Brief Survey of Jaina Prakrit and Sanskrit Literature Part 2

Author(s): Nalini Joshi
Publisher: Sanmati Tirth Prakashan Pune
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/007631/1

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Jaina-Literature : 6th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. JS. Swami Karttikeya Yativrsabha Karttikeya nupreksa Curni on Kasaya-pahuda Tiloya-pannatti darzana (Philosophy) Philosophy Cosmology (Karananuyoga) | JM. Dharmadasa-gani Jinabhadra-gani Upadesa-mala Bhasya on Jiyakappa Curni on Anuogaddara Visesavasyaka-bhasya (with self-comm.) Bshatksetra-samasa Sarngrahani Visesanavati Dhyana-sataka Bhayahara-stotra Bhasya on Kappa Bhasya on Nisiha Bhasya on Vavahara Vasudevahindi (including Majjhima-khanda) Didactics Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Philosophy Philosophy (Spiritual) Eulogy (Stotra) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Manatunga Samghadasa-gani Samghadasa-gani & Dharmasena-gani Narratives (Prose) Skt. Mallavadi Manatunga Dvadasara-naya-cakra (incomplete) Bhaktamara-stotra Logic (Nyaya) Eulogy (Stotra)

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Observations on 6th century - Jaina-Literature * From the viewpoint of Logic, we can say that this century is the beginning of Anekantayuga, in Jaina fields. * An often quoted 'Nayacakra' or 'Dvadasaranayacakra' of Mallavadin is the oldest work on Nayavada. It is incomplete and published with the comm. of Simhasenagani. There are lot of differences about the exact date of Mallavadin. Some are of the opinion that there are two Mallavadins. * Vasudevahindi, the prose narrative is jointly written by Samghadasagani and Dharmasenagani is a unique narrative, based on the wanderings of Vasudeva and a peculiar specimen of ancient JM. or Arsa Prakrit. The language of Majjhimakhanda contains few Sauraseni characters. The influence of Bhagavatapurana is evidently seen with the inclusion of the mythological figures like Narada etc. Its lucid prose style is full of rich cultural data. In the history of Prakrit literature, Vasudevahindi is a landmark treatise. * We find Karananuyoga literature of this century is written by both the sects, viz. Svetambara and Digambara. Kasayapahuda is found with its Curni. The word 'Curni' is very rarely used in Digambara tradition. Yativrsabha's Curni-sutras are written in JS. * The period of canonical commentaries starts from this century in Svetambara tradition. The Bhasyas are written by Samghadasa on the three prominent Chedasutras, viz. Kalpa, Nisitha and Vyavahara. Jinabhadragani wrote the Bhasyas on Jitakalpa and Visesavasyaka. Both the Acaryas might have felt it necessary to codify the strict rules of conduct and atonements prescribed for Svetambara monks. * Visesavasyakabhasya had attained a unique position in scholarly field due to - (i) its philosophical attitude, (ii) inclusion of important historical details, (iii) cultural data and specially Ganadharavada. * The most popular and revered Skt. Stotra 'Bhaktamara' is composed by Acarya Manatunga. Both Svetambara and Digambara devotees recite this stotra with great faith. * Dharmadasagani had laid down the foundation of didactic poems by writing Upadesamala. The tradition of didactic poems is continued in the later centuries. * Dhyanasataka of Jinabhadragani is the dawn of Yoga literature on the Jaina horizon. Haribhadra (8th cen.) had included Dhyanasataka in his comm. on Avasyaka. * In short, we may conclude that each and every work of this century is original and important. **************************************************************************************************************

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Jaina-Literature : 7th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. Swami Karttikeya Karttikeya nupreksa Curni on Dasaveyaliya darzana (Philosophy) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) JM. Agastyasimha Anonymous Jinadasagani-mahattara Panca-sutta Curni on Anuogaddara Curni on Avassaya Curni on Ayara Curni on Dasaveyaliya Curni on Dasasuyakkhandha Curni on Jiyakappa Curni on Kammapayadi Curni on Nandi Curni on Nisiha Curni on Suyagada Curni on Uttarajjhayana Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) | Skt. Jatasimhanandi Varanga-carita Ravisena Padma-carita Samantabhadra Ratna-karanda-sravakacara BIhatsvayambhu-stotra Stuti-vidya Praksta-vyakarana (not available) Apta-mimamsa Yuktyanusasana Kevalajnana-prasna-cudamani Sarvavarman & Katyayana Katantra-vyakarana Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Eulogy + Logic Eulogy + Logic Grammar Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Prognostics Grammar

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Observations on 7th century - Jaina-Literature * Due to containing the sacred words of Lord Mahavira, AMg. became sacred language for Jainas. So after the finalization of Amg. canonical literature, its usage was stopped and Sve. Jaina writers started writing in JM. which was of course influenced by Ardhamagadhi. * Among the JM. works, Curnis are important. Curnis are short explanatory notes in prose form written on AMg. canons, Niryuktis and Bhasyas. The Curnis consist both Prakrit and Sanskrit. The famous Curnikara Jinadasagani selected the important canons containing monastic conduct and wrote Curnis. Agastyasimha's Curni on Dasavaikalika is also found in this century. * Anonymous JM. work Pancasutta is important because Haribhadra (8th cen.A.D.)wrote comm. on this work. Due to this reason, the work is put in this century. * In the 7th and 8th century, JS. works are not found. Digambara writers started writing Comentarial literature on JS. canons from the 9th century and onwards. * Among the Skt. writers of this century, Samantabhadra is very prominent. His Nyaya works are honoured in the field of Indian logic. Nyaya works in the 6th century are written by Svetambara writers. In this century, Digambara logician Samantabhadra is very active. Through his works Aptamimamsa and Yuktyanusasana, Samantabhadra prepared grounds for the writings of Akalanka and Haribhadra. A huge commentarial literature is produced on these two important works of Samantabhadra from 8th century A.D. up to 18th century A.D. * Samantabhadra systematized the Sravakacara according to Digambara norms in Sanskrit. His Ratnakaranda-sravakacara inspired many Digambara authors in writing Sravakacaras in Sanskrit. * The eulogies of Samantabhadra are presented in Nyaya style and very rich in Poetic values. Vasunandi wrote an extensive comm. on Stutividya. * Kevalajnanaprasnacudamani, a work on Prognostics is written by Samantabhadra. According to some scholars there are two Samantabhadras. Logician Samantabhadra is different from the author of Kevalajnana-prasna-cudamani. * It is told that Samantabhadra has written Prakrta Vyakarana, but the work is extinct. * The tradition of Katantra Vyakarana started in the 3rd century A.D. and completed in the 7th century A.D. The authorship of this grammar is dubious. It is noted that this grammar is written by Sarvavarmaan or Katyayana or Andhrabhrtya Satavahana.

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* Ravisena's Padmacarita is the first Jaina Ramayana written in Sanskrit. It is the exact Sanskritization of Vimala suri's Paumacariya. * Jatasimhanandi's Skt. Varangacarita is a biography of Varanga, still it includes philosophy, ethics as well as conduct of monk and layman. It inspired further Varangacaritas in Skt., Apa., Hindi and Kannad. * Samantabhadra and Jinadasagani-mahattara are the impressive authors of this century. **************************************************************************************************************

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Jaina-Literature : 8th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. Swami Karttikeya | Karttikeya nupreksa darzana (Philosophy) JS. Anonymous Karttikeya (Svami) Panca-samgraha Karttikeyanupreksa Philosophy (Karma) Philosophy (Spiritual) JM. Candrarsi Haribhadra (Yakini-mahattara-sunu Pancasamgraha Lagga-suddhi Sumina-sattari Devendra-narakendra-prakarana Jambudiva-samgahani Uvaesa-paya Sammatta-sattari Savaya-pannatti Savaya-dhamma-vihi Tika on Panca-sutta Panca-vatthuga Pancasaka (with self-comm.) Visavisio Philosophy (Karma) Astronomy Astronomy Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Didactics Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) (Comm.) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Ethics (Monastic and Householders' Conduct) Eulogy (Stotra) Narratives Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Secular (Satirical) Yoga Yoga Narratives (Prose + Poetry) Vira-tthava Samaraicca-kaha Samboha-payarana (Tatta-payasaga) Sodasaka-prakarana Dhuttakkhana Yoga-vimsika (Yoga-vimsati) Yoga-sataka Kuvalayamala Uddyotana-suri Skt. Abhayanandi Akalanka Aparajita-suri Dhanesvarasuri Haribhadra Tika on Jainendra-vyakarana Tika on Apta-mimamsa Laghiya-straya (with self-comm.) Nyaya-viniscaya Pramana-sangraha Siddhi-viniscaya (with self-comm.) Tika on Tattvartha-sutra Tativartha-raja-vartika) Tika on Bhagavati Aradhana (Vijayodaya) Satrunjayamahatmya Avacuri on Dasaveyaliya Tika on Anuogaddara Tika on Avassaya Tika on Dasaveyaliya Tika on Jivabhigama Tika on Pannavana sika on Nandi Vrtti on Pindanijjutti (incomplete) Grammar (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Philosophy (Comm.) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) (Dig.) Legendary History Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.)

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Jaina-Literature : 8th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM Skt. Haribhadra Dharma-bindu Samsara-davanala-stuti Anekanta-jaya-pataka (with self-comm.) Anekanta-vada-pravesa Astaka-prakarana Dvija-vadana-capeta Sarvajna-siddhi Sat-darsana-samuccaya Sastra-varta-samuccaya Tika on Nyayavatara Tika on Nyaya-pravesa (of Dinaga) Loka-tattva-nirnaya Paraloka-siddhi Tattva-tarangini Tika on Tattvartha-sutra (incomplete) Vsttajati-samucchaya Tika on Caitya-vandana-sutra (Lalita - vistara) Brahma-siddhanta-samuccaya Yoga-bindu Yoga-drsti-samuccaya Harivamsa-purana Tika on Tattvartha-sutra Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Euology (Stotra) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya)(Comm.) Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy (Comm.) Metrics Religious Conduct (Comm.) Yoga Yoga Yoga Mythology (Purana) Philosophy (Comm.) Jinasena Siddhasena gani Apa. Haribhadra Neminaha-cariu Biography (Carita) Svayambhu Pauma-cariu Harivamsa-purana (Ritthanemi-cariu) Svayambhu-chandas Biography (Carita) Mythology (Purana) Metrics

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Observations on 8th century - Jaina-Literature * Variety of subjects, languages and literary forms is remarkable in 8th century. Jaina authors wrote on various subjects like Philosophy, Karma, Yoga, Grammar, Metrics, Legendary history, Religious conduct, Hymns, Astrology, Karananuyoga, Canonical commentaries etc. They chose suitable literary forms according to the subjects. We find the 8th century-Jaina-literature in four languages viz. JS., JM., Skt. and Apabhramsa. Jaina Sauraseni and Apa. works are less than JM. and Sanskrit. JS. literature is less because Digambara Jaina authors prefer Sanskrit for their literary activities than Jaina Sauraseni. Apabhramsa works are less because it is the starting period of Apa. era. Two Digambara works retained the tendency of doctrinal and philosophical writings in Jaina Sauraseni. Akalanka (Dig.) and Haribhadra (Sve.) wrote Nyaya works in Sanskrit. Akalanka is the first and foremost Jaina logician who started the systematic discussion of Pramanas. In the true sense he is the 'Father of Jaina Logic.' He refuted the views of Dharmakirti who was a famous Buddhist logician. Haribhadra lived just after Akalanka. Haribhadra was an all-rounder genius. He had equal proficiency over Sanskrit and Prakrits. Basically being a Brahmin, his contribution to Jaina Literature is unparallel. His impartial attitude and love for learning without any sectarian bias has brought him a good name in Jaina and non-Jaina circles. In his Nyaya works, Haribhadra's stress is more on Anekantavada. He wrote a commentary on the work of Dinnaga, who was a famous Buddhist logician. Uddyotanasuri's Kuvalayamala, traditionally known as a Campukavya is an encyclopedic lucid narrative full of historical, geographical, religious and cultural data. He mentions Haribhadra as his Guru. Kuvalayamala is the excellent literacy masterpiece of this century. * The commentarial work on Tattvartha is continued in this century. Aparajitasuri wrote the first Sanskrit commentary on Digambara text Bhagavati Aradhana. The Sanskrit commentaries on Kundakunda were written in later centuries. This fact indicates the antiquity of Bhagavati Aradhana than Kundakunda. Apabhramsa era starts from Svayambhu's Paumacariu and Rittnemicariu the tradition of Apa. Caritas is continued up to 17th century. Apabhramsa Caritas are composed mostly by Digambara authors of Southern India.

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Newly started literary activities of this century 1] The first Sanskrit commentary on Digambara work is Bhagavati Aradhana by Aparajita. 2] The first Prathamanuyoga works written in Apabhramsa i.e. Paumacariu and Harivamsapurana. 3] The first Legendary History, i.e. (Satrunjayamahatmya) of Dhanesvara in Sanskrit. 4] The first systematic discussions of Pramanas in Jaina Logic, i.e. Pramanasamgraha of Akalanka. 5) The first metrical work in Apabhramsa i.e. Svayambhu-chandas. 6] The new style developed by Haribhadra of writing Sanskrit Canonical commentaries including Prakrit (JM.) stories. 7] Dhuttakkhana the satirical work of Haribhadra inspired further authors to compose many such type of works titled Dharmaparikna. Many Dharmapariksas are found up till 18th century written in JM., Apa. and Sanskrit. * In short, we can conclude that alongwith Haribhadra, the contribution of Akalanka, Svayambhu and Uddyotana is quite remarkable in the 8th century.

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Jaina-Literature : 9th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. Anonymous Virasena | Virasena & Jinasena Jain Literature 9th Century Nimitta-pahuda Tika on Satkhandagama (Dhavala) Tika on Kasaya-pahuda (Jayadhavala) Astronomy Philosophy (Comm.) (Dig.) Philosophy (Comm.) (Dig.) JM. Anonymous Bappabhatti Dharmadasa-gani Gargarsi Jayasimha Nandisena Silanka Jiva-samasa Tarayana Uvaesa-mala Kamma-vivaga Dhammovaesamala-vivarana Ajiyasanti-tthava Cauppanna-mahapurisa-cariya Philosophy Anthology Didactics Philosophy (Karma) Didactics Eulogy (Stotra) Biography (Carita) Skt. Anantavirya Bappabhatti Dhananjaya Gunabhadra Tika on Siddhi-viniscaya Sarasvati-stotra Dvi-sa/ dhC/na-kevya (Raghava-pandaviya) Visapahara-stotra Anekartha-nama-mala Nama-mala Uttara-purana Atmanusasana Jina-sahasra-nama-stotra Mahapurana (Adipurana) Parsvabhyudaya (Samasya-purti of Meghaduta) Ganita-sara-samgraha Sattrimsika Kevali-bhukti-prakarana Jinasena Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Eulogy (Stotra) Epic Eulogy (Stotra) Lexicon Lexicon Mythology (Purana) Philosophy (Spiritual) Eulogy (Stotra) Mythology (Purana) Poetry Maths (Ganitanuyoga) Maths (Ganitanuyoga) Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Grammar Grammar Mahaviracarya Palyakirti Stri-mukti-prakarana Sakatayana Silanka (Tattvaditya) Vidyananda (Vidyanandi) Dhatu-patha Sabdanusasana (with self-comm.) (Amoghavrtti) sika on Ayara Tika on Suyagada Tika on Jiva-samasa Apta-pariksa Patra-pariksa Pramana-pariksa Satya-sasana-pariksa Tika on Astasati (Asta-sahasri) Tika on Yuktyanusasana Tika on Tattvartha-sutra (Tattvartha-sloka-vartika) Paramappayasu Yoga-sara Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Philosophy (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Philosophy (Comm.) Apa. Yogindra (Yogindudeva) Philosophy (Spiritual) Yoga

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Observations on 9th century - Jaina-Literature * In comparison with the 8th century, more authors are involved in the literary activities of 9th century, but total number of works is less. * Literature of this century pertains to JS, JM., Skt. and Apabhramsa. JS. works are only two but they are huge and monumental. Satkhandagama and Kasayaprabhrta are the sourcebooks (akara-grantha) of Digambara writers. Viasena and Jinasena wrote huge Jaina Sauraseni commentaries on these most revered works in this century. These commentaries attained venerable position due to the important discourses on various philosophical and doctrinal subjects, especially on Karma-doctrine. * Sanskrit works are ample in number and variety of subjects is notable. Bappabhatti is an important historical personality of this century. His relationship with king Yasovarman of Kanyakubja and Vakpatiraja (Bappairaya) of Gauda-desa is discussed elaborately by the historians. We can get valuable information about Bappabhatti in Jaina legendary histories. * Vidyananda and Anantavirya continued the tradition of Nyaya works, started by Akalanka in 8th century. Commentary on Tattvartha is written by Vidyananda in Nyaya style. In scholarly field, Tattvarthaslokavartika is much revered. Original and commentarial Sanskrit works on Nyaya written by Vidyananda is the speciality of this century. * Silanka started a new tradition of writing Ardhamagadhi Canonical commentaries in Sanskrit. For the better understanding of Acaranga and Sutrakstanga, these commentaries are very helpful. Later on, this tradition was continued by Navangi Tikakara Abhayadeva. * Dhananjaya's Sanskrit lexical works are important and the first of this type. * Jinasena, the revered Digambara poet wrote on Epic and Samasyapurti Kavya on Meghaduta, titled 'Pursvabhyudaya'. He is the pioneer of classical Sanskrit writings in Jaina field. 'Samasyapurti' form of literature was imitated by many Svetambara and Digambara writers up to 16th century. In these Jaina works, the mastery of the authors over Sanskrit is obviously seen, but these works lack in originality and creativity of literary forms and subjects. * Ganitasarasamgraha of Mahaviracarya is an often quoted remarkable work of Ganitanuyoga. This work is enumerated among the important works on Mathematics in Indian literature. * The Sanskrit works of Jinasena, Mahaviracarya, Gunabhadra and Sakatayana (all Dig. writers) were written under the patronage of Rastrakuta king-Amoghavarsa. During 9th century Manyakheta was a prominent centre of literary activity under the reign of Rastrakutas.

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* Apabhramsa flourished as a literary language from 10th century onwards. Apabhramsa works of this century are very few. * In short, we can say that almost all the writers of this century produced noteworthy works in various languages and subjects.

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Jaina-Literature : 10th Century WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. Anonymous Devasena Jain Literature 10th Century Jaya-pahuda Laghu-naya-cakra Bhava-samgraha Damsana-sara Tattva-sara Arahana-sara Bshannaya-cakra Nimitta-sastra Astronomy Logic (Nyaya) Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Religious Conduct Logic (Nyaya) Prognostics Mailla-dhavala Rsiputra JM. Devendra-suri Dhanapala Kalakacarya-kathanaka Savaya-vihi Rsabha-pancasika Vira-thui Paia-lacchi-nama-mala Gaha-lakkhana Mulasuddhi-pagarana Bhuvana-sundari-carita Narratives Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Eulogy (Stotra) Eulogy (Stotra) Lexicon Metrics Narratives Biography (Carita) Nanditadhya Pradyumna-suri Vijayasimha Skt. Anantakirti Asaga Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Mythology (Purana) Euology (Stotra) Narratives Grammar Dhanapala Gunanandi Harisena Indranandi Jambu-kavi Jayakirti Jayadeva Jayasena Bshat-sarvajna-siddhi Laghu-sarvajna-siddhi Candraprabha-carita Mahavira-carita (Vardhamana-carita) santinatha-purana Tika on Sobhana-stuti Tilakamanjari Sabdarnava (Enlarged Ed. of Jainedra-vyakarana) Bshat-katha-kosa Aradhana-pataka Jvala-malini-kalpa Manipaticarita (Munipaticarita) Chandonusasana Jayadeva-chandas Tika on Pancastikaya Tika on Pravacana-sara (Tatparya-vrtti) Tika on Samaya-sara Pradyumna-carita-kavya Tika on Aradhana-sara Upamiti-bhava-prapanca-katha Sricandra-kevali-carita Tika on Uvaesa-mala (Heyopadeya) Tika on Nyayavatara Yasastilaka-campu Niti-vakyamsta Yasodhara-carita Parsvanatha-carita Ekibhava-stotra Mahasena Ratnakirti Siddharsi-gani Collection of Narratives Religious Conduct Ritualistics Biography (Carita) Metrics Metrics Philosophy (Comm.) (Dig.) Philosophy (Comm.) (Dig.) Philosophy (Comm.) (Dig.) Epic Religious Conduct (Comm.) Narratives (Allegoric) Biography (Carita) Didactics (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Campukavya Ethics Biography (Carita) Epic Eulogy (Stotra) Somadeva Vadiraja-suri Vadiraja-suri

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Jaina-Literature : 10th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM Vadhamana-suri Devasena Dhanapala Didactics (Comm.) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Apa. Harisena Padmakirti Puspadanta Tika on Uvaesa-paya Savaya-dhamma-doha Satya-puriya-mandana-Mahavirotsaha Bhavisayatta-kaha Dhamma-parikkha Pasanaha-cariu Jasahara-cariu Nayakumara-cariu Mahapurana (Tisatthi-mahapurisa-gunalankara) Pahuda-doha Narratives Secular (Satirical) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Mythology (Purana) Philosophy (Spiritual) Ramasimha (Muni)

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Observations on 10th century - Jaina-Literature * In this century, Skt. works are ample. JM. and Apa. works are comparatively less. JS. works of this century are very few and mostly written by Devasena. * The tradition of writing on astronomical subjects in JS. is continued in this century by the work called Jayapahuda. * BIhannayacakra and Laghunayacakra are probably the only two works on logic written in Jaina Sauraseni. * It is noticed that the focus of Digambara literature in JS. is always on philosophical, doctrinal and astronomical subjects. Classical literature like epics, mythologies, biographies, narratives, legendary histories etc. is not found in Jaina Sauraseni. Two reasons can be inferred in this matter (i) Digambaras were genuinely interested in philosophical and religious reflections and they never indulged in popular writings. (ii) Majority Digambara writers belonged to South India. Their mother tongues were not belonging to MIA group of languages. Though they had acquired the writing-skills in Jaina Sauraseni. It was difficult for them to produced classical literature in Jaina Sauraseni. From fourth century onwards, we find Skt. works of Digambaras, both philosophical as well as classical. Due to the proficiency in Skt. they were more comfortable with Sanskrit. Digambaras never tried Jaina Maharastri as their literary language because Svetambaras were producing their literature in JM. right from fourth century onwards. The sectarian spirit did not allow them to write in Jaina Maharastri. In the meantime, Apabhramsa was flourishing as a literary language. In the 8th century Svayambhu started writing Caritas and Puranas in Apabhramsa. In the 10th century, under the patronage of Amoghavarsa, Digambara writers like Puspadanta, Harisena, Padmakirti, Devasena and Dhanapala were engaged zealously in writing Puranas, Caritas and also narratives in Apabhramsa, which become the Prathamanuyoga literature of Digambaras. Ancient Kannada works of this century are also found due to the royal patronage. * Among the JM. writers of this century, Devendra, Dhanapala, Nanditadhya and Pradyumna are important. JM. works of this century are not many in numbers but the variety of subjects is remarkable. * Nanditadhya's Gahalakkhana is the first work on Metrics which is written in Jaina Maharastri. * Devendra's narrative of Kalaka became so famous that in the later centuries, whole Kalaka literature was produced in JM. and Sanskrit. * The off-beat religious stories in Malasuddhiprakarana are very remarkable in their themes and presentation. The stories are very distinct from the traditional Prakrit stories found in

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the commentaries. * Among the ample Skt. works of this century, Dhanapala's Tilakamanjari, Somadeva's Yasastilakacampu and Harisena's Brhatkathakosa are the most revered works in Jaina and also in non-Jaina fields. These works attained venerable position in the history of Indian Sanskrit literature. * Jayasena's Skt. commentaries on Kundakunda's important works are remarkable. It is very curious that in the 13th century, Amrtacandra had written commentaries on the same works of Kundakunda. * It seems that the personality of Yasodhara attained popularity from this century. Digambaras wrote biographies of Yasodhara up till 18th century in Sanskrit and Apabhraisa. * Skt. Nyaya works of this century are very few and mostly commentarial. * Works on Metrics are written in JM. and Sanskrit. * We find JM., Skt. and Apabhramsa works of Dhanapala in this century. The available history books provide baffling information about two or three Dhanapalas. After the minute observation we have come to the conclusion that Svetambara Brahmin Pandita Dhanapala, contemporary of Bhoja wrote Tilakamanjari in Skt. and lexicon (Paialacchinamamala) and stotras in Jaina Maharastri. The other Dhanapala, born in Dhakkada-vamsa was a Digambara belonging to Vaisya caste and he wrote the famous Bhavisayattakaha in Apabhramsa. * Apabhramsa Doha works of this century are very peculiar. Doha metre attained popularity in 15th and 16th century and the devotional songs were composed in regional languages. * In short we may conclude that declining tendency of Religious, Philosophical and Nyaya works is seen in 10th century. On the other hand, inclination towards classical literature is increasing * ** * * ** * * ** * * ** * * * * * ** * * * ** * ** * **** * ** * *** * ** ** * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * ** **** ** * * * * * ** * * * **

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Jaina-Literature : 11th Century WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JS. Jain Literature : 11h Century Panca-samgraha Rittha-samucchaya | Philosophy (Karma) Astronomy Anonymous Durgadeva Nemicandra (Siddhanta-cakravarti) Tiloya-sara Dravya-samgraha Gommata-sara Labdhi-sara - Ksapana-sara Jambuddiva-pannatti-samngaha Jnana-sara Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Yoga Padmanandi Padmasimha (Muni) M. Abhayadeva Panca-niyanthi Bhasya on Nava-tatta-gaha-payarana Candaprabha-mahattara Devacandra-suri Devagupta-suri Dhanesvara Durgadeva Gunacandra-gani Vijayacanda-kevali-cariya Santinatha-carita Nammaya-sundari-kaha Nava-paya-payarana Nava-tatta-payarana Surasundari-cariya Rittha-samuccaya Mahavira-cariya Kaha-rayana-kosa (JM + Apa.) Jambu-cariya Samvega-rangasala Chatthana-payarana Gunapala (Muni) Jinacandra-suri Jinesvara-suri Katha-kosa-prakarana Nirvana-lilavati-katha (Not available) Pancalingi-payarana Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Poetical Composition (Prakarana) (Comm.) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Narratives Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Philosophy Biography (Carita) Astronomy Biography (Carita) Collection of Narratives Biography (Carita) Narratives Ethics (Householders' Conduct) (Prakarana) Collection of Narratives Narratives Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Eulogy (Stotra) Poetical Composition (Kulaka) Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy (Karma) Narratives Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Poetical Composition (Kulaka) Narratives Poetical Composition (Prakarana) Religious Conduct Jinavallabha Pinda-visuddhi (Abhayadeva-suri-sisya) Ullasikkama-thaya Dvadasa-kulaka Agamiya-vatthu-viyara-sara (Chasii) Sardha-sataka Sada-siti Mahesvara-suri Nana-pancami-kaha Nemicandra (Devendra-gani)| Anantanaha-cariya Mahavira-cariya Rayanacudaraya-cariya | Tika on Uttarajjhayana (Sukhabodha) Atmabodha-kulaka Akkhanaya-mani-kosa santi-suri (Vadivetala) Jiva-viyara-payarana uves Ceiya-vandana-maha-bhasa

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Jaina-Literature : 11th Century WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM JM. Sumati-suri Siddhasena Virabhadra Tinadattakhyana Curni on Jiyakappa Arahana-padaya Biography (Carita) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Religious Conduct Skt. Abhayadeva Prajnapana-tstiya-pada-samgrahani Vrtti on Antagadadasa Vitti on Anuttarovavaiya Vrtti on Nayadhammakaha Vrtti on Panhavagarana Vrtti on Samavaya Vrtti on Thana o papa Vitti on Uvavaiya Vstti on Uvasagadasa Vitti on Vivaga Vrtti on Viyahapannatti Bhasya on Chatthana-payarana Tika on Pancasaka Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) (Comm.) Ethics (Householders' Conduct) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Philosophy (Karma) (Comm.) Philosophy (Spiritual) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Collection of Narratives Anthology Ethics (Householders' Conduct) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) (Comm.) Philosophy (Karma) Religious Conduct Secular (Satirical) Yoga Grammar Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Anantavirya Astaka-prakarana Vada-maharnava Tika on Sanmati-tarka Bhasya on Saptatika Paramatma-prakasa Tika on Pramana-sangraha Tika on Siddhi-viniscaya Kathanaka-kosa Subhasita-ratna-samdoha Sravakacara (Upasakacara) Tika on Bhagavati Aradhana (Marana-karandika) Panca-samgraha Samayika-patha Dharma-parikna | Yoga-sara Panca-granthi (Sabdalaksma) (MS.) Caritra-sara Tika on Sakatayana-vyakarana (Rupa-siddhi) Purana-sara-samgraha Tika on Ohanijjutti Tika on Asta-prakarana Prama-laksma (with self-comm.) Sangha-pattaka Nandisvara-stavana Prabodha-candrodaya Mahapurana Naga-kumara-kavya Anonymous Amitagati Buddhisagara-suri Camundaraya Dayapala (Muni) Damanandi Dronacarya Jinesvara-suri Grammar (Comm.) Legendary History Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Ethics Euology (Stotra) Drama Mythology (Purana) Laghukavya Jinavallabha Krsnamisra Mallisena

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Jaina-Literature : 11th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM Skt. Mallisena Manikya-nandi Namisadhu Bhairava-padmavati-kalpa Jvalini-kalpa Kamacandali-kalpa Sarasvati-mantra-kalpa Parikna-mukha Tika on Kavyalankara Tika on Avassaya (Pratikramana) Ksatra-cudamani Syadvada-siddhi Gadya-cintamani Aradhana-satkatha-prabandha (Aradhana Katha-kosa) Tika on Ratna-karanda Ritualistics Ritualistics Ritualistics Ritualistics Logic (Nyaya) Poetics (Comm.) Religious Conduct Biography (Carita) Logic (Nyaya) Biography (Carita) (Prose) Odayadeva (Vadibhasimha Prabhacandra Collection of narratives Ethics (Householders' Conduct) (Comm.) Ethics (Monastic Conduct) (Comm.) (Dig.) Eulogy (Stotra) (Comm.) Grammar (Comm.) Grammar (Comm.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Tika on Bhagavati Aradhana (Aradhana-panjika) Tika on Dasabhakti (Kriya-kalapa) Tika on Jainendra-vyakarana (Sabdambhoja-bhaskara) Sakatayana-nyasa Tika on Laghiya-straya (Nyaya-kumuda-candra) Tika on Pariksa-mukha (Prameya-kamala-martanda) Akalanka-katha Tika on Pravacana-sara (Saroja-bhaskara) Tika on Samaya-sara Tattvartha-vitti-pada-vivarana Tippana on Mahapurana Tika on Samadhi-sataka Tika on Uttarajjhayana (Sisyahita) Tika on Nyayavatara (Varttika) Tippana on Tilakamanjari Jnanarnava Tika on Jainendra-vyakarana (Panca-vastu) Loka-vibhaga Neminatha-carita (Nabheya-nemi-dvisandhana) Tika on Sabdarnava (Sabdarnava-candrika) Candraprabha-carita-mahakavya Santi-suri (Vadivetala) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Narratives Philosophy (Comm.) Philosophy (Comm.) Philosophy (Comm.) Short notes on Epic Yoga (Comm.) Canonical Comm. (Sve.) Logic (Nyaya) (Comm.) Short notes on Narratives Ethics (Monastic Conduct) Grammar (Comm.) Cosmology (Karananuyoga) Biography (Carita) (Anekarthika) Grammar (Comm.) Subhacandra Srutakirti Simha-suri Suracarya Somadeva (Muni) Viranandi Epic Apa. Abhayadeva Dhavala Kanakamara Nayanandi Jaya-tihuyana-stotra Harivamsa-purana Karakanda-cariu Sudamsana-cariu Sakala-vidhi-vidhana-kaha Kaha-kosu Eulogy (Stotra) Mythology (Purana) Biography (Carita) Biography (Carita) Ritualistics Collection of Narratives Sricandra

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Jaina-Literature : 11th Century LG WRITER WORK SUBJECT / FORM Apa. Sricandra Ratnakaranda-sastra Jambu-sami-cariu Narratives Biography (Carita) Vira

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Observations on 11th century - Jaina-Literature * 11th century - Jaina-literature pertains to JS., JM., Skt. and Apabhramsa. JS and Apa. works are comparatively less. JS works are dedicated to philosophical subjects, while Apa. works are mostly biographies and narratives. Svetambara authors continued their JM. writings enthusiastically. The number of Skt. works is very high due to the contribution of both sects, viz. Svetambara and Digambara. The variety of subjects found in Skt. works is remarkable. * After a lull of 200 years, Digambara authors wrote valuable treatises in JS. pertaining to Philosophy and Cosmology. Digambara sect prospered in 11th and 12th century in Karnatak with the royal support of Ganga dynasty. Camundaraya, the chief minister of King Racamalla (4th) took initiative in creating and consecrating the famous statute of Bahubali Gomatesvara at Sravanabelagola in Karnatak. The first Marathi inscription is found at the foot of this statue. With the full royal support, Nemicandra (Siddhanta-cakravartin) wrote his important Philosophical works in Jaina Sauraseni. Camundaraya wrote a Vrtti on Gommatasara in Kannada language. This Vilti is enumerated among one of the oldest Kannada texts. * JM. works of 11th century mostly contain Caritas, Narratives and Prakaranas. Philosophical works and works dedicated to Logic are almost none in Jaina Maharastri. * Svetambara and Digambara writers prepared the collections of Didactic Narratives in JM., Skt. and Apabhramsa. * Prabhacandra's Aradhana-kathakosa (Skt.) and Sricandra's Kahakosu (Apa.) were based on the stories related to Bliagavati Aradliana, following the footsteps of Skt. Bihatkatlakosa of Harisena written in the 10th century. * Abhayadeva is a versatile literary personality of 11th century. He belongs to Kharatara Gaccha. He is very famous as 'Navangi Tikakara'. Silanka wrote commentaries on Acaranga and Sutrakstanga. Abhayadeva wrote commentaries on nine Anga canons and one Upanga viz. Aupapatika. Malayagiri continued Abhayadeva's tradition in the 12th century by writing commentaries on all Upangas. Abhayadeva also wrote commentaries on the works dedicated to logic, ethics and philosophy. * Two famous commentaries on Uttaradhyayana are written in this century. Santyacarya's Skt. commentary is very useful for understanding the text. Nemicandra's (Devendra's) "Sukhabodha' is distinct and popular due to various narratives written in Jaina Maharastri. * Amitagati, the well-known Digambara author wrote on Householders and Monastic conduct, Rituals, Karma theory, Yoga, Satirical work and prepared an Anthology in Sanskrit.

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* Prabhacandra, the Digambara logician was a follower of Manikyanandi. The actual Pramana-yuga started from Prabhacandra's works on Logic. Though he is famous as a commentator, he acquired an important position in Indian logic and philosophy. He also wrote commentaries on the works dedicated to grammar, ethics and Yoga. * $ubhacandra's Jnanarnava attained an esteemed position in the history of Skt. literature. Jnanarnava is an encyclopedic work on Jaina philosophy, ethics and Yoga. * There are two Jinesvaras in the 11th century, both belonging to Kharatara Gaccha. The first one wrote Prakaranas and the second one was a logician. * Mallisena's ritualistic works dedicated to various deities are very peculiar of this century. It seems that in this century, Jaina's religious practices took new mode in deity-worship. * Nayanandi wrote Sakalavidhividhanakatha in Apabhramsa. In the later period Digambara Bhattarakas started their writings on various rituals, mantras and pajas. * Namisadhu wrote commentary on Rudrata's Kavyalankara. Namisadhu had given a naive etymology of the word 'Praksta' (see Introduction: Paiyasaddamahannavo p.24) * Krsnamisra's Prabhodhacandrodaya is the first Skt. drama written by a Jaina writer. * Mahesvarasuri's Jnanapancamikatha strated the tradition of Vratakathas in Jaina literature. * In short, we may conclude that Digambara authors viz. Nemicandra (Siddhantacakravartin), Amitagati and Prabhacandra are very active in this century. Among Svetambara authors, Abhayadeva and Nemicandra (Devendragaoi) had left distinctive marks on this century. The literary activities of Kharatara Gaccha started from this century and lasted up to the 18th century. *************************************************************************************************************