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________________ bhAratIya darzana ke sandarbha meM jaina mahAkAvyoM dvArA vivecita madhyakAlIna jainetara dArzanika vAda DaoN. mohanacanda veda mUlata: dArzanika grantha nahIM haiM parantu bhAratIya darzana kI mUla samasyA-jagat, usake nirmAtA evaM usake kArya-kAraNa kI khojakA prArambhika itihAsa sarvaprathama veda meM hI upalabdha hotA hai| vaidika maMtra-draSTA agni-sAdhanA tathA devopAsanA kI dhArmika gatividhiyoM meM kendrita rahatA huA bhI dArzanika dRSTi se jagat evaM usake nirmAtA kI khoja karane ke prati vizeSa sAvadhAna hai / vaha nAnA prakAra kI AlaMkArika kalpanAoM dvArA sRSTi ke rahasya taka pahuMcanA cAhatA hai| vaha pUchatA hai ki bhalA vaha kauna sA vRkSa hogA jisase pRthvI aura AkAza bane ?' yajJAnuSThAna karate hue bhI vaha isa jijJAsA ko nahIM chor3a pAtA hai ki jisase vaha jAna sake ki ghRta, samidhA Adi havana-sAmagrI use kisa mUla srota se prApta huI hoNgii| agni, indra, soma, varuNa, tvaSTA Adi jisa kisI deva kI stuti karane Adi kA use avasara milA hai, vaha sRSTi-nirmAtA ke rUpa meM hI unake mahattva ko ubhAranA cAhatA hai| parantu vaidika cintaka abhI bhI sRSTi ke rahasya ko nahIM samajha pAyA / antatogatvA vaidika cintaka ko eka zuddha dArzanika dRSTikoNa dvArA sRSTi ke mUla kI khoja karanI par3I / sarvaprathama use aisA AbhAsa huA ki sRSTi se pUrva na to sat thA aura na hI asat / phira usane pAyA ki kucha bhautika tattva sRSTi se pUrva bhI rahe the| isa anusaMdhAna kI prakriyA meM use 'eka' aisA tattva bhI mila gayA jo avyakta rUpa se cetana thA parantu 'tapas' kI sahAyatA se sRSTi kI racanA kara sakatA thaa| vaidika cintaka kI isa dArzanika upalabdhi ne use aura Age socane ke lie vivaza kiyA tathA 'hiraNyagarbha' ke rUpa meM sRSTi-nirmAtA kA eka dUsarA sUtra bhI usake hAtha laga gyaa| use aba yaha bhI ahasAsa ho cukA thA ki jina nAnA deva-zaktiyoM kI vizva-nirmAtA ke rUpa meM vaha pahale ArAdhanA karatA AyA hai, vaha vyartha thaa| hiraNyagarbha ke rUpa meM use eka hI zakti mila cukI thI jo usakA sarvazaktimAna ArAdhya deva bhI thA aura sAtha hI vAstavika sRSTi kA nirmAtA bhii| dArzanika cintana kI ur3Ana aba apanI dizA le cukI thI tathA isI prakriyA meM use eka 'sahasrazIrSa' puruSa kA darzana huA, jo usakI AkRti se bhI milatA-julatA thA, kintu vaha atyanta virATa rUpa vAlA thA, jisake hajAra sira tathA hajAra hAtha-pAMva bhI the| vaidika cintaka aba pUrI taraha se vizvasta ho cukA thA ki aisA virAT puruSa hI itane bar3e jagat kA nirmANa kara sakatA hai| 1. "ki svidvanaM ka u sa vRkSa Asa yato dyAvApRthivI niSTatakSaH / " Rgveda, 10/31/7 2. draSTavya-devarAja : pUrvI aura pazcimI darzana, lakhanaU; 1951, pR0 46 3. draSTavya-umeza mizra : bhAratIya darzana , lakhanaU, (caturtha saMskaraNa), 1975, pR0 35 4. ' nAsadAsInno sadAsIt tadAnIm / " Rgveda, 10/126/1 5. "tama AsIt tamasA galahamane'praketaM salilaM sarvamA idam / ", Rgveda, 10/126/3 6. "AnIdavAtaM svadhayA tadekaM |"..""tucchyenaabhvpihitN yadAsIt / " "tapastanmahinAjAyatakam / " Rgveda, 10/126/2-3 7. draSTavya-Rgvedokta hiraNyagarbhasUkta, 10/121 8. "tato devAnAM samavartatAsurekaH kasmai devAya haviSA vidhema / " Rgveda, 10/121/7 6. draSTavya, Rgvedokta puruSasUkta, 10/60 10. "etAbAnasya mahimA'to jyAyA~zca puurussH| pAdo'sya vizvA bhUtAni nipAdasyAmRtaM divi // " Rgveda, 10/60/3 jaina darzana mImAMsA 151
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________________ aupaniSadika dArzanika cintana vaidika maMtra draSTA kI uparyukta dArzanika khoja ke sAtha hI bhAratIya darzana kA yuktisaMgata cintana prArambha hotA hai| upaniSad-kAla ke cintakoM ne vaidika puruSavAda kA hI vikAsa karate hue brahmada' AtmavAda' tathA jagat sambandhI mAyAvAda' Adi mAnyatAoM ko dArzanika lI meM prastuta kiyaa| parantu vaidika evaM aupaniSadika cintana paramparA ke atirikta kucha pratidvandvI anya dArzanikoM ne bhI jagat tathA usake mUla kAraNa ke sambandha meM apanI-apanI mAnyatAeM sthApita kara rakhI thIM / aupaniSadika vicArakoM ke sAtha sarvaprathama inakA TakarAva huA, jisakI puSTi 'zvetAzvataropaniSad' se hotI hai| yaha upaniSad yaha ullekha karatA hai ki vaidika paramparA ke brahmavAda ke sandarbha meM kAlavAda, svabhAvavAda, niyativAda, yadRcchAvAda, bhUtavAda Adi anya dArzanika mAnyatAeM bhI usa samaya pracalita ho cukI thIM jo kramazaH kAla, svabhAva, niyati yadRcchA, bhUta Adi ko sRSTi kA mUla kAraNa svIkAra karatI thiiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upaniSad-kAla meM hI bhAratIya darzana kI mukhya cintana-samasyA yaha rahI thI ki sRSTi ke nirmANa meM kisI vyakta yA avyakta cetana kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA jAe athavA phira kAla, svabhAva athavA bhautika padArthoM dvArA sIdhe hI sRSTi nirmANa kI saMbhAvanA kara lI jaae| jahAM taka yuktiparakatA kA prazna hai, donoM prakAra kI saMbhAvanAeM sabala jAna par3atI haiM, parantu katipaya sAmAjika evaM dhArmika paristhitiyoM ke bikharAva ke kAraNa vaidika puruSavAda kI mAnyatA ko kucha dhakkA bhI lagA / vaidika karmakANDoM meM hone vAlI hiMsA tathA paurohityavAda jaisI sAmAjika kurItiyoM ke kAraNa aneka vedavirodhI zaktiyAM sakriya ho cukI thIM veda-samarthaka evaM veda-virodhI dArzanikoM ne eka-dUsare para AkSepa-pratyAkSepa bhI kie jisakA eka mukhya pariNAma yaha nikalA ki bhAratIya darzana sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| paravartI kAla meM ina dArzanika sampradAyoM ko do mukhya vargoM meM rakhane kI paramparA bhI prakaTa huii| nAstiko vedanindakaH - ( manusmRti, 2.11 ) ke AdhAra para jaina, bauddha evaM cArvAka 'nAstika' darzanoM ke varga meM rakha die gae aura zeSa maulika paramparA se sambaddha darzanoM ko 'Astika' kI saMjJA prApta huI / isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI ke jaina dArzanika haribhadra sUri uparyukta vargIkaraNa se asahamata hote hue jaina evaM bauddha darzanoM ko bhI mUla darzana svIkAra karate haiN| dasavIM zatAbdI I0 meM somadevAcArya dvArA vedoM ko pramANa mAna lene kI jisa jaina mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA gayA hai, usase bhI yaha tarka nirbala par3a jAtA hai ki jaina darzana ko veda-virodhI hone ke kAraNa 'nAstika' saMjJA dI jaae| saca to yaha hai ki Astika mAne jAne vAle sAMkhya vedAnta Adi darzana bhI apanI tattva-mImAMsA ke mUlya para vedoM ke Aptatva kI rakSA kara pAye hoM, saMdigdha jAna par3atA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM vaidika vacanoM tathA vaidika upAyoM dvArA Atyantika duHkha-nivRtti hetu asamarthatA vyakta kI gaI hai|" isI prakAra zaMkarAcArya Adi siddhAntataH yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki karmakANDaparaka vaidika maMtroM kI sArthakatA kevala ajJAnI evaM karmavAdI manuSyoM ke lie hI hai, jJAna-mArgI mumukSu ke lie nahIM / niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki veda ko pramANa mAnanA athavA na mAnanA vibhinna darzanoM ke vargIkaraNa kA koI yuktisaMgata AdhAra nahIM hai| paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA kA vicAra hai ki bhAratIya darzana kI vaidika paramparA yajJa kriyA ke cAroM ora cakkara kATatI jAna par3atI hai tathA vaha devoM ke binA eka kadama bhI Age nahIM bar3ha pAtI hai, jisakA yaha pariNAma huA ki dArzanika vikAsa krama meM mImAMsaka vicAradhArA kA janma huA jo yajJAdi karma se utpanna hone vAle 'apUrva' nAma ke padArtha kI kalpanA karatI huI devoM ke sthAna para adRSTa karma ko mahattva detI hai / " paM0 mAlavaNiyA jI ke anusAra jaina paramparA prAcIna kAla se hI devavAda kA virodha karatI AI hai tathA karmavAda kA 1. chAndogyopaniSad, 3. 14.1; bRhadAraNyaka, 2/5/16, 4/4/5, 4 / 5 / 6 2. ThopaniSad, 1/2/23 kenopaniSad, 1/4/6 praznopaniSad 2/2 3. zvetAzvataropaniSad, 1/3; IzAvAsyopaniSad, 1 4. "kAlaH svabhAvo niyatiryadRcchA bhUtAni yoniH puruSa iti cintyA / " zvetAzva0, 1/2 5. umeza mizra : bhAratIya darzana, pR0 17 6. "boddha naiyAyika sAMkhyaM jainaM vaizeSikaM tathA / jaiminIyaM ca nAmAni drshnaanaammuunyho|", SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 3 sampA0 mahendrakumAra jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 1670 7. "drau hi dharmo gRhasthAnAM laukika:, pAralaukika: ", "zrutirvedamiha prAhurdharmazAstraM smRtirmatA / " yazastitilaka campU, pu0 273,78 8. sAMkhya darzana, 8, 6; sAMkhyakArikA, 2 para gauDapAdabhASya 6. " athetarasyAnAtmajJatayAtmagrahaNAzaktasyedamudizati mantraH / " " pUrveNa mantreNa sasannyAsajJAnaniSThoktA dvitIyena tadazaktasya karmaniSThatetyucyate / " IzAvAsyopaniSad, 2 para zAMkarabhASya 10. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA zrAtmamImAMsA, banArasa, 1953, pR0 82-83 : 152 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ samarthana karatI hai / karmavAdI isa jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra sRSTi anAdi kAla se calI A rahI hai / ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki upaniSadoM meM bhI karmavAda ko svIkAra karate hue saMsArI jIva ke jisa astitva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, vaha jaina mAnyatA kA hI prabhAva hai-"jaina paramparA kA prAcIna nAma kucha bhI ho, kintu yaha bAta nizcita hai ki vaha upaniSadoM se svataMtra aura prAcIna hai ata: yaha mAnanA nirAdhAra hai ki upaniSadoM meM prasphuTita hone vAle karmavAda-viSayaka navIna vicAra jaina-sammata karmavAda ke prabhAva se rahita haiM / jo vaidika paramparA devoM ke binA eka kadama bhI Age nahIM bar3hatI thI, vaha karmavAda ke isa siddhAnta ko hastagata kara yaha mAnane lagI ki phala dene kI zakti devoM meM nahIM, pratyuta svayaM yajJakarma meM hai|" mAlavaNiyA jI ke ye vicAra bhI ullekhanIya haiM ki "upaniSadoM se pahale jisa karmavAda ke siddhAnta ko vaidika devavAda se vikasita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, usa karmavAda kA mUla (bhArata ke) AdivAsiyoM kI pUrvokta mAnyatA se saralatayA saMbaddha hai|"2 pUrvokta mAnyatA yaha rahI hai ki AdivAsI yaha mAnate the ki manuSya kA jIva marakara vanaspati Adi ke rUpa meM janma letA hai tathA AdivAsiyoM kI isa vicAradhArA ko andhavizvAsa nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| abhiprAya yaha hai ki mAlavaNiyA jI karmavAda ke mUla siddhAnta ko AdivAsiyoM kI dArzanika mAnyatA batA rahe haiM tathA jaina dharma-sammata jIvavAda aura karmavAda ke sAtha usakI paramparAgata saMgati baiThAne kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| paM0 mAlavaNiyA jI kI upayukta mAnyatA kI gambhIratA se samIkSA kI jAe to yaha pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM hI bhAratIya Arya yajJAnuSThAna kI jisa prakriyA ko apanA cuke the, usake pIche karmavAda kA manovijJAna kArya kara rahA thaa| Rgveda ke prAcInatama mAne jAne vAle maNDaloM meM hI karmavAda' ke mahattva kosvAkAra kiyA gayA hai| pUrva janma ke pApa-karmoM se chuTakArA milane ke lie devatAoM se prArthanA kI gaI hai| saMcita tathA prArabdha karmoM kA varNana bhI Rgveda meM upalabdha hotA hai / vAmadeva ne apane aneka pUrva janmoM kA bhI varNana kiyA hai| acche karmoM dvArA devayAna se brahmaloka jAne kI tathA sAdhAraNa karmoM dvArA pitRyAna mArga se jAne kI mAnyatA bhI Rgveda-kAla meM pracalita ho cukI thI ! pUrva janmoM ke nimna karmoM ke bhoga ke lie hI jIva vRkSa, latA Adi sthAvara zarIra meM praveza karatA hai, jaisI mAnyatA se bhI Rgveda kA RSi paricita hai|" eka jIva dUsare jIva ke dvArA kie gae karmoM kA bhoga kara sakatA hai, yaha mAnyatA bhI Rgveda meM upalabdha hotI hai jisase bacane ke lie mA vo bhujemAnyajAtameno," mA va eno anyakRtaM bhujema' Adi maMtroM kA Rgveda meM spaSTa ullekha AyA hai| isa prakAra yaha kahanA ayuktisaMgata hogA ki vaidika mAnyatA ke anusAra 'karmavAda' ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai / jahAM taka prazna isa tathya kA hai ki upaniSad-kAla meM jaina paramparA ke prabhAva se vaidika darzana prabhAvita huA thA, yA phira AryoM ne bhArata ke mUla AdivAsiyoM se 'karmavAda' ko grahaNa kiyA, vizuddha rUpa se aitihAsika chAna-bIna kI samasyA hai| abhI taka ke upalabdha aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha siddha nahIM ho pAyA hai ki vastuta: karmavAda AryoM kI nijI mAnyatA nahIM thI tathA kisI anya sabhyatA se hI unhoMne ise grahaNa kiyA thaa| bhAratIya darzana kA paravartI vikAsa astu, vaidika darzana ke upaniSad-kAla taka ke vikAsa kI cAhe jisa kisI bhI mAnyatA kA samarthana kiyA jAe, katipaya dArzanika mAnyatAeM bhagavAn buddha tathA mahAvIra ke kAla taka eka nizcita vAda ke rUpa meM pallavita ho cukI thIM / bauddha dArzanikoM ne na to vaidika zAzvatavAdiyoM kA hI samarthana kiyA hai aura na hI ucchedavAdiyoM ko prazraya diyA hai| unake anusAra pudgala ko hI kartA aura bhoktA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jise 'pratItyasamutpAda' kA siddhAnta dArzanika dRSTi pradAna karatA hai arthAt eka nAma-rUpa se dUsarA nAma-rUpa utpanna hotA hai| dUsarA nAma 1. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA : AtmamImAMsA, pR0 81-82 2. vahI, pR081 3. vahI, pR081 4. Rgveda, 3/38/2; 3/55/15, 4/26/27, 6/51/7, 7/101/6 5. Rgveda, 6/2/11 6. "inota pRccha janimA kavInAM manodhataH sukRtastakSata dyAm / " Rgveda, 3/38/2 "dvA muparNA sayujA sakhAyA samAnaM vRkSa pariSasva jaate| tayoranyaH pippalaM svAdvattyanaznannanyo abhi cAkazIti / / " Rgveda, 1/164/20 7. Rgveda, 4/26, 4/27 8. "asyamadhvaH pibata mAdayadhvaM tRptA yAta pathibhirdevayAnaiH / " Rgveda, 7/38/8 hai. "panyAmana pravidvAn pitayANaM ya madagne samidhAno vi bhAhi // " Rgveda, 10/2/7 10. Rgveda, 7/6/3, 7/101/6, 7/10/2 11. "mA bo bhujemAnyajAtameno mA tat karma vasavo yaccayadhve / ", Rgveda, 7/52/2 12. "mA va eno anyakRtaM bhujema mA tat kama vasavo yaccayadhve / " Rgveda, 6/51/7 jaina darzana mImAMsA
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________________ rUpa pahale dvArA kie gae karmoM ko bhogatA hai|' buddha ne isI siddhAnta ko spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki "Aja se pahale 61veM kalpa meM maiMne eka manuSya kA vadha kiyA thA, usI karma ke vipAka ke kAraNa Aja merA pAMva ghAyala huA", parantu bhagavAna buddha ne pudgala ke kartRtva evaM bhoktRtva rUpa kAryakAraNa-sambandha se karmavAda ko jor3A hai, na ki pUrvajanma tathA vartamAna janma kI AtmA ke sAtatya ko siddha karane kI dRSTi se| jaina dRSTi ke anusAra anekAntavAdI dRSTi ko svIkAra karate hue kAla, svabhAva, niyati, pUrvakRta karma, puruSArtha Adi meM se kisI eka ko nahIM, balki sabhI ko gauNa-mukhya bhAva se sRSTi ke lie kAraNa-svarUpa mAnA gayA hai| jaina siddhAntAnusAra, karma kI kAraNatA kevala AdhyAtmika sRSTi meM lAgU mAnI jAtI hai, jar3a sRSTi meM nhiiN| jar3a bastuoM kI sRSTi svayameva hotI hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya darzana kI prArambhikAvasthA meM pUrva-kAla se cale A rahe vaidika puruSavAda kI avadhAraNA aupaniSadika yuga meM brahmavAda ke rUpa meM avatarita huI jo jar3a aura cetana, sthAvara evaM jaMgama sabhI kI utpatti kisI cetana tattva dvArA svIkAra karatI hai, jabaki jaina paramparA kiMcita prakArAntara se sRSTi kI sarjana-prakriyA kA pratipAdana karatI huI 'karma' dvArA AdhyAtmika sRSTi mAnatI hai aura jar3a vastuoM ko svayameva utpanna svIkArA gayA hai / isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki bauddha-sammata sRSTi 'pratItyasamutpAda' ke siddhAntAnusAra hotI hai| ina pramukha vAdoM ke atirikta bhI bauddha kAla meM aneka vAda pracalita the jinameM pUraNakAzyapa kA akriyAvAda, maMkhalI gozAlaka kA niyativAda jaina matAvalambiyoM se bhI kucha-kucha milatA-julatA thA tathA varddhamAna mahAvIra ke sAtha bhI inakA samparka huA thA / kAlavAdI, svabhAvavAdI, yadRcchAvAdI tathA bhUtavAdI bhI atyanta prAcIna kAla meM apanI-apanI sRSTi-viSayaka mAnyatAeM sthApita kara cuke the| inhIM vAdoM ke mUla se kAlAntara meM vibhinna dArzanika sampradAya prAdurbhata hue| upaniSad-kAla ke bAda bhAratIya darzana apane-apane vAdoM ke anurUpa vyavasthita hone lage the| vaidika paramparA ke AdhAra para vedAnta darzana kI avatAraNA huI to dUsarI ora pariNAmavAdI sAMkhya vicAradhArA 'advaita' ke sthAna para 'dvaita' ke rUpa meM pariNata huii| sAMkhyoM ke pariNAma kI pratikriyA meM nyAya evaM vaizeSika darzanoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| isI prakAra bauddha darzanoM kI bhI aneka zAkhAoM ke dArzanika siddhAnta astitva meM Aye / isI prakriyA meM jaina darzana kI mAnyatAeM bhI eka vyavasthita darzana ke rUpa meM pallavita huI / dArzanika sthirIkaraNa kI isa avasthA meM bauddha tArkika nAgArjuna, vasubandhu aura diGnAga kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI, jinhoMne na kevala bauddha darzana ko, apitu samagra bhAratIya darzana ko tarka-pradhAna pravRtti kI ora unmukha kiyA / nAgArjuna ne zUnyavAda kI sthApanA se anya sabhI dArzanikoM ke samakSa aneka cunautiyAM prastuta kii| asaMga aura vasubandhu ne vijJAnavAda kI sthApanA kara bhAratIya darzana meM pramANazAstrIya darzana kI nIMva rakhI / bauddha dArzanikoM kI mAnyatAoM kA virodha karane ke lie jahAM eka ora naiyAyika vAtsyAyana Age Aye, vahAM dUsarI ora mImAMsaka zabara ne bhI bauddha dArzanikoM ke matoM ko nirasta karane kI ceSTA kii| sAMkhyAcArya bhI isa kSetra meM pIche nahIM rahe / unhoMne apane siddhAntoM kI rakSA hetu aneka prayatna kie| jaina dArzanika ina sabhI matoM kA taTastha rUpa se avalokana kara rahe the| unhoMne sthiti kI anizcitatA tathA matavibhinnatA ko anekAntavAda ke dArzanika sUtra meM pirone kA prayAsa kiyaa| jaina dArzanikoM kA sadprayojana yaha thA ki ve vivAdoM kI kaTutA se khinna dArzanika jagat ko eka nizcita tathA sarvasammata dizA kI ora unmukha kara skeN| prasiddha jaina dArzanika siddhasena ne isa ora vizeSa yogadAna diyaa| mAlavaNiyA jI ke zabdoM meM, "unhoMne tatkAlIna nAnA vAdoM ko nayavAdoM meM sanniviSTa kiyaa| advaitavAdiyoM kI dRSTi ko unhoMne jaina sammata 'saMgraha' naya khaa| kSaNikavAdI bauddhoM kA samAveza 'RjusUtra' naya meM kiyaa| sAMkhya dRSTi kA samAveza 'dravyAthika' naya meM kiyaa| kaNAda ke darzana kA samAveza 'dravyArthika' aura 'paryAyArthika' meM kara diyaa|"5 siddhasena kA mukhya tarka yaha thA ki saMsAra meM jitane bhI darzana-bheda sambhava haiM unheM jainAnusArI vibhinna nayoM ke mAdhyama se anekAntavAda dvArA spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| samantabhadra ne bhI unhIM kI taraha ekAntavAdI Agraha ko doSapUrNa batAkara syAdvAda kI sapta bhaMgiyoM ke dArzanika rUpa kI puSTi kii| bhAratIya darzana - ke saiddhAntika vikAsa kI isI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi meM hama jaina mahAkAvyoM se pUrva kI jaina dArzanika paramparA kA mUlyAMkana kara sakate haiN| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke yuga kI dArzanika sthiti jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA yuga eka aisA viplavakArI yuga rahA thA jisameM rAjanaitika arAjakatA kI pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa dharmadarzana tathA bauddhika cintana kI gatividhiyAM bhI naye mUlyoM se anusyUta rahIM thiiN| isI yuga meM jaina dharma tathA darzana kI paristhitiyoM ne bhI 1. saMyuttanikAya, 12/17, 12/24; visuddhimagga, 17/168-64 2. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA : AtmamImAMsA, pR0 56 meM uddha ta kArikA 3. zAstravArtA, 2/76-80 4. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA : AtmamImAMsA, pR0 116-17 5. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA : pAgama yuga kA jaina darzana, AgarA, 1966, pR0 286 6. vahI, pR0287 7. mohanacanda : saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita sAmAjika paristhitiyAM (zodha-prabandha, dillI vizvavidyAlaya) 1976, pR0 354-414 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ nayA mor3a le liyA thaa| raviSeNa-kRta padmacarita (7vIM zatI I0) tathA usake bAda nirmita hone vAle AdipurANa Adi granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jainAcArya jaina dharma ko eka aise udAra evaM lokapriya dharma kA rUpa denA cAhate the jisase vaidika saMskRti ke mUla para AdhArita hindU dharma ke sAtha sauhArda utpanna kiyA jA sake aura jaina dharma ke maulika tattvoM para bhI koI AMca na A ske| isa ora sarvaprathama kArya yaha huA ki prAkRta kI ora se dhyAna haTAkara saMskRta bhASA ko abhivyakti kA mAdhyama cunA gyaa| raviSeNa ke padmacarita evaM umAsvAmI ke tattvArthasUtra ko chor3akara isase pUrva kA lagabhaga samagra sAhitya prAkRta meM hI likhA gayA thA, parantu Alocya yuga meM adhikAMza dhArmika, dArzanika tathA sAhityika grantha saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiN| itanA hI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne brAhmaNa saMskRti kI samAja-vyavasthA, dhArmika vyavasthA Adi se sambaddha aneka mAnyatAoM, rIti-rivAjoM Adi ko grahaNa karane meM koI anaucitya nahIM dekhaa| isa sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki vaidika dharma kA parivartita rUpa isa yuga meM jisa bhAgavata dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA, usakI sarvAdhika vizeSatA yaha rahI thI ki prAcIna samaya meM sampanna hone vAle bali-pradhAna yajJoM ke sthAna para aba phala-puSpa-toya kI vidhA se pUjA-paddhati kA pracalana bar3ha gayA / nizcita rUpa se jaina dharma kI ahiMsAmUlaka pravRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI eka sahaja aura pavitra pUjA-paddhati hindU dharma meM bhI pracalita huI / brAhmaNa saMskRti tathA jaina saMskRti ke isa pArasparika AdAna-pradAna kI pravRtti ke kAraNa dArzanika jagat meM hone vAlI kaTutA meM bhI paryApta kamI aaii| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke lekhaka dhanaMjaya ne jaina darzana kI dravya-paribhASA ke aucitya kI puSTi tripuruSa-brahmA-viSNu-maheza-ke sandarbha meM kI hai|' AThavIM zatI I0 ke jaTAsiMha nandI ne vaidika yajJAnuSThAnoM, purohitavAda, IzvaravAda Adi sRSTi-viSayaka aneka matoM kI AlocanA karate hue yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki puruSa, Izvara, kAla, svabhAva, daiva, graha, niyoga, niyati Adi se saMsAra kI sthiti, utpatti aura pralaya nahIM hotii| ukta sabhI mata AMzika dRSTikoNa ko liye hue haiN| unameM anekAntavAda kI yojanA se hI sArthakatA baiThAI jA sakatI hai| jaina darzana ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM kA yuga 'pramANa vyavasthA' kA yuga rahA thA / Agama pradhAna darzana ko tathya-saMgrAhaka evaM tarkAnuprANita zailI meM upasthApita karane kA kAma isI yuga meM huaa| haribhadra sUri dvArA SaDdarzana samuccaya kI racanA kara die jAne ke bAda jaina dArzanikoM ke samakSa bhAratIya darzana kA jainAnusArI saMskaraNa bhI taiyAra ho cukA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke lekhaka bhI dArzanika kSetra meM utara Aye tathA yuga kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra unhoMne vAda-prativAda kI paramparA meM apanA bhI yogadAna diyaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM kathAnaka-yojanA ke antargata hI kucha aise vizeSa sarga kevala dArzanika vivecana ke lie hI likhe gae haiM, jinameM prAya: kisI jaina muni ke dvArA upadeza dete hue athavA rAjA kI maMtripariSad meM vibhinna rAjapArSadoM ke mAdhyama se jainetara dArzanika vAdoM kI carcA upasthita kI gaI hai| varAMgacarita' (AThavIM zatI I0), candraprabhacarita (10vIM zatI I0) tathA padmAnanda mahAkAvya (13vIM zatI I0)Adi mahAkAvya isa dRSTi se vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM ki inameM AI dArzanika carcA atyanta vistRta evaM suvyavasthita hai| varAMgacaritakAra ne vaidika dharma-darzana evaM sAMkhya matoM kI AlocanA meM adhika ruci lI hai, jabaki candraprabhacarita meM bauddha evaM cArvAka darzanoM ke khaNDana ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai| padmAnanda-mahAkAvya bhI bauddhoM tathA tatkAlIna sabhI lokAyata matoM kA vistRta vivecana karatA huA unakI AlocanA karatA hai| jayantavijaya, jaina kumArasaMbhava Adi mahAkAvyoM meM bhI aneka Astika darzanoM kI AlocanA kI gaI hai| isa sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki jinasena ke AdipurANa meM bhI aneka dArzanika vAdoM ke khaNDana kA varNana milatA hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM upalabdha dArzanika matoM kI sAmAjika lokapriyatA kI dRSTi se yadi vicAra kiyA jAe to aisA lagatA hai ki dasavIM zatI I0 tathA usake uparAnta lokAyata darzana samAja meM lokapriya hote jA rahe the| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM die gae ina darzanoM ke pratinidhi-takoM kI sabalatA uttarottara vRddhi para thii| SaDdarzanasammucaya ke TIkAkAra guNaratna sUri ne lokAyata sAdhuoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ye sAdhu kApAlikoM kI bhAMti zarIra meM bhasma 1. "stuve sAdhu sAdhu sthitijananirodhavyatikara sadA pazyatprAstritayamidameva tripuruSam // " dvisandhAna, 12/50 tathA tulanIya "tripuruSaM hariharahiraNyagarbham, ki kurvat ? pazyat avalokamAnam , kam ? sthitijananirodhavya tikaram, sthitiH dhrauvyam, jana utpAdaH, nirodho vyayaH / ", nemicandrakRta padakaumudI TIkA / 2. varAMgacarita (sarga 24-25), mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1938 3. vahIM 4. jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1971 5. gAyakavADa oriyaNTala insTIcyUTa, bar3audA, 1932 6. kAvyamAlA, pranyAMka 75, nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1902 7. jaina pustakodvAra saMsthA, sUrata, 1946 8. AdipurANa (sarga 5, 18, 21), bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1963-65 jaina darzana mImAMsA 155
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________________ lagAte the tathA jAti-prathA ke viruddha the|' cArvAkoM kA eka varga 'AkAza' ko pAMcavAM tattva svIkAra karatA thaa| zarAba pInA, mAMsa khAnA, tathA agamyA strI se bhI vyabhicAra karane meM ye nahIM cUkate the| cArvAka matAnuyAyiyoM kI tatkAlIna gatividhiyoM kA ullekha karate hue guNaratna ne yaha bhI sUcita kiyA hai ki ye loga varSa meM eka bAra sAmUhika rUpa se ekatra hokara jisa puruSa kA nAma jisa strI ke sAtha nikala Aye usI krama meM svacchanda rUpa se ramaNa karate the| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa evaM aizvarya-sukha kA upabhoga karane vAlI manovRtti samAja meM eka prabhAvazAlI sthAna banA cukI thii| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM isI manovRtti ko lokAyata jIvana-darzana ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / lagabhaga sabhI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM isa manovRtti kA kisI na kisI rUpa se aMkana huA hai / cArvAka darzana ke rUpa meM jo mAnyatAeM prAcIna paramparA se prApta thIM, unake hI vikasita rUpa meM jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita mAyAvAdI evaM tattvopaplavavAdI lokAyata darzanoM kA sRjana abhI ho rahA thaa| ina sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para Aja isa mAnyatA para punarvicAra karane kI AvazyakatA A par3I hai jisake anusAra prAya: yaha svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai ki cArvAka-Adi nAstika darzana kAlAntara meM dArzanika sampradAya ke rUpa meM lupta ho cuke the tathA Aja kevala unakA aitihAsika mahattva hI zeSa raha cukA hai| Astika paramparA vAle darzanoM ke sRSTivAdaparaka vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM katipaya aitihAsika tathya saMgrahIta haiN| kAlavAda-svabhAvavAda Adi prAcIna vAdoM ke tAtkAlika svarUpa kA nirUpaNa ina mahAkAvyoM meM to huA hI hai, isake atirikta "ajJAnavAda', 'vainayikavAda kI carcA bhI guNaratna kI TIkA meM upalabdha hotI hai| madhyakAla meM paurANika deva-vijJAna ke vikAsa-svarUpa sRSTiviSayaka aneka aise vAda bhI pracalita ho cuke the jinakI carcA SaDdarzanasamuccaya kI TIkA meM upalabdha hai / guNaratna kI isa TIkA (15vIM zatI I0) meM ziva, viSNu, brahmA meM se kisI eka ko sRSTi kA kAraNa batAne vAle vAdiyoM ke atirikta kucha trimUrti se to kucha viSNu kI nAbhi ke kamala se utpanna, brahmA tathA unase janita aditi mAtAoM dvArA bhI sRSTi-nirmANa hone kA pratipAdana karate the| inake atirikta AzramI sRSTi ko ahetuka, pUraNa niyatijanya, parAzara pariNAmajanya, turuSka gosvAmI nAmaka divya puruSajanya kahate the| guNaratna ne kula milAkara lagabhaga 27 vAdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo vibhinna dharmoM tathA darzanoM ke dvArA samathita the| isa prakAra yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita jainetara dArzanika vAdoM kA bhAratIya darzana ke vikAsaparaka itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI vizeSa mahattva rahA thaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita vibhinna jainetara dArzanika vAda prastuta nibandha meM jaina mahAkAvyoM ke yuga meM pracalita vividha jainetara vAdoM ke dArzanika svarUpa tathA mahAkAvyoM ke lekhaka jainAcAryoM dvArA unake sambandha meM uThAI gaI dArzanika ApattiyoM kA eka saMkSipta sarvekSaNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai 1. kAlavAda-kAlavAdiyoM ke anusAra samasta jagat kAla-kRta hai / kAla ke niyamAnusAra hI campA, azoka, Ama Adi vanaspatiyoM meM phUla tathA phala Ate haiM aura Rtu-vibhAga se hI zIta-prapAta, nakSatra-saMcAra, garbhAdhAna Adi saMbhava hote haiN| jaTAcArya ne kAlavAdiyoM kA yaha kahakara khaNDana kiyA hai ki vanaspatiyoM Adi meM asamaya meM bhI phala-phala Adi lagate haiM tathA manuSyoM Adi kI akAla-mRtyu 1. "kApAlikA bhasmoddha lanaparA yogino brAhmaNAdyantyajAzca kecana nAstikA bhavanti / te ca jIvapuNyapApAdikaM na manyante / caturbhUtAtmaka jagadAcakSate / " SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 76 para guNaratna-TIkA (jJAnapITha-saMskaraNa), pR0 450 2. "kecitta cArvAkaikadezIyA AkAzaM paJcamaM bhUtamabhimanyamAnAH paJcabhUtAtmaka jagaditi nigadanti / " vahI, pR0 450 3. "te ca madyamAMse bhuJjate mAnAdyagamyAgamanamapi kurvate / " vahI, pR0 451 4. "varSe-varSe kasminnapi divase sarve saMbhaya yayAnAmanirgama strIbhi ramante / " vahI, pR0451 5. "tata: ko jAnAti jIva: san" ityeko vikalpa:, na kazcidapi jAnAti tadgrAhakapramANAbhAvAditi bhAvaH / jJAtena vA ki tena prayojanam jJAnasyAbhinivezahetutayA paralokapratipanthitvAt / ", SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna kI TIkA, pR0 28-26 6. "tathA vinayena carantIti vainayikAH, vasiSThaparAzaravAlmIkivyAselAenasatyadattaprabhUtayaH" vahI, pa0 26 7. tulanIya-"athavA lokasvarUpe'pyaneke vAdino'nekadhA vipravadante / tadyathA-kecinnArIzvarajaM jagannigadanti / pare somAgnisaMbhavam / vaizeSikA dravyagaNAdiSahavikalpam / kecitkAzyapakRtam / pare dakSaprajApatIyam / kecid brahmAditrayakamUrtisRSTam / vaiSNavA viSNumayam / paurANikA viSNunAbhi padmajabrahmajanitamAtRjam / te eva kecidavaNaM brahmaNA varNAdibhiH sRSTam / kecitkAlakRtam / pare kSityAdyaSTamUrtIzvarakRtam / brahmaNo mukhAdibhyo brAhmaNAdijanmakam / sAMkhyAH prakRtiprabhavam / zAkyavijJaptimAnam / anya ekajIvAtmakam / kecidanekajIvAtmakam / pare purAtanakarmakRtam / anye svabhAvajam / kecidakSarajAtabhUtodbhUtam / kecidaNDaprabhavam / AzramI tvahetukam / pUraNo niyatijanitam / parAzaraH pariNAmaprabhavam / kecidyAdRcchikam / nekavAdino'neka svarUpam / turuSkA gosvAminAmakadivyapuruSaprabhavam / ityAdayo'neke vAdino vidyante / " SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna kI TIkA, pR0 30-31 8. "kAlavAdinazca nAma te mantavyA ye kAlakRtameva jagatsarvaM manyante / tathA ca te prAhuH-na kAlamantareNa campakAzokasahakArAdivanaspatikusumodgamaphalabandhAdayo himknnaanussktshiitprpaatnksstrcaargrbhaadhaanvrssaadyo...ghttnte|" vahI, pR0 15-16 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ bhI dekhI jAtI hai|' varSA Rtu ke na hone para bhI dhArAsAra vRSTi hotI hai ataeva kAla ke kAraNa saMsAra ko sukhI evaM du:khI mAnanA anucita hai| kAla ko sRSTi kA kAraNa mAnane se kartA kA kartRtva guNa viphala ho jAtA hai|' 2. niyativAda-niyati se hI sabhI padArtha utpanna hote haiM arthAt jo jisa samaya jisase utpanna hotA hai vaha usase niyata rUpa meM hI utpatti-lAbha karatA hai / jaTAsiMha nandI ne isa vAda kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki isa vAda ke mAna lene para karmoM ke astitva tathA tadanusAra phala prApta hone meM vyavadhAna utpanna hogaa| kRtakoM ke abhAva se vyakti sukha-duHkhahIna ho jAegA / sukha se hIna honA kisI bhI jIva ko abhISTa nahIM hai| 3. svabhAvavAda-svabhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra vastuoM kA svataH pariNata honA svabhAva hai| udAharaNArtha, miTTI se ghar3A hI banatA hai, kapar3A nahIM / sUta se kapar3A hI banatA hai, ghar3A nhiiN| isI prakAra yaha jagat bhI apane svabhAva se svayaM utpanna hotA hai| jaTAsiMha nandI ne isa bAda para Apatti uThAte hue kahA hai ki svabhAva ko hI kAraNa mAna lene para karttA ke samasta zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA aucitya samApta ho jaaegaa| jIva jina karmoM ko nahIM karegA, svabhAvavAda ke anusAra unakA phala bhI use bhoganA pdd'egaa| indhana se agni kA prakaTa honA usakA svabhAva hai parantu indhana ke Dhera-mAtra se agni kI utpatti asaMbhava hai| isI prakAra svarNamizrita miTTI yA kaccI dhAtu se svataH hI sonA utpanna nahIM ho jaataa| jaTAcArya ke anusAra svabhAvavAda manuSya ke puruSArtha ko niSphala siddha kara detA hai, jo anucita hai| 4. yadacchAvAda--yaha vAda bhI prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA vAda hai / mahAbhArata meM isake anuyAyiyoM ko ahetuvAdI kahA gayA hai| guNaratna ke anusAra binA saMkalpa ke hI artha-prApti honA athavA jisakA vicAra hI na kiyA usakI atakita upasthiti honA yadRcchAvAda hai| yadacchAvAdI padArthoM kI utpatti meM kisI niyata kArya-kAraNa-bhAva ko svIkAra nahIM krte| yadRcchA se koI bhI padArtha jisa kisI se bhI utpanna ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha kamalakanda se hI kamalakanda utpanna nahIM hotA, gobara se bhI kamalakanda utpanna hotA hai / agni kI utpatti agni se hI nahIM, apitu araNi-manthana se bhI saMbhava hai| isa vAda ko kabhI svabhAvavAda athavA niyativAda se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai| varAMgacaritakAra jaTAsiMha ne isa vAda kI carcA nahIM kI hai| anya mahAkAvyoM meM bhI isake khaNDana kA ullekha nahIM hai| 5. satkAryavAda-sAMkhyadarzanAnUsArI satkAryavAda ke anusAra yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki jaisA kAraNa hotA hai usase vaisA hI kArya utpanna hotA hai| sAMkhya darzana ke isa vAda ke sandarbha meM jaTAsiMha nandI kA AkSepa hai ki avyakta prakRti se saMsAra ke samasta vyakta evaM mUttimAna padArtha kaise utpanna ho sakeMge ? 11 sAMkhyoM ke anusAra jIva ko jo 'akartA' kahA gayA hai vaha bhI anucita hai| vIra nandI kRta candraprabhacarita meM isakA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jIva ko akartA mAna lene para usa para karma-bandha kA bhI abhAva rahegA tathA 1. "athajIvagaNeSvakAlamRtyuH phalapuSpANi bnsptissbkaale| bhujagA dazanaMdaMzantyakAle manujAstu prasavantyakAlatazca / / " varAMgacarita, 24/26 2. "atha vRSTirakAlatastu dRSTA na hi vaSTiH paridazyate svkaale| tata eva hi kAlata: prajAnAM mukhaduHkhAtmakamityabhASaNIyam / / " varAMgacarita 24/30 3. "yadi kAlabalAtprajAyate cedvibala: katta guNa: priikssymaannH|" varAMgacarita, 24/28 4. "niyati ma tattvAntaramasti yadazAdete bhAvA: sarve'pi niyatenaiva rUpeNa prAdurbhAvamaznuvate nAnyathA / " SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna-TIkA, pR018 5. "niyatiniyatA narasya yasya pratibhannasthitikarmaNAmabhAvaH / pratikarmavinAzanAtsukhI syAtsukhahInatvamaniSTamApta grAhyam // " varAMgacarita, 24/41 6. svabhAvavAdinI hya vamAhuH-iha vastuna: svata eva pariNati: svabhAvaH sarve bhAvAH svbhaavvjnyaadupjaaynte| tathAhi--mRdaH kumbho bhavati na paTAdiH, tantubhyo'pi paTa upajAyate na ghaTAdiH / " SaDdarzana0, 1para gaNaratna-TIkA, pR016 7. "atha sarvamidaM svabhAvatazcennanu vaiythymupaitikrmkrtuH| akRtAgamadoSadarzanaM ca tadavazyaM viduSAmacintanIyam // " varAMgacarita, 24/38 8. "svayameva na bhAti darpaNaH sama vahviH svamupaiti kaasstthbhaarH| na hi dhAturupaiti kAJcanatvaM na hi dugdhaM ghRtabhAvamabhyupaityavInAm // " varAMgacarita, 23/36 6. "te hyavamAhuH-na khalu pratiniyato vastUnA kAryakAraNabhAvastathA pramANenAgrahaNAt / tathAhi-zAlUkAdapi jAyate zAlUko gomayAdapi jAyate shaaluukH| vahna. rapi jAyate vahniraraNikASThAdapi / " SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna-TIkA, pR0 23 10."asadakaraNAdupAdAnagrahaNAtsarvasaMbhavAt / zaktasya zakyakaraNAtkAraNabhAvAcca satkAryam // " sAMkhyakArikA, 11. "prakRtirmahadAdi bhAvyate cetkathamavyaktatamAnnu mUtimatsyAt / iha kAraNato nu kArya miSTaM kimu dRSTAntaviruddhatA na yAti // " varAMgacarita, 24/43 jaina darzana mImAMsA 157
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________________ usake pApa puNya bhI nahIM ho skeNge| 'bandha' ke na hone para 'mokSa' bhI saMbhava nahIM hai|' candraprabhacarita-kAra kA kahanA hai ki kApila mata meM AtmA ko bhoktA kahakara use mukti-kriyA kA kartA to mAna liyA gayA hai parantu usake kartRtva ko chipAne kI ceSTA bhI kI gaI hai jo anucita hai / vIranandI ke anusAra pradhAna prakRti ke bandha hone kI jisa mAnyatA kA sAMkhya samarthana karatA hai, vaha bhI ayuktisaMgata hai kyoMki sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti acetana mAnI gaI hai aura acetana kA na bandha ho sakatA hai aura na mokSa' / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaTAsiMha nandI ne tathA vIra nandI ne sAMkhya tantra ke pariprekSya meM puruSa tathA prakRti donoM ke bandha tathA mokSa kI sthiti ko ayuktisaMgata siddha kiyA hai| 6. zUnyavAda-bauddha dArzanikoM ke eka sampradAya ke anusAra yaha jagat zUnya-svarUpa hai| avidyA ke kAraNa isI zUnya se jagat kI utpatti mAnI gaI hai| isa vAda para AkSepa karate hue jaTAsiMha nandI kA kahanA hai ki cala-acala padArthoM ko zUnya kI saMjJA dene se na kevala padArthoM kA hI abhAva hogA, apitu jJAna bhI zUnya arthAt abhAva-svarUpa ho jAegA, jisakA abhiprAya hai saMsAra ke samasta jIvoM ko jJAnazUnya mAnanA / aisI sthiti meM zUnyavAdI tattvajJAna ko grahaNa karane ke prati bhI asamartha raha jaaegaa| isa sambandha meM TippaNI karate hue jaTAcArya yaha sujhAva dete haiM ki padArthoM ke kisI eka vizeSa rUpa meM na rahane se usa padArtha ko sarvathA zUnya mAnanA anucita hai, kyoMki padArtha kisI eka rUpa meM naSTa ho jAne ke bAda bhI sattAvAn rahate hI haiN| 7.kSaNikavAda-bauddhoM ke eka dUsare sampradAya kI isa mAnyatA kA, ki sabho bhAva evaM padArtha kSaNika haiM, khaNDana karate hue jaTAsiMha nandI kahate haiM ki zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA bheda taba samApta ho jaaygaa| saMsAra ke prANI jo aneka guNoM ko dhAraNa karane kI ceSTA kareMge ve nirAza hI raha jAeMge kyoMki taba guNa tathA guNI bhinna kSaNoM meM udita hoNge| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM bhI kSaNikavAda kI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samasta saMsAra ke jJAnAdi bhI bauddha matAnusAra kSaNika mAna liye jAne para smaraNa, pratyabhijJA Adi bhAva; pitA-putra, patipatnI Adi sambandha tathA pApa-puNya Adi vyavasthA bhI chinna-bhinna ho jaaegii| citta-santAna-jJAna kI dhArA ko AtmA siddha karane kI bauddha mAnyatA kA bhI khaNDana kiyA gayA hai|" 8. nairAtmyavAda-bauddha dharma ke pravartaka mahAtmA buddha ne AtmA kA astitva nahIM svIkArA hai| jaTAsiMha nandI ke anusAra taba bhagavAna buddha kI karuNA kA kyA hogA? kyoMki AtmA tathA cetanA ke binA karuNA kahAM utpanna hogI? isa prakAra AtmA kA nirAkaraNa karanA svayaM bhagavAna buddha ke karuNAzIla hone ke prati hI sandeha utpanna karatA hai| 6. vaidika evaM paurANika devavAda-jaisA ki pahale spaSTa kiyA gayA hai, vedamUlaka brAhmaNa saMskRti meM puruSa, Izvara dvArA sRSTi hone kI mAnyatA dArzanika vAda ke rUpa meM pallavita huI thii| jaise-jaise vaidika dharma paurANika dharma ke rUpa meM avatarita huA, aneka devazaktiyoM ke sAtha sRSTi kA sambandha jor3A jAne lgaa| isI vizvAsa ke kAraNa brAhmaNa saMskRti meM brahmA, viSNu, ziva Adi ArAdhya deva bana ge| 1. "na cApyakattuMtA tasya bandhAbhAvAdidoSataH / kathaM hyakurvanbadhyeta kuzalAkuzala kriyAH // " candraprabhacarita, 2/81 2. "bhuktikriyAyAH kattutva bhoktAtmeti svayaM vadan / tadevApahna vAnaH sanki na jihati kApilaH // " candraprabha0, 2/81 3. "acetanasya bandhAdi: pradhAnasyApyayuktikaH / tasmAdakatrtRtA pApAdapi pApIyasI matA // " candraprabha0, 2/83 4, "yadi zUnyamidaM jagatsamastaM nanu vijJaptirabhAvatAmupaiti / sadabhAvamupAgato'nabhijJo vimati: kena sa vetti zUnyapakSam / / " varAMgacarita, 24/44 5. "atha sarvapadArthasaMprayoga: suparIkSya sadasatpramANabhAvAn / na ca saMbhavati hyasatsu zUnyaM paridRSTaM vigame sato mahadbhiH / / " varAMgacarita, 24/45 6. "kSaNikA yadi yasya sarvabhAvA phalastasya bhavedayaM prayAsaH / guNinAM hi guNena ca prayogo na ca zabdArthamavaiti durmtiH||" varAMgacarita, 24/46 7. padmAnanda, 3/160-65 tulanIya-"mantrin ! vimuJca kSaNikatvavAditAM niranvayaM vastu yadIha dRzyate / " padmAnanda, 3/160 8. candraprabha0, 2/84-85 9. "nairAtmyazUnyakSaNikapravAdAd buddhasya ratnatrayameva nAsti / " varAMgacarita, 25/82 "mRSaiva yatnAtkaruNAbhimAno na tasya dRSTA khalu sttvsNjnyaa|" varAMgacarita, 25/83 AcAryaratna zrI vezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja jI abhinandana grantha
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________________ AThavIM zatAbdI I0meM varAMgacarita-kAra ne ina sabhI deva-sambandhI vAdoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| jaTAsiMha nandI ne vaidika devatAoM tathA yajJAnuSThAnoM ke aucitya ko bhI nakArA hai| inake khaNDana kA mukhya tarka yaha rahA hai ki karma-siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ko uparyukta vAda asiddha ThaharA dete haiN| eka duSTa vyakti tathA eka vidvAn vyakti jaba eka hI devatA kI ArAdhanA se usakI kRpA kA lAbha uThAtA hai to nizcita rUpa se usa devatA kA mahattva bhI kama hotA hai| aneka dRSTAntoM dvArA jaTAsiMha ne yaha siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai ki sabhI devatA sAmAnya manuSya kI bhAMti aneka prakAra kI truTiyoM ko liye hue haiN| isI prakAra jyotiSka grahoM evaM nakSatroM ke mAnava-jIvana para par3ane vAle prabhAva ko bhI jaTAsiMha upekSA-bhAva se dekhate haiN| unake anusAra bar3e se bar3e graha tathA nakSatra svayaM hI apanI rakSA nahIM kara sakate to bhalA dUsaroM kA ve kitanA upakAra kara sakeMge?5 10. bhUtavAda--cArvAka-anuyAyI bhUtavAdI kahalAte haiN| inake anusAra jIva athavA AtmA nAmaka koI sattA nahIM hai jo paraloka jA sake / zarIra ke atirikta AtmA jaisI vastu ko pratyakSa pramANa dvArA bhI nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / gur3a, anna, jala Adi ke saMyoga se jaise koI unmAdikA zakti svayameva utpanna ho jAtI hai vaise hI bhUtacatuSTaya-pRthvI, agni, jala aura vAyu ke saMyoga se deha-nirmANAtmikA zakti svataH hI utpanna hotI hai| isa saMsAra ke bhogoM ko chor3akara jo pAralaukika sukhoM kI ora AkRSTa hotA hai, vaha hastagata phala ko chor3akara svapnadRSTa phala kI spRhA kara rahA hotA hai| pApa-karmoM tathA puNya-karmoM kA bhI koI aucitya nhiiN|' bhUtavAdI pUchatA hai ki jisa patthara kI loga kapUra-dhUpa Adi se pUjA karate haiM, to kyA usa patthara ne pahale koI puNya kiyA thA ?6 vaise hI eka dUsare patthara para loga mUtrAdi karate haiM, to kyA usane pahale koI pApa kiyA thA ? apanI isa prakAra kI tattvamImAMsA se bhUtavAdI sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsoM ko hI mAnavajIvana kA lakSya batAtA hai|" AtmA kA niSedha karane vAle bhUtavAdiyoM kI dhAraNAoM para AkSepa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna-lakSaNa-yukta jIva zubhAzubha karmoM ke kAraNa sukha evaM duHkha ko bhogane ke lie saMsAra meM janma letA hai| jIva ke punarjanma nahIM hone kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki navajAta zizu pUrvajanma ke saMskAroM se hI mAtA ke stana-pAna kI ora pravRtta hotA hai| bhUta-catuSTaya se jIvazakti kI utpatti hone ko asaMgata ThaharAte hue amaracandra sUri kA kahanA hai ki khAnA pakAte samaya bartana meM agni, jala, vAyu tathA pRthvI-ina cAroM tattvoM kA saMyoga to rahatA hI hai, phira kyA kabhI isa bartana meM jIva kI utpatti huI ? 14 saMsAra meM rUpa-vaicitrya tathA guNa-vaicitrya tathA sukhoM aura duHkhoM kI vyaktiparaka vibhinnatA yaha siddha karatI hai ki pUrva-saMcita zubhAzubha karmoM kA manuSya para prabhAva par3atA hI hai|5 11. mAyAvAda-padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM nirdiSTa prastuta mAyAvAda zaMkarAcArya ke mAyAvAda se sarvathA bhinna hai| mAyAvAdI kI yaha mukhya sthApanA hai ki saMsAra meM kucha bhI tAttvika nahIM hai| dRzyamAna sampUrNa jagat mAyA se AcchAdita hai tathA svapna evaM indrajAla kI bhAMti 1. varAMgacarita, 24/22-35 2. varAMgacarita, 24/24-26 3. "palalodana lAjapiSThapiNDaM paradattaM pratibhujyate ca yena / sa parAnagatiM kathaM bibharti dhanataSNAM tyaja devatastu tasmAt // " varAMgacarita, 24/27, 24/23-24 4. "ravicandramaso: grahapIDAM parapoSatvamathendramantriNazca / viduSAM ca daridratAM samIkSya matimAnko'bhilaSed grahapravAdam // " varAMgacarita, 24/36 5. varAMgacarita, 24/32-33 6. "saMyogavadbhyo guDapiSTadhAtakItoyAdikebhyo madazaktivad dhruvam / " pamA0, 3/123 7. "vihAya bhogAnihalokasaMgatAna, kriyeta yatnaH paralokakAMkSayA / pratyakSapANisthaphalojjhanAdiyaM svapnAna saMbhAvyaphalaspahA hahA // " padmA0, 3/121 8. "dharmo'pyadharmo'pi na saukhyadu:khayohaeNtU vinA jIvamimo khapuSpavat // " padmA0, 3/124 6. "kapUrakRSNAgurudhUpadhUpana: sampUjyate puNyamakAri tena kim / " padmA0, 3/125 10. "grAruNaH parasyopari mAnavavrajaya'sya kramau muutrpuriishsuutrnnaa| yad racyate cUrNakRte ca khaNDyate sandahyate pApamakAri tena kim // " padmA0, 3/126 11. "tAbhiH sukhaM khelatu nirbhayaM vibhumarAlaromAvalitUlikAMgakaH / / " pA0, 3/126 "bhojyAni bhojyAnyamRtopamAni ca peyAni peyAni yathAruci prabho !" padmA0, 3/130 12. padmA0, 3/137-36 13. "tajjAtamAtraH kathamarbhako bhRzaM stane jananyA vadanaM nivezayet ?" padmA0, 3/144 14. padmA0, 3/146-51 15. padyA0, 3/153-55 jaina darzana mImAMsA 156
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________________ ayathArtha hai|' saMsAra ke sabhI sambandha aura puNya-pApa kI vyavasthA bhI mithyA hI hai| mAyAvAdI isa loka meM upalabdha sukhoM se hI santuSTa rahane kA upadeza dete haiM tathA tapazcaryA Adi dvArA pAralaukika sukhoM kI prApti bhrama mAnate haiN|' dRSTAnta dvArA apanI mAnyatA ko spaSTa karate hue mAyAvAdI kahatA hai ki eka zRgAla muMha meM mAMsa ke Tukar3e ko dabAte hue nadI-jala meM dikhAI detI huI machalI ko pAne ke lie lapakA tathA mAMsa ke Tukar3e ko nadI-taTa para hI chor3a aayaa| parantu machalI jala ke andara ghusa gaI aura mAMsa kA Tukar3A bhI gRdha jhapaTA mArakara le gyaa| mAyAvAdI ke tarko kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai, saMsAra meM vastu-sattA kA apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki asat vastu se kArya-sampAdana vaise hI asambhava hai jaise ki svapnadRSTa vastu se prayojana-siddhi / mAyAvAda ke anusAra ihalaukika sukhoM ko puruSArtha mAnanA aura pAramArthika sukhoM ko heya batAnA unmattAvasthA kA dyotaka hai| 12. tattvopaplavavAda-bIra nandI kRta candraprabhacarita meM isa vAda kA 'nAstikAgamamAzrita' ke rUpa meM ullekha AyA hai| tattvopaplavavAdI cArvAkoM se bhI eka kadama Age the| cArvAka kama se kama cAra bhUtoM tathA 'pratyakSa' pramANa ko to mAnate the, parantu tattvopaplavavAdI ina saba padArthoM ko bhI asvIkAra kara detA hai| jayarAzi ke 'tattvopaplavasiMha' meM isa vAda kI vizeSa carcA AI hai| tattvopaplavavAdI jIva aura ajIva kI tAttvika sthiti kA hI apalApa karate haiM, phalataH jIva ke dharma-adharma, bandha-mokSa Adi svayaM hI bAdhita ho jAte haiN| candraprabhacarita meM isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bandha-mokSa Adi dharma-dharmI para hI avalambita ho sakate haiM, parantu jaba jIva hI asiddha hai to usake dharmoM kI carcA karanA vyartha hai| tattvopaplavAdI kI mAnyatA hai ki jIva-ajIva Adi tattva purAtana manovRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa aucityahIna ho cuke haiM, ThIka vaise hI jaise purAne vastra kI taha ko kholate samaya vaha jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM hI chinna-bhinna ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jIva-ajIva Adi tattvavAdiyoM kI mAnyatAeM bhI vicArane para chinna-bhinna ho jAtI haiN|" tattvopaplavavAdiyoM kI upayukta mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko pratyakSa-anubhava dvArA sukha-duHkha kA svasaMvedana yaha siddha karatA hai ki jIva kI sattA hotI hai|" jJAna svasaMvedI nahIM, balki isako jAnane ke lie kisI dUsare jJAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai---isa pramANa-sambandhI anavasthA-doSa kI saMbhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna vedya evaM vedaka donoM hai| isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya ke lekhakoM ne bhAratIya darzana kI aneka vivAdapUrNa mAnyatAoM kI yugAnusArI tarka-zailI meM punavivecanA kI hai| mahAkAvyakAroM kA mukhya uddezya yaha rahA hai ki ve jaina darzana kI yugIna pravRtti ke anurUpa vibhinna jainetara vAdoM kI syAdvAdI pRSThabhUmi meM vyAkhyA kara skeN| unhoMne aneka darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kA yadyapi khaNDana kiyA hai, tathApi ve siddhAntataH yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki uparyukta vAdoM ko vibhinna nayoM athavA dRSTiyoM ke rUpa meM anekAntavAdI tarka-paddhati meM sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai| jaina dArzanikoM kI anekAntavAdI evaM syAdvAdI isI cetanA ke pIche satyAvabodha kA vaha Agraha chipA huA hai jisake anusAra pratyeka vAda ke manthana se hI satya ke darzana hote haiM--vAde vAde jAyate tattvabodhaH / bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne bhI yaha mukta kaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai ki asatya ke mArga para calate hue bhI satya taka pahuMcA jA sakatA hai-asatye vartmani sthitvA tatsatyaM smiihte| 1. "mahAmatiH prAha na tattvataH kimapyastyatra mAyeyamaho vijumbhate / vilokyamAnaM nikhila carAcaraM svapnendrajAlAdinibhaM vibhAvyate // " padmA0, 3/166 2. "ziSyo guruH puNyamapuNyamAtmajaH pitA kalatraM ramaNa: paro nijaH / ityAdikaM yadvyavahAra ityasau kiJcit punazcaJcati naiva tAttvikam // " padmA0, 3/167 3. padmA0,3/166 4. "mAsaM taTAnte parimucya jambuko mInopalambhAya laghupradhAvitaH / mIno alAntaH praviveza satvaraM mAMsaM ca gRdhro harati sma tad yathA ||"pdmaa0, 3/168 6. padyA0, 3/172 7. "kecidityaM yataH praahurnaastikaagmmaashritaaH|" candraprabha0, 2/44 8."ajIvazca kathaM jIvApekSastasyAtyaye bhavet / " candraprabha0,2/45 6. "kayaM ca jIvadharmAH syurvandhamokSAdayastataH / sati dharmiNi dharmA hi bhavanti na tadatyaye // " candraprabha0, 2/46 10. "tasmAdupaplutaM sarva tattvaM tiSThatu saMvRtam / / prasAryamANaM zatadhA zIyaMte jIrNavastravat // " candraprabha0, 2/47 11. "pratijantu yato jIvaH svasaMvedanagocaraH / sukhaduHkhAdiparyAvarAkrAntaH pratibhAsate // " candraprabha0, 2/55 12. "na cAsvaviditaM jJAnaM vedyatvAtkalazAdivat / " candraprabha0, 2/56 160 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha