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________________ jaina-AcAra meM utsarga-mArga aura apavAda-mArga utsarga aura apavAda sthavirakalpa meM yaha anivArya ho gayA ki jitanA "pratiSedha" kA pAlana jaina AcAryoM ne AcAra sambandhI jo vibhinna vidhi-niSedha prastuta Avazyaka hai, utanA hI Avazyaka "anujJA" kA AcaraNa bhI hai| kiye haiM ve nirapekSa nahIM haiN| deza-kAla aura vyakti ke AdhAra para unameM balki parasthitivizeSa meM "anujJA" ke anusAra AcaNa nahIM karane parivartana sambhava ho sakatA hai| AcAra ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi-niSedha para prAyazcitta kA bhI vidhAna karanA par3A hai| jisa prakAra pratiSedha kA jisa sAmAnya sthiti ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai usameM ve AcAra bhaMga karane para prAyazcitta hai usI prakAra apavAda kA AcaraNa nahIM karane ke vidhi-niSedha yathAvat rUpa meM pAlanIya mAne gaye haiM, kintu deza-kAla, para bhI prAyazcitta hai arthAt "pratiSedha" aura "anujJA' utsarga aura paristhiti athavA vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM kI bhinnatA meM unameM parivartana apavAda donoM hI samabala mAne gaye haiN| donoM meM hI vizuddhi hai| kintu bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vyakti aura deza-kAlagata sAmAnya yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki utsarga rAjamArga hai, jisakA avalambana paristhitiyoM meM jina niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai ve utsarga-mArga sAdhaka ke lie sahaja hai, kintu apavAda, yadyapi AcaraNa meM sarala kahe jAte haiM kintu jaba dezakAlagata aura vaiyaktika vizeSa paristhitiyoM hai, tathApi sahaja nahIM hai|" meM una sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ko zithila kara diyA jAtA hai to use vastuta: jIvana meM niyamoM-upaniyamoM kI jo sarva sAmAnya vidhi apavAda-mArga kahA jAtA hai| vastuta: AcAra ke sAmAnya niyama utsarga- hotI hai vaha utsarga aura jo vizeSa vidhi hai vaha apavAda-vidhi hai| mArga kahe jAte haiM aura viziSTa niyama apavAda-mArga kahe jAte haiN| utsarga sAmAnya avasthA meM AcaraNIya hotA hai aura apavAda vizeSa donoM kI vyAvahArikatA paristhiti-sApekSa hotI hai| jaina AcAryoM kI saMkaTakAlIna avasthA meN| yadyapi donoM kA uddezya eka hI hotA hai mAnyatA rahI hai ki sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM utsarga-mArga kA avalambana ki sAdhaka kA saMyama surakSita rhe| samartha sAdhaka ke dvArA saMyama-rakSA kiyA jAnA cAhie kintu dezakAla, paristhiti athavA vyakti ke svAsthya ke lie jo anuSThAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha utsarga hai aura asamartha sAdhaka evaM kSamatA meM kisI vizeSa parivartana ke A jAne para apavAda-mArga ke dvArA saMyama kI rakSA ke lie hI utsarga se viparIta jo anuSThAna kA avalambana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa kiyA jAtA hai vaha apavAda hai| aneka paristhitiyoM meM yaha sthiti se samajha lenA cAhie ki apavAda-mArga kA sambandha kevala AcaraNa utpanna ho jAtI hai ki vyakti utsarga-mArga ke pratipAlana ke dvArA saMyama sambandhI bAhya vidhi-niSedhoM se hotA hai aura ApavAdika paristhiti aura jJAnAdi guNoM kI surakSA nahIM kara pAtA taba use apavAda-mArga meM kiye gaye sAmAnya niyama ke khaNDana se na to usa niyama kA mUlya kA hI sahArA lenA hotA hai| yadyapi utsarga aura apavAda paraspara virodhI kama hotA hai aura na sAmAnya rUpa se usake AcaraNIya hone para koI pratIta hote haiM kintu lakSya kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para unameM vastutaH prabhAva par3atA hai| jahA~ taka AcAra ke Antarika pakSa kA prazna hai, virodha nahIM hotA hai| donoM hI sAdhanA kI siddhi ke lie hote hai, jainAcAryoM ne use sadaiva nirapekSa yA utsarga ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA usakI sAmAnyatA evaM sArvabhaumikatA khaNDita hotI hai| utsargamArga ko hai| hiMsA kA vicAra yA hiMsA kI bhAvanA kisI bhI paristhiti meM naitika sArvabhauma kahane kA tAtparya bhI yaha nahIM hai ki apavAda kA koI sthAna yA AcaraNIya nahIM mAnI jaatii| jisa sambandha meM apavAda kI carcA nahIM hai| use sArvabhauma kahane kA tAtparya itanA hI hai ki sAmAnya kI jAtI hai vaha ahiMsA ke bAhya vidhi-niSedhoM se sambandhita hotA paristhitiyoM meM usakA hI AcaraNa kiyA jAnA caahie| utsarga aura hai| mAna lIjie ki hama kisI niraparAdha prANI kA jIvana bacAne ke apavAda donoM kI AcaraNIyatA paristhiti-sApekSa hai, nirapekSa nhiiN| lie athavA kisI strI kA zIla surakSita rakhane ke lie hiMsA athavA yaha usa paristhiti para nirbhara hotA hai ki vyakti usameM utsarga kA asatya kA sahArA lete haiM to isase ahiMsA yA satyasambhASaNa kA avalambana le yA apavAda kaa| koI bhI AcAra, paristhiti nirapekSa sAmAnya naitika Adarza samApta nahIM ho jaataa| apavAda-mArga na to nahIM ho sktaa| ata: AcAra ke niyamoM ke paripAlana meM paristhiti kabhI maulika evaM sArvabhaumika niyama banatA hai aura na apavAda AcaraNa ke vicAra ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| phalata: apavAda-mArga kI kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra anujJA ke anusAra arthAt apavAda- AvazyakatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| mArga para calane para bhI AcaraNa ko vizuddha hI mAnA jAnA caahie| jaina-saMgha meM apavAda-mArga kA kaise vikAsa huA? isa sambandha yadi aisA na mAnA jAtA taba to ekamAtra utsarga-mArga para hI calanA meM paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki AcArAMga meM nirgrantha anivArya ho jAtA, phalasvarUpa apavAda-mArga kA avalambana karane ke aura nirgranthI saMgha ke kartavya aura akartavya ke maulika upadezoM kA lie koI bhI kisI bhI paristhiti meM taiyAra hI na hotaa| pariNAma saMkalana hai kintu deza-kAla athavA kSamatA Adi ke parivartita hone yaha hotA ki sAdhanA-mArga meM kevala jinakalpa ko hI mAnakara calanA se utsarga-mArga para calanA kaThina ho jAtA hai| astu aisI sthiti pdd'taa| kintu jaba se sAdhakoM ke saMgha evaM gaccha banane lage, taba se meM AcArAMga kI hI nizItha nAmaka cUlA meM una AcAra-niyamoM ke kevala autsargika mArga arthAt jinakalpa saMbhava nahIM rhaa| ataeva viSaya meM jo vitathakArI haiM unakA prAyazcitta batAyA gayA hai| apavAdoM
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smArakagranya - jaina darzana - kA mUla sUtroM meM koI vizeSa nirdeza nahIM hai| kintu niyukti, bhASya, mArga kA nirdhAraNa kara lenA caahie| paristhitivizeSa utpanna hone para cUrNi Adi meM sthAna-sthAna para vistRta varNana hai| jaba eka bAra yaha jo apavAda mArga kA anusaraNa nahIM karatA use jaina AcAryoM ne prAyazcila svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai ki AcAra ke niyamoM kI vyavasthA ke kA bhAgI batAyA hai kintu jisa paristhiti meM apavAda kA avalambana sandarbha meM vicAraNA ko avakAza hai taba paristhiti ko dekhakara mUlasUtroM liyA gayA thA usake samApta ho jAne para bhI yadi koI sAdhaka usa ke vidhAnoM meM apavAdoM kI sRSTi karanA gItArtha AcAryoM ke lie sahaja upavAda mArga kA parityAga nahIM karatA hai to vaha bhI prAyazcitta kA bhAgI ho jAtA hai| utsarga aura apavAda ke balAbala ke sambandha meM vicAra hotA hai| kaba utsarga kA AcaraNa kiyA jAye aura kaba apavAda kA? karate hue paM0 jI punaH likhate haiM ki "saMyamI puruSa ke lie jitane isakA nirNaya deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM athavA vyakti ke zarIra-sAmarthya bhI niSiddha kArya na karane yogya kahe gaye hai, ve sabhI "pratiSedha" ke para nirbhara hotA hai| eka bImAra sAdhaka ke lie akalpya AhAra eSaNIya antargata Ate haiM aura jaba paristhitivizeSa meM unhIM niSiddha kAryoM mAnA jA sakatA hai kintu usake svastha ho jAne para vahI AhAra usake ko karane kI "anujJA" dI jAtI hai, taba ve hI niSiddha karma "vidhi" / lie anaiSaNIya ho jAtA hai| bana jAte haiN| paristhiti vizeSa meM akartavya bhI kartavya bana jAtA hai, yahA~ yaha prazna bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki sAdhaka kintu pratiSedha ko vidhi meM pariNata kara dene vAlI paristhiti kA aucitya kaba apavAda-mArga kA avalambana kare? aura isakA nizcaya kauna kare? aura parIkSaNa karanA, sAdhAraNa sAdhaka ke lie sambhava nahIM hai| ataeva jainAcAryoM ne isa sandarbha meM gItArtha kI AvazyakatA anubhava kI aura ye "apavAda", "anujJA' yA "vidhi' saba kisI ko nahIM batAye kahA ki gItArtha ko hI yaha adhikAra hotA hai ki vaha sAdhaka ko jaate| yahI kAraNa hai ki "apavAda' kA dUsarA nAma "rahasya' utsarga yA apavAda kisakA avalambana lenA hai, nirNaya de| jaina-paramparA (ni0cU0,gA0495) par3A hai| isase yaha bhI phalita ho jAtA hai ki meM gItArtha usa AcArya ko kahA jAtA hai jo deza, kAla aura paristhiti jisa prakAra "pratiSedha" kA pAlana karane se AcaraNa vizuddha mAnA jAtA ko samyak rUpa se jAnatA ho aura jisane nizItha, vyavahAra, kalpa hai, usI prakAra anujJA ke anusAra arthAt apavAda-mArga para calane Adi chedasUtroM kA samyak adhyayana kiyA ho| sAdhaka ko utsarga aura para bhI AcaraNa ko vizuddha hI mAnA jAnA caahie| (dekheM nizItha eka apavAda meM kisakA anusaraNa karanA hai? isake nirdeza kA adhikAra adhyayana, pR0 54) prazamarati meM umAsvAti spaSTa rUpa se kahate haiM gItArtha ko hI hai| jahA~ taka utsarga aura apavAda ina donoM meM kauna ki paristhitivizeSa meM jo bhojana, zayyA, vastra, pAtra evaM auSadhi zreya hai aura kauna azreya athavA kauna sabala hai aura kauna nirbala hai? Adi grAhya hotI hai vahI paristhiti vizeSa meM agrAhya ho jAtI hai aura isa samasyA ke samAdhAna kA prazna hai, jainAcAryoM ke anusAra donoM jo agrAhya hotI hai vahI grAhya ho jAtI hai, nizItha bhASya meM spaSTa hI apanI-apanI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra zreya va sabala haiN| ApavAdika rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki samartha sAdhaka ke lie utsarga sthiti meM jo paristhiti meM apavAda ko zreya aura sabala mAnA gayA hai kintu sAmAnya dravyAdi niSiddha mAne jAte haiM ve asamartha sAdhaka ke lie ApavAdika paristhiti meM utsarga ko zreya evaM sabala kahA gayA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya sthiti meM grAhya ho jAte haiN| satya yaha hai ki deza, kAla, roga Adi ke anusAra ye donoM (utsarga aura apavAda) apane-apane sthAnoM meM ke kAraNa kabhI-kabhI jo akArya hotA hai vaha kArya bana jAtA hai aura zreya va sabala hote haiN| ise aura adhika spaSTa karate hue bRhatkalpabhASya jo kArya hotA hai vaha akArya bana jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sAmAnyatayA kI pIThikA meM kahA gayA hai ki jo sAdhaka svastha evaM samartha hai usake jvara kI sthiti meM bhojana niSiddha mAnA jAtA hai kintu vAta, zrama, lie utsarga svasthAna hai aura apavAda parasthAna hai| jo asvastha evaM krodha, zoka aura kAmAdi se utpanna jvara meM laMghana hAnikAraka mAnA asamartha hai usake lie apavAda svasthAna hai aura utsarga parasthAna hai| jAtA hai| vastuta: jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiN| yaha saba vyakti utsarga aura apavAda kI isa carcA meM spaSTa rUpa se eka bAta kI sAmarthya evaM paristhitiyoM para nirbhara karatA hai ki kaba AcaraNIya sabase mahattvapUrNa hai vaha yaha ki donoM hI paristhiti-sApekSa haiM aura anAcaraNIya evaM anAcaraNIya AcaraNIya ho jAtA hai| kabhI utsarga isalie donoM hI mArga haiM, unmArga koI bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kA pAlana ucita hotA hai to kabhI apavAda kaa| vastuta: utsarga aura prazna uTha sakatA hai ki yaha kaise nirNaya kiyA jAye ki kisa vyakti apavAda kI isa samasyA kA samAdhAna una paristhitiyoM meM kArya karane ko utsarga-mArga para calanA cAhie aura kisako apavAda mArga pr| vAle vyakti ke svabhAva kA vizleSaNa kara kiye gaye nirNaya meM nihita isa sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi yaha rahI hai ki sAdhaka ko sAmAnya hai| vaise to utsarga aura apavAda ke sambandha meM bhI koI sImA rekhA sthiti meM utsarga kA avalambana karanA cAhie, kintu yadi vaha kisI nizcita kara pAnA kaThina hai, phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne kucha ApavAdika viziSTa paristhiti meM phaMsa gayA hai jahA~ usake utsarga ke Alambana paristhitiyoM kA ullekha kara yaha batAyA hai ki unameM kisa prakAra kA se svayaM usakA astitva khatare meM par3a sakatA hai to use apavAda- AcaraNa kiyA jaaye| mArga kA sevana karanA cAhie phira bhI yaha sadaiva smaraNa rakhanA cAhie sAmAnyatayA ahiMsA ko jaina-sAdhanA kA prANa kahA jA sakatA ki apavAda kA Alambana kisI paristhitivizeSa meM hI kiyA jAtA hai| sAdhaka ke lie sUkSma se sUkSma hiMsA bhI varjita mAnI gaI hai| hai aura usa paristhitivizeSa kI samApti para sAdhaka ko punaH utsarga- kintu jaba koI virodhI vyakti AcArya yA saMgha ke vadha ke lie tatpara
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________________ --- yatIndrasUrismArakagrantha - jaina darzana ho, kisI sAdhvI kA balapUrvaka apaharaNa karanA cAhatA ho aura vaha ke kAraNa zIlabhaMga kare to isa sthiti meM zIlabhaMga karane vAle bhikSu upadeza se bhI nahIM mAnatA ho to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu, AcArya, saMgha ke manobhAvoM ko lakSya meM rakhakara hI prAyazcitta kA nirdhAraNa kiyA athavA sAdhvI kI rakSA ke lie pulAkalabdhi kA prayoga karatA huA jAtA hai| bhI sAdhaka saMyamI mAnA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM ne brahmacarya kI surakSA para sarvAdhika bala diyaa| isalie sAmAnyatayA zramaNa sAdhaka ke lie vAnaspatika jIvoM athavA unhoMne na kevala maithuna-sevana kA niSedha kiyA apitu bhikSu ke lie apkAyika jIvoM ke sparza kA bhI niSedha hai kintu jIvana-rakSA ke lie navajAta kanyA kA aura bhikSuNI ke lie navajAta zizu kA sparza bhI ina niyamoM ke apavAda svIkAra kiye gaye hai| jaise parvata se phisalate varjita kara diyaa| AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki bhikSuNI ko koI bhI samaya bhikSu vRkSa kI zAkhA yA latA Adi kA sahArA le sakatA hai| puruSa cAhe vaha usakA putra yA pitA hI kyoM na ho, sparza nahIM kare jala meM bahate hue sAdhu yA sAdhvI kI rakSA ke lie nadI Adi meM kintu apavAda rUpa meM yaha bAta svIkAra kI gaI ki nadI meM DUbatI utara sakatA hai| huI yA vikSipta-citta bhikSuNI ko bhikSu sparza kara sakatA hai| isI . isI prakAra utsarga-mArga meM svAmI kI AjJA-binA bhikSu ke lie prakAra sarpadaMza yA kA~TA laga jAne para usakI cikitsA kA koI anya eka tinakA bhI agrAhya hai| dazavaikAlika ke anusAra zramaNa adattAdAna upAya na raha jAne para bhikSu yA bhikSuNI paraspara eka dUsare kI sahAyatA ko na svayaM grahaNa kara sakatA hai, na dUsaroM se grahaNa karavA sakatA kara sakate haiN| yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ukta apavAda brahmacarya hai aura na adatta grahaNa karane vAle kA anumodana hI kara sakatA hai| ke khaNDana se sambandhita na hokara strI-puruSa ke paraspara sparza se sambandhita parantu paristhitivaza apavAda-mArga meM bhikSu ke lie ayAcita sthAna hai| nizItha bhASya aura bRhatkalpabhASya ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA Adi grahaNa ke ullekha haiN| jaise bhikSu bhayaMkara zItAdi ke kAraNa yA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne brahmacarya kI surakSA para kitanI gaharAI se vicAra hiMsaka pazuoM kA bhaya hone para svAmI kI AjJA lie binA hI Thaharane kiyaa| jainAcAryoM ne isa prazna para bhI vicAra kiyA ki eka ora vyakti yogya sthAna para Thahara jAe tatpazcAt svAmI kI AjJA prApta karane kA zIlabhaMga nahIM karanA cAhatA kintu dUsarI ora vAsanA kA Avega itanA prayatna kre| tIvra hotA hai ki vaha apane para saMyama nahIM rakha paataa| aisI sthiti jahA~ taka brahmacarya sambandhI apavAdoM kA prazna hai usa para hameM meM kyA kiyA jAye? do dRSTiyoM se vicAra karanA hai| jahA~ ahiMsA, satya Adi vratoM meM aisI sthiti meM jainAcAryoM ne sarvanAza kI apekSA arddha-vinAza apavAda-mArga kA sevana karane para binA tapa-prAyazcita ke bhI vizuddhi kI nIti ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| isI prasaMga meM jainAcAryoM ne yaha sambhava mAnI gaI hai vahA~ brahmacarya ke sambandha meM tapa-prAyazcitta ke binA upAya bhI batAyA hai ki aise bhikSu athavA bhikSuNI ko adhyayana, lekhana, vizuddhi ko sambhava nahIM mAnA gayA hai| aisA kyoM kiyA gayA isa vaiyAvRtya Adi kAryoM meM itanA vyasta kara diyA jAye ki usake pAsa sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kA tarka hai ki hiMsA Adi meM rAga-dveSapUrvaka aura kAma-vAsanA jagane kA samaya hI na rhe| isa prakAra unhoMne kAma-vAsanA rAgadveSa rahita donoM hI prakAra kI pratisevanA sambhava hai aura yadi pratisevanA para vijaya prApta karane ke upAya bhI btaae| rAgadveSa se rahita hai to usake lie vizeSa prAyazcita nahIM hai kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSu ke lie parigraha ke pUrNata: tyAga kA vidhAna maithuna kA sevana rAga ke abhAva meM nahIM hotA, ata: brahmacarya vrata kI hai aura isI AdhAra para acelatA kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| sAmAnyataH skhalanA meM tapa-prAyazcitta aparihArya hai| jisa skhalanA para tapa-prAyazcitta AcArAMga Adi sUtroM meM bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastra aura anya kA vidhAna ho use apavAda-mArga nahIM kahA jA sktaa| nizItha bhASya parimita upakaraNa rakhane kI anumati hai kintu yadi hama madhyakAlIna ke AdhAra para paM0 dalasukha bhAI mAlavaNiyA kA kathana hai ki yadi jaina-sAhitya kA aura sAdhu-jIvana kA adhyayana kareM to yaha spaSTa hiMsA Adi doSoM kA sevana saMyama ke rakSaNa hetu kiyA jAya to tapa lagatA hai ki dhIre-dhIre bhikSu-jIvana meM rakhane yogya vastuoM kI saMkhyA prAyazcitta nahIM hotA kintu abahmacarya sevana ke lie to tapa yA cheda bar3hatI gaI hai| anya bhI AcAra sambandhI kaThoratama niyama sthira nahIM prAyazcitta Avazyaka hai| raha sake haiN| ata: ApavAdika rUpa meM kaI akaraNIya kAryoM kA karanA yadyapi brahmacarya vrata kI skhalanA para prAyazcitta kA vidhAna hone bhI vihita mAna liyA gayA hai jo sAmAnyatayA nindita mAne jAte the| se brahmacarya kA koI apavAda svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kintu apavAda-mArga ke sambandha meM vistRta carcA nizItha bhASya evaM nizIthaisakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki jainAcAryoM ne una saba paristhitiyoM para cUrNi Adi meM upalabdha haiN| sAtha hI paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne vicAra nahIM kiyA hai jinameM ki jIvana kI rakSA athavA saMgha kI pratiSThA apane grantha "nizIthaHeka adhyayana"" meM evaM upAdhyAya amaramunijI ko surakSita rakhane ke lie zIlabhaMga hetu vivaza honA pdd'e| nizItha ne nizItha cUrNi12 ke tRtIya bhAga kI bhUmikA meM isakA vistAra se aura bRhatkalpabhASya meM yaha ullekha hai ki yadi aisA prasaMga upasthita vivecana kiyA hai| isI prakAra nizItha sUtra hindI vivecana meM bhI utsarga ho jahA~ zIlabhaMga aura jIvana-rakSaNa meM se eka hI vikalpa ho to aura apavAda mArga kA svarUpa samajhAyA gayA hai|" jijJAsu pAThaka use aisI sthiti meM zreSTha to yahI hai ki vyakti mRtyu ko svIkAra kare aura vahA~ dekha sakate haiN| zIlabhaMga na kare kintu jo mRtyu ko svIkAra karane meM asamartha hone