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Diversity of World Religious Expression
Western
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Eastern (Indian) Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
Pravin K. Shah
JAINA Education Committee
Federation of Jain Associations in North America
509 Carriage Woods Circle, Cary NC 27513-6469 E-mail: jainaedu@gmail.com Website: 919-859-4994
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Diversity of World Religious Expression
+
Melbourne 2009
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Topics • Man's Suffering • Creation of the Universe • The True God • Proof and Knowing of God • Paths to God and Salvation • Destiny • Evil • Hell • Conduct and Virtue • Religious Origin • Reality • Doctrine • Ascetic Life (Sainthood) • Worship
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Man's Suffering:
Western • Suffering is due to disobedience to God's Will
not believing and not accepting of His law • Acceptance of God's Will (one true God and
religion) ensures that one will enjoy God's grace
in eternal Heaven Eastern • Suffering is due to soul's (man's) ignorance of its
own nature • Path which leads from ignorance to knowledge
allows soul to attain immortality and liberation from death
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Creation of the Universe:
Western
• Created by God at some point in time
• In future it will be forever destroyed by Him
He is separate from it, and rules it from above (dualistic nature)
•
Eastern
• Exists in Endless Cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction
·
No absolute beginning and end to the world
No duality of God and World but a unity
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The True God
Western
There is only one true God and One true religion
• God is loving as well as wrathful
Those who accept God will enjoy God's grace in eternal
Heaven
·
·
Eastern
All others will suffer eternally in Hell
•
One true and absolute Self or God
Many images of one Supreme God
• God is pure bliss and consciousness
• There are many paths to God by way of understanding, temperament, and maturity
All souls are destined to receive Liberation
·
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Proof and Knowing of God:
Western
• Indirect proof through Prophets, Messiah, and Paygambar • Through His unchanging and unique revealed scripture • It is essential to seek personal knowledge of God • Ultimately one must have belief and faith in God, coupled
with a virtuous life Eastern
• Direct proof through self-realization • Indirect proof through the enlightened Guru (teacher) and
the revealed scriptures Knowing is personal, inner, and a mystical experience • Ultimately one must directly know God during an earthly
life
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Paths to God and Salvation Western
. Only one path leads to God, others are false and futile • Strictly dualistic (God and Man are separate) • One must accept the one true religion otherwise the soul, laden
with sin, will be damned on Judgment Day • Salvation is through strict obedience to God's will, through a
messiah/prophet
• Salvation comes at the end of the world Eastern
• Freedom to choose own form of worship • Beliefs may be dual or non-dual (all paths lead to God) • Liberation or Salvation is through Self realization and/or
Surrendering to God's Will • Salvation is to be found in this life and within oneself • Sin is only of the mind, not of the soul, which is pure . God does not judge or punish (No Judgment day)
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Destiny:
Western • Man's destiny lies beyond this world, which is eternal joy in heaven or eternal suffering in hell
Eastern • Purpose of life is to evolve, through
experience, into higher spiritual destiny and ultimately attain Liberation or Nirvana
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Evil:
Western
A genuine evil exist in the world, which opposes God's will
•
Eastern
There is no intrinsic evil, all is good and all is God No force in the world or in human opposes God Veiling the instinctive intellectual mind keeps one from knowledge of God
·
Evil is embodied in Satan and his demons, and partially in man as one of his tendencies
•
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Hell:
Western
On Judgment Day the physical body of every soul that ever lived is brought to life
God consigns pure souls to heaven and sinners to Hell
Hell is a physical place where the body burns without being consumed
•
·
•
• One suffers the anguish of knowing he will never be with God
Eastern
·
·
·
Hell is not eternal
Hell may be a physical place where the body burns without being consumed
Exists as a period of Karmic suffering, a state of mind in life or between lives
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Conduct and Virtue:
Western (
• Obey God's commands for a Moral and Ethical life • Opposite conduct leads one away from God • Believe in Him and in His Prophets (i.e. Abraham, Moses,
Jesus, Mohammed, or Zoroaster) Salvation is assured
Eastern • Virtuous conduct, Moral living, and Right Belief are
foundation to spiritual progress • Unrighteous thoughts, words, and deeds keeps one from
liberation • It is the first step toward higher mystical communion • Liberation requires knowledge and personal attainment, not
only belief
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Religion Origin:
Western • Religion is Historical, Beginning with a Prophet or
an Event • Stress is on the Past and on Future rewards or
punishments • History is linear, never to be repeated
Eastern • Religion is Cosmic, Eternal, and transcends
cyclical human history Stress is placed on revelation of God's presence in the Here and Now
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Reality: Western
• The Soul is immortal, deathless, and eternal • There is more to reality than the things of this
world • Ultimately the Soul is living forever in God's
presence or separated from Him in Hell Eastern • The Soul is immortal, deathless, and eternal
There is more to reality than we experience with
the five senses • Ultimately the soul is liberated from the death
and rebirth cycle
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Doctrine:
Western
• Doctrines tend to be simple, clear, and rational Worship and belief are formalized and required Other paths are endured, but not totally honored It is exclusive and some times dogmatic
•
Eastern
•
•
Doctrines tend to be subtle, complex, and even paradoxical
•
Freedom to worship and to believe in a variety of ways is predominant
• Other paths are accepted as God's divine will at work • It is universal and tolerant
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Ascetic Life (Sainthood):
Western
Submit to God through self-sacrifice, and concern for
others • Value is placed on good work, social concerns, and
scriptural study • Little emphasis on yoga and meditation
Eastern • Through renunciation, self discipline, purification,
contemplation, and meditation • Value is placed on individual religious practice (Sadhana):
yoga, meditation, and super conscious awakening • Little emphasis on social work and concerns
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Worship:
Western
·
• Worship is congregational, simple in its rituals Centers around the church, synagogue, or
mosque
Mostly on a Sabbath day (Moslems 5 or 3 times a day)
Mosler
Eastern
•
·
•
Worship is individual, more ritualistic, and meditative
Centers around the temple and home shrine All days of the week
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Western Religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
Common Features
• One and Only One God • Universe was Created By God • Human Suffering - Disobedience of God's Will • God's Message Revealed Through Prophet • One Life and Eternal Judgment • Judgment Day • Eternal Hell / Heaven
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Western Religion... (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
Common Features (Continued)
• Scripture has Ultimate Authority • Non-mystical (God chooses Prophet) • Congregational (Society is Essential) • Worshipping - Sabbath Day
Systems of Philosophy
• Judaism, Christianity, Islam
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________________ Eastern (Indian) Religions Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism Common Features: * Goal of Life - Liberation (Moksha) Eternal * Human Suffering - Soul's Ignorance * Philosophy of Karma * Continuity of Life (Reincarnation) * Mystical (Human Experience) Self Realization (Direct contact with God/Self) Scripture has no authority over Realized Person Individual
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________________ Eastern (Indian) Religion Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism Common Features (continued): * Freedom to choose God(s)/no-God * No Judgment Day * No Eternal Hell/Heaven * Worshipping - All Day * Universe Exists in Endless Cycle * Religious Symbols (OM, Swastika, Lotus) * Cremation Systems of Philosophy Developed Brahmana System (Hinduism) * Samana System (Jainism, Buddhism)