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________________ bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA aura syAdvAda 283 . Pls bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA aura syAdvAda * DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI ema0 e0 pI-eca0DI0 sAhityaratna bhAratavarSa atyanta prAcIna kAla se dArzanikoM kA deza rahA hai| vibhinna RSi-maharSi, santa-mahanta, yati-sAdhu, yogI-mahAtmA evaM satyadraSTAoM ke anubhava tathA cintana se samaya-samaya para dArzanika kSetra meM kaI prakAra ke vicAroM meM parivartana huA, aura pariNAmasvarUpa kaI prakAra ke matoM tathA vAdoM kA janma huA / vyakti aura jAti kI bhinnatA kI bhA~ti vicAroM kI bhinnatA bhI nirantara vRddhiMgata hotI rhii| yadyapi ina vibhinna vicAroM kA mUla eka hai, kintu bahuvidha zAkhA-prazAkhAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita ho jAne ke kAraNa Aja svatantra rUpa meM tathA bhinna nAmoM se abhihita hone lage haiM / mukhya rUpa se inakI saMkhyA dasa hai-cArvAka, vaizeSika, naiyAyika, sAMkhya, yoga, karmamImAMsA, daivImImAMsA, brahmamImAMsA yA vedAnta, bauddha aura jaina / inake mukhya rUpa se do vibhAga kie jA sakate haiM-bhautikavAdI aura AdhyAtmika / cArvAka bhautikavAdI aura zeSa AdhyAtmika rahe haiN| pAzcAtya jagat meM bhautikavAda kA prArambha yUnAnI vicAraka thelisa -(I0 pU0 614-550) se mAnA jAtA hai aura isakA carama vikAsa kArla mArksa ke dvandvAtmaka bhautikavAda meM parilakSita hotA hai / bhUtavAdI aura AtmavAdI zata-sahasrAbdiyoM se isa deza meM rahe haiM / bhUtavAdI kevala paMcabhUtoM se yA bhautika tattvoM se mAnava tathA sRSTi kI utpatti mAnate haiN| ve AtmA ke astitva tathA punarjanma ko svIkAra nahIM karate / kintu AtmavAdI jar3a sRSTi se AtmA ko bhinna, ajara-amara tathA bandhana-mokSa, kriyA kAla evaM gatizIla mAnate haiN| bhAratIya cintana ke anusAra Atmatatva sabase zreSTha kahA gayA hai| AtmavAdI use anAdinidhana evaM sarvopari mAnate haiN| bhAratIya AdhyAtmika darzanoM kI bhA~ti janadarzana bhI AtmavAdI hai, jo AtmA ko sarvatantra, svataMtra evaM sanAtana mAnatA hai / AtmA hI samasta jJAna-vijJAnoM kA AdhAra hai / jo AtmA hai vaha vijJAtA hai aura jo vijJAtA hai vaha AtmA hai / jisase jAnA jAtA hai vaha AtmA hai| jAnane kI sAmarthya se hI AtmA kI pratIti hotI hai| AtmA hI sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karane vAlI tathA indriyoM ke viSayoM ko jAnane vAlI hai / AtmA anAdi ananta hai / anAdikAla se hamArI AtmA karmoM se Abaddha hai, kintu karmoM se mukta ho sakatI hai| karmoM se mukta ho jAnA hI mukti hai / AtmA cetana hai aura karma jar3a hai| donoM ke paraspara avagAr3ha sambandha kA nAma saMsAra hai / donoM hI ananta zakti ke AdhAra haiN| kevala AtmA aura pudgala ko hI nahIM dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kAla ko bhI dravya mAnA gayA hai| pudgala ke cAra bheda haiM-skandha, skandhapradeza, skandhadeza aura paramANu / bAdara aura sukSma rUpa se pariNata chaha skandhoM se isa saMsAra kI racanA huI hai| dravya sat hai / aura jo sat hai vaha parivartanazIla hai| kintu usakA sampUrNa kSaya kabhI nahIM hotA / usakI vibhinna paryAyeM samaya-samaya para badalatI rahatI haiM / parantu mUla rUpa meM kabhI hAni nahIM hotI / apane mUla rUpa ko dravya kabhI nahIM khotA / jainadarzana ke anusAra yaha pariNAma pratyeka padArtha kA svarUpa hai / gItA kA bhI yahI siddhAnta hai'nAsato vidyate bhAvo nAbhAvo vidyate sataH' arthAt asat kI utpati nahIM hotI aura sat kA sarvathA abhAva nahIM hotaa| satvAda kA yaha siddhAnta bhAratIya AtmavAdiyoM kA mUla siddhAnta rahA hai, jo Aja taka sthira hai / jainadarzana ke anusAra sat aura asat donoM kA samAveza bhAva meM hotA hai / bhAva na kevala sat hai aura na asat / saMsAra meM jitane bhI padArtha haiM ve saba sat-asat rUpa haiM / kabhI sat kA vinAza aura asat kA utpAda nahIM hotaa| isI prakAra avibhAjya sat ko paramANu kahA gayA hai| paramANu sUkSma, nitya, eka rasa, eka gandha, eka varNa aura do sparza vAlA hotA hai tathA kaI
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________________ 284 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : caturtha khaNDa dRSTiyoM se eka rUpa hote hue bhI kaI guNoM kI apekSA bhinna bhI hote haiM / isa sat siddhAnta meM hI syAdvAda kA mUla nihita hai / bhagavatIsUtra ke vacana haiM-"kAla kI apekSA jIva kabhI nahIM thA yA na rahegA, yaha bAta nahIM hai / vaha nitya hai, zAzvata hai aura usakA kabhI anta nahIM hotaa|" syAdvAda jainoM kA dArzanika siddhAnta hai / isameM vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se padArtha kI yathArthatA kA kathana kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH jar3a aura cetana sabhI meM aneka dharma tathA guNa vidyamAna haiN| una sabakA kathana eka sAtha koI kara nahIM sktaa| kramazaH hI usake vibhinna guNoM ke sambandha meM kucha kahA jA sakatA hai / ata: vivakSA ke anusAra eka samaya meM kisI eka kI mukhyatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kathana kiyA jAtA hai / ise hI dArzanika zabdAvalI meM "kathaMcit apekSA" se kahA jAtA hai, jisakA dUsarA nAma apekSAvAda bhI hai / syAdvAda : nayA siddhAnta nahIM dArzanika itihAsa ke gambhIra adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki jainadharma ke prasiddha tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha tathA mahAvIra ke lie syAdvAda koI nayA siddhAnta nahIM thaa| vaidika kAla meM yaha bhalIbhA~ti pracalita thaa| sAMkhyoM ke mUla siddhAnta sadvAda, asadvAda, sadasadvAda, vyomavAda, aparavAda, rajovAda, ambhivAda, AdarzavAda, ahorAtravAda aura saMzayavAda ina dasa siddhAntoM para AdhArita thaa| Rgveda ke anuzIlana se patA calatA hai ki sadasadvAda kA siddhAnta bahuta vyApaka rahA hai / dArzanika jagat meM kisI ne 'sat' ko svIkAra kiyA aura kisI ne asat ko / Rgveda ke nAsadIya sUkta ke ullekha se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki sRSTi kA mUla kAraNa na sat thA na asat thaa| taba kevala eka hI pakSa raha jAtA hai ki 'sadasat' rUpa parama tattva yA brahma se sRSTi kI utpatti huI / vastuta: RgvedakAlIna manISiyoM ne apane hRdaya meM asat kI pratIti na karate hue sat ko prApta kiyA thaa| AcArya kundakunda ne bhI parama Atma-tattva kI upalabdhi ke hetu kahA hai-jisa vyakti ke paramANu mAtra bhI rAga-dveSa Adi haiM, vaha AtmA ko nahIM jAnatA, cAhe AgamadhArI hI kyoM na ho ? aura phira Rgveda ke RSi eka hI sat kA bahuvidha nirvacana karate hue lakSita hote haiN| kahA bhI hai--'eka sad viprA bahudhA vadanti' / syAdvAda kA itihAsa nizcita rUpa se syAdvAda kA itihAsa batAnA atyanta kaThina hai / kintu yaha sunizcita hai ki syAdvAda yA anekAntavAda ke siddhAnta kA pracalana tathA pratiphalana jaina aura bauddhoM ke jIvana meM vizeSa rUpa se huaa| yadyapi vaidika yuga meM sAdhyoM (jo ki pahale deva jAti ke the) ke vicAroM para isakI spaSTa chApa lakSita hotI hai tathA upaniSad 'neti neti' kahakara jisa anirvacanIya tattva kA nirvacana karate haiM usameM bhI isakI jhalaka milatI hai, kintu IsA kI kaI zatAbdiyoM ke pUrva hI yaha siddhAnta dArzanika jagat meM mAnya ho cukA thA, isa bAta ke pramANa milate haiN| anekAnta yA syAdvAda kA siddhAnta nayavAda para AdhArita hai / jaina-paramparA ke anusAra naya aura nikSepoM kI vyavasthA tIrthaMkara mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke pUrva se hI anantAnanta kAla se calI A rahI hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne unake AdhAra para hI syAdvAda kA vyAkhyAna kiyA thaa| bhagavAna buddha ne jisa zUnyavAda kA nirvacana kiyA thA usake anusAra vyavahAra-vyavasthA bana hI nahIM sakatI thI, isalie naya ke pramukha do bhedoM kI bhAMti unheM 'saMvRti-satya' aura 'paramArtha satya' ye do vikalpa mAnane par3e / sambhavataH isIlie mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne zunyatA-darzana ko sApekSatAvAda ke rUpa meM samajhAyA hai / 'mAdhyamikavRtti' meM to spaSTa hI kahA gayA hai- sabhI 'nAsti' astitvapUrvaka hote haiM aura sabhI 'asti' nAstipUrvaka / isalie nAsti kI ora gamana karo aura astitva kI kalpanA na kro| AcArya nAgArjuna ne vastutaH zUnyavAda kA vivecana kara vastu ko sApekSa siddha kiyaa| unakA kathana hai ki vastu na bhAva rUpa hai, na abhAvarUpa aura na ubhaya yA anubhayarUpa / vastu ke sAtha koI vizeSaNa jor3akara hama usakA rUpa nahIM batA skte| zUnyavAdiyoM ne kahA thA ki tattva na sat hai, na asat, na ubhayarUpa hai aura na anubhyruup| isake viruddha sAMkhyoM ne tathA prAcIna upaniSadkAroM ne sabako sat rUpa hI sthira kiyA / naiyAyika evaM vaizeSikoM ne kucha ko sat aura kucha ko asat siddha kiyaa| vijJAnavAdI bauddhoM ne tattva ko vijJAnAtmaka hI kahA aura bAhyArtha kA apalApa kiyA / 10 nAgArjuna ne vastu ko avAcya mAnA / parantu vikrama kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM prasiddha jaina dArzanika siddhasenadivAkara ne tatkAlIna nAnA vAdoM ko nayavAdoM meM sanniviSTa kara diyaa| advaitavAdiyoM kI dRSTi ko unhoMne jaina sammata saMgraha naya kahA / kSaNikavAdI bauddhoM kA samAveza RjusUtranaya meM kiyA / sAMkhyadRSTi kA samAveza dravyAthika naya meM kiyA tathA kaNAda ke darzana kA samAveza dravyAthika aura paryAyAthika naya meM kara diyaa| unakA kathana hai ki saMsAra meM jitane darzanabheda ho sakate haiM, jitane bhI vacanabheda ho sakate haiM utane hI nayavAda haiM aura una sabhI ke samAgama se anekAntavAda phalita hotA hai / " vyavahAra meM bhI usakI upayogitA kA pratipAdana 00 pA~cavA dayoM kI dRSTi ko unhAna kiyA tathA kaNAda ke darzana ka vacanabheda ho sakate haiM utanA
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________________ bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA aura syAdvAda 285 kara yathArtha meM siddhasena ne anekAntavAda va syAdvAda ko vizada rUpa meM prakaTa kiyaa| unake samakAlIna vidvAn mallavAdI hue / mallavAdI ne AcArya siddhasena kI 'sanmatitarka' kI TIkA ke atirikta 'nayacakra' nAmaka svatantra grantha kI bhI racanA kI / 'nayacakra' meM vividha vAdoM ko cakroM ke rUpa meM samupasthita kara unakI satyatA kI kasauTI ke rUpa meM anekAntavAda kA vivecana kiyA / lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM siMha kSamAzramaNa ne 'nayacakra' kI aThAraha hajAra zlokapramANa bRhatkAya TIkA likhI / kintu inake kucha samaya pUrva hI AcArya samantabhadra apanI racanAoM meM syAdvAda kA bhalIbhA~ti tArkika evaM zAstrIya vivecana prastuta kara cuke the / vastutaH syAdvAda - nyAya ko kasauTI banAkara parIkSA karane kA zra eya samantabhadra ko hai / unakI samasta kRtiyA~ tathA jIvana hI anekAntamaya rahA hai / ve apane yuga ke prasiddha kavi, marmajJa vidvAn, vAdI aura vizruta vaktA the / 12 isI paramparA meM lagabhaga AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM AcArya haribhadrasUri aura akalaMka hue / ina donoM hI tarkamanISiyoM ne samasta darzanoM kA manthana kara nyAyazAstra kI parama zilA para amogha vastra kI bhA~ti anekAntavAda kI upasthApanA kI / isI yuga meM pramANaparIkSAviSayaka tattvArthazlokavArtika' ke racayitA AcArya vidyAnandi hue / yaha paramparA yahIM samApta nahIM ho gii| TIkAoM ke rUpa meM tathA saMgraha ke rUpa meM kucha na kucha ukta viSaya para likhA jAtA rahA / saMgrahakAra ke rUpa meM bArahavIM zatAbdI ke prasiddha AcArya hemacandrasUri hue, jinakA 'syAdvAdamaMjarI' grantha atyanta prasiddha huA / kintu anekAntavAda kA navya nyAya kI zailI meM pariSkAra karane meM saphala yazovijaya jI satarahavIM zatAbdI meM hue / unakA anekAntavyavasthA nAma kA svatantra grantha sacamuca isa paramparA kI antima kar3I kahA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra anekAnta ke utkRSTa grantha 'aSTasahasrI' kA vivaraNa tathA AcArya haribhadrasUri ke 'zAstravArtAsamuccaya' kI syAdavAdakalpalatA TIkA likhakara bhalIbhAMti pariSkAra kiyA / vimaladAsa ne bhI 'saptabhaMgItaraMgiNI' kI racanA navyanyAya kI zailI meM prastuta kara jisa saraNi kA vikAsa kiyA vaha Aja taka 'saptabhaMgI syAdvAda' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / syAdvAda kA artha tathA vyApti 'syAdvAda' zabda 'syAt' aura 'vAda' ina do zabdoM se milakara banA hai / 'syAt' kA prayoga nipAta rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai isalie yahA~ usakA artha zAyada yA sambhava na hokara nizcita apekSA kA dyotana hai| mUla meM siddhAnta anekAnta hai, jise bhASA ke mAdhyama se zailIgata abhivyakti ke kAraNa syAdvAda kahA jAtA hai| 'syAt' zabda kathaMcit zabda kA paryAyavAcI hai aura 'vAda' kA artha kathana yA pratipAdana zailI hai / isIlie syAdvAda ko sApekSavAda, anekAntavAda" yA saptabhaMgI bhI kahate haiM / syAdvAda kI kathanazailI meM 'syAt' zabda pradhAna hai isalie 'syAd asti ghaTa:', 'syAd nAsti ghaTa:' jaise vAkyoM kA prayoga hotA hai / jagat parivartanazIla hai / isameM pratikSaNa pratyeka vastu ke pratyeka avayava meM jAne-anajAne kucha na kucha parivartana hotA rahatA hai / kahIM yaha parivartana vizeSa hotA hai aura kahIM sAmAnya / kahIM yaha parivartana bhalIbhA~ti dRSTigocara hotA hai aura kahIM alakSya rahatA hai| kisI vastu meM hama usa parivartana ko pahicAna pAte haiM aura kisI meM DhUMDhane se bhI pratIta nahIM hotA kintu dRzya-adRzyamAna sabhI vastuoMoM ke parivartana ke mUla meM unakA astitva vidyamAna rahatA hai jo dhruva evaM zAzvata hotA hai| isa prakAra pratyeka vastu tathA padArtha ke mUlataH do bhinna rUpa hote haiM jinheM hama antaraMga aura bahiraMga ke nAma se jAnate haiM / dArzanika zabdAvalI meM inheM hama paramArtha aura vyavahAra kahate haiM / paramArtha hI nizcita tathA zAzvata mAnA gayA hai / ina donoM apekSAoM ke kAraNa ise sApekSavAda kahate haiM / aura isalie 'syAt' zabda ke sAtha 'eva' kA bhI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jaise ki ---syAvastyeva ghaTaH / isa prakAra pratyeka vastu ke sat asat rUpa ko usake vAstavika svarUpa ko prakaTa karane ke lie anekAntadarzana kI kuMjI syAdvAda hai / syAdavAda vibhinna nizcita apekSAoM se pada-padArtha kA pratipAdana karatA hai / " ataeva yaha eka aisI bhASA-paddhati hai jo anekAnta kI dRSTi se kisI eka samaya meM vastu ke kisI eka dharma kA nizcita apekSA se kathana karatI hai / yathArtha meM zabda sImita haiM aura artha ananta / isalie bhASA ke sAMce meM Dhalane vAle zabdoM meM aisI pratibodhaka zakti honI cAhie jo vastu ke vAstavika artha ko prakaTa kara sakeM / kintu zabda artha ke pratyAyaka to hote haiM para zabda ke nirmAtA artha hI hote haiM / isalie kisI bhI samaya meM kisI bhI prakAra ke zabda se yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki vaha kisI bhI padArtha ke pUrNa tathA akhaNDa rUpa ko eka sAtha abhivyakta kara sake / sambhavataH dArzanika jagat kI isa samasyA kA samAdhAna karane ke lie syAdvAda kA janma huA / syAdvAda kI AvazyakatA saMsAra meM padArtha ananta haiM, unakA koI chora nahIM hai / padArtha kI bhA~ti unameM rahane vAle guNa-dharma bhI ananta haiM / pratyeka padArtha svatantra hai aura usakA astitva eka-dUsare se bhinna haiM / apane astitva ke atirikta paramANu mAtra bhI vaha dUsare kA nahIM hai / usakA jo astitva hai vahI vaha hai / usase bhinna vaha nahIM hai / ataeva eka hI padArtha meM sApekSa *+++
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________________ 286 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : caturtha khaNDa -rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr--immmmmmmmmmmmm.------------ rIti se vibhinna virodhI dharma rahate haiN| una virodhI dharmoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se usake astitva kA pratipAdana karanA syAdvAda hai|6 pratyeka vastu meM ananta guNa-dharma mAna lene para unake pratipAdaka zabdoM kI, kisI eka aisI bhASA-paddhati yA zailI kI AvazyakatA thI jo aneka dharmAtmaka vastu kA bhalIbhAMti pratipAdana kara sakatI / vastu ke pUrNa svarUpa ko sAmane rakhakara vibhinna prakAroM, usake vibhinna pakSoM evaM rUpoM kA Akalana kara unakA pRthak-pRthak nirvacana karane ke lie vizva ke dArzanika itihAsa meM syAdvAda amogha upAya hai / kyoMki syAvAda kA sikkA sampUrNa saMsAra meM calatA hai| choTe se dIpaka se lekara vyApaka vyoma taka sabhI vastue~ anekAnta mudrA se aMkita haiN| isalie koI bhI padArtha syAdvAda kI sImA ke bAhara nahIM hai / jisa prakAra se yaha kahA jAtA hai ki bhalIbhAMti jAnA huA eka zabda manovAMchita phala ko dene vAlA hotA hai usI prakAra se vividha apekSAoM se syAdvAdI naya ke dvArA vijJAta padArtha vAstavika rUpa ko prakaTa karane vAlA hotA hai / vastu ke pratyeka rUpa ko tathA vividha avayavoM ko jAne binA hama usake akhaNDa rUpa ko nahIM jAna skte| kevala usakI sataha mAtra ko yA kisI eka aMga ko jAna lene para sampUrNa rUpa kase jJAta ho sakatA hai ? yadi hama vyAvahArika jIvana ke kisI pahalU kA bhalIbhA~ti vicAra kareM to spaSTa ho jAyagA ki sacce jJAna kI apekSA jJAnAbhAsa hI adhika jhalakatA hai| isalie hamArA vyAvahArika jJAna AdhyAtmika kSetra meM pratyeka Atmika-kriyAoM ko tathA unakI gati ko yathArtha rUpa meM samajhane meM asaphala hI rahatA hai / bhItarI aura bAharI jIvana meM jo antara hai, vaha eka bAra bhale hI samajha meM A sakatA hai, kintu antara darzAne vAlI pratyeka kriyA ko sUkSmatA se samajhane ke lie syAdvAda va anekAnta kA sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai / kyoMki saMsArI jIva alpajJa hai / usake jIvana meM vaha anekAntika dRSTi nahIM hai, jisase vaha sat, asat, ubhaya aura anubhaya ina cAra koTiyoM ko bhalIbhA~ti dhyAna meM rakhakara cintana evaM AcaraNa karatA ho| parantu ahiMsA kI paripUrNatA ke lie anekAntika dRSTi, vicAra evaM AcaraNa Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya bhI hai / jo anekAntI hai vaha sacamuca mAnasI ahiMsaka hai| usake mana meM koI daMta nahIM raha jAtA / vaha tattvajJAna ko prApta kara yathArtha tathA ayathArtha kA nirNaya karane meM samartha hotA hai aura vividha AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyoM kI tAratamyatA ko syAdvAdI bhASA meM bhalIbhAMti abhivyakta kara sakatA hai / vastutaH anekAnta kA siddhAnta unake lie cunautI hai jo saMsAra kI kSaNikatA meM to vizvAsa rakhate haiM para vibhinna apekSAoM se AtmA, jagat aura jIvana kA vicAra nahIM karate / isase yaha bhI cintana prakaTa hotA hai ki dharma 'kevala itanA hI yA aisA hI nahIM hai| pratyeka vastu meM ananta dharma haiM aura samaya tathA nimitta pAkara ve kabhI na kabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| jaina Agama granthoM meM ise kaI udAharaNoM se samajhAyA gayA hai| hama dekhate haiM ki pratyeka kSaNa dRzyamAna jagat meM kucha na kucha parivartana hotA rahatA hai / samaya, avasthA, Rtu aura samvat Adi isa parirvatana ke hI spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha parivartana pratyeka vastu meM do rUpoM meM nirantara hotA rahatA hai / parivartana kA prathama svarUpa kSaNika evaM asthAI lakSita hotA hai / jaise ki sAmane sthita vibhinna puSpoM ko pratidina janma lete, vikasita hote aura jIrNa-zIrNa hokara dhUli meM milate dekhate haiN| kintu bar3e-bar3e per3oM kI DAliyoM se lagane vAle patroM ko patajhar3a meM jharate, vasanta meM komala-kopala ugate, Atapa meM kumhalAte aura varSA meM lahalahAte tathA zizira meM TiThurate hue dekhate haiN| kintu yaha parivartana dRzyamAna hai| isake atirikta kucha vastuoM meM aura vizeSakara jar3a vastuoM meM hone vAlA parivartana sAmAnya rUpa se lakSita nahIM hotA / dIrghakAla kI avadhi meM hI jAkara kucha patA calatA hai ki hamAre sAmane kI kursI-meja aura cArapAI meM bhI kucha na kucha parivartana hotA rahatA hai, kintu hameM sahasA bhAna nahIM hotaa| parantu parivartana ke bIca hameM isakA bhI spaSTa anubhava hotA hai ki pratyeka padArtha meM hone vAlA parivartana kathaMcit kama aura bAharI hai / aura usakA astitva sthAI tathA nitya hai / arthAt parivartana usake kucha aMzoM meM hI parilakSita hotA hai| usase vastu isIlie bilakula nahIM bdltii| yadi vaha bilakula badala jAya to hama dUsare dina use pahacAna binA yaha samajha meM nahIM A sakatA ki ina jar3a vastuoM meM bhI kyA koI parivartana hotA hai / phira, inake samajhane aura kathana kI zailI meM atyanta bhinnatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie vedAnta darzana ke anusAra saMsAra ke sabhI padArtha mithyA haiM arthAt nahIM haiM / kevala sat AtmA hai aura vastra-pAtra Adi padArtha AtmA ke vRttirUpa haiM / kahane kA artha yaha hai ki vastuta: ve vastue~ nahIM haiM, kevala unakA bhAna hotA hai / yaha kathana kisI dRSTi se aura kisI sImA taka satya ho sakatA hai| aura isIlie darzana kA bhalI-bhAMti anuzIlana karane vAle sAhityakAroM ne 'rasa ko Atmacaitanya svarUpa' mAnA hai| kintu rasa nitya nahIM hai / kyoki sadA usakI anubhUti nahIM hotii| aura vyavahAra meM rasa utpanna tathA vinaSTa hotA rahatA hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki sAhitya-jagat meM bhI Atmatatva svarUpa rasa kA vicAra karane ke lie
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________________ bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA aura syAdvAda 287 . stu se bhaTakanA batalAyA ge| aura pariNAmaya rahate haiM / aura isalie yamAna vibhinna apekSAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usake nityatva, anityatva kA cintana kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra jIvana aura jagat, prakRti tathA vikRti, sat aura asat, evaM jar3a aura cetana Adi kA vicAra anekAntika tulA para hI bhalIbhAMti kiyA jAtA rahA hai / zabdoM ko ThIka-ThIka taula kara yathAkrama meM prayukti yA abhivyaktIkaraNa kiso apekSA ko dhyAna meM rakha kara hI kiyA jAtA hai| binA anekAnta ke vyavahAra ThIka se banatA nahIM / anekAnta kI isalie bhI saMsAra ko AvazyakatA hai ki sthAna-sthAna para viSamatA aura ajJAna hai use ThIka se samajhe binA samAnatA aura sukha kI sthApanA nahIM ho sakatI / anekAnta naye-zRkhalA se sambaddha vaha nyAya-tulA hai jisa para jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ko yathArtha rUpa meM dekhA-parakhA jA sakatA hai| anekAnta banAma samanvayavAda yadi hama darzana ke mUla itihAsa kA gambhIratA ke sAtha adhyayana kare to spaSTa ho jAyagA ki vaidika yuga ke RSi-maharSi hI nahIM, unake pUrvaja bhI 'sadasat' ke siddhAnta ko mAnate the| unake anusAra kauna ThIka se jAnatA hai aura kauna kaha sakatA hai ki 'yaha sRSTi kahA~ se utpanna huI / jagat kA AdikAraNa sat nahIM hai aura asat bhI nahIM hai / kintu kaviyoM ne apane hRdaya meM sat ke bandhana ko asat meM dekhA thaa|" isI prakAra cira sattA sambandhI praznoM ko lekara gautama buddha ne jina 'asti' aura 'nAsti' kI vibhinna koTiyoM ko nikRSTa tathA mUla vastu se bhaTakanA batalAyA thA unhIM ko lekara unake dArzanika anuyAyiyoM ke sarvAstivAdI, vijJAnavAdI, zUnyavAdI Adi vibhinna sampradAya ho ge|" aura pariNAmasvarUpa madhyamamArga kA janma huA / vastutaH eka hI vastu meM nitya, anitya, guNa-avaguNa, sundara-asundara Adi ananta dharma rahate haiM / aura isalie anekAnta una sabhI dRSTiyoM kA saMzleSaNAtmaka 'sakalAdeza' prastuta karatA hai jo savikalpa hai, khaNDa-khaNDa hai| saMsAra meM dRzyamAna padArtha khaNDa-khaNDa rUpa meM hI lakSita hote haiN| unake dekhane aura samajhane meM mAnava kI alpajJatA bhalIbhAMti abhivyakta hotI hai / ataeva kisI bhI vastu kI sattA yA asatA ke sambandha meM hama kevala yahI kaha sakate haiM ki vaha kisI apekSA se aisA hai aura kisI apekSA se aisA nahIM hai tathA kisI apekSA se vaisA hai aura nahIM bhI hai / ina tIna koTiyoM ke AdhAra para saptabhaMga hote haiM, jinheM saptamaMgI naya kahate haiM / 20 ye saptamaMga akhaNDa satya ko samajhane ke lie vibhinna dRSTiyoM kA ekIkaraNa hai jo vastu-nirvacana meM samyakdRSTi kI upapatti karatA hai / aura isIlie syAdvAda ko samanvayavAda bhI kahA jAtA hai / isameM sabhI dRSTiyoM kA samyak anvaya rahatA hai| upaniSad jisa Atmatatva kA nirvacana 'neti neti' kahakara karate haiM vastuta: vaha bhI syAdvAda kI eka zailI hai| bhASA meM usa anirvacanIya anubhUti ko kaise abhivyakta kiyA jA sakatA hai ? syAdvAda ke mUla bindu para vyavahAra aura nizcaya kA samanvaya huA hai| sAmAnya rUpa se vyavahAra abhUtArtha tathA asatyArtha kahA gayA hai| kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki vastu ke aMza yA paryAya sarvathA asatya hai / eka AtmavAdI kI dRSTi meM bhautika zarIra aura yaha saMsAra asatya, mithyA tathA anitya ho sakatA hai, lekina usake aise mAnane se vaha asatya nahIM ho jaataa| yaha to kevala bhedakalpanA hai / ataeva dravyadRSTi ko sApekSa kahA gayA hai / aura vividha apekSAoM ko kendra meM rakhakara kathana kiyA jAtA hai / parantu AcArya zaMkara kA kathana hai ki eka hI vastu meM do virodhI svabhAva nahIM raha sakate, isalie yaha Arhatamata asaMgata hai / " kintu hameM anubhava hotA hai ki hama meM avidyA aura vidyA, ajJAna aura jJAna, guNa-avaguNa Adi aneka virodhI-dharma eka sAtha rahate haiN| yadi hamameM cetanatva haiM to jar3a ke bhI aMza haiM aura kabhI-kabhI jar3atA prakaTa ho jAtI hai / sat-asat ko svarUpacatuSTaya (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva) aura pararUpacatuSTaya kI dRSTi se mAnane meM koI doSa upasthita nahIM hotA / 22 isalie kevala vyavahArapakSa ko hI dhyAna meM rakhakara AcArya zaMkara tathA paravartI vidvAnoM kA doSa denA yA syAdvAda ko saMdehavAda kahanA ucita nahIM hai| jo paramArthasatya aura vyavahArasatya ko milA dete haiM ve aisA hI samajhate haiM / AcArya samantabhadra kA spaSTa kathana hai ki tatva na to sanmAtra hai aura na asanmAtra hai / kyoMki paraspara nirapekSa sat tatva aura asat tatva dikhalAI nahIM pdd'taa| isI prakAra saba dharmoM ke niSedha kA viSayabhUta koI eka tatva bhI nahIM dekhA jAtA / hAM, satvAsatva se vibhinna tathA parasparApekSarUpa tatva avazya dekhA jAtA hai, jo upAdhi ke (dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke) bheda se hai / 23 vyavahAra meM anekAnta dainika jIvana meM kaI prakAra ke virodhI, ulajhanoM meM DAlane vAle tathA A~khoM aura buddhi ko cakkara meM DAlane vAle kAryoM ko dekhanA-samajhanA aura kabhI-kabhI paristhitivaza karanA bhI par3atA hai| hamArI pratyeka kriyA nizcita aura uddiSTa hone para kabhI-kabhI bhinna hotI hai| yadi hama sAvadhAnI se apane kAma meM lage hoM aura koI acAnaka hamAre kArya ke saMbaMdha meM prazna kara baiThe to hama acakacAkara hI utara dete haiN| aura kabhI koI bAta na batAnI ho to kSaNabhara ke lie
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________________ 0 0 288 zrI puSkaramuni abhinandana grantha : caturtha khaNDa socanA par3atA hai ki kyA kaheM, jisase bAta chipa bhI sake aura ThIka bhI batA dI jAya / aise avasaroM ke atirikta sAmAnya rUpa se bhI jaba koI mere svAsthya ke sambandha meM pUchatA hai to merA uttara hotA hai-hA~, ThIka to hU~ / kintu pUchane vAle ko isase asantoSa nahIM hotA / 'to' zabda use khaTakatA hai| isalie bAta spaSTa karane ke lie phira pUchatA hai-- kyA pahale se ThIka hai ? uttara milatA hai- kucha to ThIka hai / kintu isase pUrI jAnakArI nahIM mila pAtI / ataeva phira prazna hotA hai ki auSadha se barAbara lAbha mila rahA hai yA nahIM ? maiM kahatA hU~-lAbha to dikhalAI nahIM par3atA para bilakula lAbha na ho, aisA bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kula samajha meM artha yahI nikalatA hai ki kucha lAbha hai, kucha nahIM / basa yahI 'asti' aura 'nAsti' hai / vidvAn kI zaMkA hai ki 'asti' se kAma cala sakatA hai to nAsti mAnane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ? parantu bAta aisI nahIM hai| binA andhakAra ke prakAza kaisA aura binA asat ke sat kaisA ? andhakAra ke abhAva meM prakAza aura sat ke abhAva meM asat dikhalAI par3atA hai| donoM avinAbhAvI haiN| jisa prakAra vyavahAra aura paramArtha (satya) ko dhyAna meM rakhakara vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra sat aura asat donoM ko eka sAtha dhyAna meM rakhA jAtA hai / aura isalie sampUrNa satya kI prApti kA artha hai asat kA sarvathA abhAva / darzana meM tathA vyavahAra ke kSetra meM yaha artha barAbara samajhA jAtA rahA hai aura samajhA jAtA hai / anekAnta ke binA kisI prakAra kA vyavahAra cala nahIM sakatA haiN| sone-cAMdI kA vyApArI jaba kisI hAra ko kharIdatA hai, taba pacAsa grAma ke taula vAle usa vajana ke hAra kA sone ke usa dina ke bhAva ke pUre dAma nahIM detA hai / yadyapi vaha jAnatA hai ki yaha pUrA hAra sone kA banA huA hai, kintu vaha yaha bhI jAnatA hai ki isameM cAra grAma milAvaTa hai| isaliye vaha milAvaTI vastu ke dAma kaise de sakatA hai ? jo usa anekAnta kI dRSTi se mUla vastu ko yA vastu-svabhAva ko nahIM samajhe, to AdhyAtmika jagat meM kahA~ vaha bharamA sakatA hai, isakA use bhI patA nahIM calegA / ataeva anekAnta vyavahAra kI kasauTI hai / naya aura pramANa kI bhI samyakavyavasthA anekAnta para AdhArita hai| hameM tat-tat vastuoM ko unake guNa-dharmoM ke anusAra vizleSita kara samajhanI cAhie / hamAre vyAvahArika jIvana meM jina vizeSaNoM kA, kriyAoM kA tathA sAdhana-dharmiyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, vaha saba anekAntaparaka hotA hai| kyoMki apane Apa meM koI choTA-bar3A, bhalA kharAba tathA sundaraasundara nahIM hotA / hamArI samajhane kI aura mAnane kI alaga-alaga dRSTiyoM ke kAraNa vaha vastu hameM vaisI lakSita hotI hai / vAstava meM vastu to jaisI hai, vaisI hI hai / yaha pratidina ke vyavahAra meM dekhane meM AtA hai ki bhautika jagat meM sthAna, samaya tathA bhAvoM kI vilakSaNatA ke kAraNa eka hI vastu, vyakti tathA sthAna kI pratIti bhinna-bhinna samayoM meM apane alaga-alaga rUpoM meM hotI hai / sAmAnyataH dUdha kA rUpAntaraNa hone para vaha svayaM dahI meM dikhalAI par3ane lagatA hai| dUdha se dahI banane kA bahiraMga kAraNa bekTeriyA yA sUkSma jIvANu haiM, kintu antaraMga kAraNa svayaM dUdha kA pariNamana hai| bAhara se pratIta hone vAlI ina vibhinna avasthAoM meM bhI mUla dravya jyoM kA tyoM banA rahatA hai, yaha vyAvahArika tathA yathArtha dRSTi bhI hameM anekAnta siddhAnta se milatI hai| isalie kahA gayA hai jeNa viNA logassa vi vavahAro savvahA Na nivaDai / tassa bhuvaneguNo Namo atavAyarasa | sammatisUtra 3.52 , arthAt -- jisake binA loka ke sabhI vyavahAra niSpanna nahIM ho pAte, akhila bhuvana ke usa eka advitIya guru anekAntavAda ko namaskAra ho / saMkSepa meM, anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM kA vilakSaNa AzrayasthAna hai isakA Azraya lie binA vyavahAra aura paramArtha donoM bhalIbhAMti niSpanna nahIM ho paate| kyoMki pratyeka vastu meM ananta dharma rahate haiM / una ananta dharmoM kA kathana anekAnta kI dRSTi se hI syAdvAda kI bhASA meM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vAstava meM paramArtha meM vastu kA satya hI grAhya hotA hai / isalie 'sat' ko lekara hI anekAnta kA vyavahAra hotA hai / koI yaha kahanA cAhe ki kisI apekSA se gadhe ke sIMga hote haiM aura kisI apekSA se nahIM hote, to yaha na to vyavahAra meM aura na anekAnta meM ghaTa sakatA hai / anekAnta kA prayoga vahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai jahA~ vastu hai / jahA~ vastu hI nahIM hai, vahAM usake dharmoM ko anekAnta kaise prakAzita kara sakatA hai ? yaha vyavahAra bhI kaise bana sakatA hai ki kisI apekSA se yaha mAtA hai aura kisI apekSA se vandhyA hai / yadyapi anekAnta virodhI dharmo ko prakAzita karatA hai; jaise ki--jIva amUrtika hai, kathaMcit mUrtika bhI hai, kintu yahAM jIva dravya kA sadbhAva hone se anekAnta caritArtha ho sakatA hai| parantu jahA~ vastu hI vaisI na ho, vahA~ anekAnta nahIM bana sakatA hai / isI prakAra vyavahAra meM adhikatara vyaktiyoM kI anubhuta vastu meM bhinnatA bhI lakSita hotI hai, kintu pUrNa rUpa se eka akhaNDa vastu ke satya meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI / isa vyavahAra aura paramArtha se dravya, guNa aura unakI paryAyoM ko anekAnta bhinna-bhinna dRSTiyoM se bhalIbhAMti samajhAne vAlA hai / akhaNDa vastu tattva kA
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________________ bhAratIya dArzanika paramparA aura syAvAda 289 ... +++ +++ + + + + + + + + + - - - + + ++ + + ++++++++++++++++++++ +++ +++ + + ++++++ nirNaya karane ke lie to yaha nitAnta Avazyaka hai| itanA hI nahIM, anekAntavAda sva-pariNAma ke rUpa meM nayavAda kA maulika vidhAna karatA hai, jisake anusAra hama apane ko tathA saMsAra kI anya vastuoM, unake dharma tathA darzanoM ko una saba kI apanI-apanI dRSTi se samajhane kA prayatna kareM, to svataH hI saba virodha samApta ho jAte haiN| jaba koI virodha hI nahIM raha jAegA, to rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya tanAva bhI apane Apa dUra ho jAyeMge / isa prakAra yaha anekAntavAda kA siddhAnta vyaktigata tathA sAmAjika evaM rASTrIya stara para vyaktiyoM meM udAtta bauddhika vRtti ko jAgrata kara vyavahAra kI yathArtha bhUmikA prastuta karatA hai| saMdarbha sthala : 1 je AyA se vinnAyA, je vinnAyA se AyA / jeNa viyANai se AyA, taM paDucca paDisaMkhAe / -AcArAMgasUtra 5, 60 2 khaMdhA ya khaMdhadesA khaMdhapadesA ya hoMti paramANU / idi te cadubviyappA puggalakAyA muNeyavvA / -paMcAstikAya, gA074 3 bhAvassa Natthi nAso, Natthi abhAvassa uppaado| -paMcAstikAya, 1, 15 4 kAlo NaM jIve Na kayAvi Na Asi, Nicce Nasthi puNa se ante / -bhagavatI sUtra, 2, 2, u01 5 devadatta zAstrI : cintana ke naye caraNa, pR068 6 nAsadAsInno sadAsIt tadAnIM nAsIdrajo no vyomA paro yat / kimAvarIvaH kuha kasya zarmannambhaH kimAsIdgahanaM gabhIram / / -Rgveda, 10, 126 7 vahI, 10, 126, 4 8 paramANu mittayaM pi hu rAgAdINaM tu vijjaye jassa / Navi so jANadi appANayaM tu savvAgamadharo vi|| -samayasAra, 156 6 astitvapUrvakaM nAsti asti nAstitvapUrvakam / ato nAsti na gantavyaM astitvaM na ca kalpayet / / 10 zrI dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke 'jaina dArzanika sAhitya kA siMhAvalokana' se uddhata, pR0 11 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke 'jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA' se -uddhata, pR05 kavInAM gamakAnAM ca vAdInAM vAgminAmapi / yazaH sAmantabhadrIyaM mUrdhnicUDAmaNIyate / / -AdipurANa 13 (ka) sarvathAtvaniSedhako nekAntatAdyotakaH kathaMcidarthe syAt zabdo nipAtaH / -paMcAstikAya TIkA (kha) vAkyeSvanekAntadyotI gamyaM prati vizeSakaH / syAnnipAtArthayogitvAt kevalinAmapi // -AptamImAMsA, 103 14 'syAdityavyayamanekontAdyotakaM tataH syAdvAda 'anekAntavAda' iti yAvat / -syAdvAdamaMjarI 15 anekAntAtmakArthakathanaM syAdvAdaH / -laghIyastraya TokA, 62 16 ekasmin vastuni sApekSarItyA viruddha nAnAdharma svIkAro hi syAdvAdaH / syAdvAdo naikAntavAdaH / -svAdvAdamaMjarI, TIkA, 5 17 AdIpamAvyauma samasvabhAvaM, syAdvAdamudrAnatibhedi vastu / tannityamevaikamanityamanyaditi tvadAjJAdviSatAM pralApAH / / -anyayogavyavacchedadvAtriMzikA, 5 18 dRSTavya hai-Rgdeva, dazama maNDala (10,126,1-7) 16 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya : bauddhadarzana tathA anya bhAratIya darzana, bhAga prathama, pR0 245 / 20 syAdasti, syAnnAsti, syAdastinAsti, syAdavaktavyaH, syAdasti ca vaktavyaH, syAnnAsti cAvaktavyaH, syAdasti ca nAsti cAvaktavyaH / -brahmasUtra zAMkarabhASya, 2,2, 33-34 22 sadeva sarva ko necchetsvarUpAdi-catuSTayAt / asadaiva viparyAsAnna cenna vyavatiSThate / / -devAgama, 1,15 23 na sacca nAsacca na dRSTamekamAtmAntaraM sarva niSedha gamyam / dRSTaM vimitha tadupAdhibhedAt svapneSi netatvadRSeH pareSAm ||-yuktynushaasn, 32 syA