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________________ jaina prAgamoM meM nArI -DaoN. vijaya kumAra zarmA Agama sAhitya kA udbhava aura vikAsa-I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI na kevala bhAratavarSa ke liye apitu samasta saMsAra ke lie atyanta hI uthala-puthala kA yuga rahA hai| dhArmika mata-matAntara, dArzanika vivAda, sAmAjika parivartana, rUr3hivAda kA prAbalya Adi-Adi tatkAlIna samAja kI vizeSatA rahI hai| sAdhAraNa jana ina utAra-car3hAvoM, mata-matAntaroM se khinna aura pIr3ita the| aisI hI viplavamayI avasthA meM bhagavAna buddha evaM mahAvIra kA AvirbhAva huaa| yadyapi ina donoM ne hI rAjya-vaibhava kA parityAga jAti, roga, zoka, vRddhAvasthA evaM mRtyu ke duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAne ke mArga kI khoja hetu kiyA thA parantu tatkAlIna mata-matAntara-vAda evaM sAmAjika utpIr3ana bhI unheM ghara se beghara karane meM kama sahAyaka nahIM hue the| ataH eka ora donoM kA uddezya jAti-jarA, mRtyu se pIr3ita prajA ko sadA sarvadA sukha kI sthiti kA mArga dikhAnA thA to dUsarI ora tatkAlIna samAja meM vyApta varNa vyavasthA aura hiMsAmaya yajJa-yAjJa Adi se mukti dilAkara sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNa sampradAya kI sthApanA karanA thaa| ata: ina donoM hI sampradAyoM meM samAnatA kA honA atyanta svAbhAvika thaa| tripiTaka evaM Agama ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ina donoM kI samAnatA mAtra viSayavastu ke varNana taka hI sImita nahIM hai balki kitanI hI gAthAeM aura zabdAvaliyAM bhI samAna haiN| donoM zAstroM kA -vaijJAnika evaM tulanAtmaka adhyayana manoraMjaka aura upayogI ho sakatA hai| Agama bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jJAna-prApti ke pazcAt lokahita meM zramaNa mahAvIra yAvajjIvana 'jambUdvIpa ke nAnA gA~va, nigama, janapada Adi meM ghUma-ghUmakara upadeza karate rhe| una dinoM sUtroM ko kaNThAna rakhane kI paramparA thii| 'AgamoM ko suvyavasthita banAye rakhane hetu samaya-samaya para jaina zramaNoM ke sammelana hote the| una sammelanoM meM, unake gaNadharoM ne bhagavAn ke upadezoM ko sUtra rUpa meM nibaddha kiyA / Agama sAhitya kA nirmANa-kAla pA~cavIM zatAbdI I0 pUrva se lekara pA~cavIM zatAbdI I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai| isa taraha se Agama eka hajAra varSa kA sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai| ye Agama sUtramaya zailI meM hone ke kAraNa atyanta gambhIra evaM durUha the| inheM bodhagamya banAne ke liye samaya-samaya para AcAryoM ne ina para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhiiN| kathA likhane kI yaha paramparA IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara IsvI san kI solahavIM zatAbdI taka calatI rhii| sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hotA hai ataH ye Agama sAhitya, pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se, tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke vibhinna pahaluoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| inake samyak adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki inameM pracura mAtrA meM tatkAlIna sAMskRtika aura sAmAjika vivaraNa prApta haiN| prastuta nibandha meM hamArA prayAsa Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nArI kA adhyayana prastuta karanA hai| granthoM ke adhyayana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina Agama ne manusmRti meM Aye nArI svarUpa kA hI piSTapeSaNa kiyA hai| nArI ke sambandha meM vahA~ kahA gayA hai : jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI pativvasA / vihavA putravasA nArI natyi nArI sayaMvasA // ' tulanIya- bAlye piturvaze tiSThetpANigrAhasya yauvane / putrANAM bhartari prete na bhajetstrI svataMtratAm // ' arthAt jaba strI paidA hotI hai to vaha pitA ke adhIna rahatI hai, vivAhoparAnta pati ke adhIna ho jAtI hai aura vidhavA hone para putra ke adhIna ho jAtI hai / arthAt nArI yAvajjIvana parataMtra rahatI hai| vyavahAra bhASya ke isa zloka ko Agama sAhitya kI nArI-sambandhI 1. vyavahAra bhASya-3, 233 2. manu0 5 / 148 . jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti ..156
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________________ dhAraNAoM kA pratinidhi-vAkya mAnA jA sakatA hai| Agama sAhitya meM striyoM ko vizvAsaghAtI, kRtaghna, kapaTI aura avizvasanIya batAyA gayA hai / phalasvarUpa ina para kaThora niyaMtraNa rakhane kA spaSTa nirdeza hai| rAmacaritamAnasa meM saMta tulasI kA nArI ke sambandha meM yaha kathana yahA~ ullekhanIya hai : vidhihu na nAri hRdaya gati jAnI / sakala kapaTa agha avaguNa khAnI // ' evaM- mahAvRSTi calI phuTi kiyaarii| jimi svataMtra bhaya bigarahi nArI // ' Agama meM striyoM ko pratAr3ita karane ke aneka prasaMga prApta haiN| bRhatkalpa bhASya kI yaha kathA isa kathana kI puSTi ke liye paryApta mAnI jA sakatI hai / kathA hai ki eka puruSa ke cAra patniyAM thiiN| usane cAroM ko apamAnita kara gRhaniSkAsana kA daNDa diyaa| unameM se eka dUsare ke ghara calI gaI, dUsarI apane kulagRha meM jAkara rahane lagI, tIsarI apane pati ke mitragRha meM calI gii| parantu cauthI apamAnita hokara bhI apane patigRha meM hI rhii| pati ne isa patnI se prasanna hokara use gRhasvAminI banA diyaa|' bhAvadevasUri ke pArzvanAtha caritra meM striyoM ke sambandha meM jo bhAva vyakta kiyA gayA hai, vaha unakI dayanIya sthiti ko aura adhika ujAgara kara detA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki eka jJAnI gaMgA kI reta kI mAtrA kA ThIka-ThIka anumAna lagA sakatA hai, gaMbhIra samudra ke jala ko vaha thAha sakatA hai, parvata ke zikharoM kI UMcAI kA sahI-sahI mApa kara sakatA hai, parantu strI-caritra kI thAha vaha kataI nahIM pA sktaa| striyoM ko prakRti se viSama, priya-vacana-vAdinI, kapaTa-premagiri taTinI, aparAdha sahasra kA Alama. zoka utpAdaka, bala-vinAzaka, puruSa kA vadha-sthAna, vaira kI khAna, zoka kI kAyA, duzcaritra kA sthAna, jJAna kI skhalanA, sAdhuoM kI ari, mattagaja sadRza kAmI, bAdhinI kI bhAMti duSTa, kRSNa sarpa ke sadRza avizvasanIya, vAnara kI bhAMti caMcala, dRSTa azva kI bhAMti durdharSa, aratikara, karkazA, anavasthita, kRtaghna Adi-Adi vizeSaNoM se sambodhita kiyA hai| nArI pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue kahA gayA hai-"nArI samAna na narANaM arao" arthAt nArI ke sadRza puruSoM kA koI dUsarA ari nahIM, ataeva vaha nArI hai / aneka prakAra ke karma evaM zilpa dvArA puruSoM ko mohita karane ke kAraNa mahilA-"nAnA-vidhehi kammehi sippaiyAehi purise mohati", paruSoM ko unmatta banA dene ke kAraNa pramadA-'purise matte kareMti', mahAn kalaha karane ke kAraNa mahilayA-'mahattaM kIlaM jaNayaMti', puruSoM ko hAva-bhAva dvArA mohita karane ke kAraNa ramA-"purise hAvabhAvamAiehi ramaMti"; zarIra meM rAga-bhAva utpanna karane ke kAraNa aMganA"pUrise aMgANurAe kariti", aneka yuddha, kalaha, saMgrAma, zIta-uSNa, duHkha-kleza Adi utpanna hone para puruSoM kA lAlana karane ke kAraNa lalanA-"nANAvihesu juddhabhaMDaNasaMgAmADavIsu nahAraNagiNhaNasIuNhadukkhakilesamAiesu purise lAlaMti", yoga-niyoga Adi dvArA puruSoM ko vaza meM karane ke kAraNa yoSit-purise joganiohi vase ThAviti' tathA puruSoM kA aneka rUpoM dvArA varNana karane ke kAraNa vanitA-purise nAnAvihehi bhAhiM vaNiti' kahA gayA hai| isa Azaya kA AvazyakacUrNI kA yaha zloka ullekhanIya hai : annapAnaharebAlAM, yauvanasthAM vibhUSayA / ___ vezyAstrImupacAreNa vRddhAM karkazasevayA // ve svayaM rotI haiM, dUsaroM ko rulAtI haiM, mithyAbhASaNa karatI haiM, apane meM vizvAsa paidA karAtI haiM, kapaTajAla se viSa kA bhakSaNa karatI haiM, ve mara jAtI haiM parantu sadbhAva ko prApta nahIM hotI haiN| mahilAe~ jaba kisI para Asakta hotI haiM to ve ganne ke rasa ke samAna athavA sAkSAt zakkara ke samAna pratIta hotI haiM lekina jaba ve virakta hotI haiM to nIma se bhI adhika kaTu ho jAtI haiN| yUvatiyAM kSaNa bhara meM anurakta aura kSaNa bhara meM virakta ho jAtI haiN| haldI ke raMga ke jaisA unakA prema asthAyI hotA hai| hRdaya se niSThara hotI haiM tathA zarIra, vANI aura dRSTi se ramya jAna par3atI haiN| yuvatiyoM ko sunaharI dhurI ke samAna samajhanA caahiye| uttarA-.. dhyayana TIkA meM striyoM ko ati-krodhI, badalA lene vAlI, ghora viSa, dvijiha va aura drohI kahA hai| bauddha sAhitya ke aMguttaranikAya meM isI se milatA-julatA varNana milatA hai| vahA~ striyoM ko ATha prakAra se puruSa ko bAMdhane vAlI kahA gayA hai-ronA, ha~sanA, bolanA. 1. rAmacaritamAnasa-233-3 2. vahI 333-20 bRhatkalpabhASya-1,1256, piNDaniyukti 326 Adi vintaranitja, hisTrI oNva iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pR0 575 tandulavaicArika, pR0 50 Adi, draSTavya-kuNAla-jAtaka, asAtamaMta jAtaka Adi AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 462 DA0 je0 sI0 jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 247 8. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 4, pR0 63 Adi 160 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ eka tarapha haTanA, bhra bhaMga karanA, gaMdha, rasa aura sparza / strI rUpa, strI zabda, strI gaMdha, strI rasa aura strI sparza puruSoM ke citta ko apanI ora AkarSita karatA hai|' rAjA ko to striyoM se aura bhI bacakara rahane hetu kahA gayA hai| striyoM se punaH-punaH milanA unake liye khatare kA nimantraNa batAyA gayA hai| strI gRha meM rAjA ke praveza kI tulanA sarpa bila meM maNDUka ke praveza se kI gaI hai| Agama sAhitya meM aneka bAra yaha dikhalAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra striyoM kI mAyA meM par3a kara aneka rAjAoM ne apanA vinAza AmaMtrita kiyaa| striyoM ko zikSA kuzala gRhiNI mAtra banAne ke liye dI jAya - "nAtIva striyaH vyutpAdanIyAH svabhAvasubhago'pi shstropdeshH|" striyoM kA kartavya evaM adhikAra apane pati tathA baccoM kI sevAmAtra hI nirdhArita hai| puruSoM ke kAryakSetra meM unakA hastakSepa sarvathA vajita thaa| unheM caMcala kahA gayA hai| unake mAnasika stara kI caMcalatA kI tulanA kamala-patra para gire jala-bindu se kI gayI hai, jo patana ke anantara zIghra hI phisala jAtA hai / vaise puruSoM kI gati nadI kI teja dhAra meM gire vRkSa ke sadRza batAI gaI hai jise dIrghakAla taka jala ke thaper3oM ko sahanA par3atA hai / AgamoM kA yaha nityamata hai ki striyAM puruSa ke niyantraNa meM rahakara hI rakSita evaM icchita kI prApti kara sakatI haiN| jisa prakAra asi puruSa ke hAtha meM rahakara hI zobhatA hai usI prakAra strI bhI puruSAzraya meM hI zobhita hotI hai| isa kathana kI puSTi 'nItivAkyAmRta' ke ina zlokoM meM se ho jAtI hai : apatyapoSaNe gRhakarmaNi zarIra-saMskAre / zayanAvasare strINAM svAtaMtryaM nAnyatra / strIvazapuruSo nadIpravAhapatitapAdapa iva na ciraM nandati / puruSamuSTisthA strI khar3agayaSTiriva kamutsavaM na janayati // ' striyoM ko dRSTivAda sUtra, mahAparIkSA sUtra evaM aruNopAta sUtra kA adhyayana niSiddha hai|' inake niSedha kA kAraNa ina sUtroM meM sarvakAmaprada vidyAtizayoM kA varNana hai| isake sAtha hI striyoM ko zArIrika evaM mAnasika dRSTi se kamajora, ahaMkArabahala evaM caMcalA kahA gayA hai| cUMki ye sUtra inakI zArIrika evaM mAnasika dRSTi se grAhya nahIM ho sakate ataH nArI ke liye inakA adhyayana niSiddha hai| itanA hI nahIM, bhikSuoM kI tulanA meM bhikSuNiyoM ke liye adhika kaThora vinaya ke niyamoM kA vidhAna jaina evaM bauddha sampradAya meM hai| isakI parAkASThA to isa ullekha se hotI hai jisameM tIna varSa kI paryAya vAlA nigrantha tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI upAdhyAya tathA pAMca varSa kI paryAya vAlA nigrantha sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya ho sakatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, zatAya sAdhvI ko bhI eka navukattara bhikSu ke Agamana para zraddhApUrvaka Asana se uTha abhinandana karane kA Adeza hai| bauddha dharma meM bhI guru dharmoM ke antargata batAyA gayA hai ki yadi koI bhikSuNI sau varSa kI paryAya vAlI ho to bhI zIghra pravrajita bhikSa kA abhivAdana karanA cAhie aura use dekhate hI sammAna se Asana se uTha jAnA caahiye| jaina sUtroM meM striyoM ko maithunamUlaka batAyA gayA hai jinake kAraNa anekAneka saMgrAma hue| isa sambandha meM sItA, draupadI. rukmiNI, padmAvatI, tArA, kaMcanA, raktasubhadrA, ahinnikA, suvannaMguliyA, kinnarI, surUpA Adi kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| striyoM ke sambandha meM ina heya vicAroM ke atirikta Agama granthoM meM kucheka prazasti-vAkya bhI prApta haiN| ye sAmAnyatayA sAdhAraNa samAja dvArA mAnya nahIM haiN| isase yahI pramANita hotA hai ki striyoM ke AkarSaka saundarya se kAmukatApUrNa sAdhuoM kI rakSA ke liye, strI-caritra ko lAMchita karane kA prayatna hai / viSaya-vilAsa aura AtmakalyANa meM Aga-pAnI kA sA virodha hai| isaliye akhila jIva koTi ke kalyANa meM saMlagna zramaNa sampradAya viSaya-vilAsa kI pradhAna sAdhana rUpa 'usa nArI' kI bharapeTa nindA na karate to kyA karate ? aisI nindA se, aisI doSa-dRSTi se hI to usa ora vairAgya utpanna hogaa| isake atirikta anya sampradAyoM kI tatkAlIna racanAoM ke adhyayana se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki striyAM kaise duniyA~ bhara ke doSoM kI khAna ho gaI aura vaha bhI vizeSakara jaina aura bauddha kAla meM / bRhatsaMhitA ke racayitA varAhamihira ne striyoM ke prati Agama ke isa bhAva kA virodha karate hue kahA hai-"jo 1. aMguttara nikAya-3, 8 pR0 306, vahI 10, 1, pR03 2. AcArya somadeva, nItivAkyAmRta, pR0 24.46, 24-42 3. vyavahAra 7.15-16; 7.407 cUllavagga-10, 1-2, pR0 374-5 5. praznavyAkaraNa-16 pR0 85 a, 86 a jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 161
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________________ doSa striyoM meM dikhAye gaye haiM ve puruSa meM bhI maujUda haiM / antara itanA hai ki striyA~ unako dUra karane kA prayatna karatI haiM jabaki puruSa unase bilakula udAsIna rahate haiN| puruSa samAja use doSa hI nahIM mAnate / udAharaNa dete hue varAha mihira ne kahA hai ki vivAha kI pratijJAe~ vara-vadhU donoM hI grahaNa karate haiM kintu puruSa unako sAdhAraNa mAnakara calate haiM jabaki striyA~ una para AcaraNa karatI haiN| unhoMne prazna uThAyA hai ki kAmavAsanA se kauna adhika pIr3ita hotA hai ? puruSa jo kAmavAsanA kI tRpti hetu vRddhAvasthA meM bhI vivAha karatA hai yA vaha strI jo bAlyAvasthA meM vidhavA ho jAne para bhI sadAcaraNa kA jIvana vyatIta karatI hai ? puruSa jaba taka usakI patnI jIvita rahatI hai, taba taka usase prema-vArtAlApa karate haiM parantu usake marate hI dUsarI zAdI racAne meM nahIM sakucAte / usake viparIta striyAM apane pati ke prati kRtajJatA kA bhAva prakaTa karatI haiN| pati kI mRtyoparAnta pati ke sAtha citA meM bhasma ho jAtI haiN| aba sudhIjana yaha nirNaya kara sakate haiM ki prema meM kauna adhika niSkapaTa hai-puruSa yA mahilA ?' striyoM ke zuklapakSa ke varNana meM bhI Agama pIche nahIM haiN| vahA~ aneka aisI striyoM kA varNana milatA hai jo pativratA rahI haiN| tIrthaMkara Adi mahApuruSoM ko janma dene vAlI bhI to striyAM hI thiiN| anekAneka striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo gatapatikA, matapatikA, bAlavidhavA, parityaktA, mAtRrakSitA, pitRrakSitA, bhrAtRrakSitA, kulagRharakSitA aura svasukularakSitA kahI gaI haiN| striyoM ko cakravartI ke caudaha ratnoM meM ginAyA gayA hai| saMkaTa kAla meM striyoM kI rakSA sarvaprathama karane ko kahA gayA hai| mallikumArI ko (zvetA0) meM tIrthakara kaha kara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / bhojarAja ugrasena kI kanyA rAjImatI kA nAma jaina Agama meM AdarapUrvaka ullikhita hai|' vivAha ke avasara para bAr3oM meM baMdhe hue pazuoM kA cItkAra sunakara ariSTanemi ko vairAgya ho gayA to rAjImatI ne bhI unake caraNa-cihna kA anugamana kara zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kii| eka bAra ariSTanemi, unake bhAI rathanemi aura rAjImatI tInoM giranAra parvata para tapasyA kara rahe the| varSA ke kAraNa rAjImatI ke vastra gIle ho gaye / usane apane vastroM ko nicor3akara sukhA diyA aura pAsa kI guphA meM khar3I ho gii| saMyoga se rathanemi bhI guphA meM dhyAnAvasthita the| rAjImatI ko nirvastra avasthA meM dekhakara unakA mana calAyamAna ho gyaa| usane rAjImatI ko bhoga bhogane ke lie AmaMtrita kiyaa| rAjImatI ne isakA virodha kiyA / usane madhu aura ghRta yukta peya kA pAna kara Upara se madana phala khA liyA, jisase use vamana ho gyaa| rathanemi ko zikSA dene ke liye vamana ko vaha peya rUpa meM pradAna kara kumArga se sanmArga para lAne meM sahAyaka huii| Agama granthoM ke strI ke sambantha meM ina dvandvAtmaka vicAroM ke AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jahAM kahIM strI caritra ke kRSNapakSa kA varNana hai vaha tatkAlIna sAmAjika vyavasthA kA uddIpana hai, isameM AgamakAroM ke kisI vyaktigata mata kA dyotana nahIM / strI yoni meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa jIvana ke caramoddezya kI prApti meM unakA strItva bAdhaka nahIM batAyA gayA hai| Agama granthoM meM aneka aise udAharaNa prApta haiM jinameM mahilAoM ne saMsAra tyAgakara paramapada kI prApti kI evaM janatA ko sanmArga para lAne kA hara saMbhava prayAsa kiyA / aisI mahilAoM meM brAhmI, sundarI, candanA, mRgAvatI Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / jaina saMgha meM AcArya candanA ko bahuta U~cA sthAna prApta thaa| inake netRtva meM aneka sAdhviyoM ne samyak cAritra kA pAlana kara mokSa kI prApti kii| zramaNa mahAvIra ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara aneka rAjagharAnoM kI striyAM sAMsArika aizvarya ko chor3akara sAdhvI banagaI thiiN| kozAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI bhaginI kA nAma isa saMdarbha meM ullekhanIya hai| zArIrika evaM mAnasika guNoM meM katipaya sthAnoM para striyoM ke sambandha meM Agama sAhitya kA atyanta hI vyAvahArika evaM janagrAhya mata kA nidarzana AcArya somadeva kA nItivAkyAmRtaM kA yaha kathana karatA hai sarvAH striyaH kSIrodavelA iva viSAmRtasthAnam / na strINAM sahajo guNo doSo vAsti / kintu nadyaH samudramiva yAvRzaM gatim Apnuvanti tAdRzyo bhavanti striyaH / / * 1. bRhatsaMhitA 76.6.12, 14, 16 tathA e0 esa0 altekara da pojIsana oNva vImena ina hindU sivilijezana, pR0387 2. aupapAtika sUtra-38, pR0 167-8 3. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 3.67, uttarAdhyayana TIkA 18, pR0 247 a bRhatkalpabhASya-4.4334-36 dazavakAlika sUtra 2.7-11, ityAdi-ityAdi antakRddazA-5, 7,8 vyAkhyA prajJapti-12.2, pR0 556 8. AcArya bomadeva, nItivAkyAmRtam-24, 10 aura 25 5. * AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ arthAt striyAM navanIta ke sadRza haiM jo durupayoga se viSavAhaka evaM sadupayoga se amRta kA vAhana karane vAlI hotI haiN| striyoM ko nadI ke jala ke sadRza kahA gayA hai jo samudra meM milakara apane sampUrNa astitva ko samApta kara samudra kA jala ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra striyAM apane pati meM samAhRta hokara apane tyAga kI parAkASThA ko hI dyotita karatI haiN| Agama granthoM ke striyoM ke prati ina sAmAnya dhAraNAoM ke avalokana se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki vahA~ puruSoM: se inheM hIna dikhAne kA prayAsa nahIM, apitu kaivalya prApti ke uddezya se prabajita bhikSuoM kA unake prati vikarSaNa mAtra utpanna karanA hai| vivAha :-Agama granthoM meM striyoM ke sambandha meM sAmAnya dhAraNAoM ke vivecana ke uparAnta unakI sAmAjika sthiti ke sacce varNana hetu tatkAlIna vivAha-praNAlI kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa hotA hai| vivAha kA hindU saMskAroM meM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / adhikAMza gRhasUtra kA prArambha vivAha saMskAra se hotA hai| isakI prAcInatA kA pramANa to Rgveda' evaM atharvaveda' meM isakI kAvyamaya abhivyakti haiN| vivAha ko yajJa kA sthAna prApta thaa| avivAhita vyakti ko ayajJiya athavA yazahIna kahA jAtA thaa|' jaba tIna RNoM ke siddhAnta kA vikAsa huA to vivAha ko adhikAdhika mahattva aura pavitratA prApta hone lgii|' ekAkI puruSa to adhUrA hai, usakI patnI usakA ardhabhAga hai, aisI dhAraNAyeM vivAha ke sAtha hI striyoM ke prAcIna bhArata meM mahattva ko bhI darzAtI haiN| aneka kAraNoM se bhAratavarSa meM vivAha ko Adara kI dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| nissandeha, mAnava vikAsa ke pazupAlana aura kRSi-yuga meM isa Adara yA mahattva ke mUla meM aneka Arthika aura sAmAjika kAraNa vidyamAna the| kAlakrama se hindU dharma meM sAmAjika tathA Arthika kAraNoM kI apekSA devatAoM evaM pitaroM kI pUjA hI vivAha kA mahattvapUrNa uddezya mAnA jAne lgaa| bhArata ke sadaza hI anya prAcIna rASTra, yathA isarAila, yUnAna, spArTA, roma Adi meM bhI vivAha ko eka pavitra saMskAra mAnA jAtA thaa|' plUTArka ke anusAra spArTA meM avivAhita vyakti aneka adhikAroM se vaMcita kara diye jAte the aura yuvaka avivAhita vRddhoM kA sammAna nahIM karate the|' hA~ IsAI dharma vivAha ke sambandha meM thor3A itara vicAra vAlA avazya pratIta hotA hai| jo bhI ho, upayukta vivaraNa ke AdhAra para itanA to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki vivAha ke mUla meM sambhavataH navajAta zizu kI pUrNa asahAyAvasthA tathA vibhinna avadhiyoM ke liye mAtA evaM navajAta zizu kI rakSA evaM unake liye usa avadhi meM bhojana kI AvazyakatA thii| isa prakAra vivAha kA mUla parivAra meM nihita pratIta hotA hai, vivAha meM parivAra kA nahIM / strI aura puruSa ke sthAyI sambandha kI jar3a hI paMtaka kartavyoM meM nihita hai| putra ke liye kAmanA. zizu tathA patnI kI rakSA, gArhasthya jIvana kI AvazyakatA tathA pArivArika jIvana kA Adarza vaivAhika vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM meM varNita haiM / hindU saMskAra pUrNa vikasita, sAGgopAGga, sthAyI tathA niyamita vivAha ko hI mAnyatA pradAna karatA hai| spaSTa hai ki hindU zAstroM ke anusAra vivAha strI-puruSa ke bIca eka asthAyI gaThabandhana nahIM, apitu eka AdhyAtmika ekatA hai / isI ekatA kA vaha paramapavitra baMdhana kahA jA sakatA hai jo daivI vidhAna evaM dharmazAstroM ke sAkSya meM sampanna hotA hai| Agama sAhitya meM bhI vivAha ke sambandha meM isI prakAra kI sAmAnya dhAraNA milatI hai| hindu zAstroM ke anusAra vivAha kI prAcInatA, AvazyakatA evaM upayogitA kI rUparekhA jAnane ke pazcAt vivAha yogya vaya evaM prakAra kA jAnanA Avazyaka pratIta hotA hai| Rgveda evaM atharvaveda ke maMtroM se yaha spaSTa lakSita hotA hai ki vaidika kAla meM vara-vadha itane praur3ha hote the ki svayaM apane sahayogI kA cunAva karate the| vara se yaha apekSA kI jAtI thI ki usakA apanA eka svatantra ghara ho aura jisakI sAmrAjJI usakI patnI ho, bhale hI usa ghara meM vara ke mAtA-pitA bhI kyoM na rahate hoN| gArhasthya jIvana meM patnI ko sarvocca sthAna diyA jAtA thaa| spaSTa hai ki bAla-vivAha kA pracalana nahIM thA / jaina AgamoM meM vivAha yogya vaya kA koI nizcita varNana nahIM 1. Rgveda 60-85 2. atharvaveda-14.1.2 3. ayajJiyo vA eSa yo'patnIka:-tai0 brA0 2.2.26 4. jAyamAno ha vai brAhmaNastribhirRNavAn jAyate brahmayajJana RSibhyo yajJana devebhyaH prajA pitRbhyaH-tai0 saM0 6.3.10.5 vilisTAina guDasela 'e hisTrI oNva da phaimilI eja e sozala eNDa ejukesanala iMsTiTyUzana, 5-58 6. lAipha oNva likargasa, baoNnsa klAsikala lAIbrerI, bhA0 1, pR081 7. vilisTAina guDasela 'e hisTrI oNva da phaimilI eja e sozala eNDa ejukezanala iMsTiTyUsana pR0 80 8. Rgveda 8.55, 5,8 1. atharvaveda 14, 1-44 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 163
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________________ miltaa| piNDiniyukti TIkA meM isa sambandha meM kucha saMketa prApta hai / vahAM eka lokazruti kA ullekha milatA hai ki yadi kanyA rajasvalA ho jAya to jitane usake rudhira-bindu gireM, utanI hI bAra usakI mAtA ko narakagAmI honA par3atA hai|' smRtiyoM meM vivAha ke ATha prakAroM kA ullekha hai, yathA-brAhma, deva, RSi, prAjApatya, Asura, gAndharva, rAkSasa tathaH paishaac|' inameM se kucha kA mUla vaidika kAla meM bhI milatA hai / vibhinna gRhasUtroM meM vivAha ke bhinna-bhinna prakAra batAye gaye haiN| parantu ye ATha prakAra prakArAntara se sabhI gRhasUtroM meM ullikhata haiN| ___Agama granthoM meM vivAha ke tIna prakAra kA varNana hai| sajAtIya vivAha kI paramparA kA hI prAvalya thaa| vivAha meM jAtIya samAnatA ke sAtha hI Arthika sthiti evaM vyavasAya para bhI dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / samAna Arthika sthiti evaM samAna vyavasAya vAloM ke sAtha hI vivAha-sambandha sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| aisA karane meM unakA mukhya uddezya baMza paramparA kI zuddhi thaa| nimna jAti evaM nimna Arthika sthiti bAloM ke sAtha vivAha-sambandha sthApita karane se kula kI pratiSThA ke bhaMga hone kA bhaya hotA thaa| jAtaka kathAoM meM bhI isI prakAra ke samAna jAti, samAna Arthika sthiti evaM samAna vyavasAya vAloM meM vivAha kA varNana milatA hai| bahu vivAha kA bhI pracalana thA / jJAtAdharma kathA meM meghakumAra dvArA samAna vaya, samAna rUpa, samAna guNa, aura samAna rAmocita pada vAlI ATha kanyAoM se vivAha karane kA ullekha hai| vivAha kI isa sAmAnya paramparA kA kucha apavAda bhI AgamoM meM varNita hai| udAharaNa ke liye rAjamaMtrI teyaliputra ne eka sunAra kI kanyA se vivAha kiyA thaa|' antaHkRddazA meM kSatriya gajasa rumAla kA brAhmaNa kanyA se tathA rAjakumAra brahmadatta kA brAhmaNa aura vaNikoM kI kanyAoM se vivAha haA thA-aisA varNana prApta hai| uttarAdhyayana TIkA meM rAjA jitazatra kA citrakAra kanyA se vivAha kA varNana hai| vijAtIya vivAha ke isa apavAda ke sAtha hI vibhinna dharmAvalambiyoM ke bIca bhI vivAha ke katipaya udAharaNa milate haiN| rAjA udrAyaNa jo tApasoM kA bhakta thA usakA vivAha prabhAvatI se bAthA jo zramaNopAsikA thii|' zramaNopAsikA subhadrA kA vivAha bauddhadharmAnuyAyI se hone kA pramANa milatA hai| vivAha-sambandha kA nirdhAraNa parivAra ke vayovRddha ApasI parAmarza se karate the| vRddhoM ke nirNaya meM vara kA mauna rahanA svIkRti mAnI jAtI thii| vivAha meM vara athavA usake pitA dvArA, kanyA ke pitA athavA usake parivAra ko zulka dene kI paramparA thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM kanakaratha rAjA ke maMtrI temali putra evaM poTTilA mUSikadAraka kanyA ke vivAha meM zulka kA varNana milatA hai| AvazyakacUrNI meM eka vyApArI kA varNana AyA hai jo apanI patnI se aprasanna rahA karatA thaa| usane apanI patnI ko ghara se nikAla diyA aura bahuta-sA zulka dekara dasarA vivAha kiyaa| isI taraha eka cora ne apane caurya karma se aparimita dhana saMgraha kara, yatheccha zulka de kisI kanyA se vivAha kiyaa| campA ke kamAranadI svarNakAra ne pAMca-pAMca sau suvarNa mudrA dekara aneka sundarI kanyAoM se vivAha kiyA thaa| zulka ke atirikta vivAha-prasaMga meM Agama prItidAna kA ullekha karatA hai / meghakumAra dvArA ATha rAja-kanyAoM se vivAha karane ke avasara para medhakumAra ke mAtA-pitA ne apane putra ko vipula dhana prItidAna meM diyA / meghakumAra ne ise apanI AThoM patniyoM meM bAMTa diyaa| Aja kI taraha Agama kAla meM daheja kI vibhISikA nahIM thI / yadyapi kanyA ko mAtA-pitA dvArA daheja dene kA varNana kahIMkahIM prApta hotA hai| upAsakadazA meM rAjagRha ke gRhapati mahAzataka ke revatI Adi teraha patniyoM dvArA daheja meM prApta dhana kA vistAra se varNana aura pI.advisTa iNDiyA meM vArANasI ke rAjA dvArA apane jamAI ko 1,000 gAMva, 1,000 hAthI, bahuta-sA mAla khajAnA. eka lAkha sipAhI aura 10,000 ghor3e daheja meM dene kA ullekha AyA hai| 1. piNDiniyukti TIkA -pR0 506 2. brAhmo devastathA ArSaH prAjApatyastathAsuraH / gAndharvo rAkSasazcaiva paizAcazcASTamo'dhamaH / / manu smR0 3.21, yAjJavalkya smRti 1.58-61 3. jJAtadharmakathA 1, pR0 23 4. vahI 14, pR0 148 5. AvazyakacUrNI 1, pR0 23 6. dazavakAlikacUrNI-pR0 366 7. jhAtadharmakathA- 16, pR0 168 8. AvazyakacUrNI-pR0 86 6. upAsaka dazA 4, pR0 61, altekara-pR0 82-84 10. mehatA-prI0 buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 281 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ uparyukta AgamakAlIna vaivAhika paramparA, vidhi-vidhAna, Ayojana, AvazyakatA, pavitratA Adi vicAra hindU zAstroM se milate-julate haiM / kucha choTe-moTe sAmAnya vibheda ke sAtha pUrNatayA hindU vivAha-praNAlI hI Agama vivAha, praNAlI mAnI jA sakatI hai| gaNikA :-AgamakAlIna bhAratIya nArI kA saccA citra upasthita karane hetu nArI jAti kI eka pramukha saMsthA gaNikA ke -sambandha meM saMkSipta vivaraNa bhI iSTa pratIta hotA hai / gaNikA bhAratIya samAja kI eka atyanta prAcIna saMsthA hai| Rgveda meM gaNikA ke lie nRtu zabda kA prayoga milatA hai|' cAjasenIya saMhitA meM vezyAvRtti ko eka pezA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| smRtiyAM isa peze ko sammAnajanaka nahIM batAtI haiN|' bauddha sAhitya meM gaNikAoM ko sammAnanIya sthAna diyA gayA hai| kauTilya arthazAstra meM gaNikAoM kA samAja meM sammAnajanaka sthAna kA ullekha milatA hai| rAjAoM dvArA unheM chatra, camara, suvarNa ghaTa Adi pradAna kara sammAna dene kI bAta kahI gaI hai| vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra meM vezyAoM kA vizada varNana hai| vahAM vezyAoM ko kuMbhadAsI, paricArikA, kulaTA, svairiNI, naTI, zilpakArikA, prakAza vinaSTA, rUpAjIvA evaM gaNikA--ina nau bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| ina nau vibhAjanoM meM sarvazreSTha rAjA dvArA puraskRta ko kahA gayA hai| udAna kI TIkA paramatthadIpanI meM ise nagarazobhiNI kahA gayA hai / gaNikA tatkAlIna samAja kA eka sadasya mAnI jAtI thii| Arthika evaM rAjanaitika gaNoM se sambandhita vyaktiyoM kI sampatti mAnI jAtI thii|' manusmRti meM gaNa aura gaNikA dvArA diyA huA bhojana brAhmaNoM ke lie asvIkArya batAyA gayA hai| mUlasarvAstivAdiyoM ke vinayavastu meM AmrapAli ko vaizAlI ke gaNa dvArA bhogya kahA gayA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke bhavyAnuzAsana-viveka meM gaNikA kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai-"kalAprAgalbhyadhauAbhyAM gaNayati kalayati gaNikA / "" ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sAmAnya logoM ke dvArA gaNikA AdaraNIya mAnI jAtI thii| vAtsyAyana ke anusAra vaha suzikSita aura susaMskRta tathA vividha kalAoM meM pAraMgata hotI thii| gaNikA ko gaNikAoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra kI zikSAdIkSA dI jAtI thii| gaNikAoM ke abhiSeka kA varNana bhI milatA hai| pradhAna gaNikA kA bar3e hI dhUma-dhAma se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM kisI rUpavatI ko vazIkaraNa Adi dvArA vaza meM karake use gaNikA ke pada para niyukta karane kA ullekha milatA hai| nagarazobhiNI kA sambandha kisI khAsa saMbhrAnta puruSa se hotA thaa| janasAdhAraNa kI upabhogya vastu vaha nahIM hotI thii| premI puruSa ke 'paradeza-gamana para vaha kulavadhU kI taraha virahiNI vrata kA pAlana karatI thii| mRcchakaTika kI vasaMtasenA, kuTTinImata kI hAralatA, kathAsaritsAgara kI kumudikA Adi isa prasaMga meM ullekhanIya haiN| sAdhvI saMgha :-zramaNa mahAvIra ke caturvidha saMgha meM sAdhvI saMgha kA sthAna atyanta mahattvapUrNa thaa| inakA jIvana bhikSAvRtti se calatA thaa| inheM eka anuzAsita evaM niyaMtrita jIvana vyatIta karanA hotA thaa| saMgha ke vidhAna ke anusAra ye sAdhviyA~ bhikSuoM dvArA ArakSita hotI thiiN| kutsita AcaraNavAle puruSoM se inakI rakSA ke liye inake nivAsa sthAna meM kivAr3a kA prabandha hotA thaa| kapATa ke abhAva meM bhikSu saMvarI kA kArya karate the| kisI bhI kAraNa se sAdhvI yadi garbhavatI ho jAto to use saMgha se niSkAsita nahIM kiyA jAtA thA, apitu usa pUruSa kA patA kara rAjA dvArA daNDa dilavAyA jAtA thA jisase bhaviSya meM isa prakAra ke durAcaraNa kI punarAvRtti na ho| parantu isake bAvajUda bhI sAdhviyoM ke garbhavatI hone kI carcA Agama graMthoM meM prApta hai| bauddha sAhitya ke jAtaka kathA ke mAtaMga jAtaka meM ullekha hai ki kisI bhAtaMga ne apane aMgUThe se apanI patnI kI nAbhi kA sparza kiyA, aura vaha garbhavatI ho gii| isI taraha dhammapada aTThakathA meM uppalavaNNA ke sAtha zrAvastI ke aMdhakavana meM kisI brahmacArI ke dvArA balAtkAra karane kA jikra hai|" 1. vaidika iNDeksa-1, pR0 457 2. yAjJavalkyasmRti 1, pR0 457 3. penjara kathAsaritsAgara 4. cakaladAra-sTaDIja ina vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra-169 5. manusmRti-4-206 6. vinaya vastu-17 7. kAvyAnuzAsana (hemacandra) pR0 418 8. cakaladAra-sTaDIja ina vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra pR0 168 6. Avazyaka cUrNI-297 10. mAtaMga jAtaka, pR0 586 11. dhammapada aTThakathA 2, pR. 46-52 jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti 165
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________________ sAdhviyoM ke apaharaNa karane kA varNana bhI Agama meM milatA hai| kAlakAcArya kI sAdhvI bhaginI sarasvatI ko ujjainI ke rAjA gardabhilla dvArA apaharaNa kara antaHpura meM rakhane kA varNana prApta hai| bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka kathA AI hai jisameM bhRgukaccha ke eka bauddhavaNik ne eka sAdhvI ke rUpalAvaNya se mohita ho, jaina zrAvaka bana, kapaTa bhAva se unheM apane jahAja meM caitya-vandana karane ke liye AmaMtrita kiyaa| sAdhvI ke jahAja meM paira rakhate hI usane jahAja khulavA diyaa|' sAdhviyoM ko cora ucakke bhI kaSTa pahuMcAyA karate the| isa vipannAvasthA meM sAdhviyoM ko apane guhya sthAna kI rakSA carmakhaNDa, zAka ke patte yA apane hAtha se karane kA vidhAna milatA hai|' __ jaina AgamoM meM sAdhviyoM ko dautyakarma karate hue bhI darzAyA gayA hai / jJAtRdharmakathA meM mithilA kI cokkhA parivrAjikA kA varNana milatA hai| use veda zAstra tathA anya zAstroM kA paNDita kahA gayA hai| vaha rAjA, rAjakumAroM Adi saMbhrAnta parivAravAloM ko dAnadharma, zaucadharma tathA tIrthAbhiSeka kA upadeza karatI huI vicaraNa karatI thii| eka dina vaha aneka parivrAjikAoM ke sAtha rAjA kumbhaka kI putrI mallikumArI ko upadeza de rahI thii| upadeza-krama meM rAjakumArI dvArA pUche katipaya praznoM kA uttara na dene ke kAraNa rAjakumArI ne unheM apamAnita kara antaHpura se niSkAsita kara diyaa| apamAnita ho, cokkhA parivAjikA paJcAla deza ke rAjA jitazatra ke pAsa pahuMcI aura mallikumArI ke rUpa lAvaNya kA varNana kara rAjA ko use prApta karane ke liye prerita kiyaa|' uttarAdhyayana TIkA meM eka kathA AI hai jisameM eka parivrAjikA buddhila kI kanyA rayaNAbAI kA prema patra brahmadatta kumAra ke pAsa le jAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai evaM brahmadatta kumAra kA uttara rayaNAbAI ko pahuMcAte batAyA gayA hai| dazavakAlikacUNi meM eka parivAjikA ko eka yuvaka kA prema-saMdeza eka sundarI ke pAsa le jAte hue dikhAyA gayA hai / sundarI dvArA parivAjikA apamAnita hotI hai| kahIM-kahIM striyAM pati ko prasanna karane ke lie athavA putrotpatti ke liye bhI parivAjikAoM kI sahAyatA lete dekhI jAtI haiN| teyalIputra AmAvya kI patnI poTTilA apane pati ko iSTa nahIM thii| vaha apanA samaya sAdhu-sAdhviyoM kI sevA-upAsanA meM bitAyA karatI thii| eka dina suvratA nAma kI sAdhvI poTTilA ke pAsa aaii| poTTilA ne sAdhvI kI ucita satkAroparAnta nivedana kiyA-"Apa sAdhvI haiM, anubhavI haiM, bahuzruta haiN| mere patideva mujhase aprasanna rahate haiN| kRpayA koI aisA upAya batAyeM jisase mere svAmI mujha se prasanna rahane lageM to maiM ApakI kRtajJA rahUMgI / yaha sunakara suvratA kAnoM para hAtha de vahAM se calI gii| isI taraha eka parivAjikA kisI strI ko apane pati ko vazIbhUta karane hetu abhimaMtrita taNDula dete dikhAI gaI hai| saMtAnotpatti ke liye maMtra-prayoga, vidyA prayoga, . vamana, virocana Adi kA varNana bhI prApta hotA hai| Agama evaM tatkAlIna anya granthoM ke avalokana ke pazcAt nigamana meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM striyoM kI sthiti, unakA sthAna, sammAna kAlakrama se ghaTate-bar3hate rahe haiN| kahIM to unakI pracura prazaMsA aura kahIM unakI ghora nindA kI gaI hai| striyoM ke kisI kArya vizeSa ke avalokana se unake sambandha meM mata nirdhArita kiyA jAtA thA evaM usI ke AdhAra para unake sambandha meM sAmAnya dhAraNAoM kA vikAsa hotA thaa| unake AcAra-vyavahAra hI unakI sAmAjika svataMtratA ke mApadaNDa the| manu ke svara meM svara milAte hue jaina Agama bhI striyoM ko avizvasanIya, kRtaghna, dhokhAdhar3I karane vAlI Adi Adi vizeSaNoM se vizeSita karate haiN| striyoM ko sadA-sarvadA puruSoM ke niyaMtraNa meM rahane kA parAmarza diyA gayA hai| unakI svataMtratA unheM nAza ko prApta karAne vAlI kahI gaI hai / strI-caritra amApanIya kahA gayA hai| striyoM ke sambandha meM ina hIna dhAraNAoM ke sAtha hI kucha prazasti-vAkya bhI prApta haiN| inheM cakravartI ke caudaha ratnoM meM eka kahA gayA hai| zve0Agama sarvoccapada (tIrthakara) prApta mahilA kA bhI varNana karatA hai| kaI sthAnoM meM inheM puruSoM ko sanmArga para lAte 1. bRhatkalpabhASya-1, 2054 2. vahI-1, 2986 3. jJAtadharmakathA 8, pR0 108-10 4. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 13, pR0 161 5. dazavaikAlikacUrNI 2, pR0 60 6. jJAtadharmakathA-14, pR0 151 7. oSaniyukti TIkA-567, pR0 163 8. nirayAvali 3, pR0 48 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha -
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________________ hue dikhAyA gayA hai| striyoM ko tyAga bhAva se paripUrNa dikhAyA gayA hai / tyAga meM inakI tulanA nadI ke jala se kI gaI hai jo nAnA prAma-nigama-janapadoM se pravAhita ho samudra meM mila kara apanA bhinnAstitva bilkula bhulA detA hai| nadI ke jala kI taraha patnI bhI pati se milakara tAdAtmya pA letI hai| vaha apanA svataMtrAstitva samApta kara ardhAGgiNI kahalAne lagatI hai / strI kA yaha tyAga usakI mahAnatA kA paricAyaka hai| striyoM ke ina guNoM ke kAraNa hI Agama grantha unheM sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM / yahAM taka ki gaNikA jinheM Aja kA samAja dIna-hIna dRSTi se dekhatA hai ko Aja bhI Agama granthoM meM eka viziSTa sthAna diyA gayA hai / inake mahattva aura sammAnanIya sAmAjika sthAna kA yahAM atyanta manorama varNana prApta hai| Aja bhAratIya samAja meM striyoM ke prati vizeSakara lar3akiyoM ke prati jo dInahIna vicAra haiM unakA sarvathA abhAva vahAM dikhatA hai / kanyA tatkAlIna samAja kI bhAra nahIM mAnI jAtI thii| vahAM usake zubhrarUpa kA hI digdarzana hotA hai| isa prakAra uparyukta vivaraNa ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki Agama grantha striyoM ke prati sammAna aura samabhAva ke pakSapAtI rahe haiN| jaina AgamoM meM jahAM kahIM bhI striyoM kI hInAvasthA kA varNana milatA hai usakA mAtra uddezya bhikSuoM meM striyoM ke prati vikarSaNa paidA karanA hI hai| kAma-bhoga aura AtmakalyANa kI khoja ye donoM do chora haiN| ye sikke ke do pahalU mAne jA sakate haiM jo eka hokara bhI kabhI eka dUsare se nahIM milte| isaliye akhila vizva ke prANiyoM ke kalyANa hetu racita Agama grantha kAma-bhogoM ke pradhAna sAdhana rUpa usa nArI kI nindA na karate to kyA karate ? aisA karane meM unakA mukhya uddezya viSaya-vilAsa ke prati vairAgya utpanna karanA thA na ki mAnava prANI meM unake prati ghRNA kA bhAva paidA karanA / __ Agama sAhitya meM strI kA varNana vartamAna bhAratIya nara-nArI ke liye anukaraNIya evaM upayogI pratIta hotA hai| pAzcAtya sabhyatA se prabhAvita, unake andhAnukaraNa meM lIna, viSaya-vilAsa ke naze meM cUra bhAratIya navayuvaka navayuvatiyAM bhAratIya paramparAoM evaM sAmAjika niyamoM kI avahelanA kara vAsanA ke pIche unmatta ho rahe haiN| kaviziromaNi, saMta tulasIdAsa ne rAmacaritamAnasa meM unakA atyanta hI saccA citra khIMcA hai| vahAM unhoMne unakI dayanIya dazA kA varNana karate hue kahA hai : nAri vivasa nara sakala gosAIM, nAcahi nara marakaTa kI nAI / gunamaMdira sundara pati tyAgI, bhajahi nAri para puruSa abhaagii| kAza ! bhAratIya navayuvaka apanI prAcIna garimA ke anukUla Agama meM varNita AcAra-saMhitA kA anupAlana karate, jinake abhAva meM asAmAjika, kutsita vicAroM kA udbhava ho rahA hai, aura ve bhAratIya samAja ko durdazA kI ora agrasArita kara rahe haiN| kAza! nArI ke sambandha meM hamArI svastha dhAraNAeM bntiiN| punaH nArI apanI prAcIna khoI pratiSThA ko prApta krtii| unheM hama sRSTi kI bhAdhArazilA ke rUpa meM dekhate jinake abhAva meM hara racanA adhUrI aura hara kalA raMgahIna raha jAtI hai / kAza ! "yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatA" kA maMtra punaH ghara-ghara guMjAyamAna hotaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI kI janmabhUmi vaizAlI nArI jAti ko sammAna dene ke lie vizvavikhyAta rahI hai| samrAT ajAtazatru ke amAtya varSakAra kI jijJAsA kA uttara dene ke lie bhagavAn buddha ne gaDakTa zikhara para apane priya ziSya Ananda se sAta prazna kiye the| 'satta aparihANi dhamma' ke pAMcaveM sUtra kA rocaka samvAda isa prakAra haikinti te Ananda suta vajjI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na Akkassa pasayha vAsentI 'ti ?' 'sutaM me taM bhante vajjI yA tA kulithiyo "pe0... vAsentI 'ti / ' 'yAvakIvajja Ananda vajjI yA tA kulitthiyo kulakumAriyo tA na Akkassa pasayha vAsessanti, buddhi yeva Ananda vajjInaM pATikalA no parihA ni / ' zramaNa saMskRti ke unnAyaka mahApuruSa vAstava meM nArI jAti ke hitoM ke zubhacintaka the| isIlie unhoMne apanI saMgha vyavasthA meM nArI ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna pradAna kiyA thaa| sampAdaka jaina itihAsa, kalA aura saMskRti