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________________ prophesara mahAvIra sarana jaina hindI bhASA ke vividha rUpa musalamAnoM ke bhArata Agamana se pUrva phArasI tathA arabI sAhitya meM 'z2abAne-hindI' zabda kA prayoga bhASika saMdarbha meM bhAratIya bhASAoM ke lie prayukta huaa| bhArata Agamana ke bAda inhoMne 'jubAne-hindI', 'hindI z2abAna' athavA 'hindI' kA prayoga dillI ke caturdika madhya deza kI bhASAoM ke lie kiyaa| amIra khusaro ke samaya yahI sthiti milatI hai| saMskRta se bhinna janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ke lie bhASA athavA bhAkhA zabdoM kA prayoga prApta hotA hai| kabIradAsa ne 'saMskRta hai kUpa jala, bhASA bahatA nIra' kahakara inhIM bhASika rUpoM ke sAmarthya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| jAyasI ne apane padmAvata ke bhASA rUpa ko bhASA ke nAma se hI pukArA hai 'likha bhASA caupAI kheN'| tulasIdAsa ne bhI mAnasa ko saMskRta meM nahIM apitu bhASA meM nibaddha kiyA- 'bhASA nibaddha mati maMjula maatnoti'| tAtparya yaha hai ki saMskRta se bhinna madhyadeza ke jina janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ko mAtra bhASA ke nAma se pukArA jA rahA thA, unameM se dillI ke caturdika madhya deza ke janapadIya bhASika rUpoM ko musalamAnoM ne bhArata Agamana ke bAda 'jubAne-hindI', 'hindI z2abAna' athavA 'hindavI' zabdoM se pukaaraa| 18vIM sadI taka hindI, hindavI, dakkhinI, urdU, rekhtA, hindustAnI, dehalavI Adi zabdoM kA samAnArthI prayoga milatA hai| isI kAraNa nAsika, saudA tathA mIra Adi ne ekAdhika bAra apane zeroM ko hindI zera kahA hai tathA gAliba ne apane qhatoM meM urdU tathA rekhtA kA kaI sthaloM para samAnArthI prayoga kiyA hai| yadyapi 18vIM zatAbdI taka braja athavA avadhI bhASA rUpoM ko hI mAnaka mAnA jAtA rahA tathApi isa avadhi meM dillI kA rAjanaitika dRSTi se mahatva banA rhaa| isa dehalavI ko avadhI aura braja ke samAna mAnaka banane kA gaurava to prApta na ho sakA, kintu phira bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se isa bhASA rUpa ko mahatva prApta huaa|apnii bAta ko adhikAdhika vyaktiyoM taka saMpreSita karane ke lie samAja ke pratyeka vyakti ne isa bhASA rUpa kA prayoga kiyaa| Aja yaha bAta spaSTa ho gaI hai ki saMtoM kI bhASA meM khar3I bolI ke pracura tatva vidyamAna haiN| sAhitya kI pAramparika abhivyakti braja bhASA meM hone ke kAraNa inhoMne kendraka bhASA ke rUpa meM bhale hI braja bhASA ko apanAyA ho , kintu cUMki inakI racanAoM kA mUla lakSya sAhityika nahIM apitu apane kathya evaM saMdeza ko janamAnasa ke pratyeka varga taka saMpreSita karanA thA, isa kAraNa tathA tatkAlIna khar3I bolI evaM dakkhinI hindI meM sAhityika sarjana karane vAle bahuta se sUphI saMtoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa khar3I bolI ke bahuta se tatva anAyAsa inakI bhASA meM samAhita ho ge| saMtoM ke atirikta anya bahuta se zAyara evaM kavi hue jinhoMne khar3I bolI ko apanI sAhityika racanAoM kA AdhAra bnaayaa| isa bolI ke atirikta 17vIM zatAbdI taka jina sAhityakAroM ne sAhitya sarjana kiyA unameM aise nAma bhI haiM jinheM hindI ke itihAsakAra hindI ke sAhityakAra kahate haiM tathA urdU vAle urdU ke shaayr| amIra khusaro ke atirikta valI kutuba zAha (1565-1611) ko donoM hI apane sAhitya ke itihAsa meM sthAna dete haiN| yaha tathya isa bAta ko siddha karatA hai ki urdU evaM Adhunika sAhityika hindI kI mUlAdhAra eka hI bolI hai| isa bolI ke AdhAra para 17vIM zatAbdI taka racita sAhitya janajIvana kI bhAvanAoM se anuprANita adhika rahA hai, saMskRta evaM arabI-phArasI ke sAhityika prabhAvoM se saMpRkta kama rahA hai| aisI bahuta-sI sAhityika kRtiyAM haiM jinakI bhASA ke vizleSaNa evaM vivecana se isa bAta kI puSTi hotI hai| eka ora pAramparika sAhityika braja bhASA kI kalAtmaka evaM alaMkRta paramparA se haTakara tathA dUsarI ora saMskata kI tatsama zabdAvalI kA moha tyAgakara bahata se sAhityakAroM ne khar3I bolI ke janasulabha rUpa ko kAvya racanA kA AdhAra bnaayaa| mIra (1722-1810) tathA gAliba (1797-1859) ne isI bhASA ko AdhAra banAkara sAhityika racanA kI, kintu inhoMne arabI phArasI bhASAoM kI zabdAvalI tathA zailIgata upAdAnoM kA prayoga bahuta adhika mAtrA meM kiyaa| isa kAraNa inakI racanAoM meM eka bhinna raMga A gyaa| 19vIM sadI meM phorTa viliyama kaoNleja ke padAdhikAriyoM evaM aMgrejI zAsakoM ke sunizcita prayAsa ke kAraNa hindI evaM urdu zabdoM kA prayoga bhinnArthaka rUpoM ke lie hone lgaa| aMgrejoM ne ina bhASika rUpoM ke sAtha sAmpradAyika bhAvanA ko jor3ane kA abhUtapUrva prayAsa kiyaa| hindI evaM hindustAnI athavA rekhtA kI bhinnatA kA pratipAdana sarvaprathama 1812 meM phorTa viliyama kaoNleja ke vArSika vivaraNa meM kepTana Telara ne yaha kaha kara kiyA ki maiM kevala hindustAnI athavA rekhtA kA z2ikra kara rahA hUM jo phArasI lipi meM likhI jAtI hai| isa hindustAnI evaM rekhtA se hindI kI bhinnatA ko sthApita karane ke uddezya se unhoMne bala dekara kahA ki maiM hindI hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /2
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________________ kA jikra nahIM kara rahA hUM jisakI apanI lipi hai tathA jisameM arabI, phArasI zabdoM kA prayoga nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra phorTa viliyama kaoNleja meM eka bhASika rUpa kA nirmANa saMskRta kI tatsama zabdAvalI ke bahula prayoga ke sAtha devanAgarI lipi tathA dUsare rUpa kA nirmANa arabI phArasI zabdAvalI kI bahulatA ke sAtha phArasI lipi meM karAkara eka hI bhASA ke do rUpoM ko do bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karane ke lie SaDyaMtra racA gyaa| pratyeka bhASA kA jana samudAya apanI bhASA ke vividha rUpoM ke mAdhyama se eka 'bhASika ikAI' kA nirmANa karatA hai| eka bhASA ke samasta bhASika rUpa jisa kSetra meM prayukta hote haiM use usa bhASA kA bhASA kSetra kahate haiN| pratyeka bhASA meM aneka kSetrIya evaM vargagata bhinnatAeM hotI haiN| ina samasta bhinnatAoM kI samaSTigata amUrtatA kA nAma bhASA hai| yaha prazna upasthita ho sakatA hai ki hama yaha nirNaya kisa prakAra kareM ki vibhinna bhASika rUpa eka hI bhASA ke bhinna rUpa haiM athavA alaga-alaga bhASA rUpa haiN| vyAvahArika dRSTi se jisa kSetra meM bhASA ke vividha rUpoM meM bodhagamyatA kI sthiti hotI hai tathA jinheM usa kSetra ke bahumata bhASI eka bhASA ke vividha rUpa mAnate haiM, vaha kSetra usa bhASA kA bhASA-kSetra' kahalAtA hai| bhinna bhASA-bhASI vyakti paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna nahIM kara pAte tathA apane-apane bhASA rUpoM ko bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| aisI sthiti meM una bhASA rUpoM ko alaga-alaga nAmoM se pukArA jAtA hai| jaba koI tamila bhASI vyakti hindI bhASI vyakti se tamila meM bAta karatA hai to hindI bhASI vyakti usakI bAta saMketoM, mudrAoM, bhAvabhaMgimAoM ke mAdhyama se bhale hI samajha jAve, bhASA ke mAdhyama se nahIM samajha paataa| isake viparIta jaba braja bolane vAlA vyakti avadhI bolane vAle se bAteM karatA hai to donoM ko vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna meM kaThinAI to hotI hai kintu phira bhI ve kisI na kisI mAtrA meM vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kara lete haiM, eka dUsare kI bAtoM ko samajha lete haiN| bhASAoM kI bhinnatA athavA bhinna bhASA rUpoM kI eka bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA kA yaha vyAvahArika AdhAra hai| do bhASika rUpoM ko eka hI bhASA ke rUpa meM athavA bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA pradAna karane meM aitihAsika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika, manovaijJAnika Adi kAraNa tathA una bhASika rUpoM kI saMracanA evaM vyavasthA kI samatA athavA bhinnatA kI sthiti mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate haiN| eka bhASA kSetra meM ekatva kI dRSTi se eka bhASA hotI hai kintu bhinnatva kI dRSTi se usa bhASA kSetra meM jitane vyakti nivAsa karate haiM usameM utanI hI 'vyakti boliyAM hotI haiN| vyakti boliyoM evaM usa kSetra kI bhASA ke bIca prAyaH bolI kA stara hotA hai| kisI bhASA kI kSetragata evaM vargagata bhinnatAeM hI usakI boliyAM haiN| isako isa prakAra bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA kI saMracaka boliyAM hotI haiM tathA bolI kI saMracaka vyakti-boliyAM hotI haiN| pratyeka bhASA kSetra meM kisI bolI ke AdhAra para mAnaka bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA ke isa mAnaka rUpa ko samasta kSetra ke vyakti mAnaka athavA pariniSThita rUpa mAnate haiM tathA usa bhASA-kSetra ke par3he-likhe vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para isakA prayoga karate haiN| isa prakAra kisI bhASA kA mAnaka bhASA rUpa usa bhASA kSetra meM sAMskRtika dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa bana jAtA hai| isa bhASA rUpa kI zabdAvalI, vyAkaraNa evaM uccAraNa kA svarUpa adhika nizcita evaM sthira hotA hai| kalAtmaka, sAMskRtika evaM zaikSika abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bhI yahI bhASA rUpa hotA hai| cUMki usa bhASA kSetra ke adhikAMza zikSita vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para isakA prayoga karate haiM, isa kAraNa yaha saMpUrNa bhASA kSetra ke vyaktiyoM ke lie mAnaka bana jAtA hai| jo vyakti usa samAja ke par3he-likhe evaM sAdhana-sampanna vyaktiyoM ke saMparka meM Ate haiM ve bhI isa mAnaka bhASA rUpa ko sIkhane kA tathA prayoga karane kA prayAsa karate haiN| ___ vyavahAra meM mAnaka bhASA ko bhASA kSetra kI mUla bhASA athavA kendraka bhASA ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai tathA bola-cAla meM adhikAMza vyakti isa mAnaka bhASA rUpa ko bhASA ke nAma se tathA bhASA kSetra kI samasta kSetragata evaM vargagata bhinnatAoM ko isa mAnaka bhASA kI boliyoM ke nAma se pukArate haiN| kintu tatvata: bhASA apane kSetra meM vyavahRta hone vAlI samasta kSetragata bhinnatAoM, vargagata bhinnatAoM, zailIgata bhinnatAoM tathA vibhinna prayuktiyoM kI samaSTi kA nAma hai| boliyoM, zailiyoM evaM prayuktiyoM se itara jisa bhASika rUpa ko vyAvahArika dRSTi se athavA prayatna lAghava kI dRSTi se 'bhASA' ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai vaha bhASA nahIM apitu usa bhASA ke kisI kSetra vizeSa ke bhASika rUpa ke AdhAra para vikasita mAnaka bhASA hotI hai| isI mAnaka bhASA ko mAtra bhASA abhidhAna se pukArane tathA bhASA samajhane kI galata dRSTi ke kAraNa hama boliyoM ko bhASA kA apabhraSTa rUpa, apabhraMza rUpa, gaMvArU bhASA jaise nAmoM se pukArane lagate haiN| vastutaH boliyAM prakRta athavA prAkRta haiN| bhASA kA mAnaka rUpa usa bhASA kSetra kI samasta boliyoM ke madhya saMparka sUtra kA kAma karatA hai| isI dRSTi se yadi hindI bhASA zabda para vicAra kareM to isake do prayoga haiN| eka vyAvahArika tathA dUsarA saiddhaantik| vyAvahArika dRSTi se athavA bolacAla meM hindI bhASA ke mAnaka rUpa ko athavA pariniSThita rUpa ko hama hindI bhASA ke nAma se pukArate haiM, kintu saiddhAntika dRSTi se sampUrNa hindI kSetra meM prayukta hone vAle samasta kSetrIya bhASA rUpoM, vargagata rUpoM, zailIgata prabhedoM tathA vividha vyavahAra kSetroM meM prayukta hone vAle prayoga rUpoM kI samaSTi kA nAma hindI bhASA hai| ___ mAnaka hindI kI mUlAdhAra bolI hindI bhASA kI khar3I bolI hai kintu khar3I bolI evaM mAnaka hindI samAnArthaka nahIM haiN| jAne-anajAne bahuta se vyakti hindI zabda kA prayoga khar3I bolI ke artha meM karate haiN| hindI zabda kI arthavattA ko sImita karane ke prayAsa isa deza meM niyojita rUpa se hote rahe haiN| julAI 1965 meM "AlocanA" ke tatkAlIna sampAdaka zivadAna siMha cauhAna ne apane saMpAdakIya meM isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA se prerita hokara yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki "hindI kSetra ke samasta kSetrIya rUpa hindI bhASA se alaga evaM pRthaka haiN"| unake vicAroM ko unhIM ke zabdoM meM uddhRta karanA samIcIna hogA jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki hindI ko usake apane hI ghara meM khaMDa-khaMDa kara dene kA SaDyaMtra kitanA gaMbhIra ho sakatA hai: "hindI ko mAtRbhASA batAnA cUMki deza-bhakti kA paryAya batAyA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /3
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________________ jAtA hai isIlie yahAM hindI se jIvikA kamAne vAle yA hindI bhakta ke nAma se voTa mAMgane vAle aura badale meM hindI ko mAtRbhASA ghoSita karane vAle aise deza bhaktoM kI saMkhyA nitya bar3hatI jAtI hai yadyapi unakI mAtRbhASA hindI nahIM hai- paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, maithilI, bhojapurI, avadhI, braja, chattIsagar3I, hariyANavI, kumAunI, DogarI, gar3havAlI Adi cAhe koI aura ho para hindI (khar3I bolI) nahIM hai"| 1965 ke bAda sAhitya akAdamI ne bhI hindI kSetra kI bahuta sI upabhASAoM ko hindI bhASA se alaga svataMtra darjA dilAne kI dizA meM vizeSa prayatna kiyaa| hindI ko usake apane hI ghara meM tor3ane kI vikhaMDanavAdI nIti ke virodha meM aneka ciMtakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita huaa| 1971 meM bhAratIya hindI pariSad ke 25veM vArSika adhivezana meM upasthita vizvavidyAlayoM ke 300 se bhI adhika hindI prAdhyApakoM kI sabhA ne sAhitya akAdamI kI bhASA nIti kI tIvra AlocanA kI tathA eka prastAva pArita karake sAhitya akAdamI ke sabhApati se anurodha kiyA ki ve hindI kSetra kI saMzliSTa bhASA, sAhitya aura saMskRti kI paramparA ko kSetroM meM khaMDita karane kA upakrama avilamba samApta karAveM / hindI ke vyApaka aura saMzliSTa rUpa kA nirmANa usake sAhitya kI eka hajAra varSa kI lambI paramparA ne kiyA hai aura kisI akAdamI ko yaha adhikAra nahIM hai ki vaha isa prakRti ko ulTI dizA meM modd'e| vastutaH hindI bhASA kA kSetra bahuta bar3A hai tathA hindI kSetra meM aisI bahuta sI upa bhASAeM haiM, jinameM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kA pratizata bahuta kama hai kintu aitihAsika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se saMpUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra eka bhASika ikAI hai tathA isa hindI bhASA kSetra ke bahumata bhASA-bhASI apane-apane bhASA rUpa ko hindI bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnate evaM svIkAra karate Ae haiN| isa hindI bhASA kSetra meM mAnaka hindI ke bolacAla vAle bhASika rUpa kA prakAryAtmaka mUlya bahuta adhika hai| sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra ke do upa bhASI athavA bolI bhASI jaba apanI upa bhASAoM athavA bolI rUpoM ke mAdhyama se vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna nahIM kara pAte to ve bhASA ke isI rUpa ke dvArA saMpreSaNa kArya karate haiN| jina bhASAoM kA kSetra hindI bhASA kSetra ke samAna vizAla hotA hai tathA jisa bhASA ke bolane vAloM kI saMkhyA hindI bhASA ke prayoktAoM ke samAna bahuta adhika hotI hai una bhASAoM meM isI prakAra kI sthiti milatI hai| hindI, cInI evaM rUsI bhASAoM ke bhASA kSetroM kI bhASika sthiti kA adhyayana bhASA kSetra ke kSetragata bhinna bhASika rUpoM meM paraspara bodhagamyatA ke AdhAra para nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hindI, cInI evaM rUsI bhASAoM meM se kisI bhI bhASA ke 'bhASA kSetra' meM prApta sabhI kSetragata bhASA rUpoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kI sthiti nahIM hai| ina tInoM bhASAoM meM unakI kSetragata bhASA rUpoM ke atirikta bhASA kA eka aisA rUpa milatA hai jisake mAdhyama se vibhinna kSetroM ke vyakti paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kara pAte haiN| bhASA ke kSetragata bhASA rUpoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kI sthiti honA eka bAta hai tathA kisI bhASA ke sabhI bhASA kSetroM ke vyaktiyoM kA apanI bhASA ke kisI viziSTa rUpa ke mAdhyama se paraspara bAtacIta kara pAnA dUsarI bAta hai / isa dUsarI hIraka jayantI smArikA sthiti meM 'pArasparika bodhagamyatA' nahIM hotI, 'eka taraphA bodhagamyatA' hotI hai| isa sthiti meM kSetra vizeSa ke vyaktiyoM se kSetrIya bhASA rUpa meM bAteM hotI haiM kintu bhASA ke dUsare bhASA kSetroM athavA bolI kSetra ke vyaktiyoM se athavA aupacArika avasaroM para usa bhASA ke mAnaka rUpa kA athavA mAnaka bhASA ke AdhAra para vikasita vyAvahArika bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| bhASA kI upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM se mAnaka bhASA ke isa prakAra ke sambandha ko phargyusana ne boliyoM kI parata para mAnaka bhASA kI Urdhva prasthApanA mAnA hai tathA gamparja ne isa prakAra kI bhASika sthiti ko 'bAilekTala' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| prazna uThatA hai ki hindI bhASA kA kSetra kyA hai ? isa dRSTi se hamAre saMvidhAna meM jo rAjya hindI bhASI rAjyoM ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM unake AdhAra para hindI bhASA kI pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai| bihAra, uttara pradeza, rAjasthAna, madhya pradeza, hariyANA, himAcala pradeza tathA dillIye samasta rAjya hindI bhASI rAjya haiN| ina sampUrNa hindI bhASI rAjyoM kA kSetra hI hindI bhASA kA kSetra hai| isa kSetra meM kahIM-kahIM anya bhASAoM kI boliyoM ke bhASAdvIpa avazya haiM tathA ina hindI bhASI rAjyoM kI sImAoM se jahAM-jahAM hindItara bhASI rAjyoM kI sImAeM lagatI haiM vahAM hindI evaM ahindI bhASAoM ke 'saMkramaNa kSetra' bhI haiN| tathApi adhikAMza kSetra hindI bhASA kA kSetra hai tathA isa kSetra meM jitane bhASika rUpa bole jAte haiM ve hindI bhASA ke hI aMga haiN| hindI kI do pradhAna sAhityika zailiyAM haiM 1. khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para vikasita saMskRtaniSTha sAhityika rUpa jise sAhityika hindI bhASA ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| 2. khar3I bolI ke hI AdhAra para vikasita arabI phArasI niSTha sAhityika rUpa jise urdU ke nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| yaha bAta spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenI cAhie ki khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA eka kSetra vizeSa meM bole jAne vAlA bhASA rUpa hai usI prakAra jisa prakAra braja, avadhI, bhojapurI Adi bhASA rUpa hindI bhASA ke kSetrIya rUpa haiN| khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA vaha kSetrIya rUpa hai jo meraTha, rAmapura, murAdAbAda, bijanaura, mujaphpharanagara, sahAranapura Adi jiloM tathA deharAdUna Adi ke sImita bhAgoM meM vyavahRta hotA hai| khar3I bolI kSetra meM rahane vAle sabhI vargoM ke vyakti jo kucha bolate haiM vaha khar3I bolI hai kintu hindI kI anya upa bhASAoM (braja, hariyANavI, avadhI, chattIsagar3hI, bhojapurI, maithilI, magahI, gar3havAlI, kumAU~nI, mevAtI, mAravAr3I, jayapurI, nivAr3I Adi) kI bhAMti isa kSetra meM bhI hindI kI ucca zikSA prApta vyakti paraspara saMbhASaNa athavA aupacArika avasaroM para mAnaka bhASA kA prayoga karate haiN| mAnaka bhASA kA prayoga hindI kSetra ke anya upa bhASA kSetroM meM bhI hotA hai| isa mAnaka hindI kA vikAsa khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para huA hai| mAnaka hindI kI mUlAdhAra khar3I bolI hai| khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para mAnaka hindI vikasita to huI hai kintu khar3I bolI hI mAnaka hindI nahIM hai| mAnaka hindI banane ke bAda isa para braja evaM hariyANavI kA bhI prabhAva par3A hai tathA hindI kI anya upa bhASAoM ke zabda rUpoM ko bhI isane AtmasAt kiyA vidvat khaNDa / 4
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________________ hai| akhila bhAratIya saMparka bhASA hone ke kAraNa isane hindItara bhAratIya bhASAoM ke zabdoM, rUpoM evaM zailI tatvoM ko bhI apane meM pacA liyA hai| hindI bhASA kSetra ke pratyeka upa bhASA evaM bolI kSetra meM mAnaka hindI para vahAM kI sthAnIya bhASika vizeSatAoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai tathA bhArata ke hindItara bhASI kSetroM meM mAnaka hindI vahAM kI bhASika vizeSatAoM se raMjita ho jAtI hai| hindI bhASA ke mAnaka hindI bhASA rUpa ko hindI abhidhAna se pukArane kA kAraNa kevala vyAvahArika hai| isa tathya se paricita na hone ke kAraNa hI 'urdU hindI kI sAhityika zailI hai'- jaise vAkya ko sunakara yA par3hakara urdU ke sAhityakAroM ke mana meM isa prakAra kA bhAva-bodha jAgRta hotA hai ki urdU ko Adhunika sAhityika hindI kI eka zailI mAtra kahA jA rahA hai| vastuta: urdU hindI kI usI taraha se eka sAhityika zailI hai jisa prakAra se Adhunika sAhityika hindI usakI eka dUsarI zailI hai| __ khar3I bolI ke AdhAra para jisa mAnaka hindI kA vikAsa huA hai usakA mUlya bhASika dRSTi se bahuta adhika hai| yaha to spaSTa hai ki khar3I bolI, mAnaka hindI evaM sAhityika hindI ina tInoM meM antara khar3I bolI hindI bhASA kA kSetrIya rUpa hai, sAhityika hindI Adhunika hindI sAhitya meM prayukta hone vAlI sAhityika bhASA hai tathA hindI bhASA ke pratyeka kSetra meM hindI kI ucca zikSA prApta vyakti aupacArika avasaroM para tathA bhinna upa bhASA athavA bolI kSetra ke vyaktiyoM se jisa bhASika rUpa ke mAdhyama se vyavahAra karate haiM vaha mAnaka hindI athavA mAnaka hindI kA vyAvahArika rUpa hai| hindI kSetra kI vibhinna sudUravartI upa bhASAoM evaM boliyoM meM pArasparika bodhagamyatA kA tathA unakI bhASika saMracanAtmaka vyavasthAoM meM samAnatA kA pratizata bhale hI kama ho phira bhI mAnaka hindI bhASA athavA usake vyAvahArika upa-mAnaka rUpa ke atyadhika ucca prakAryAtmaka mUlya ke kAraNa sampUrNa kSetra meM saMpreSaNIyatA sambhava hai| sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM pArasparika bhAvAtmaka evaM sAmAjika ekatA tathA sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika saMzliSTa paramparA ne bhI sampUrNa kSetra ko eka bhASika ikAI ke rUpa meM vikasita karane meM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM aitihAsika, sAMskRtika, sAhityika evaM sAmAjika kAraNoM se sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM mAnaka hindI ke vyAvahArika rUpa kA prasAra adhikAdhika sambhava ho sakA hai| koI bhI vyakti sampUrNa hindI bhASA kSetra meM isa vyAvahArika hindI ko bolakara apanI yAtrA pUrI kara sakatA hai, hindI kSetra ke kisI bhI bhUbhAga ke bAjAra meM jAkara sAmAna kharIda sakatA hai, kisI bhI relave sTezana para utarakara kulI tathA rikzevAle se bAteM kara sakatA hai, kisI bhI hoTala meM jAkara bAtacIta kara sakatA hai, kisI bhI sarakArI athavA ardhasarakArI kAryAlaya meM jAkara sUcanA prApta kara sakatA hai| vyAvahArika hindI kA pUre bhArata rASTra meM pracAra, prasAra evaM vikAsa hone ke kAraNa bhASA vyavahAra kI uparyukta sthitiyoM meM se bahuta-sI sthitiyAM hindItara bhASI rAjyoM meM bhI upalabdha haiN| isa kAraNa mAnaka hindI kA yaha vyAvahArika rUpa sampUrNa bhArata kI (tathA pAkistAna kI bhI) samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM vyavahata hai| hindI bhASA kSetra kI to yaha sthiti hai ki isa kSetra ke kisI bhI gAMva meM jAkara koI vyakti vyAvahArika hindI bolakara kisI prAthamika zikSA prApta vyakti se bAteM kara sakatA hai tathA usa gAMva ke kisI bhI aise vyakti se jisakA apane janapada se itara hindI ke anya bhASI kSetra se sAmAjika samparka banA rahatA hai, vArtAlApa kara sakatA hai| isa prakAra hindI kI do bhinna upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM ke vyakti jaba apanI-apanI upa bhASAoM athavA boliyoM ke mAdhyama se paraspara saMbhASaNa nahIM kara pAte to ve mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke dvArA paraspara bAtacIta karate haiN| hindI ke do sImAMta kSetroM __ meM rahane vAle maithilI evaM mAravAr3I bolane vAle vyakti apane kSetrIya bhASika rUpoM ke mAdhyama se paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna bhale hI na kara pAeM phira bhI ve apanI kSetrIya upa bhASAoM kI parata para Urdhva prasthApita mAnaka-hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke dvArA paraspara bAtacIta kara lete haiN| mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke atyadhika prakAryAtmaka mUlya ke kAraNa hindI bhASA kA jana samudAya hindI bhASA ke vividha rUpoM ke madhya saMbhASaNa kI sthiti ke kAraNa eka bhASika ikAI kA nirmANa karatA hai| __hindI bhASA ke vividha bhASA rUpoM ke madhya mAnaka hindI athavA vyAvahArika hindI ke kAraNa sambhASaNa prakriyA se bhASika ekatA kI cetanA kA nirmANa huA hai| sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika samanvaya ke pratimAna ke rUpa meM yaha mAnaka athavA vyAvahArika hindI sampUrNa hindI kSetra ke sAmAjika jIvana meM paraspara Azrita saha sambandhoM kI sthApanA karatI hai| sampUrNa hindI bhASI kSetra meM sAhityika dharAtala para bhI sAhityika hindI kI avirala paramparA rahI hai| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsakAroM ne maithilI, avadhI, braja, rAjasthAnI Adi sabhI upa bhASA rUpoM meM racita sAhitya ko hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa kI sImA rekhA meM Abaddha kiyA hai aura hindI sAhitya ke Adhunika kAla ke Arambha se hindI ke pratyeka upa bhASA kSetra ke sAhityakAra Adhunika sAhityika hindI meM sAhitya racanA kara rahe haiN| ___isa prakAra hindI bhASA kSetra meM vyavahRta hone vAle kSetragata, vargagata, zailIgata, prayuktiparaka bhASika rUpoM tathA mAnaka hindI, vyAvahArika hindI, Adhunika sAhityika hindI tathA urdU sAhitya sabhI kI samaSTigata amUrtatA kA nAma 'hindI bhASA' hai| 'hindI' kI vyApaka arthavattA hai aura isa kAraNa urdU, phArasI lipi meM likhI jAne vAlI isakI usI prakAra eka sAhityika zailI hai jisa prakAra Adhunika sAhityika hindI' devanAgarI lipi meM likhI jAne vAlI isakI dUsarI sAhityika zailI hai aura isI kAraNa bhojapurI, maithilI, magahI, mAravAr3I, jayapurI, mevAtI, nimAr3I Adi samasta bhASika rUpa hindI bhASA ke aMga haiM, hindI bhASA ke upa bhASika rUpa haiN| nidezaka, kendrIya hindI saMsthAna AgarA (u0 pra0) hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa /5