Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ AcAra-vicAra asvIkAra; jahA~ bIca meM kuttA jaisA prANI khar3A ho, makkhiyA~ bhinabhinAtI hoM vahA~ se. bhikSA kA asvIkAra; matsya mA~sa 'zarAba Adi kA asvIkAra; kabhI eka ghara se eka kora, kabhI do ghara se do kora Adi kI bhikSA lenA, to kabhI eka upavAsa, kabhI do upavAsa Adi karate hue pandraha upavAsa taka bhI karanA; dAr3hImUchoM kA lucana karanA, khar3e hokara aura ukkaDu Asana para baiThakara tapa karanA; snAna kA sarvathA tyAga karake zarIra para mala dhAraNa karanA, itanI sAvadhAnI se jAnA-pAnA ki jalabiMdugata yA anya kisI sUkSma jantu kA dhAta na ho, sakhta zIta meM khule rahanA ajJa aura aziSTa logoM ke thUke jAne, dhUla pheMkane, kAna meM salAI ghusar3ane Adi para ruSTa na honA / bauddha granthoM meM varNita ukta AcAroM ke sAtha jaina zrAgamoM meM varNana kiye gae nirgrantha-yAcAroM kA milAna karate haiM to isameM saMdeha nahIM rahatA ki buddha kI samakAlIna nirgrantha-paraMparA ke ve hI AcAra the jo Aja bhI akSarazaH sthUla rUpa meM jaina-paraMparA meM dekhe jAte haiN| taba kyA Azcarya hai ki mahAvIra kI pUrvakAlIna pAvApatyika-paraMparA bhI usI prAcAra kA pAlana karatI ho| zrAcAra kA kalevara bhale hI niSprANa ho jAe para use dhArmika jIvana meM se cyuta karanA aura usake sthAna meM naI aAcArapraNAlI sthApita karanA yaha kAma sarvathA vikaTa hai| aisI sthiti meM bha0 mahAvIra ne jo bAhyAcAra nirgrantha-paraMparA ke liye apanAyA vaha pUrvakAlIna nigrantha paraMparA kA hI thA, aisA mAne to koI atyukti na hogI; ataeva siddha hotA hai ki kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara sArI nirghandha-paraMparA ke zrAcAra eka se hI cale Ae haiN| caturyAma bauddha piTakAntargata 'dIghanikAya' aura 'saMyutta nikAya' meM nirgranthoM ke mahAvrata kI carcA AtI hai| dIghanikAya' ke 'sAmaJcaphalasutta' meM zreNika biMbisAra ke putra ajAtazatru-kuNika ne jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke sAtha huI apanI mulAkAta kA varNana buddha ke samakSa kiyA hai, jisameM jJAtaputra mahAvIra ke mukha se ___ 1. sUtrakRtAGga 2-2-23 meM nirgrantha bhikSu kA svarUpa varNita hai / usameM unheM 'amajjamaMsAsiNo'-arthAt madya-mA~sa kA sevana na karane vAlA-kahA hai / nissaMdeha nirgrantha kA yaha autsargika svarUpa hai jo buddha ke ukta kathana se tulanIya hai / 2. dIgha0 mahAsIhanAda sutta0 8 / dazavai0 a0 5.; AcA0 2. 1. 3. dIpa0 su0 2 / saMyuttanikAya Vol 1. 1.66
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 68 jaina dharma aura darzana kahalAyA hai ki nirmantha caturyAmasaMvara se saMyata hotA hai, aisA hI nimrantha yatAtmA aura sthitAtmA hotA hai| isI taraha saMyuttanikAya ke 'devadatta saMyutta meM nika nAmaka vyakti jJAtaputra mahAvIra ko lakSya meM rakha kara buddha ke sammukha kahatA hai ki vaha jJAtaputra mahAvIra dayAlu, kuzala aura caturyAmayukta haiM / ina bauddha ullekhoM ke AdhAra se hama itanA jAna sakate haiM ki khuda buda ke samaya meM aura isake bAda bhI (bauddha piTakoM ne antima svarUpa prApta kiyA taba taka bhI) bauddha paraMparA mahAvIra ko aura mahAvIra ke anya nirgranthoM ko caturyAmayukta samajhatI rahI / pAThaka yaha bAta jAna leM ki yAma kA matalaba mahAvrata hai jo yogazAstra (2 30) ke anusAra yama bhI kahalAtA hai / mahAvIra kI nirgrantha-paraMparA aAja taka pA~ca mahAvratadhArI rahI hai aura pA~ca mahAvratI rUpa se hI zAstra meM tathA vyavahAra meM prasiddha hai| aisI sthiti meM bauddha-granthoM meM mahAvIra aura anya nirmanthoM kA caturmahAvratadhArI rUpa se jo kathana hai usakA kyA artha hai ? yaha prazna apane Apa hI paidA hotA hai| isakA uttara hameM upalabdha jaina zrAgamoM se mila jAtA hai| upalabdha AgamoM meM bhAgyavaza aneka aise prAcIna stara surakSita raha gae haiM jo kevala mahAvIra-samakAlIna nimrantha-paraMparA kI sthiti para hI nahIM balki pUrvavatI pAvApatyika nigrantha-paraMparA kI sthiti para bhI spaSTa prakAza DAlate haiM / 'bhagavatI' aura 'uttarAdhyayana' jaise AgamoM meM ' varNana milatA hai ki pApityika nirgrantha--jo cAra mahAnatayukta the unameM se anekoM ne mahAvIra kA zAsana svIkAra karake unake dvArA upadiSTa pA~ca mahAvratoMko dhAraNa kiyA aura purAnI caturmahAvrata kI paraMparAko badala diyaa| jaba ki kucha aise bhI pApityika nimrantha rahe jinhoMne apanI caturmahAvrata kI paraMparA ko hI kAyama rkhaa| cAra ke sthAna meM . pA~ca mahAvratoM kI sthApanA mahAvIra ne kyoM kI- aura kaba kI yaha bhI aitihAsika savAla hai / kyoM kI isa prazna kA javAba to jaina grantha dete haiM, para kama kIisakA javAba ve nahIM dete / ahiMsA, satya, asatya, aparigraha ina cAra yAmoMmahAvratoM kI pratiSThA bha0 pArzvanAtha ke dvArA huI thI para nigrantha paraMparA meM kramazaH aisA zaithilya A gayA ki kucha nigrantha aparigraha kA arthe saMgraha na karanA itanA hI karake striyoM kA saMgraha yA parigraha binA kie bhI unake samparka se aparigraha kA bhaMga samajhate nahIM the / isa zithilatA ko dUra karane ke lie bha0 mahAvIra ne brahmacarya vrata ko aparigraha se alaga sthApita kiyA aura caturthaM vrata meM zuddhi lAne kA 1. 'utthAna' mahAvIrAMka ( sthA0 jaina kaoNnpharensa, muMbaI ) pR0 46 / 2. vahI
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ cAturyAma * 16 prayatna kiyaa| mahAvIra ne brahmacaryavrata kI aparigraha se pRthak sthApanA apane tIsa varSa ke lambe upadeza kAla meM kaba kI yaha to kahA nahIM jA sakatA para unhoMne yaha sthApanA aisI balapUrvaka kI ki jisake kAraNa agalI sArI nirgrantha paraMparA paMca mahAvrata kI hI pratiSThA karane lagI, aura jo ine-gine pArzvapatyika nimranya mahAvIra ke paMca mahAvrata-zAsana se alaga rahe unakA Age koI astitva hI na rahA / agara bauddha piTakoM meM aura jaina-AgamoM meM cAra mahAvrata kA nirdeza va varNana na AtA to Aja yaha patA bhI na calatA ki pApityika nirgrantha-paraMparA kabhI cAra mahAvrata vAlI bhI thii| Upara kI carcA se yaha to apane Apa vidita ho jAtA hai ki pAzvapityika nirgrantha-paraMparA meM dIkSA lenevAle jJAtaputra mahAvIra ne khuda bhI zurU meM cAra hI. mahAvrata dhAraNa kiye the, para sAmpradAyika sthiti dekhakara unhoMne usa viSaya meM kabhI na kabhI sudhAra kiyA / isa sudhAra ke viruddha purAnI nirgrantha-paraMparA meM kaisI carcA yA taka-vitarka hote the isakA AbhAsa hameM uttarAdhyayana ke kezi-gautama saMvAda se mila jAtA hai, jisameM kahA gayA hai ki kucha pArzvapatyika nirgranthoM meM aisA vitarka hone lagA ki jaba pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra kA dhyeya eka mAtra mokSa hI hai taba donoM ke mahAvrata viSayaka upadezoM meM antara kyoM ?' isa udher3a-buna ko kezI ne gautama ke sAmane rakhA aura gautama ne isakA khulAsA kiyA / kezI prasanna hue aura mahAvIra ke zAsana ko unhoMne mAna liyaa| itanI carcA se hama nimnalikhita natIje para saralatA se pA sakate haiM 1 - mahAvIra ke pahale, kama se kama pArzvanAtha se lekara nimrantha-paraMparA meM cAra mahAvratoM kI hI prathA thI, jisako bha0 mahAvIra ne kabhI na kabhI badalA aura pA~ca mahAvrata rUpa meM vikasita kiyA / vahI vikasita rUpa aAja taka ke sabhI jaina phirakoM meM nirvivAdarUpa se mAnya hai aura cAra mahAvrata kI purAnI prathA kevala granthoM meM hI surakSita hai| 2---buda buddha aura unake samakAlIna yA uttarakAlIna sabhI bauddha bhikSu nirgrantha-paraMparA ko eka mAtra caturmahAvratayukta hI samajhate the aura mahAvIra ke paMcamahAvratasaMbandhI AMtarika sudhAra se ve paricita na the| jo eka bAra buddha ne kahA aura jo sAmAnya janatA meM prasiddhi thI usI ko ve apanI racanAoM meM doharAte ge| __buddha ne apane saMgha ke lie pA~ca zIla yA vrata mukhya batalAe haiM, jo saMkhyA kI dRSTi se to nirgrantha-paraMparA ke yamoM ke sAtha milate haiM para donoM meM thor3A 1. untarA0 23. 11-13, 23-27, ityAdi /
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 100 jaina dharma aura darzana antara hai / antara yaha hai ki nigrantha-paraMparA meM aparigraha paMcama vrata hai jaba ki bauddha paraMparA meM madyAdi kA tyAga pA~cavA~ zIla hai| .. yahA~ eka prazna yaha bhI hotA hai ki kyA khuda mahAvIra ne brahmacarya rUpa se nae prata kI sRSTi kI yA anya kisI paraMparA meM pracalita usa vrata ko apanI nirgranthaparaMparA meM svataMtra sthAna diyA ? sAMkhya-yoga-paraMparA ke purAne se purAne staroM meM tathA smRti Adi granthoM meM hama ahiMsA Adi pAMca-yamoM kA hI varNana pAte haiN| isalie nirNayapUrvaka to kahA nahIM jA sakatA ki pahale kisane pA~ca mahAvratoM meM brahmacarya ko sthAna diyA ? yadyapi bauddha granthoM meM bAra-bAra caturyAma kA nirdeza AtA hai para mUla piTakoM meM tathA unakI aTThakathAoM meM caturyAma kA jo artha kiyA gayA hai vaha galata tathA aspaSTa hai| aisA kyoM huA hogA ? yaha prazna aAe binA nahIM rahatA / nirgranthaparaMparA jaisI apanI par3osI samakAlIna aura ati prasiddha paraMparA ke cAra yamoM ke bAre meM bauddha granthakAra itane anajAna hoM yA aspaSTa ho yaha dekhakara zurU zurU meM aAzcarya hotA hai para hama jaba sAmpradAyika sthiti para vicAra karate haiM taba vaha acaraja gAyaba ho jAtA hai| hara eka sampradAya ne dUsare ke prati pUrA nyAya nahIM kiyA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki mala meM buddha tathA unake samakAlIna ziSya caturyAma kA pUrA aura saccA artha jAnate hoN| vaha artha sarvatra prasiddha bhI thA isalie unhoMne usako batalAne kI AvazyakatA samajhI na ho para piTakoM ko jyoM-jyoM saMkalanA hotI gaI tyoM-tyoM caturyAma ke artha spaSTa karane kI AvazyakatA mAlUma huI / kisI bauddha bhikSu ne kalpanA se usake artha kI pUrti kI, vahI Age jyoM kI tyoM piTakoM meM calI AI aura kisI ne yaha nahIM socA ki caturyAma kA yaha artha nirgrantha-paraMparA ko sammata hai yA nahIM ? bauddhoM ke bAre meM bhI aisA viparyAsa jainoM ke dvArA huA kahIM-kahIM dekhA jAtA hai| kisI sampradAya ke mantavya kA pUrNa saccA svarUpa to usake granthoM aura usakI paraMparA se jAnA jA sakatA hai / uposatha-pauSadha isa samaya jaina paraMparA meM pauSadha-vrata kA AcaraNa pracalita hai| isakA prAcIna ilihosa jAnane ke pahale hameM isakA vartamAna svarUpa saMkSepa meM jAna lenA cAhie / paudhAta gRhasthoM kA vrata hai| use strI aura puruSa donoM grahaNa karate haiM / jo mAMcI 1. dIya su0 2 / dIva0 sumaMgalA pR0 167 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1 2 2. 24-28 ! ..