Glossary Of Some Important Terms Used In Textual Criticism

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... APPENDIX I., 91 APPENDIX I . A GLOSSARY OF SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN TEXTUAL CRITICISM. Accidental what is not consciously or intentionally done, that which is entirely due to chance; applied especially to additions, errors and omissions when they are not deliberate. This Adscript an insertion of interlinear or marginal gloss or note within the text. Amanuensis a clerk who writes from dictation. . Amorphous shapeless, anomalous, unorganized, applied to a text which is not fixed; such a text is also called a fluid text. In general it refers to such popular texts like the epics and the puranas which exist already in different versions at different places before being reduced to writing. Amplification enlarging or adding details; particularly with reference to the additional passages and interpolations found in transmitted texts. Anagrammatism transposition of letters, forming words with the letters of another. Antonym a word which is the opposite of another. Apapatha a wrong reading, a faulty reading. Apparatus criticus the critical material collated from the manuscripts of a 'transmitted text on the evidence of which the critical recension is arrived at. This is generally presented in a well ordered manner under the constituted text or in a separate appendix. Archetypus or Archetype original model or prototype, applied to the hypothetical common ancestor of a family or group of manuscripts. Ordinarily it is applied to any hypothetical common parent codex or any group of manuscripts or codices, irrespective of whether it is immediately derived from the autograph of the text before the breaking of its transmission into several strands or is only an intermediary hypothetical link in the transmission after the first division takes place in the v:ansmission. But strictly speaking it is better to reserve this name for that common source of all extant manuscripts in which the first divergence took place with reference to its transmission. For intermediate links the term Hyparchetypus or Sub-archetype may be used. i Athetise (1. athetisation) to cut out, drop out or consciously omit with a purpose; used especially when the text is conflated, and the portion under discussion is intrinsically not borne out. Authenticity yalidity or genuineness of a passage as being original or not. Authenticate to establish the truth or validity or genuineness of a reading, used especially when the critical recension amounts to the printing of the best and the most trustworthy manuscript correcting the obvious and inevitable scribal errors. Autograph the original copy of a text as written by the author himself, 1. or its revision by the author in his own hand. Codex a manuscript volume; plural codices Codices deteriores manuscripts which are very untrustworthy but oc casionally containing a correct or original reading, and whose evi dence therefore is not worth collating throughout. * Codices impressi typis printed volumes. Codices recentiores recent copies of manuscripts, of little value. Codices scripti written volumes. Conjecture the application of human ingenuity in arriving at a reading in the text by a process of common-sense guess by going beyond the evidence of the manuscripts. Such a correct reading is called a conjectural emendation, Collation the collection of all the significant evidence in a manu script which may be of use towards determining what stood in its source or sources. Colophon the tail piece of a manuscript or a section thereof, recording the ending of a section, part or the whole work itself. Composite Version a version which is not derived from a single re cension or sub-recension, but partaking the characteristics of more than one, or in other words, mixing two or more than two sub recensions or recensions. Conflate to mix, blend, intertwine. or cross the different lines of trans mission of a text by a comparison of manuscripts belonging to independent lines of transmission. Conflate readings are those which have been arrived at by the above process of 'crossing.' Conflation the process of 'crossing' or blending; see above Constitutio textus the constitution of the text to the earliest form pos sible, i.e., that of the Archetypus, on the evidence of extant manu scripts. It is called the 'transmitted text.' Constituted Text the text of the archetype, 'transmitted text.'

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92 : . INDIAN TEXTUAL, CRITICISM 93 1: Contamination blending or crossing of two independent versions, sub recensions or recensions or of two manuscripts belonging to different versions or recensions. .. Corrector the person who goes over a transcript and corrects the scribal errors by comparison with its exemplar. He may be the scribe himself oftentimes. Synonym: Reviser. Corruption spoiling by mistakes, defacement, deterioration, debased or erroneous form of a word or passage in a text. Critical Recension restoratica of a text, so far as possible, to its original form, if by 'original form' we understand the form intended by its author. Critique a set piece of criticism, pointing out of a fault, judgment, in quiring into. Crux literally, a cross; hence a desperate reading, often shown with a dagger or cross in printed editions, whence the name. Plural cruces. Daninim damage, injury, loss; cf. defectio, omissio. Defectio defection, loss, disappearance. Cf. damnum, omissio. Applied for lacunae caused by defacement of text. Diaskeuesis revision (of a literary work), recension. Differentia diversity of readings, discrepant readings, characterizing the independence of versions or manuscripts. Another word would be discrepentia. Diorthotes a corrector or l'eviser. Dittography accidental writing twice over a letter, word or phrase. Divinatio divination, conjecture, prophetic inspiration, correct anti cipation on insufficient evidence. Documental Probability the probability that one set of words can be derived from another graphically, by the resemblance between the individual syllables of one and of the other. Eclectic taking everything into account, choosing from various sources. Eclectic fusion a fusion between yaricus sources. :"" Editio princeps the first or foremost edition. Pl. editiones principes. Eliminatio elimination, throwing out of consideration, not taking into account for the purpose in hand. Eliminatio codicum descriptorum the elimination of manuscripts which have no independent value, such as transcripts of an extant codex. APPENDIX I Eliminatio lectionum singularium the elimination of singular or peculiar readings (of a single manuscript or group of manuscripts whose evidence is not trustworthy). Elision omission in pronunciation. Emendatio emendation, the third stage in Classical Philology of textual criticism whereby the 'transmitted text is restored as far as possible to the original form as it was written by its author. Examinatio examination, the continuous study of the manuscript before arriving at a judgment regarding its trustworthiness and noticing its peculiarities. :, Exegesis interpretation of the material presented by the evidence of the manuscripts without getting behind such evidence by Emendatio. Exemplar a codex which forms a 'copy' for further transcription, a model or original source from which transcripts are directly made. Cf. Sk. adarsapustalam. . Extant existing, surviving, applied to codex, manuscript, etc. Extrinsic Probability external probability, unconnected with contex tual or intrinsic probability but referring to conditions external to the sense of the passage. Cf. documental probability. Fluid cf. Amorphous. Genealogical Method the method by means of which the manuscripts allow themselves to be filiated to one another leading to a pedigree showing the descent of various manuscripts from common sources and the relations between them." Gloss word inserted in margin or between the lines to explain word in text. Gnome thought, judgment, opinion; maxim, aphorism. Graphical probability cf. documental probability. lland person who transcribes by hand manuscripts or corrects them after coniparing them with their exemplars or other copies of the texts represented therein. Hapax legomeinon word for which only one use is recorded. Haplography omission of words or syllables with the same beginning or ending. Hermeneia interpretation. .. ... Lermeneutic Exegetical, interpretative. . Heuristics assembling of the material (manuscripts, testimonia, etc.) and fixing their interrelationship. Hiatus break between two vowels which do not coalesce. :'

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94 . INDIAN TEXTUAL CRITICISM . 95 APPENDIX I . Iliglier Criticism the fourth aspect of textual criticism in Classical Philo- logy, the separation of the sources utilized by the author.. Ilonocorarcta loss of lines between two lines which begin similarly. Ilomoeographon loss of letters, syllables, words, phrases or lines through similarity of writing. Ilomocoteleuta loss of lines between two lines which end similarly. Hoinonym word of same form as another but different sense; namesake. Hyparchetypus sub-archetype, or the hypothetical source of extant manuscripts lower down in the transmission of the text than the archetype. It represents the second divergence in the line of tradi tion, the first starting with the archetype itself. Ilypermetric of verse (s) having redundant syllable(s). Hypothetical comnion ancestor a manuscript which is no longer in existence but whose existence at some time in the past must be assumed in order to explain the relation in which the extant manuscripts stand to each other. It is considered as the source of all such manuscripts.. Uluminate the method employed to decorate a manuscript with various designs; decorate (initial letters, etc.) a manuscript with gold, colour etc. infra lineam below the line; abr. inf. lin. Incunabula books printed early, especially before 1500. Inorganic extraneous, not forming a part of, out of context. inter lincas between the lines; abr. int. lin. . Interpolation insertion of words, passages etc. within a text. Literally, polishing, improvement by polishing. Interpretation exegesis, making out meaning of words, explanation. Intrinsic probability the probability depending upon the context, in herent or essential probability. Itacism excessive use of the letters Katharsis cleansing, purging, catharsis. . Lscuna gap in a manuscript where some part has been lost or obliter ated. Plural lacunae. Lapsus calami slip of the pen. Lectio difficilior a hard reading, the more difficult of two readings. Lectio facilior a simple or easy reading, the simpler or easier of two readings. Lectio singular a singular or individual reading. Lectio vulgata a vulgar reading, a common reading. Lemma citation by the commentator of a word beginning a verse or sentence in the text. Pl. lenimata Lexis word, expression. - Lineal ascendant when a manuscript is directly copied from another or through any number of intermediate copies, that copy will be the lineal ascendant of the manuscript, Lineal descendant in opposition to the above, the manuscript is desig nated a lineal descendant of that copy. Lipography simple omission of any kind. Cf. parablepsia. Lower Criticism German Niedere Textkritik or French critique verbale, as opposed to Higher Criticism, comprises Heuristics, Recensio and Emendatio Manuscript(s) handwritten copy: (copies) of any text, abr. Ms(s). Marginalia marginal notes found in most manuscripts. Misch-codex a conflated manuscript, where the different streams of independent tradition are intermingled. Mislection wrong reading. Non-extant not existing or surviving, lost. Applied to codices. Obelize to mark with an obelus or obelisk, which was used in ancient Mss. to indicate that the word in the language is spurious. Omission leaving out. Cf. damnum, defectioi. Original what is intended by the author. Parablepsia cf. Lipography, Paradiothoseis emendation made by the scribe. Paradosis the traditional text. Patha reading, variant reading. Pathantara variant reading. Pedigree (of manuscripts) showing the interrelation between the var. ious extant manuscripts in the form of a family tree or stemma codicum. * Pothi a manuscript volume consisting of loose folios. Praksepa Interpolation. Praksipta interpolated. Prasasti dedicatory verses found at the beginning of texts or portions or divisions of texta.

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INDIAN INDIAN TEXTUAL CRITTOTON... APPENDIX I TEXTUAL * CRITICISM : C Presumptive variants are isolated readings found in conflated manu scripts which, under normal conditions, would have been eliminated for the constitutio textus, but have now the value of independent readings in the absence of positive evidence that they are corrupt, and thus the right to be considered as variants. Probability cf. under Documental (or Documentary), Extrinsic, Gra phical, Intrinsic and Transcriptional. Probationc(s) penna(e) something written on the margin of the manu script folio for trying the pen or quill. Propria manu in one's own hand; in the hand of the original scribe * abr. pr. m. Received Text the text as it has come down in its normalized form, often called the Vulgate. cf. Textus receptus... Receusio restoration of the text to that of the archetype; critical exami nation. Recension in the combination 'critical recension' it applies to the con stituted text or the text of the author as far as that is possible. Ordinarily it applies to the first line of division of the transmission . from the archetype, and it should be so limited in its usage. The secondary cleavage of the Recension gives us the sub-recension, and of this again the Version and further the sub-version. Reclamante(s) catch word (s) or expression(s) generally used to indi cate the connection between the 'quires of a codex, i.e. the first word of a new quire is repeated below the last line of the preced-.. ing quire. Recognitio recognition, notice.. Recto right hand page of open book. Cf. verso. Redaction editing, putting into literary form. Iedactor editor. Rhapsodist person who writes a piece of epic verse of length for one recitation. Roll a document in the form of a cylinder obtained by turning the paper over and over on itself without folding. Rotograph white on black print by a special process of a page or pages of a manuscript. Scholium ancient grammarian's marginal note on passage or word in classical author, and by extension a commentarry. Plural scholia. : Scriptal fixation the reduction to written form of text existing before in oral tradition only. Scriptura continua continuous writing without division between words or phrases or sentences. Secondary applied to what is not 'original' or intended by the author and yet finds place in the various stages of the textual transmission; secondary relationship between two Mss. or versions is defined as common descent from a source or sources lower down in the trans mission than the archetype... Sccunda manu in second hand or in the hand of a person other than the original scribe; abr. sec. m. . : Selectio selection after due consideration, applied to readings presented by extant manuscripts. Siglum the abbreviated sign, usually a letter of the alphabet or a nume ral or a combination of both, by which a manuscript is designated in the notes of the critical apparatus.--Plural sigla. Sodhapatra an extra leaf in the manuscript containing additional pass ages, either unintentionally left out of the initial transcript or found in other Mss. and added to his own text by a scribe, editor or owner. Solecism flagrant offence against grammar, idiom or etiquette. Stemma(ta) codicum pedigree(s) of manuscripts, shown in the form of a family tree.. . Stichometry the measuring of lines to a page and letters to a line in a given codex. Sub-recension when a Recension further diverges into different lines of i transmission which are themselves the further sources of diver gence, these sources are termed sub-recensions. Sub-variant variant recorded in the sub-recension or version which, under normal circumstances, would be eliminated for the constitution of the text of the archetype, but would be essential for the constitution of the text of the recension. Superscript something inscribed over another. Supra liucam above the line; abr. sup. lin. Synonym word identical and coextensive in sense and usage with another of the same language. Testimonium evidence of a partial nature, other than the direct docu mentary evidence, found in quotations, commentaries, translation, adaptations, resumes, parodies, etc. for settling the condition of the transmitted text.-Plural testimonia, T. 13

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18 - INDIAN TEXTUAL CRITICISM. :: APPENDIX I 99 , Variant bearer any codex whose readings may be considered for the constitution of the text under consideration. Version the further line of divergence from the sub-recension or when there is no sub-recension, from the recension itself. Verso left-hand page of open book or back of Recto. Cf. Sk. protham as opposed to ankah." Vulgate the received or normalized text of any work. Originally applied to the Latin version of the Bible prepared by Jerome late in the fourth century A.D.; and by transference 'applied to the popular or ' commonly known and accepted form of a text, as opposed to the critical text or edition (Latin vulgata). Textual Lynamics an expression coined by SUKTIIANKAR and applied to the laws governing the manipulation of a text which has not become fixed at any period of its transmission but has grown from strength to strength; or in other words to the textual criticism of a fluid text represented by a fluctuating tradition. Cf. Mbh. Adi Prolegomena p. CI.. Textua! Statics textual criticism as applied to a text which was fixed and rigid at the time of its transmission, and to which the classical mode of approach through Heuristics, Recensio, Emendatio and Higher Criticism can be applied. Textus ornatior an ornate text, applied to that recension or version or codex where the fuller text of a work is preserved. . Textus Simplicior a simple text applied to that recension or version or codex where the shorter text of a work is preserved. Textus receptus the received text, the normalized text or more common ly the 'Vulgate.' Traditio tradition, the history of textual transmission." Traditional reading a reading which is supported both by the manu scripts and the testimonia. Cf. Transmitted reading. Transcript a copy made (by hand) from an exemplar. Transcriptional probability cf. documental probability. Transmission the preservation of a text through a long line of copies made from the original or intermediary copies, all of which go back ultimately to a single source. Haphazard transmission indicates a transmission where no 'protection' is afforded to the text and therefore the chances of corruption, crossing and inflation are considerable. Protected transmission indicates favourable conditions for the proper preservation of the text, and the copying is done under recognized bodies, supervising the work of the scribes. Transmitted reading a reading supported by the manuscripts alone. Transmitted text the text of the archetype. Unoriginal what is not intended by the author, and therefore not belong ing originally to the text. Ur used as an affix and added to titles of works like Ur-Mbh. Ur Iliad, etc., meaning 'original.' Ur-text the autograph or original text. Varia(e) lectione(s) variant reading(s) or variant (s). Variant one of the several readings which can be that of the text we are constituting.