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________________ bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM nihita anekAnta - - anekAntavAda ko mukhyata: jainadarzana kA paryAya mAnA jAtA hai| yaha kathana satya bhI hai, kyoMki anya dArzanikoM ne usakA khaNDana mukhyata: usake isI siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| dUsarI ora yaha bhI satya hai ki anekAntavAda kA vikAsa aura tArkika AdhAroM para usakI puSTi jaina dArzanikoM ne kI hai| ataH anekAntavAda ko jaina darzana kA paryAya mAnanA samucita bhI hai; kintu isakA yaha bhI artha nahIM hai ki anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM isakA pUrNata: abhAva hai / sattA sambandha meM anekAnta eka anubhUta satya hai aura anubhUta satya ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| vivAda yA matavaibhinya anubhUti ke AdhAra para nahIM, usakI abhivyakti ke AdhAra para hotA hai| abhivyakti ke lie bhASA kA sahArA lenA hotA hai, kintu bhASAyI abhivyakti apUrNasImita aura sApekSa hotI hai ataH usameM matabheda hotA hai aura una matabhedoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karane yA una paraspara virodhI kathanoM ke bIca samanvaya lAne ke prayAsa meM hI anekAntavAda kA janma hotA hai| vastuta: anekAntavAda yA anekAntika dRSTikoNa kA vikAsa nimna tIna AdhAroM para hotA hai 1. bahu-AyAmI vastutattva ke sambandha meM aikAntika vicAroM yA kathanoM kA niSedhA 2. bhitra-bhinna apekSAoM ke AdhAra para bahu-AyAmI vastutattva ke sambandha meM prastuta virodhI kathanoM kI sApekSika satyatA kI svIkRti / 3. paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAlI vicAra--dhArAoM ko samanvita karane kA pryaas| vedoM meM prastuta anekAnta dRSTi prastuta Alekha meM hamArA prayojana ukta avadhAraNAoM ke AdhAra para jainetara bhAratIya cintana meM anaikAntika dRSTikoNa kahA~-kahA~ kisa rUpa meM ullekhita hai isakA digdarzana karAnA hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| unameM bhI Rgveda sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| Rgveda na kevala paramatattva ke sat aura asat pakSoM ko svIkAra karatA hai apitu inake madhya samanvaya bhI karatA hai| Rgveda ke nAsadIyasUkta (10/129/1) meM paramatattva ke sat yA asat hone ke sambandha meM na kevala jijJAsA prastuta kI gaI
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________________ 85 apitu RSi ne yaha bhI kaha diyA ki parama sattA ko hama na sat kaha sakate haiM aura na asat / isa prakAra vastutattva kI baha-AyAmitA aura usameM apekSA bheda se paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAle pakSoM kI yugapad upasthiti kI svIkRti hameM veda kAla se hI milane lagatI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM Rgveda kA yaha kathana-"ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadantyagniM (1/164/46)" paraspara virodhI pratIta hone vAlI mAnyatAoM kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa hI to hai| isa prakAra hameM anaikAntika dRSTi ke astitva ke pramANa Rgveda ke kAla se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha bAta na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA anaikAntika dArzanika dRSTi kI svIkRti kI sUcaka hai apitu isa siddhAnta kI traikAlika satyatA aura prAcInatA kI bhI sUcaka hai| cAhe vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM saptabhaMgI kA vikAsa eka paravI ghaTanA ho, kintu anekAnta to utanA hI purAnA hai jitanA Rgveda kA yaha aNsh| Rgvaidika RSiyoM ke samakSa sattA yA paramatattva ke bahu-AyAmI hone kA pRSTa khulA huA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki ve kisI aikAntika dRSTi meM Abaddha honA nahIM cAhate the| Rgveda ke dazama maNDala kA nAsadIya sUkta (10/129/1) isa tathya kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai___ nAsadAsInosadAsIttadAnIM nAsIdrajo na vyoma paroyat / satya to yaha hai ki usa paramasattA ko jo samasta astitva ke mUla meM hai, sat, asat, ubhaya yA anubhaya - kisI eka koTi meM Abaddha karake nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM usake sambandha meM jo bhI kathana kiyA jA sakegA vaha bhASA kI sImitatA ke kAraNa sApekSa hI hogA nirapekSa nahIM) yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika RSi usa paramasattA yA vastu tattva ko sat yA asat nahIM kahanA cAhatA hai, kintu prakArAntara se ve use sat bhI kahate haiM- yathA- ekaM sad viprA bahudhA vadantyagniM (1/164/46) aura asat bhI kahate haiM yathA- devAnAM yuge prathame'sataH sadajAyata (10/72/3) / isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki vaidika RSi anAgrahI anekAnta dRSTi ke hI sampoSaka rahe haiN| aupaniSadika sAhitya aura anekAntavAda na kevala vedoM meM, apitu upaniSadoM meM bhI isa anekAntika dRSTi ke ullekha ke anekoM saMketa upalabdha haiN| upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para paramasattA ke bahuAyAmI hone aura usameM paraspara virodhI kahe jAne vAle guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke sandarbha milate haiN|jb hama upaniSadoM meM anekAntikadRSTi ke sandarbho kI khoja karate haiM to unameM hameM nimna tIna prakAra ke dRSTikoNa upalabdha hote haiM
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________________ 86 1. alaga-alaga sandarbhoM meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM kA prstutiikrnn| 2. aikAntika vicAradhArAoM kA niSedha | 3. paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM ke samanvaya kA prayAsa / sRSTi kA mUlatattva sat hai yA asat isa samasyA ke sandarbha meM hameM upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| taittirIya upaniSad (2.7) meM kahA gayA hai ki prArambha meM asat hI thA usI se sat utpanna huaa| isI vicAradhArA kI puSTi chAndogyopaniSad (3/19/1) se bhI hotI hai| usameM bhI kahA gayA hai ki sarvaprathama asat hI thA usase sat huA aura sat se sRSTi huii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ina donoM meM asat vAdI vicAradhArA kA pratipAdana huA, kintu isI ke viparIta usI chAndogyopaniSad (6/2/1, 3) meM yaha bhI kahA gayA ki pahale akelA sat hI thA, dUsarA kucha nahIM thA, usI se yaha sRSTi huI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1/4/1-4) meM bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jo kucha bhI sattA hai usakA AdhAra lokAtIta sat hI hai| prapaJcAtmaka jagat isI sat se utpanna hotA hai| - isI taraha vizva kA mUlatattva jar3a hai yA cetana isa prazna ko lekara upaniSadoM meM donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha upalabdha hote haiN| eka ora bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2/ 4/12) meM yAjJavalkya, maitreyI se kahate haiM ki cetanA inhIM bhUtoM meM se utpanna hokara unhIM meM lIna ho jAtI hai to dUsarI ora chAndogyopaniSad (6/2/1, 3) meM kahA gayA hai ki pahale akelA sat (citta tattva) hI thA dUsarA koI nahIM thA / usane socA ki maiM aneka ho jAUM aura isa prakAra sRSTi kI utpatti huii| isI tathya kI puSTi taittirIyopaniSad (2/6) se bhI hotI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAyeM prastuta kI gayI haiN| yadi ye sabhI vicAradhArAyeM satya haiM to isase aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI anekAnta dRSTi kA hI paricaya milatA hai| yadyapi ye sabhI saMketa ekAntavAda ko prastuta karate haiM, kintu vibhinna ekAntavAdoM kI svIkRti meM hI anekAntavAda kA janma hotA hai| ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki aupaniSadika cintana meM vibhinna ekAntavAdoM ko svIkAra karane kI anaikAntika dRSTi avazya thI / punaH upaniSadoM meM hameM aise aneka saMketa milate haiM jahA~ ekAntavAda kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (3/8/8) meM RSi kahatA hai ki 'vaha sthUla bhI nahIM hai aura sUkSma bhI nahIM hai| vaha hrasva bhI nahIM hai aura dIrgha bhI nahIM haiN|' isa prakAra yahA~ hameM spaSTatayA ekAntavAda kA niSedha prApta hotA hai| ekAnta ke niSedha ke sAtha-sAtha sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI upasthiti ke saMketa bhI hameM
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________________ 87 upaniSadoM meM mila jAte haiN| taittirIyopaniSad (2/6) meM kahA gayA hai ki vaha parama sattA mUrta-amUrta, vAcya - avAcya, vijJAna (cetana) - avijJAna (jar3a), sat -asat, rUpa hai| isI prakAra kaThopaniSad (1/20) meM usa parama sattA ko aNu kI apekSA bhI sUkSma va mahat kI apekSA bhI mahAna kahA gayA hai| yahA~ parama sattA meM sUkSmatA aura mahattA donoM hI paraspara virodhI dharma eka sAtha svIkAra karane kA artha anekAnta kI svIkRti ke atirikta kyA ho sakatA hai ? punaH usI upaniSad (3 / 12) meM eka ora AtmA ko jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai to vahIM dUsarI ora use jJAna kA aviSaya batAyA gayA hai| jaba isakI vyAkhyA kA prazna AyA to AcArya zaMkara ko bhI kahanA par3A ki yahA~ apekSA bheda se jo ajJeya hai use hI sUkSma jJAna kA viSaya batAyA gayA hai| yahI upaniSadakAroM kA anekAnta hai| isI prakAra zvetAzvataropaniSad (1/7) meM bhI usa parama sattA ko kSara evaM akSara, vyakta evaM avyakta aise paraspara virodhI dharmoM se yukta kahA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI sattA yA paramatattva kI bahuAyAmitA yA anaikAntikatA spaSTa hotI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM yahA~ paraspara viruddha dharmoM kI eka sAtha svIkRti isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki upaniSadakAroM kI zailI anekAntAtmaka rahI hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSadoM kA darzana jaina darzana ke samAna hI sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkAra karatA pratIta hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM upaniSadoM meM paraspara virodhI matavAdoM ke samanvaya ke sUtra bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo yaha siddha karate haiM ki upaniSadakAroM ne na kevala ekAnta kA niSedha kiyA, apitu sattA meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM ko svIkRti bhI pradAna kii| jaba aupaniSadika RSiyoM ko yaha lagA hogA ki paramatattva meM paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI eka hI sAtha svIkRti tArkika dRSTi se yuktisaMgata nahIM hogI to unhoMne usa paramatattva ko anirvacanIya yA avaktavya bhI mAna liyA / taittirIya upaniSad (2) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ vANI kI pahu~ca nahIM hai aura use mana ke dvArA bhI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA (yato vAco nivartante / / aprApya manasA saha 11 ) isase aisA lagatA hai ki upaniSad kAla meM sattA ke sat, asat, ubhaya aura avaktavya / anirvacanIya- ye cAroM pakSa svIkRta ho cuke the| kintu aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne una virodhoM ke samanvaya kA mArga bhI prazasta kiyaa| isakA sabase uttama pratinidhitva hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad (4) meM milatA hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "anejadekaM manaso javIyo nainaddevA ApnuvanpUrvamarSat" arthAt vaha gatirahita hai phira bhI mana se evaM devoM se teja gati karatA hai| "tadejati tannejati taddUre tadvintike", arthAt vaha calatA hai aura nahIM bhI calatA
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________________ 88 hai, vaha dUra bhI hai, vaha pAsa bhI hai| isa prakAra upaniSadoM meM jahA~ virodhI pratIta hone vAle aMza haiM, vahIM unameM samanvaya ko mukharita karane vAle aMza bhI prApta hote haiN| paramasattA ke ekatva-anekattva, jar3atva-cetanatva Adi vividha AyAmoM meM se kisI eka ko svIkAra kara upaniSad kAla meM aneka dArzanika dRSTiyoM kA udaya huaa| jaba ye dRSTiyA~ apane-apane mantavyoM ko hI ekamAtra satya mAnate hue, dUsare kA niSedha karane lagI taba satya ke gaveSakoM ko eka aisI dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA par3A jo sabhI kI sApekSika satyatA ko svIkAra karate hue una virodhI vicAroM kA samanvaya kara ske| yaha vikasita dRSTi anekAnta dRSTi hai jo vastu meM pratIti ke stara para dikhAI dene vAle virodha ke antas meM avirodha ko dekhatI hai aura saiddhAntika dvandvoM ke nirAkaraNa kA eka vyAvahArika evaM sArthaka samAdhAna prastuta karatI hai| isa prakAra anekAntavAda virodhoM ke zamana kA eka vyAvahArika darzana hai| vaha unheM samanvaya ke sUtra meM pirone kA saphala prayAsa karatA hai| IzAvAsya meM paga-paga para anekAnta jIvana dRSTi ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| vaha apane prathama zloka meM hI 'tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA mA gRdhaH kasya sviddhanam" kahakara tyAga evaM bhoga-ina do virodhI tathyoM kA samanvaya karatA hai evaM ekAnta tyAga aura ekAnta bhoga donoM ko samyak jIvana dRSTi ke lie asvIkAra karatA hai| jIvana na to ekAnta tyAga para calatA hai aura na ekAnta bhoga para,balki jIvanayAtrA tyAga aura bhogarUpI donoM cakroM ke sahAre calatI hai| isa prakAra IzAvAsya sarvaprathama anekAnta kI vyAvahArika jIvanadRSTi ko prastuta karatA hai| isI prakAra karma aura akarma sambandhI ekAntika vicAradhArAoM meM samanvaya karate hue IzAvAsya (2) kahatA hai ki "kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSecchatA samAH" arthAt manuSya niSkAma bhAva se karma karate hae sau varSa jiiye| nihitArtha yaha hai ki jo karma sAmAnyatayA sakAma yA saprayojana hote haiM ve bandhanakAraka hote haiM, kintu yadi karma niSkAma bhAva se binA kisI spRhA ke hoM to unase manuSya lipta nahIM hotA, arthAt ve bandhana kAraka nahIM hote| niSkAma karma kI yaha jIvana-dRSTi vyAvahArika jIvanadRSTi hai| bheda-abheda kA vyAvahArika dRSTi se samanvaya karate hue usI meM Age kahA gayA hai - yastu sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmanyevAnupazyati / sarvabhUteSu cAtmAnaM tato na vijugupsate / / (IzA0 6) arthAt jo sabhI prANiyoM meM apanI AtmA ko aura AtmA meM sabhI prANiyoM ko dekhatA hai vaha kisI se bhI ghRNA nahIM krtaa| yahA~ jIvAtmAoM meM bheda evaM abheda
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________________ 89 donoM ko eka sAtha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ bhI RSi kI anekAntadRSTi hI parilakSita hotI hai jo samanvaya ke AdhAra para pArasparika ghRNA ko samApta karane kI bAta kahatI hai| eka anya sthala para vidyA (adhyAtma) aura avidyA (vijJAna) (IzA0 10 ) meM tathA sambhUti ( kAryabrahma) evaM asambhUti ( kAraNabrahma (IzA012 ) athavA vaiyaktikatA aura sAmAjikatA meM bhI samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| RSi kahatA hai ki jo avidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai vaha andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai aura jo vidyA kI upAsanA karatA hai vaha usase bhI gahana andhakAra meM praveza karatA hai| ( IzA 09) aura vaha jo donoM ko jAnatA hai yA donoM kA samanvaya karatA hai vaha avidyA se mRtyu para vijaya prApta kara vidyA se amRta tattva ko prApta karatA hai (IzA 0 11) / yahA~ vidyA aura avidyA arthAt adhyAtma aura vijJAna kI paraspara samanvita sAdhanA anekAnta dRSTi ke vyAvahArika pakSa ko prastuta karatI hai| uparokta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki sattA kI bahu AyAmitA aura samanvayavAdI vyAvahArika jIvana dRSTi kA astitva buddha aura mahAvIra se pUrva upaniSadoM meM bhI thA, jise anekAnta darzana kA AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| sAMkhya darzana aura anekAntavAda bhAratIya SaDdarzanoM meM sAMkhya eka prAcIna darzana hai| isakI kucha avadhAraNAeM hameM upaniSadoM meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai| yaha bhI jaina darzana ke jIva evaM ajIva kI taraha puruSa evaM prakRti aise do mUla tattva mAnatA hai| usameM puruSa ko kUTastha nitya aura prakRti ko pariNAmI nitya mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra usake dvaitavAda meM eka tattva parivartanazIla hai aura dUsarA aparivartanazIla / isaprakAra sattA ke do pakSa paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM se yukta hai| phira bhI unameM eka saha-sambandha hai / punaH yaha kUTastha nityatA bhI usa mukta puruSa ke sambandha meM hai, jo prakRti se apanI pRthakatA anubhUta kara cukA hai / sAmAnya saMsArI jIva / puruSa meM to prakRti ke saMyoga se apekSA bheda se nityatva aura pariNAmitva donoM hI mAnya kiye jA sakate haiN| punaH prakRti to jaina darzana ke sat ke samAna pariNAmI nitya mAnI gaI hai arthAt usameM parivartanazIla evaM aparivartanazIla donoM virodhI guNadharma apekSA bheda se rahe hue haiN| punaH triguNa-sattva, rajas aura tamas paraspara virodhI haiM, phira bhI prakRti meM ve tInoM eka sAtha rahate hai| sAMkhya darzana kA sattvaguNa sthiti kA, rajoguNa utpAda yA kriyAzIlatA kA, tamoguNa vinAza yA niSkriyatA kA pratIka hai| ataH merI dRSTi meM sAMkhya kA triguNAtmakatA kA siddhAnta aura jaina darzana kA utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvyAtmakatA kA siddhAnta eka dUsare
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________________ se adhika dUra nahIM haiN| sattA kI bahu-AyAmitA aura paraspara virodhI guNadharmoM kI yugapad avasthiti yahI to anekAnta hai| dravya kI nityatA aura paryAya kI anityatA jaina darzana ke samAna sAMkhya ko bhI mAnya hai| punaH prakRti aura vikRti donoM paraspara virodhI haiM, kintu sAMkhya darzana meM buddhi (mahat), ahaMkAra aura pA~ca tanmAtrAeM-prakRti aura vikRti donoM hI mAne gaye haiN| puna: nivRtti aura pravRtti donoM paraspara virodhI haiM kintu sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti meM pravRtti aura nivRtti donoM guNa pAye jAte haiM / sAMsArika puruSoM kI apekSA se vaha pravRttyAtmaka aura mukta puruSa kI apekSA se nivRttyAtmaka dekhI jAtI hai| isI prakAra puruSa meM apekSA bheda se bhoktRtva aura abhoktRtva donoM guNa dekhe jAte haiN| yadyapi mukta puruSa kUTastha nitya hai phira bhI saMsAra dazA meM usameM kartRtva guNa dekhA jAtA hai, cAhe vaha prakRti ke nimitta se hI kyoM nahIM ho| saMsAra dazA meM puruSa meM jJAna-ajJAna, kartRtva-akartRtva, bhoktRtva -abhoktRtva ke virodhI guNa rahate haiN| sAMkhya darzana kI isa mAnyatA kA samarthana mahAbhArata ke Azvamedhika parva meM anugItA ke 47 veM adhyayana ke 7 veM zloka meM milatA hai-usameM likhA hai yo vidvAnsahavAsaM ca vivAsaM caiva pazyati / tathaivaikatvanAnAtve sa duHkhAt parimucyate / / arthAt jo vidvAn jar3a aura cetana ke bhedAbheda ko tathA ekatva aura nAnAtva ko dekhatA hai vaha duHkha se chUTa jAtA hai| jar3a (zarIra) aura cetana (AtmA) kA yaha bhedAbheda tathA ekatva meM anekatva aura anekatva meM ekatva kI yaha dRSTi anekAntavAda kI svIkRti ke atirikta kyA ho sakatI hai| vastutaH sAMkhya darzana meM puruSa aura prakRti meM AtyAntika bheda mAne binA mukti/kaivalya kI avadhAraNA siddha nahIM hogI, kintu dUsarI ora una donoM meM AtyAntika abheda mAnegeM to saMsAra kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hogii| saMsAra kI vyAkhyA ke lie unameM AMzika yA sApekSika abheda aura mukti kI vyAkhyA ke lie unameM sApekSika bheda mAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| punaH prakRti aura puruSa ko svatantra tattva mAnakara bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM usameM una donoM kI pArasparika prabhAvakatA to mAnI gaI hai| prakRti meM jo vikAra utpanna hotA hai vaha puruSa kA sAnidhya pAkara hI hotA hai| isI prakAra cAhe hama buddhi (mahat ) aura ahaMkAra ko prakRti kA vikAra mAne, kintu unake caitanya rUpa meM pratibhASita hone ke lie unameM puruSa kA pratibimbita honA to Avazyaka hai| cAhe sAMkhya darzana bandhana aura mukti ko prakRti ke Azrita mAne, phira bhI jar3a prakRti ke prati tAdAtmya buddhi kA kartA to kisI na kisI rUpa meM puruSa ko svIkAra karanA hogA, kyoMki jar3a prakRti ke bandhana aura mukti kI avadhAraNA tArkika dRSTi se sabala siddha nahIM hotI hai|
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________________ vastutaH dvaitavAdI darzanoM- cAhe ve sAMkhya hoM yA jaina, kI kaThinAI yaha hai ki una meM tattvoM kI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA yA AMzika tAdAtmya mAne binA saMsAra aura bandhana kI vyAkhyA sambhava nahIM hotI hai aura donoM ko eka dUsare se nirapekSa yA svataMtra mAne binA mukti kI avadhAraNA siddha nahIM hotI hai| ata: kisI na kisI stara para unameM abheda aura kisI na kisI stara para unameM bheda mAnanA Avazyaka hai| yahI bhedAbheda kI dRSTi hI anekAnta kI AdhAra bhUmi hai, jise kisI na kisI rUpa meM sabhI darzanoM ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana cAhe buddhi, ahaMkAra Adi ko prakRti kA vikAra mAne kintu saMsArI puruSa ko usase asampRkta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yogasUtra sAdhanapAda ke sUtra 20 ke bhASya meM kahA gayA hai "sa puruSo buddheH prati saMvedI sabuddhernasvarUpo nAtyanta virUpa iti| na tAvatsvarUpaH kasmAt jJAtA-jJAta viSayatvAt-astutarhi virUpa iti nAtyantaM virUpaH, kasmAt zuddho'pyasau pratyayAnupazyo yataH pratyayaM bauddhmnupshyti|" ___ ata: prakRti aura puruSa do svatantra tattva hokara bhI unameM pArasparika kriyA pratikriyA ghaTita hotI hai| una do tattvoM ke bIca bhedAbheda yahIM bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyAoM kA AdhAra hai| yoga darzana aura anekAntavAda jaina darzana meM dravya aura guNa yA paryAya, dUsare zabdoM meM dharma aura dharmI meM ekAnta bheda yA ekAnta abheda ko svIkAra nahIM karake unameM bhedAbheda svIkAra karatA hai aura yahI usake anekAntavAda kA AdhAra hai| yahI dRSTikoNa hameM yogasUtra bhASya meM bhI milatA hai "nadharmI tryadhvA dharmAstu vyadhvAna te lakSitA alakSitAca tAntAmavasthAM prApnuvanto 'nyatvena prati nirdizyante avasthAntarato na dravyAntarataH / yathaika rekhA zata sthAne zataM daza sthAne darzaka caiksthaane| yathAcaikatvepi strI mAtA cocyate duhitA ca svsaaceti|" yogasUtra vibhUtipAda 13 kA bhASya isI tathya ko usameM isa prakAra bhI prakaTa kiyA gayA hai- "yathA suvarNa bhAjanasya bhitvAnyathA kriyamANasya bhAvAnyathAtvaM bhavati na suvarNAnyathAtvam" ina donoM sandarbho se yaha spaSTa hai ki jisa prakAra eka hI strI apekSA bheda se mAtA, putrI athavA sAsa kahalAtI hai usI prakAra eka hI dravya avasthAntara ko prApta hokara bhI vahIM rahatA hai| eka svarNapAtra ko tor3akara jaba koI anya vastu banAI jAtI hai to usakI avasthA badalatI hai kintu svarNa vahI rahatA hai arthAt dravya kI apekSA vaha vahI rahatA hai arthAt nahIM badalatA hai, kintu avasthA badalatI hai| yahI sattA kA nityAnityatva yA bhedAbheda hai jo jaina darzana meM anekAntavAda
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________________ 92 kA AdhAra hai| isa bhedAbheda ko AcArya vAcaspati mizra isI sthala kI TIkA meM spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate hue likhate haiM - "anubhava eva hI dharmiNo dharmAdInAM bhedAbhedI vyavasthApayanti / " / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, vAcaspati mizra to spaSTa rUpa se ekAntavAda kA nirasana karake anekAntavAda kI sthApanA karate haiN| ve likhate haiM naukAntike'bheda dharmAdInAM dharmiNo, dharmIrUpavad dharmAditvaM nApyaikAntike bhede gavAzcavad dharmAditvaM sa cAnubhavo'nekAntikatvamavasthApayanapi dharmAdiSUpajanApAya dharmakeSvapi dharmiNamekamanugamayan dharmAzca parasparato vyavartayan pratyAtmamanu bhUyata iti| ekAnta kA niSedha aura anekAnta kI puSTi kA yoga darzana meM isase bar3A koI pramANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| yoga darzana bhI jaina darzana ke samAna hI sattA ko sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnatA hai| yogasUtra ke samAdhipAda kA sUtra 7 isakI puSTi karatA hai sAmAnya vizeSAtmano'rthasya / isI bAta ko kiJcit zabda bheda ke sAtha vibhUtipAda ke sUtra 44 meM bhI kahA gayA hai sAmAnya vizeSa samudAyo'tra dravyam / mAtra itanA hI nahIM, yogadarzana meM dravya kI nityatA-anityatA ko usI rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, jisa rUpa meM anekAnta darzana meM / mahAbhASya ke paMcamamAhnika meM pratipAdita hai draSyanityamAkRtiranityA, suvarNaM kayAcidAkRtyAyuktaM piNDo bhavati piNDAkRtimupamRdya rUcakAH kriyante, rUcakAkRtimupamRdha kaTakAH kriyante AkRtiranyAcAnyAbhavati dravyaM punastadeva AkRtyupamRdyena dravyamevAvaziSyate / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAMkhya aura yoga darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM kahIM na kahIM anekAnta dRSTi anusyUta hai| vaizeSika darzana aura anekAnta __ vaizeSika darzana meM jaina darzana ke samAna hI prArambha meM tIna padArthoM kI kalpanA kI gaI, ve haiM dravya, guNa aura karma, jinheM hama jaina darzana ke dravya, guNa aura paryAya kaha sakate haiN| yadyapi vaizeSika darzana bhedavAdI dRSTi se inheM eka dUsare se svatantra mAnatA hai phira bhI use inameM Azraya AzrayI bhAva to svIkAra karanA hI par3A hai| jJAtavya hai ki jahA~ Azraya-AzrayI bhAva hotA hai, vahA~ unameM kathaMcit yA sApekSika
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________________ 93 sambandha to mAnanA hI par3atA hai, unheM eka se dUsare pUrNata: nirapekSa yA svatantra nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaizeSika darzana unheM eka dUsare se svatantra kahe, phira bhI ve asambaddha nahIM haiN| anubhUti ke stara para dravya se pRthak guNa aura dravya evaM guNa se pRthak karma nahIM hote haiN| yahI unakA bhedAbheda hai, anekAnta hai| puna: vaizeSika darzana meM sAmAnya aura vizeSa nAmaka do svataMtra padArtha mAne gaye haiN| puna: unameM bhI sAmAnya ke do bheda kiye --- parasAmAnya aura aparasAmAnya / parasAmAnya ko hI sattA bhI kahA gayA hai, vaha zuddha astitva hai, sAmAnya hai kintu jo apara sAmAnya hai vaha sAmAnya vizeSa rUpa hai| dravya, guNa aura karma aparasAmAnya haiM aura aparasAmAnya hone se sAmAnya vizeSa ubhaya rUpa hai| vaizeSika sUtra (1/2/ 5) meM kahA bhI gayA hai "dravyatvaM guNatvaM karmatvaM ca sAmAnyAni vizeSAzca" dravya, guNa aura karma ko yugapad sAmAnya vizeSa-ubhaya rUpa mAnanA yahI to anekAnta hai / dravya kisa prakAra sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hai, ise spaSTa karate hue vaizeSikasUtra (9/2/3) meM kahA gayA hai sAmAnyaM vizeSa iti buddhyapekSam / sAmAnya aura vizeSa-donoM jJAna, buddhi yA vicAra kI apekSA se haiN| ise spaSTa karate hue bhASyakAra prazasta-pAda kahate haiM-- dravyatvaM pRthvItvApekSayA sAmAnyaM sattApekSayA ca vizeSa iti / dravyatva pRthvI nAmaka dravya kI apekSA se sAmAnya hai aura sattA kI apekSA se vizeSa hai| dUsare zabdoM meM eka hI vastu apekSA bheda se sAmAnya aura vizeSa donoM hI kahI jA sakatI hai| apekSA bheda se vastu meM virodhI pratIta hone vAle pakSoM ko svIkAra karanA- yahI to anekAnta hai| upaskAra kartA ne to spaSTata: kahA hai "sAmAnya vizeSa sNjnyaampilbhte|" arthAt vastu kevala sAmAnya athavA kevala vizeSa rUpa meM hokara sAmAnya vizeSa rUpa hai aura isI tathya meM anekAnta kI prasthApanA hai| puna: vastu sat asat rUpa hai isa tathya ko bhI kaNAda maharSi ne anyonyAbhAva ke prasaMga meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM saccAsat / yaccAnyadasadatastadasat - vaizeSika sUtra (9/1/4-5) isakI vyAkhyA meM upaskArakartA ne jaina darzana ke samAna hI kahA hai yatra sadeva ghaTAdi asaditi vyavahniyate tatra tAdAtmyAbhAvaH prtiiyte| bhavati hi asannazvo gavAtmanA-asan gaurazvAtmanA-asan paTo ghaTAtmanA ityaadi|
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________________ 94 tAtparya yaha hai ki vastu svasvarUpa kI apekSA se asti rUpa hai aura para svarUpa kI apekSA nAsti rUpa hai| vastu meM sva kI sattA kI svIkRti aura para kI sattA kA abhAva mAnanA yahI to anekAnta hai jo vaizeSiko bhI mAnya hai| astitva nAstitva pUrvaka aura nAstitva astitva pUrvaka hai| nyAyadarzana aura anekAntavAda nyAyadarzana meM nyAyasUtroM ke bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana ne nyAyasUtra (1/1/41 ) ke bhASya meM anekAntavAda kA Azraya liyA hai| ve likhate haiM etacca viruddhayoreka dharmisthayobadhavyaM, yatra tu dharmI sAmAnyagato viruddhodharmI hetutaH sambhavataH tatra samuccayaH hetuto'rthasya tathA bhAvopapateH ityAdi arthAt jaba eka hI dharmoM meM viruddha aneka dharma vidyamAna hoM to vicAra pUrvaka hI nirNaya liyA jAtA hai, kintu jahA~ dharmI sAmAnya meM (aneka) dharmoM kI sattA prAmANika rUpa se siddha ho, vahA~ para to use samuccaya rUpa arthAt aneka dharmoM se yukta hI mAnanA cAhiye / kyoMki vahA~ para to vastu usI rUpa meM siddha hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi do dharmoM meM Atyantika virodha nahIM hai aura ve sAmAnya rUpa se eka hI vastu meM apekSA bheda se pAye jAte haiM to unheM svIkAra karane meM nyAya darzana ko Apatti nahIM hai| isI prakAra jAti aura vyakti meM kathaMcit abheda aura kathaMcit bheda mAnakara jAti ko bhI sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnA gayA hai| bhASyakAra vAtsyAyana nyAyasUtra (2/2/66) kI TIkA meM likhate haiM yacca keSAMcid bhedaM kutazcid bhedaM karoti tatsAmAnyavizeSo jAtiriti / yaha satya hai ki jAti sAmAnya rUpa bhI hai, kintu jaba yaha padArthoM meM kathaMcit abheda aura kathaMcit bheda karatI hai to vaha jAti sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka hotI hai| yahA~ jAti ko jo sAmAnya kI vAcaka hai sAmAnya vizeSAtmaka mAnakara anekAMtavAda kI puSTi kI gaI hai| kyoMki anekAntavAda vyaSTi meM samaSTi aura samaSTi meM vyaSTi kA antarbhAva mAnatA hai| vyakti ke binA jAti kI aura jAti ke binA vyakti kI koI sattA nahIM hai unameM kathaMcit bheda aura kathaMcit abheda hai| sAmAnya meM vizeSa aura vizeSa meM sAmAnya apekSA bheda se nihita rahate haiM, yahI to anekAnta hai| sattA sat-asat rUpa hai yaha bAta bhI nyAya darzana meM kArya-kAraNa kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM prakArAntara se svIkRta hai| pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM nyAyasUtra (4/1/48) meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki utpatti ke pUrva kArya ko na to sat kahA jA sakatA hai, na asat hI kahA jA sakatA hai aura na ubhaya rUpa hI kahA~ jA sakatA hai, kyoMki donoM
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________________ meM vaidharmya hai nAsanna sanasadasat sadasatovaidhAt / isakA uttara TIkA meM vistAra se diyA gayA hai| kintu hama vistAra meM na jA kara saMkSepa meM unake uttarapakSa ko prastuta karegeM / unakA kahanA hai ki kArya-utpatti pUrva kAraNa rUpa se sat hai kyoMki kAraNa ke asat hone se koI utpatti hI nahIM hogii| puna: kArya rUpa se vaha asat bhI hai kyoMki yadi sat hotA hai to phira utpatti kA kyA artha hotA ? ata: utpatti pUrva kArya kAraNa rUpa se sat aura kArya rUpa se asat arthAt sat --asat ubhaya rUpa hai yaha bAta buddhisiddha hai {vistRta vivecanA ke lie dekheM nyAyasUtra (4/1/48-50) kI vaidikamuni hariprasAda svAmI kI TIkA} mImAMsA darzana aura anekAntavAda- jisa prakAra anekAntavAda ke sampoSaka jaina dharma meM vastu ko utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvyAtmaka mAnA hai, usI prakAra mImAMsA darzana meM bhI sattA ko trayAtmaka mAnA hai| usake anusAra utpatti aura vinAza to dharmoM ke haiM, dharmI to nitya hai, vaha una dharmoM kI utpatti aura vinAza ke bhI pUrva hai arthAt nitya hai| vastuta: jo bAta jaina darzana meM dravya kI nityatA aura paryAya kI anityatA kI apekSA se kahI gaI hai, vahI bAta dharmI aura dharma kI apekSA se mImAMsA darzana meM kahI gaI hai| yahA~ paryAya ke sthAna para dharma zabda kA prayoga huA hai| svayaM kumArila bhaTTa mImAMsAzlokavArtika (21-23) meM likhate haiM varddhamAnakabhaMge ca rucakaH kriyate yadA / tadA pUrvArthina zokaH prIticAbhyuttarArthinaH / / hemarthinastu mAdhyasthaM tasmAd vastu trayAtmakam / notpAdasthitibhaMgAnAmabhAvai syAnmatitrayam / / na nAzena binA zoko notpAdena vinA sukhaM / sthityA vinA na mAdhyasthyam tena sAmAnyanityatA / / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya rUpa tripadI kI jo sthApanA jaina darzana meM hai vahI bAta zabdAntara se utpatti, vinAza aura sthiti ke rUpa meM mImAMsA darzana meM kahI gaI hai| kumArila bhaTTa ke dvArA padArtha ko utpatti, vinAza aura sthiti yukta mAnanA, avayavI aura avayava meM bhedAbheda mAnanA, sAmAnya aura vizeSa ko sApekSa mAnanA Adi tathya isI bAta ko puSTa karate haiM ki unake dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM kahIM na kahIM anekAnta ke tattva upasthita rahe haiN| zlokavArtika vanavAda zloka 75-80 meM to ve svayaM anekAnta kI pramANatA siddha karate haiM :
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________________ 96 vastvanekatvavAdAcca na sandigdhA 'pramANatA / jJAnaM saMdihAte yatra tatra na syAt pramANatA / / ihAnaikAntikaM vastvityevaM jJAnaM sunizcitam / isI aMza kI TIkA meM pArthasArathI mizra ne bhI spaSTataH anekAntavAda zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai yathA ye caikAntikaM bhedamabhedaM vA'vayavinaH samAzrayante tairevaaymnekaaNtvaad| ___ mAtra itanA hI nahIM, usameM vastu ko sva-svarUpa kI apekSA sat para svarUpa kI apekSA asat aura ubhayarUpa se sadasat rUpa mAnA gayA hai yathA sarvaM hi vastu svarUpataH sadrUpaM pararUpatazcAsadrUpaM yathA ghaTo ghaTarUpeNa sat pttruupenn'sn| - abhAvaprakaraNa TIkA ___ yahA~ to hamane kucha hI sandarbha prastuta kiye haiM yadi bhAratIya darzanoM ke mUlagranthoM aura unakI TIkAoM kA samyak parizIlana kiyA jAye to aise aneka tathya parilakSita hogeM jo una darzanoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM rahI huI anekAnta dRSTi ko spaSTa karate haiN| anekAnta eka anubhUtyAtmaka satya hai use nakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai| antara mAtra usake prastutIkaraNa kI zailI kA hotA hai| vedAntadarzana aura anekAntavAda __ bhAratIya darzanoM meM vedAnta darzana vastuta: eka darzana kA nahIM, apitu darzana samUha kA vAcaka hai| brahmasUtra ko kendra meM rakhakara jina darzanoM kA vikAsa haA ve sabhI isa varga meM samAhita kiye jAte haiN| isake advaita, viziSTAdvaita, zuddhAdvaita, dvaita Adi aneka sampradAya haiN| naikasminna saMbhavAt (brahmasUtra 2/2/33) kI vyAkhyA karate hue ina sabhI dArzanikoM ne jaina darzana ke anekAntavAda kI samIkSA kI hai| maiM yahA~ unakI samIkSA kitanI ucita hai yA anucita hai isa carcA meM nahIM jAnA cAhatA hU~, kyoMki unameM se pratyeka ne kamoveza rUpa meM zaMkara kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| yahA~ merA prayojana mAtra yaha dikhAnA hai ki ve apane mantavyoM kI puSTi meM kisa prakAra anekAntavAda kA sahArA lete haiN| AcArya zaMkara ko saSTikartA Izvara ke prasaMga meM svayaM hI pravRti- apravRti rUpa do paraspara virodhI guNa svIkAra hai| brahmasUtra, zAMkara bhASya 2/2/4 meM ve svayaM hI likhate haiMIzvarasya tu sarvajJatvAt, sarvazaktimatvAt mahAmAyatvAcca pravRtyapravRtI na viruudhyte| puna: mAyA ko na brahma se pRthak kahA jA sakatA hai aura na apRthaka; kyoki pRthak mAnane para advaita khaNDita hotA hai aura apRthak mAnane para brahma mAyA ke kAraNa
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________________ 97 vikArI siddha hotA hai| punaH mAyA ko na sat kaha sakate haiM aura na asat / yadi mAyA asat hai to sRSTi kaise hogI aura yadi mAyA sat hai to mukti kaise hogI ? vastutaH mAyA na sat hai aura na asat, na brahma se bhinna hai aura na abhinna / yahA~ anekAntavAda jisa bAta ko vidhi mukha se kaha rahA hai zaMkara use hI niSedhamukha se kaha rahe haiN| advaitavAda kI kaThinAI yahI hai vaha mAyA kI svIkRti ke binA jagat kI vyAkhyA nahIM kara sakatA hai aura mAyA ko sarvathA asat yA sarvathA sat athavA brahma se sarvathA bhitra yA sarvathA bhinna aisA kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| vaha paramArtha ke stara para asat aura vyavahAra ke stara para sat hai / yahIM to unake darzana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anekAnta kA darzana hotA hai| zaMkara inhIM kaThinAIyoM se bacane hetu mAyA ko jaba anirvacanIya kahate haiM, to ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAntavAda ko hI svIkAra karate pratIta hote haiN| AcArya zaMkara ke atirikta bhI brahmasUtra para TIkA likhane vAle aneka AcAryoM ne apanI vyAkhyAoM meM anekAnta dRSTi ko svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAmati bhAskarAcArya brahmasUtra ke 'tattu samanvayAt' (1/1/4) sUtra kI TIkA meM likhate haiM- yadapyuktaM bhedAbhedayorvirodha iti, tadabhidhIyate anirUpita pramANaprameyatattvasyedaM codyam / atobhinnAbhinna rUpaM brahmetisthitam saMgraha zloka kAryarUpeNa nAnAtvamabhedaH kAraNAtmanA / hemAtmanA yathA'bheda kuNDalAdyAtmanAbhidA / / ( pR0 16-17) yadyapi yaha kahA jAtA hai ki bheda - abheda meM virodha hI, kintu yaha bAta vahI vyakti kaha sakatA hai jo pramANa prameya tatva se sarvathA anabhijJa hai| isa kathana ke pazcAt aneka tarkoM se bhedAbheda kA samarthana karate hue anta meM kaha dete haiM ki ata: brahma bhinnAbhinna rUpa se sthita hai yaha siddha ho gyaa| kAraNa rUpa meM vaha abheda rUpa hai aura kArya rUpa meM vaha nAnA rUpa hai, jaise svarNa kAraNa rUpa meM eka hai, kintu kuNDala Adi kAryarUpa meM aneka / yaha kathana bhAskarAcArya ko prakArAntara se anekAntavAda kA sampoSaka hI siddha karatA hai| anyatra bhI bhedAbheda rUpaM brahmeti samadhigataM (2/1/22 TIkA pR. 164) kahakara unhoMne anekAntadRSTi kA hI poSaNa kiyA hai| bhAskarAcArya ke samAna yatipravara vijJAnabhikSu ne brahmasUtra para vijJAnAmRta bhASya likhA hai / usameM ve apane bhedAbhedavAda kA na kevala poSaNa karate haiM, apitu apane
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________________ 98 mata kI puSTi meM kUrmapurANa, nAradapurANa, skandapurANa Adi se sandarbha bhI prastuta karate haiM yathA-- ta ete bhagavadrUpaM vidhaM sadasadAtkam / - pR0 111 caitanyApekSayA proktaM vyomAdi sakalaM jgt| asatyaM satyarUpaM tu kumbhkunnddaadypekssyo|| - pR0 63 ye sabhI sandarbha anekAnta ke sampoSaka haiM yaha to svata: siddha hai| isI prakAra nimbArkAcArya ne bhI apanI brahmasUtra kI vedAnta pArijAta saurabha nAmaka TIkA meM tattusamanvayAt (1/1/4) kI TIkA karate hue pR. 2 para likhA hai---- sarvabhinnAbhinno bhagavAn vAsudevo vizvAtmaiva jijJAsA viSaya iti| zuddhAdvaita mata ke saMsthApaka AcArya vallabha bhI brahmasUtra ke zrIbhASya (pR. 115) meM likhate haiM - sarvavAdAnavasaraM nAnAvAdAnurodhica / anantamUrti tad brahma kUTastha calamevaca / / viruddha sarvadharmANAM AzrayaM yuktyagocaraM / arthAt vaha anantamUrti brahma kUTastha bhI hai aura cala (parivartanazIla) bhI hai, usameM sabhI vAdoM ke lie avasara (sthAna) hai, vaha aneka vAdoM kA anurodhI hai, sabhI virodhI dharmoM kA Azraya hai aura yukti se agocara hai| yahA~ rAmAnujAcArya jo bAta brahma ke sambandha meM kaha rahe haiM, prakArAntara se anekAntavAdI jainadarzana tattva ke svarUpa ke sambandha meM kahatA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala vedAnta meM bhI apit brAhmaNa paramparA meM mAnya chahoM darzanoM ke dArzanika cintana meM anekAntavAdI dRSTi anusyUta hai| zramaNa paramparA kA dArzanika cintana aura anekAnta bhAratIya dArzanika cintana meM zramaNa paramparA ke darzana na kevala prAcIna haiM, apitu vaicArika udAratA arthAt anekAnta ke sampoSaka bhI rahe haiN| vastuta: bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA kA astitva aupaniSadika kAla se bhI prAcIna hai, upaniSadoM meM zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA kA samanvaya dekhA jA sakatA hai| upaniSad-kAla meM dArzanika cintana kI vividha dhArAe~ astitva meM A gaIM thIM, ata: usa yuga ke cintakoM ke sAmane mukhya prazna yaha thA ki inake ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM kA nirAkaraNa kara inameM samanvaya kisa prakAra sthApita kiyA jaaye| isa sambandha meM hamAre samakSa tIna vicAraka Ate haiM- saMjaya velaTThIputta, gautamabuddha aura varddhamAna mahAvIra /
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________________ saMjaya velaTThIputta aura anekAnta saMjaya velaTThIputta buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM meM eka the| unheM anekAntavAda sampoSaka isa artha meM mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ve ekAntavAdoM kA nirasana karate the| unake mantavya kA nirdeza bauddhagranthoM meM isa rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai (1) hai ? nahIM kahA jA sakatA / (2) nahIM hai ? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (3) hai bhI aura nahIM bhI ? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| na hai aura na nahIM hai ? nahIM kahA jA sktaa| 99 - (4) isa sandarbha se yaha phalita hai ki ve kisI bhI ekAntavAdI dRSTi ke samarthaka nahIM the| ekAntavAda kA nirasana anekAntavAda kA prathama AdhAra bindu hai aura isa artha meM unheM anekAntavAda ke prathama caraNa kA sampoSaka mAnA jA sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa rahA hogA ki rAhula sAMkRtyAyana jaise vicArakoM ne yaha anumAna kiyA ki saMjaya laTThI ke darzana ke AdhAra para jainoM ne syAdvAdva ( anekAntavAda) kA vikAsa kiyaa| kintu merI dRSTi meM unakA yaha prastutIkaraNa vastutaH upaniSadoM ke sat, asat, ubhaya (sat-asat) aura anubhaya kA hI niSedha rUpa se prastutIkaraNa hai| isameM ekAnta kA nirasana to hai, kintu anekAnta sthApanA nahIM hai| saMjaya velaTThIputta kI yaha caturbhaMgI kisI rUpa meM buddha ke ekAMtavAda ke nirasana kI pUrvapIThikA hai| prArambhika bauddha darzana aura anekAntavAda bhagavAn buddha kA mukhya lakSya apane yuga ke aikAntika dRSTikoNoM kA nirasana karanA thA, ataH unhoMne vibhajyavAda ko apanAyA / vibhajyavAda prakArAntara se anekAntavAda kAhI pUrva rUpa hai / buddha aura mahAvIra donoM hI vibhajyavAdI the| sUtrakRtAMga (1/1/ 4/22) meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane bhikSuoM ko spaSTa nirdeza diyA thA ki ve vibhajyavAda kI bhASA kA prayoga kareM (vibhajjavAyaM vAgarejjA) arthAt kisI bhI prazna kA nirapekSa uttara nahIM deN| buddha svayaM apane ko vibhajyavAdI kahate the| vibhajyavAda kA tAtparya hai prazna kA vizleSaNapUrvaka sApekSa uttara denaa| aMguttaranikAya meM kisI prazna kA uttara dene kI cAra zailiyA~ varNita haiM- (1) ekAMzavAda arthAt sApekSika uttara denA (2) vibhajyavAda arthAt prazna kA vizleSaNa karake sApekSika uttara denA (3) pratiprazna pUrvaka uttara denA aura (4) mauna raha jAnA ( sthApanIya) arthAt jaba uttara dene meM ekAnta kA Azraya lenA par3e vahA~ mauna raha jaanaa| hama dekhate haiM ki ekAnta se bacane ke lie buddha ne yA to mauna kA sahArA liyA yA phira vibhajyavAda ko apnaayaa| unakA mukhya lakSya yahI rahA ki parama tattva yA sattA ke sambandha meM
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________________ zAzvatavAda, ucchedavAda jaisI paraspara virodhI vicAradhArAoM meM se kisI ko svIkAra nahIM krnaa| tripiTaka meM aise aneka sandarbha haiM, jahA~ bhagavAn buddha ne ekAntavAda kA nirasana kiyA hai| jaba unase pUchA gayA- kyA AtmA aura zarIra abhinna haiM? ve kahate haiM maiM aisA nahIM kahatA, phira jaba yaha pUchA gayA- kyA AtmA aura zarIra bhitrAbhinna hai, unhoMne kahA maiM aisA bhI nahIM kahatA hU~ / puna: jaba yaha pUchA gayA hai ki AtmA ora zarIra abhinna hai to unhoMne kahA ki maiM aisA bhI nahIM kahatA huuN| jaba unase yaha pUchA gayA ki gRhastha ArAdhaka hotA hai yA pravrajita? to unhoMne anekAnta zailI meM kahA ki yadi gRhastha aura tyAgI mithyAvAdI haiM to ve ArAdhaka nahIM ho sakate yadi donoM samyak AcaraNa karane vAle haiM to ve ArAdhaka ho sakate haiM (majjhimanikAya 19) / isI prakAra jaba mahAvIra se jayaMtI ne pUchA, bhagavan sonA acchA haiM yA jAganA? to unhoMne kahA kucha kA sonA acchA hai aura kucha kA jAganA, pApI kA sonA acchA hai aura dharmAtmA kA jaagnaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prArambhika bauddhadharma evaM jainadharma meM ekAntavAda kA nirasana aura vibhajyavAda ke rUpa meM anekAntadRSTi kA samarthana dekhA jAtA hai| syAdvAda aura zUnyavAda ___ yadi buddha aura mahAvIra ke dRSTikoNa meM koI antara dekhA jAtA hai to vaha yahI ki buddha ne ekAntavAda ke nirasana para adhika bala diyaa| unhoMne yA to mauna rahakara yA phira vibhajyavAda kI zailI ko apanAkara ekAntavAda se bacane kA prayAsa kiyaa| buddha kI zailI prAya: ekAntavAda ke nirasana yA niSedhaparaka rahI, pariNAmata: unake darzana kA vikAsa zUnyavAda meM haA, jabaki mahAvIra kI zailI vidhAnaparaka rahI ata: unake darzana kA vikAsa anekAnta yA syAbAda meM huaa| isI bAta ko prakArAntara se mAdhyamika kArikA (2/3) meM isa prakAra bhI kahA gayA hai na sad nAsad na sadasat na cAnubhayAtmakam / catuSkoTivinirmuktaM tattvaM mAdhyamikA vidu / / arthAt paramatattva na sat hai, na asat hai, na sat-asat hai aura na sat-asat donoM nahIM hai| yahI bAta prakArAntara se vidhimukha zailI meM jainAcAryoM ne bhI kahI haiyadevatattadevAtat yadevaikaM tadevAnekaM, yadevasat tadevAsat, yadevanityaM tdevaanitym| ___ arthAt jo tat rUpa hai, vahI atat rUpa bhI hai, jo eka hai, vahI aneka bhI hai, jo sat hai, vahI asat bhI hai, jo nitya hai, vahI anitya bhI hai|
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________________ 101 uparokta pratipAdanoM meM niSedhamukha zailI aura vidhimukha zailI kA antara avazya hai, kintu tAtparya meM itanA antara nahIM hai, jitanA samajhA jAtA haiN| ekAntavAda kA nirasana donoM kA uddezya hai| zUnyavAda aura syAdvAd meM maulika bheda niSedhAtmaka aura vidhAnAtmaka zailI kA hai| ekAnta meM rahA huA doSa zUnyavAdI aura syAdvAdI donoM hI dekhate haiN| kintu jahA~ zUnyavAdI usa ekAnta ke doSa ke bhaya se use asvIkAra kara detA hai, vahA~ anekAntavAdI usake Age syAt zabda rakhakara usa dUSita ekAnta ko nidoSa banAne kA prayatna karatA hai| __ zUnyavAda tattva ko catuSkoTivinirmukta zUnya kahatA hai to syAdvAda use anantadharmAtmaka kahatA hai, kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki zUnya aura ananta kA gaNita eka hI jaisA hai| zUnyavAda jise paramArthasatya aura lokasaMvRtisatya kahatA hai use jaina darzana nizcaya aura vyavahAra kahatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki anekAntavAda aura zUnyavAda kI pRSThabhUmi meM bahuta kucha samarUpatA hai| upasaMhAra : prastuta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki samagra bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anaikAntika dRSTi rahI huI hai| cAhe unhoMne anekAnta ke siddhAnta ko usake samyak pariprekSya meM grahaNa na kara usakI khulakara samAlocanA kI ho| vastutaH anekAnta eka siddhAnta nahIM, eka paddhati (Methodology) hai aura phira cAhe koI bhI darzana ho 'bahuAyAmI paramatattva' kI abhivyakti ke lie use isa paddhati ko svIkAra karanA hI hotA hai| cAhe hama sattA ko nirapekSa mAnoM aura yaha bhI mAnaleM ki usa nirapekSa tattva kI anubhUti bhI sambhava hai, kintu nirapekSa abhivyakti to sambhava nahIM hai| nirapekSa anubhUti kI abhivyakti kA jaba bhI bhASA ke mAdhyama se koI prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha sImita aura sApekSa bana kara raha jAtI hai| anantadharmAtmaka paramatattva kI abhivyakti kA jo bhI prayatna hogA vaha to sImita aura sApekSa hI hogaa| eka sAmAnya vastu kA citra bhI jaba binA kisI koNa ke lenA sambhava nahIM hai to phira usa ananta aura anirvacanIya ke nirvacana kA dArzanika prayatna anekAnta kI paddhati ko apanAye binA kaise sambhava hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki cAhe koI bhI darzana ho, usakI prasthApanA ke prayatna meM anekAnta kI bhUmikA avazya nihita hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki sampUrNa bhAratIya dArzanika cintana kI pRSThabhUmi meM anekAnta kA darzana rahA hai| sabhI bhAratIya kisI na kisI rUpa meM anekAnta ko svIkRti dete haiM isa tathya
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________________ 102 kA nirdeza upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI ne adhyAtmopaniSad (1/45-49) meM kiyA hai, hama prastuta Alekha kA upasaMhAra unhIM ke zabdoM meM kareMge citramekamanekaM ca rUpaM prAmANika vadan / yogovaizeSiko vApi nAnekAMtaM pratikSipet / / vijJAnasyamaikAkAraM nAnAkAraM karaMbitam / icchaMstathAgataH prAjJo nAnekAMtaM pratikSipet / / jAtivAkyAtmakaM vastu vadannanubhavocitam / bhATTo vA murArirvA nAnekAMtaM pratikSipet / / abaddhaM paramArthena baddhaM ca vyvhaartH| bruvANo brahmavedAntI nAnekAMtaM prtikssipet|| bruvANo bhinna-bhinnArthan nayabheda vyapekSayA / pratikSipeyunoM vedAH syAdvAdaM sArvatAntrikaM / /