kI bhASAviSayaka sajagatA kA spaSTa saMketa vidyamAna hai| Izvara-guNagAna-sambandhI kavitA meM dvirukti arthAt arthagata punarukti ke doSatva kA parihAra mAnakara unhoMne prakArAntara se yaha bhAva vyakta kiyA hai ki kAvya meM sAmAnyataH punarukta doSa kA samAveza nahIM honA caahie| isa ukti meM kevala bhakti-bhAvanA kA prabhAva svIkAra karanA ucita nahIM hogA, sandarma-vizeSa meM punarukta kI adoSatA kA pratipAdana rudraTa Adi AcAryoM ne bhI kiyA hai| yathA: yatpadamarthe'nyasmistatparyAyo'yavA prayujyeta / vIpsAyAM ca punastanna duSTamevaM prasiddhaca // (kAvyAlaMkAra, 6 / 32, pRSTha 172) . (kha) kAvyagata chanda-yojanA : chanda ke sambandha meM banArasIdAsa kA mata-pratipAdana atyanta sImita hai| unhoMne kavitta Adi chandoM ke prayoga dvArA vANI kI vividhatApUrNa abhivyakti meM hI kavi-karma kI sArthakatA mAnI hai: kaurapAla bAnArasI mitra jugala ikcitt| tinahiM grantha bhASA kiyo, bahuvidhi chanda kavitta // (banArasIvilAsa, sUkta muktAvalI, pRSTha 71) 'samayasAra' nATaka meM bhI unhoMne chanda-vaividhya kI ora samucita dhyAna diyA hai aura graMthAnta meM apane dvArA prayukta chandoM (dohA, soraThA, caupAI, kavitta, savaiyA, chappaya, kuMDaliyA Adi)kA vivaraNa aMkita kiyA hai / (dekhie 'nATaka samayasAra', pRSTha 541) / isI prakAra "chanda bhujaMgaprayAta meM aSTaka kahauM bakhAna" (banArasIvilAsa, zAradASTaka, pRSTha 165) jaisI uktiyoM dvArA bhI unhoMne vividha chandoM ke prati apanI abhiruci kA saMketa diyA hai| kAvya ke adhikArI sahRdaya kAvya-racanA ke adhikArI kavi aura kAvyAnuzIlana ke adhikArI sahRdaya ke guNAvaguNoM kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa kAvyazAstra kA mahattvapUrNa pakSa hai| kavi kI kArayitrI pratibhA jo racanA-vidhAna karatI hai, sahRdaya kI bhAvayitrI pratibhA usI ke mUlyAMkana meM pravRtta hotI hai| kAvyAnubhUti ko grahaNa karane meM asamartha avivekI pAThaka ke samakSa kavi kA sampUrNa kRtitva araNyarodana ke samAna niSprayojana hotA jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 117
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________________ hai| banArasIdAsa ne 'bAvana satasayA, 'vedanirNaya paMcAsikA,' aura 'karmaprakRti vidhAna' meM kramazaH isI dRSTikoNa kA pratipAdana kiyA hai: (a) bAvana kavitta eto merI mati mAna bhe| haMsa ke subhAva gyAtA guNa gahi liijiyo| (A) bhavayiti jinhane ghaTi gaI tinako yaha upadesa / kahata banArasidAsa yoM mUr3ha na samujha les| (i) alpabuddhi jaisI mujha pAhi, taisI maiM varanI isa mAhi / paMDita gunI haMso mata koya, alpamatI bhASA kavi hoya / / yahA~ kAvyAsvAda meM sAttvikI buddhi kI bhUmikA ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / prathama aura tRtIya uddharaNoM meM banArasIdAsa ne pramAtA meM jisa nIrakSIra-vivekI pravRtti kI kAmanA kI hai usake abhAva meM anadhikArI vyakti kavi ke abhiprAya kI gambhIratA ko samajhane meM asamartha rahate haiM--'mUDha na samujhe lesa' se unakA yahI tAtparya hai| bhaktikSetra meM tattva-bodha ke icchuka sAdhaka jisa prakAra sAMsArika viSayoM se virata rahate haiM, usI prakAra naitika-AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyoM se sampanna kavitA kA adhyayana karanevAloM se bhI yaha apekSita hai ki ve varNya ke anurUpa vivekapUrNa artha-grahaNa aura aucitya-dRSTi ko sarvopari mahattva deN| 'merI mati' aura 'gyAtA' ke samAnAntara prayoga se yaha bhI lakSita hotA hai ki haMsavat viveka kavi aura sahRdaya kA samAna guNa hai-vimala jJAna ke abhAva meM na to kavi kI anubhUti aura abhivyakti meM tAratamya sambhava hogA aura na sahRdaya kI arthagrahaNa-kSamatA kA samyaka vikAsa ho skegaa| Arambha meM sabhI sahRdaya vivekI nahIM hote, viveka kA udaya hone para jaba buddhi kA kramazaH pariSkAra hotA hai tabhI ve racanA ke grAhya-agrAhya guNAvaguNoM kI samIkSA meM saphalatApUrvaka pravRtta hote haiN| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki banArasIdAsa kI kAvya-dRSTi santa kaviyoM kI bhAMti svAnubhUti aura adhyAtma-tattva se anuprANita rahI hai / unhoMne kAvya meM anubhUta satya aura maryAdAbaddha bhAva-varNana para bala diyA hai aura manovikAra-nAza tathA mokSa-lAbha ko satkAvya ke sahaja phala svIkAra kiyA hai| Astika buddhi ke kAraNa unhoMne apanI kAvya-pratibhA kA zreya svayaM ko na dekara use devI sarasvatI aura pArzvanAtha jinarAja kI anukaMpA se sphUrta mAnA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki saMkSipta aura sphuTa rUpa meM upalabdha hone para bhI unake vicAra saMyata aura mahattvapUrNa haiN| mahAkavi banArasIdAsa sAmpradAyika pUrvAgrahoM se mukta santa svabhAva ke puruSa the| usa mahAprANa kI saralatA evaM zAlInatA ke kAraNa aneka kiMvadantiyA~ unake viSaya meM pracalita ho gaI haiN| jaina dharma kI zAstra sabhAoM meM prAyaH dharmAcAryoM se lekara vidvat samAja taka unake jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAoM ko preraka kathAoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiyA karatA hai| sarala evaM saumya vyaktitva ke dhanI kavi zrI banArasIdAsa jI kA janma zvetAmbara jaina se sambandhita zrImAla kula meM huA thaa| bhAratIya bhakti sAhitya ke preraka svaroM se prabhAvita hokara unhoMne apane ko sImita dAyare se bA~dhe nahIM rakhA / apanI kAvya-sAdhanA meM unhoMne digambara muni ke 28 mUla guNoM kA varNana caupAiyoM aura dohoM meM kiyA hai| digambara muniyoM kI jhAMkI unake kAvya meM dRSTigocara hotI hai : "uttama kula zrAvaka saMcAra, tAsu geha prAsuka aahaar| bhuMjai doSa chiyAlisa TAla, so muni bandoM surati saMbhAla / bhUmi zayana maMjana tajana, vasana tyAga kaca loca / eka bAra laghu asana, thiti-asana baMtabana moca // vividhi parigraha, bazavidhi, jAna, saMkha, asaMkhya ananta bakhAna / sakala saMga taja hoya nirAsa, so muni lahai mokSa pada vaasaa|| loka lAja vigalita bhayahIna, viSaya vAsanA rahita adIna / nagana digambara mudrAdhAra, so munirAja jagata sukhakAra // saghana kesa gabhita malakIca, basa asaMkhya utapati tasu bIca / kaca luca yaha kAraNa jAna, so muni namahaM jora juga pAna / AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha