Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ "jaina Agama sAhitya meM varNita dAsa-prathA DaoN. indreza candrasiMha prAcIna bhArata meM dAsa-prathA prAgaitihAsika kAla se hI pracalita mAnI jAtI hai / yadyapi katipaya videzI itihAsakAroM ne bhArata yAtrA ke daurAna yahA~ jo kucha dekhA, usake AdhAra para bhArata meM dAsa-prathA ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA, kyoMki isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki bhArata meM dAsa-prathA samakAlIna sabhya dezoM jaise-roma, yUnAna aura amerikA Adi kI bhA~ti nahIM thii| ukta sabhya dezoM meM dAsoM ke sAtha krUratama vyavahAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isake viparIta bhArata meM dAsa evaM dAsiyA~ parivAra ke sadasyoM ke sAtha rahate the tathA parivAra ke aMga samajhe jAte the| jainAgama AcArAMgasUtra meM gRhapati, usakI patnI, bahana, putra, putrI evaM putravadhU ke sAtha dAsa-dAsI tathA naukaroM (sevakoM) ko bhI pArivArika sadasyoM ke antargata hI varNita kiyA gayA hai| pazcimI sabhya kahe jAne vAle dezoM meM dAsoM kI sthiti se bhAratIya dAsoM kI utkRSTatA ko pramANita karane ke lie yahA~ rAjA dvArA inheM devAnupriya jaise zabda kA sambodhana paryApta hogaa| sAmAnyatayA dAsa parivAra meM rahate hue samasta Antarika evaM bAhaya kAryoM meM apane svAmI kA sahayoga karate the| dAsoM kI sthiti- jainAcAryoM ne dAsoM kI gaNanA dasa bAhya parigrahoM meM karate hue zramaNoM ke lie inakA prayoga niSiddha batAyA hai| isake viparIta cAra gRhasthoM ke lie inheM sukha kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai tathA inakI gaNanA bhogya vastuoM ke sAtha kI gaI hai|5 jainAgama kAla meM rAjA evaM kulIna vyakti hI dAsoM ke svAmI nahIM hote the apitu dhanasampanna gAthApati evaM gRhastha bhI apane yahA~ dAsoM ko niyukta kara unase sahayoga prApta karate the| sAmAnyatayA sevAvRttihI dAsoM kA pradhAna dharma thaa| ata: unakI sthiti ko zocanIya mAnate hue varNita hai ki mahAvIra ke upadeza meM jisa prakAra pApadRSTi vAlA kuziSya hitAnuzAsana se zAsita hone para apane ko hina samajhatA hai, usI prakAra dAsa ko bhI hIna samajhA jAtA thaa| dAsoM ke Upara dAsapatiyoM ko pUrNa Adhipatya prApta thaa| ata: vivAha Adi avasaroM para vividha vastrAbhUSaNoM ke sAtha prItidAna ke antargata inheM bhI sammilita kara liyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra prItidAna athavA bheMTa ke rUpa meM diye jAne para dAsoM ko zvasura pakSa ke anya sadasyoM ke sAtha ginA jAtA thaa|9 dAsatA ke kAraNa: jaina Agama sAhitya meM dAsa viSayaka ullekhoM ke AdhAra para dAsoM ke prakAra athavA dAsavRtti apanAne ke pIdhe kAryarata kucha pramukha hetuoM ko vivecita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra10 meM 6: prakAra ke dAsoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isameM janma se hI dAsavRtti svIkAra karane vAle, krIta (kharIde) kiye hue dAsa, RNagrastatA se bane hue dAsa, durbhikSagrasta hone para, jurmAne Adi ko cukatA na karane para tathA karja na adA karane ke kAraNa bane dAsa ullekhanIya haiN| janmadAsa:- dAsa evaM dAsI ke sAtha usakI santati para bhI dAsapati ke adhikAroM kA pramANa milatA hai| ata: yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki dAsiyoM dvArA putra-prasava ke uparAnta usapara svAmI kA svata: adhikAra sthApita ho jAtA thaa| svAmI kI dekha-rekha meM bAlyAvasthA se hI inakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyA jAtA thaa|11 prArambhika avasthA meM ye svAmI-putroM kA manoraMjana karate tathA unheM krIDA karAte the| kabhI-kabhI apane svAmI ko bhojana Adi bhI pa~hucAte the|12 tathA baDe hone para anya gurutara kAryoM ko sampAdita karate the| krItadAsa-jainAgamoM meM kucha aise bhI vivaraNa milate haiM jahA~ rAjapuruSoM dvArA apane kAryoM meM sahayoga hetu vividha dezoM se lAye gaye dAsa-dAsiyoM ko niyukta kiyA gayA thaa| inameM dAsoM (puruSoM) 1 slevarI ina eziyeSTa iNDiyA, pR. 15-18, 2 AcArAMga sUtra, 2/1/337 pR. 25, 3. jJAtAdharmakathAsU, 1/1/26, rAjapraznIyasUtra, vivecana, pR. 17, 4. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1/3/16, 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 3/17, praznavyAkaraNasUtra, a. 2, pR. 160. 6. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 2/1/10, 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 1/39, 8. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1/16/128, 9. AcArAMgasUtra, 2/1/350., 10. sthAnAMgasUtra, 4/191 - a tathA dekhie - je.sI. jaina, pR. 157, 11. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1/2/43, 12 vahI, 1/2/33 342 dhokhebAja, dagAbAja kabhI bhI vijaya prApta nahIM krte| ve to sarva vinAza ko hI prApta hote haiN|
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kI apekSA dAsiyoM kA ullekha apekSAkRta adhika haA hai| videzI dAsiyoM meM cilAtikA (cilAta-kirAta dezotpanna), varvarI (varvaradezotpanna), vakuza deza kI tathA yonaka, palhavika, Isanika, lakusa, draviNa, siMhala, araba, puliMda, pakkaNa, bahala, bhuruMDa, zabara, pArasa Adi kA nAmollekha huA hai|13 ye dAsiyAM apane-apane deza ke veza dhAraNa karane vAlI, iMgita, cintita, prArthita Adi meM nipuNa, kuzala evaM prazikSita hotI thii| ina taruNa dAsiyoM ko varSadharoM (napuMsaka), kaMcukiyoM evaM mahattarakoM (anta:pura ke kArya kI cintA rakhane vAle) ke sAtha rAjaputroM ke lAlana-pAlana hetu niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa|14 videza se ma~gavAI gayI dAsiyoM5 kA vivaraNa usa samaya samAja meM dAsoM ke kraya-vikraya kA saMketa prastuta karatA hai, jisakI puSTi keza-vANijya ke antargata dAsa-dAsiyoM kI kharIda-pharokhta (pazuoM ke samAna) kiye jAne se hotI hai| yuddhadAsa:- yuddha meM vijayI pakSa, parAjita rAjya kI vividha dhana-sampadA ke sAtha sAtha manuSyoM evaM striyoM ko bhI bandI banA letA thaa| inameM se kucha ativiziSTa striyoM ko to dhana-sampanna vyaktioM dvArA patnI ke rUpa meM grahaNa kara liyA jAtA thaa| jabaki zeSa puruSoM evaM striyoM ko dAsavRtti svIkAra karane ke lie saMtrasta kiyA jAtA thaa|16 sambhavata: apane upayoga se adhika saMkhyA hone para inheM upahAra yA parizramika ke rupa meM bhI diyA jAtA thaa|17 durbhikSadAsa evaM RNadAsa- durbhikSa ke samaya udarapUrti evaM anya AvazyakatA hetU liye gaye RNo ko samaya para adAyagI na kiye jAne se RNI ko RNadAtA ko alpakAlika athavA jIvanaparyaMta dAsatA svIkAra karanI par3atI thii| usa samaya vaNika athavA gAthApati logoM ko AvazyatAnurUpa karja vitarita karate the| paristhitavaza yadi nirdhArita avadhi meM RNa lene vAlA vyakti usakA samyak bhugatAna karane meM asamartha rahatA thA to usase kahA jAtA thA ki yA to tuma karja cukAo, anyathA gulAmI karoM / 19 dhAtriyA~-dAsa tathA dAsiyoM ke atirikta usa samaya prAya: sampanna parivAroM meM navajAta zizuoM ke pAlana, saMrakSaNa, saMvardana evaM vikAsa hetu dAiyoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thii| jaina sUtroM meM rAjaparivAra meM vividha dezoM se lAi gayI dAsiyA~ jinheM kAryAnusAra pAMca koTiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| (1) kSIradhAtrI, (2) maMDanadhAtrI, (3) bhajjanadhAtrI, (4) avadhAtrI evaM (5) kriiddaapndhaatrii| ye dAiyA~ bacce ko dUdha pilAne, vastrAlaMkAroM se sajjita karane, snAna karAne goda meM lekara bace ko khilAne tathA krIDA Adi karAne meM saMlagna rahatI thii|20 dAiyoM kI sthiti dAsiyoM kI apekSA zreSTha thii| isakA kAraNa yaha thA ki dAiyoM kA svAmIputroM athavA putriyoM se na kevala taba taka sambandha rahatA thA, jaba taka ve nAdAna rahate the balki ve unakA ucita mArgadarzana vayaska ho jAne para bhI karatI thii|1 rAjaputroM ke pravajita hote samaya mAtA ke sAtha dAiyoM ke bhI jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| dAi (ammAdhAI) rAjaputra ke vAmapArzva meM rathArur3ha hotI thii|-22 dAsoM ke kArya- jainAgama granthoM meM parivAra meM rahate hue ghara ke kAma-kAja meM tatpara dAsoM kA vivaraNa milatA hai| ghara ke Antarika kAryoM meM inase atyadhika sahayoga prApta kiyA jAtA thaa| dAsa tathA dAsiyA~ parivAra meM prAya: rAkha tathA gobara Adi pheMkane, saphAI karane, sApha kiye gaye sthala para pAnI chir3akane, paira dhulAne, snAna karAne, anAja, kUTane, pIsane, jhADane aura dalane tathA bhojana banAne meM apane svAmI athavA svAminI kA sahayoga karate the|23 jaisAki pIche kahA jA cukA hai ki dAsa evaM dAsiyoM ke atirikta unakI santati para bhI dAsapatiyoM kA prAya: Adhipatya rahatA thaa| dAsaceTa apane mAlika ke baccoM kA manoraMjana tathA krIDAdi karAte the evaM svAmI ko bhojana Adi pa~hucAte the|25 dAsaceTiyA~ apane svAminI ke sAtha pUjA-sAmagrI 13. antakRtadazAMgasUtra 3/2, rAjapraznIyasUtra 281, 14. vahI, vahI, 15. vyAkhyAprajJaptisUtra, 2/8/5, uttarAdhyayana, 8/18, 16, antakRtadazA, 3/3 17. piNDaniyukti, 317-19, vyavahArabhASya, 4/2, 206-7, 18. dekhie, je.sI. jaina, pR. 157-159, 19. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1/1/96, antakRtadazA, 3/2 20. jJAtA dharma kathAsUtra, 1/1/96, 21. vahI, 1/1/146, 22. vahI, 1/7/20, 23. vahI, 1/2/22, 24. vahI, 1/48/45 mamatA yadi jJAna pUrNa hoto vaha sAMsArikoM ke lie uttama haiN| 343
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ lekara mandiroM meM jAtI thii|5 dAsoM kI niyukti kabhI-kabhI aMgarakSakoM ke rUpa meM bhI hotI thI tathA sevA zuzrUSA karane ke lie dAsiyoM kI niyukti aMgaparicArikA ke rupa meM hotI thii| isa prakAra kI dAsI ko AbhyAntara dAsI kahA jAtA thaa| ye apane mAlakina ke cintita hone para usakA kAraNa khojatI, tatpazcAt svAmI se usakA nivedana kara nirAkaraNa hetu prArthanA karatI thii|6 dAsa-dAsiyA~ kabhI-kabhI sandezavAhaka athavA dUta ke rupa meM bhI prayukta kiye jAte the aura apane svAmI ke gopanIya kAryoM kA sampAdana karate the| ata: inheM preSya kahA jAtA thaa|27 dAsa-dAsiyoM ke viziSTa kArya- katipaya dAsiyA~ rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha svayaMvara meM bhI jAtI thiiN| unameM kucha dAsiyA~ likhane kA kArya karatI thIM28 tathA kudekha darpaNa lekara upasthita janasamUha ke pratibimba ko dikhalAkara tatsambandhita guNa-doSa kA baravAna karatI thii| isake atirikta usa kAla meM rUpa evaM saundarya sampanna dAsiyoM (taruNI dAsI) kI upasthiti svAmI putroM ke ati nikaTa rahatI thii| dAsoM kA jIvana- yadyapi bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ahiMsA mahAvrata ke samarthaka evaM bahusaMkhyaka sahRdaya dAsapati, dAsoM ko apane pArivArika sadasyoM ke sAtha niyukta kara unakA samyak pAlana-poSaNa kara udAratA kA pradarzana karate the tathA unheM 'devAnupriya' jaise zabdoM se sambodhita karate the| upAsakadazAMgasUtra meM ahiMsAvrata ke aticAroM ke antargata dAsoM ko bAMdhane, jAna se mArane, bahuta adhika bojha lAdane tathA atyadhika zrama lene jaise anAcAroM ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai|30 lekina kabhI-kabhI dAsoM dvArA vivekahIna karmoM kA niSpAdana karane para svAmI dvArA inheM pratAr3ita kiyA jAtA thaa|31 katipaya krUra dAsapatiyoM dvArA dAsoM ko akAraNa hI pratADita kiyA jAtA thA tathA unako sAmarthya se pare kAryoM meM lagAkara pIDA pahucAI jAtI thii|32 janasAmAnya apanI AvazyakatAnusAra parivAra meM dAsoM kI niyukti karate the tathA unake bharaNa-poSaNa kA dhyAna bhI rakhate the| isa sabake bAva-jUda dAsoM kI gaNanA bhogya vastuoM3 meM karake unakI svataMtratA ko bAdhita kara diyA jAtA thaa| jainAgamoM ke kAla meM dAsa-dAsiyoM kA kraya-vikraya, upahAra evaM pArizramika ke rUpa meM diyA jAnA tathA unheM pratADita karanA evaM jIvanaparyanta parAdhInatA adi tathya unakI zocanIya sAmAjArthika sthiti kI ora barabasa dhyAna AkRSTa karAte hai| dAsapana se mukti- jaina granthoM meM kucha aise bhI sandarbha prApta hote haiM, jahA~ dAsoM dvArA diye gaye zubhasandeza se khuza hokara dAsapati unheM dAsavRtti se mukti pradAna kara dete the| aisI sthiti meM dAsa-dAsiyoM kA madhura vacanoM se tathA vipula puSpoM, gaMdho, mAlAoM aura AbhUSaNoM se satkAra-sammAna karake isa taraha kI AjIvikA kI vyavasthA kara dI jAtI thI ki jo unake putra-pautrAdi taka calatI rahe|34 dAsoM ko mukta karate samaya unakA mastakadhota35 (mastaka dhonA) karanA dAsatA se mukti kA prAthamika evaM mahattva pUrNa lakSaNa mAnA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta vaha vyakti jo durbhikSa athavA anya avasara para mahAjanoM se RNa letA thA tathA samaya para RNa na dene para dAsatva svIkAra karatA thaa| aisI sthiti meM usa RNI vyakti dvArA sAhUkAra kA karja cukatA kara dene para dAsapana se mukti sambhava thii|36 sAmAnyatayA dAsoM ko jIvanaparyanta svatantra hone kA AdhikAra evaM avasara bahuta kama thaa| sAmAnyata: dAsapati apane yahA~ niyukta dAsoM kA pAlana-poSaNa pArivArika sadasya kI taraha karate the| 25. antakRtadazAsUtra 3/2-6, jJAtAdharmakathA 1/1/49, 26. jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/2/43, 27. vahI, 1/16/122, 28. vahI, 1/1/147-48 tathA dekhie buddhakAlIna samAja aura dharma, pR. 31-32, 29. upAsakadazAsUtra, a. 1, sU. 45, 30. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra 1/18/8, 31. AvazyakacUrNi pR. 332, dekhie, je.sI. jaina, pR. 161, 32. antakRtadazAsUtra, 3/2-6, 33. vahI, 8/15, 34. jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra, 1/1/89, 35. vyavahArabhASya 4/2, 206-7, 36. dekhie, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 158-59 344 mAnava jaba atyaMta prasanna hotA hai taba usakI aMtarAtmA bhI gAtI rahatI hai|