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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa - pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kiyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate hai, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-purjI kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhie ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane dezakAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samAnA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatA pUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huyI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAvakatA ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiN| kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAyeM paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAkya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM
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________________ 130 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha hai, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi, jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyoM sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai, ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thii| jisameM dhyAna, sAdhanA Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karanA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna pradhAna vrAtya saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI hai aura unhoMne eka dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAyeM, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhamaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thI, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI hai| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huyI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara naye rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dasarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha zramaNa aura vaidika dhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka hai| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha spa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM hai| ve nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidika dhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| upaniSadoM meM aura mahAbhArata, gItA Adi meM jahAM eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI bhramaNa paramparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI, unameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA hindU dharma vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina, bauddha aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAye adRr3ha hai, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM hai| yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kI nayI AdhyAtmika vyAkhyAyeM dene aura unheM zramaNadhArA kI AdhyAtmika dRSTi ke anurUpa banAne kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAye to
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 131 aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gaye patha para gatizIla huyI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSi ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNavyavasthA aura vedoM kI prAmANyatA se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra se ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane AyeH kintu hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti kI isa vikRti kA parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gye| vaidika karmakANDa aba tantrasAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA aura unakI sAdhanA paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA / AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lgaa| jahAM eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAyeM pradAna kI vahIM dUsarI ora vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se tAntrika sAdhanAyeM jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM bhI praviSTa ho gyii| aneka hindU deva - deviyAM prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gii| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiyoM evaM zAsanadevatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra hai| aneka hindU deviyAM jaise-- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthakaroM kI zAsana rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM svIkAra kara lI gayI / zruta devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA jaina jIvana paddhati kA aMga bana gii| hindU paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaMkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjAvidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara karmakANDa pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahAM hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAyeM eka dUsare se samanvita huyI / Aja jaba rAmakRSNa saMskRti saMsthAna jaisI saMsthAe~ jaina vidyA ke zodha kArya ko apane hAthoM meM le rahI haiM to maiM kahanA cAhUMgA ki unheM isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyAM paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| yaha kArya vaise bhI isa saMsthA kA vizeSa dAyitva banatA hai, kyoMki isakI sthApanA svAmI rAmakRSNa aura vivekAnanda ke svapna ko sAkAra karane hetu huI haiN| Aja hameM taTastha buddhi se dharmoM kI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA evaM nikaTatA ko samajhanA hogaa|
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________________ 132 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM -- jo ki bRhad hindU paramparA ke hI aMga hai, ke bIca bhI khAIyAM khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha (Revott) ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA rahA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM meM kucha mUlabhUta praznoM ko lekara matabheda hai, yaha bhI satya he ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM ko jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA thA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizAdhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA aura cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya ciMtakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina evaM bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jaina dharma aura vaidika (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma hai kintu yaha eka bhrAMta avadhAraNA hai cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti-pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI ho kintu Aja na to hindu paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNataH vaidika hai aura na hI jaina va bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha ho, udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate hai ki jahAM jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRtti pradhAna hai vahAM hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM pravRtti evaM hindU dharma meM nivRtti ke tattva nahIM hai| vastutaH sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM hI nirmita huI hai| isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| Aja jahAM upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, zreya aura preya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti pradhAna vaidika dhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti ekAnta nivRtti yA ekAnta pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAyeM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga hai, jaise hindU paramparA / yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai, to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI Astika hindU dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 133 kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai ? hindU dharma aura darzana eka vyApaka paramparA hai| thA kaheM ki vaha vibhinna vicAra paramparAoM kA samUha hai usameM IzvaravAda, anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, pravRtti nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha sanniviSTa haiM / ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina va bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI hai, jisakA pravartana aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne kiyA thaa| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanAjAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| cAhe unhoMne bhAratIya samaja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyA ho, phira bhI ve videzI nahIM hai, isI mATI kI saMtAna hai, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| unakI bhUmikA eka zalya-cikitsaka kI bhUmikA hai jo mitra kI bhUmikA hai, zatru kI nhiiN| jaina aura bauddha dharma aupaniSadika dhArA kA hI eka vikAsa hai aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAyegA ki jaina dharma, bauddha dharma aura hindU dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabdayojanA aura bhASAzailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa hai| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha bhANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AdhArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM (samaNA - mAhaNA ) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA videhanami bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdara pUrvaka ullekha huA hai / sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki yadyapi ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai / vaha unheM mahApuruSa aura ----
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________________ 1.34 bhAratIya saMskRti kA samanvita svarUpa javedhanA ke rUpa meM ullekhita karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke gharam sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMgakAra kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAramArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura yaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apitu bhinna AcAra mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA hai| isI saMdarbha meM yahA RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAiM) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I.pU. cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgIrasa, pArAzara, aruNa nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, . sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligosAla, saMjaya (velaThThiputta) Adi paitAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko ahaMtyaSi, buddha-RSi evaM brAhmaNaRSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake adhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla sota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAyeM hai| jisa prakAra jaina dharma meM RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita hai, unameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha hai| jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI hai| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya paramparA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se jakar3a kara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM ina granthoM kA adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika ciMtana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyegA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho sakegeM / uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, aSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai|