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________________ jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza - pro. sAgaramala jaina prAkRta eka bhASA na hokara, bhASA samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha hai, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai -- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, jaina mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, ThakkI aadi| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha spoM kA vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAyeM astitva meM aayiiN| ataH prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM kI pUrvaja hai aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra para huaa| ___ merI dRSTi meM saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa bhI inhIM prAkRtoM ko saMskArita karake aura vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM huA hai, jisakA prAcIna spa chAndasa (vaidika saMskRta ) thaa| vahI sAhityika saMskRta kI jananI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna uttara bhAratIya boliyoM ( apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM) se hamArI hindI bhASA kA vikAsa huA hai, usI prakAra prAcInakAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM se saMskRta bhASA kA nirmANa huaa| saMskRta zabda hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki vaha eka saMskArita bhASA hai, jabaki prAkRta zabda hI prAkRta ko mUla bhASA ke rUpa meM adhiSThita karatA hai| prAkRta kI "prakRtiryasya saMskRtam" kahakara jo vyAkhyA kI jAtI hai, vaha mAtra saMskRta-vidoM ko prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA svarUpa samajhAne kI dRSTi se kI jAtI hai| prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| prathama sabhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta meM likhe gaye haiM, kyoMki unakA prayojana saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ko prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kA jJAna karAnA rahA hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA ke kAraNa usakA koI eka sampUrNa vyAkaraNa banA pAnA hI kaThina hai| usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa suvidhA ) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta nijhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahula" arthAt vividha vaikalpika rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH prAkRteM apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI rahI haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI,
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________________ 240 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka grantha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana-boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda rUpoM kI vibhinnatA raha gii| satya to yaha hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM meM bhI zabda spoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata, vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta bhASAoM ke vividha spa bane hai| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi rUpa bane haiM, unameM bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda rUpa pAye jAte haiN| ataH una sabhI meM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhAva hai| phira bhI bhASAvidoM ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAe~ mAna lI hai| jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la" kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ataH mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza" aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA" rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM "purisa" aura "rAyA" spa banatA hai| jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya" zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" yathAvata rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI meM lupta-vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya" hotA hai prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM zabda rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhinna hai aura kisI sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai| isIlie jaina AgamoM meM prayukta mAgadhI ko arddhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhinnatA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai| kyoMki unakI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita hai| yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa mASA kA prayoga huA hai, vaha jaina-zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI -- kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra arddhamAgadhI Agama hI the| isI prakAra zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA vaha jaina-mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| ataH jaina paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI anya kI prAkRta kA svasya nizcita karanA eka
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina ---- kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho / Aja upalabdha vibhinna zvetAmbara arddhamAgadhI AgamoM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha bhinnatA ho, kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se zaurasenI kA evaM vizeSarUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM eka aura arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai| jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra kA prathama saMskaraNa, jJAtavya hai ki paravartI saMskaraNoM meM zaurasenIkaraNa adhika liyA gayA hai / kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI granthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI rupAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI spAntaraNa kara diyA gayA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya tantra" nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA" meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| 241 isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI Agama, unake upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNataH arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI zaurasenI / arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA paravartI hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama tulya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama jaise AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" yA " AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra kahIM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake lopa kI pravRtti -
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________________ 242 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetanna" zabda kisa prakAra "kheyanna" bana gayA aura usakA jo mUla " kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedaz2a" ho gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara vidvAnoM meM AyI isa cetanA kA prabhAva digambara vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNataH zaurasenI meM rupAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama kArya balabhadra jaina dvArA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara paramparA meM hI paM. khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke punaH saMzodhana kI jo cetanA jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA aucitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM karU~gA / sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra ke parivartana AyI haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNataH samajhe binA kevala eka- ka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA sambhavataH ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate haiN| kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM jaina vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo mAnyatAe~ pracalita haiM, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I. pU. tIsarI zatI meM vIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama granthoM, vizeSataH aMga AgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM dvitIya vAcanA huI yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA, kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM kramazaH mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huii| sambhava hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogA / valabhI ke vAcanA vAle AgamoM meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 243 ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavataH yaha saMketa yApanIya AgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoMki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM hai| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ataH yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNakoM evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI hai| yadyapi Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| cAhe yAphnIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne Agama sAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhRta kI hai, ve adhikAMzataH Aja apane zaurasenI svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI hai| yApanIya AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki zruta-paramparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| yaha bhI satya hai ki balabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM vI. ni. saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarupa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiN| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja arddhamAgadhI kA jo Agama sAhitya hameM upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA? isa prazna kA uttara aneka spoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa hai, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kreNge| 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara unake svara-vyaMjana kI
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________________ 244 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gaunn| Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhamaNa aise haiM, jo veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda rUpa meM yadhAvata bane rhe| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaMkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rhaa| zabda spoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote gye| 2. Agama sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue, usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jainabhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalataH Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatAe~ A gyiiN| 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba parva kA mikSa pazcimI pradezoM meM adhika bihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ataH bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| 4. sAmAnyatayA buddha vacana buddha nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI uccAraNa zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja bhI hai| thAI, barmA, aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrghakAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa bheda se unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gyaa| bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa-pravRtti mAnA jAtA tathA isake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina sAhitya zruta-paramparA para hI AdhArita rhaa| zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thaa| ataH uccAraNa zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 245 5. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM ( pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI/bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla-pATha meM "gacchati" likhA ho lekina pracalana meM "gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchaI" spa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartina kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unake bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA, aura jaba balabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina-mahArASTrI aise nAma de diye| na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdakoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", "loa" aura "loya" prese cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha-bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha "rAmaputte" badalakara cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dii| jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAna sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAna buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRt-dazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Appects of Jainology Vol.|| meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khettanna" zabda, jo "kSetrajJa" (AtmajJa ) kA
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________________ 246 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara "kheyaNNa" bana gayA aura use "khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro.. ke. Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye hai| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke. Ara. candrA aura digambara paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna spoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA, to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| prathamataH prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jaayegii| Aja namaskAra maMtra meM "namo" aura "Namo" zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA "namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA "Namo" rUpa paravartI hai| kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI "Namo" spa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThI zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina granthoM ne "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI hai| yaha satya hai ki "namo" se parivartita hokara hI "Namo" rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. san kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI hai| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima gAthA meM -- eso paMdha namukkAro svypaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANa cha savvesi padamaM havai maMgalaM -- aisA pATha hai| inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti meM "ekAra" ke sthAna para "okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke sthAna "havaI" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA arddhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza namaskAra maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa "hodi" yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda spa "havaI" hai jo yaha batAtA hai -- yaha aMza mUlataH mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahI se hI zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havaI" zabda rUpa kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra maMtra ke isa "havaI" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" spa meM parivartita kara deMge? jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI "havA"
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 247 ke atirikta anya koI zabda-rupa upalabdha nahIM hai| prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA hone se usake eka hI kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiN| prAkRta vyAkaraNa meM jo "bahulaM" zabda hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda spa ho, cAhe dhAtu rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahIM hai| ataH bhASika ekarupatA kA prayatna prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI leM ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kA jo bhI sAhityika spa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama tulya sAhitya mUlataH arddhamAgadhI AgamasAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ataH usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA ? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI to usase granthoM ke kAla nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| __yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH zaurasenI Agama rahe hai yadi unake prabhAva ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| kheyaNNa kA prAcIna spa khettanna hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka bAra khettanna rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda spa mAnakara rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetanna" spa upalabdha hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna" banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA apekSita hai -- 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda spa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda spa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda rUpa jo kisI bhI mUla hastaprati meM eka do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha meM "loga" evaM "loya" donoM rUpa milate hoM to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa "loya" ko prAcIna rUpa "loga" meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza ke
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________________ 248 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarupa parivartana : eka vimarza prati meM nahIM milate haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho, ataH usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM meM ausaMteNa bhagakyA evaM akkhAya" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM spAntarita karake "sutaM me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara degeM to isake prakSipta hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jaayegii| ataH prAcInastara ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| __ isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai -- arahatA isiNA buintaM, kintu hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM se 37 meM "buintaM" pATha haiM, jabaki 7 meM "buiyaM" pATha haiN| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa milate hoM to "buiyaM" ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| kintu yadi kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha na ho, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ataH arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| isa sandarbha meM antima rupa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka hai, vaha hai ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaroM ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda spoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla prati chAyA ko bhI prakAzita kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga sakatA hai| AcArya zAntisAgarajI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara vidvAnoM dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI barA paramparA ke viparIta lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI "SaTkhaNDAgama" ke tAmra patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM saMjada zabda anupasthita hai, isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga-suttANi meM kucha Agama pAThoM kA jo kliopana huA hai ve pratiyA to bhaviSya meM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 249 bhI rahegI, ataH bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka hai| mAtra " saMjada" pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina paramparA ke itihAsa ke sAtha anartha ho jAtA 1 uparokta samasta carcA se merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI Agama evaM Agama tulya zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho / merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa sartakatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra haiM vaha bhI naSTa ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ko prAcIna arddhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa hI naSTa ho jAyegA / 1 jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNataH virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se punaH sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakriyA ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImalajI pArakha kA svara pramukha hai / ve vimAna adhyetA aura zraddhAzIla donoM hI haiM / phira bhI tulasI - prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiM ataH una para vyAkaraNa ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA arddhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai ? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa yA parivartana nahIM huA hai ? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para arntavirodha kyoM hai ? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to kahIM nau kyoM hai ? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do basa haiM, kahIM tIna krsa aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trasa / yadi Agama zabdazaH mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM ? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai ? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, antakRtadazA, anutaropapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI hai, jo sthAnAMka meM ullikhita hai ? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN|
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________________ 250 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza zabda rUpa Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSarazaH sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa to artha ( viSayavastu ) ke pravaktA haiM to unako gaNadharoM yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA thA ? Agama granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivardhana Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hama inkAra kara sakate haiM ? svayaM devadhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate haiM-- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthaMkaroM ne artharUpa meM prarUpita aura gaNadharoM ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai / sarvajJoM ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhiSTa thA, vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA ? Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama haiM unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai ? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, bambaI, lADanU Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha bheda kyoM hai ? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa vacana mAne aura Apake zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM ? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zuddha svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM ? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi sampanna vidvAna ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA ? isakA eka bhI udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA kI jA rahI hai / punaH jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sAtha pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" ko chor3akara zeSa 115 mAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka nahIM par3atA to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase unake zrama kI mUlyavattA kI svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa hai-- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM, kyA sabhI ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama vyAvara, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna mahattva kA samajhe ? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai bhaya yaha hai ki adhika prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| punaH kyA zraddheya pArakhI yaha batA sakate haiM ki koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNataH zuddha hai AdazoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye vyAkaraNa ke atirikta vidvAna jaba ---- --
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 251 kisakA sahArA leMge? kyA Aja taka koI bhI Agama grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hI Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika hai, to phira unheM zuddha kisa AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA ? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya zrI tulasIjI ne muni zrI jambUvijayajI ko apanI sampAdana zailI kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvarA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH nahIM milate haiN| svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| punaH isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastutaH lekhana kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM kama hote gaye hai| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ataH candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita nahIM hai| vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lAina aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika pramANika mAne jAte hai, kintu unameM bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya hai, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka haiM, apitu vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI hai| yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka do udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA huuN| dhattAri vatthA pannattA, tajahA-sutI nAma eka sutI, suI nAma eme asuI, chubhNgo| evAmeva cattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAma eme sutI, ghumNgo| caturtha sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR. 941 isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI" donoM spa upasthita hai| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM hotA hai, artha bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoMki "sutI" kA artha hai sUta se nirmita, jabaki "suI" (zuci) kA artha hai pavitra / isa prakAra isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie -- sUtra kramAMka 445, pR. 197 para "nisanya" zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdaspa "niyaMTha" prayukta hai to sUtra 446 meM "niga" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha" rUpa bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra saMkhyA 458, pU 197 para dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthakAtaM aura AgAsasthikAyaM -- isa prakAra "kAya" zabda ke do bhinna zabda spa kAya aura kAtaM diye gaye haiN| yadyapi "ta" zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta sandarbha meM sutI, nitaMTha
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________________ 252 jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana : eka vimarza aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zruti ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sutI, nirgandha kA nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa hameM harSapuSyAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM aughaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA hai -- namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyaNaM, Namo loe sabbasAhUNaM, eso paMcavanamukkAro, savvapAvappaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, par3hamaM havai maMgalaM / / 111 yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na" rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA "na" "Na" kara diyA gayA hai| kintu "aiso paMcanamukkAro" meM punaH "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaraNIya pArikhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta bhASA ke bhinna zabda rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| kintu grantha nirmANa ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogaa| punaH yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki Agama sarvajJa vacana hai, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA hai phira sarvajJa kaise karegA ? isa prakAra kI bhinna rUpatA ke lie lekhaka nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai| ataH aise pAThoM kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI", "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niggaMdha", "kAta" aura "kArya" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM kara diyA jAve jaise zuci-sui kA "sutI", niggaMtha kA "nitaMTha" athavA kAyaM kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza" meM upalabdha hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "Adarzo" meM upalabdha ho| hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka do sthaloM para hI mile aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jaay| kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai -- zarta yahI ho ki Agama kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho -- jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha yA prshnvyaakrnn| kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna spa milane para anyatra unheM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| ___ pATha zuddhikaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza hai athavA saMgrahaNIyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanA hogA aura Adarza meM upalabdha pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvata rakhanA hogaa|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina isa tathya ko hama isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiM to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava hai ki vaha prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to vahA~ prAcIna spa rakhe jA sakate haiN| punaH Agama saMpAdana aura pATha zuddhIkaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu pAda TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to usameM suvidhA ho| anta meM maiM yaha kahanA cAhU~gA ki pro. ke. Ara. candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI jo yaha atyanta mahattvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathApi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya haiM balki eka sahI dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate hai, lekina anadhikRta rUpa se yena-kena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra-zraddhA kI duhAI dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha, nirlipta bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH maiM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karU~gA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa dizA meM protsAhita kre| .