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________________ 1 DaoN0 zivanAtha pANDeya yaha kahanA galata nahIM hogA ki Aja samAja meM vahI vyakti sammAna kA adhikArI hai, jo bhautika sukha-suvidhA ke sAdhanoM se saMpanna hai| isa AdhAra para samAja meM apane ko pratiSThita karane kI daur3a meM yadi Aja kA zikSaka bhI zAmila hai, to vyAvahArika dRSTi se use galata nahIM kahA jA sakatA kyoMki Aja samAja kA zAyada hI koI aisA varga hai, jo isa bhAvanA se vaMcita hai| kiMtu sAtha hI isa tathya se iMkAra bhI nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki isa dizA meM hamArI eka maryAdita sImA honI caahie| yuga-yuga se sammAnita zikSaka-samudAya kI maryAdA ko artha-saMgraha kI aMdha-daur3a ne Aja kina kAraNoM se isa sthiti meM pahu~cA diyA, yaha eka vicAraNIya viSaya hai, jise sAmayika saMdarbho se jor3akara hI dekhanA ucita hai| bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA ke nIva-nirmANa meM do kSetroM ko vyAvasAyikatA se bilkula dUra sevA-pakSa ke aMtargata rakhA gayAeka zikSA evaM dUsarI nikitsaa| kiMtu bAjAravAda ke dabAva meM Aja vyavasAya-jagata kA sabase phAyademaMda evaM sahaja sAdhana hai, ina kSetroM se jur3e kramazaH prAiveTa skUla evaM narsiMga homa kholnaa| prAya: hara kSetra meM Aja nijIkaraNa kI prakriyA bhI isI dabAva kA pratiphalana badalate pariveza meM zikSA aura zikSaka hai| bhaviSya meM sarakArI vidyAlayoM kA bhI udyogapatiyoM kI saMpatti ke . manuSya kA caritra-nirmANa karanevAlI zikSA kA Aja pramukha ___ rUpa meM badala jAnA bilkula asaMbhava nahIM kahA jA sktaa| uddezya hai. arthopaarjn| vartamAna artha-pradhAna-pariveza meM ise bilkula sarakArI zikSaNa-saMsthAnoM meM bhI ThIkA ke AdhAra para niyaktiyoM kA galata bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kiMtu yadi arthopArjana hI zikSA kA mana banA cukI sarakAroM kI niyata Aja sApha ho cukI hai| isa krama ekamAtra uddezya ho jAya to nizcita rUpa se yaha eka ciMtA kA viSaya meM zikSA ke rAjanItikaraNa ne aura bhI kaI samasyAe~ paidA kI haiN| bana jAtA hai| kadAcit yahI vajaha hai ki rASTra-nirmAtA mAne jAne Aja zikSakoM ke lie vikAsa kA mAdhyama par3hane-par3hAne se adhika vAle zikSaka samAja ke prati bhI 'AcAra saMhitA' kI bAta Aja rAjanIti prerita zikSaka-saMghoM kI gatividhiyoM meM hissedArI hai| aise carcA kA viSaya bana gayI hai| kahanA na hogA ki bhAratIya samAja meM pariveza meM zikSaka-zikSArthiyoM kA Adarza kI kasauTI para mUlyAMkana kabhI brahmA, viSNu aura maheza kI katAra meM sthAna pAne vAle guruoM ke kyA pariNAma hoMge, yaha svata: spaSTa hai| ke prati Aja prazAsanika anuzAsana kI bAta eka yugAMtakArI siddhAMta aura vyavahAra ke TakarAva meM siddhAMta kI hAra vartamAna badalAva hai, jisake prati mAtra saMketa karanA ho yahA~ hamArI sImA hai| sAmAjika pariveza kA svAbhAvika satya hai| isa satya se jur3akara Izvara se bhI guru ko zreSTha mAnanevAle kabIra ne kabhI kahA thA ki- hI AraMbhika zikSA meM mAtRbhASA ke mahatva ko mAnate hue bhI Aja 'guru to aisA cAhie sikkha so kachu na ley| bahuta kama aise samarthavAna vyakti haiM, jo mAtRbhASA-mAdhyama ke sikkha to aisA cAhie guru ko sarabasa deya / / ' vidyAlayoM meM zauka se apane baccoM kA nAmAMkana karAnA cAhate haiN| yaha pUjya-bhAva Aja sirpha vAyavIya Adarza banakara raha gayA hai| bhAratIya zikSA-saMskRti meM aMgrejI evaM aMgrejiyata kA bIja-vapana yathArtha isake bahuta kucha viparIta hai| vartamAna jIvana-saMdarbho se karanevAle maikAle kI zikSA-nIti kI bhartsanA karate hue bhI hama use jur3akara yahI svAbhAvika bhI hai kyoMki Aja kA zikSaka prAcIna apanAne se paraheja nahIM kara paate| rASTrIyatA kI bhAvanA se prerita guruoM kI bhA~ti jaMgala meM jhoMpar3I banAkara phala-phUla para jIvana hokara khole gaye hiMdI-mAdhyama vidyAlayoM ko bhI aMgrejI-mAdhyama meM vyatIta karanevAlA tyAgI mahApuruSa nahIM, balki Adhunika grAma yA badalane se roka nahIM paate| kolakAtA meM Aja bhI kaI aise nagara meM nivAsa karane vAlA eka suvidhAparasta Ama AdamI hai| yadi vidyAlaya haiM, jo apane nAma ke bilkula viparIta aMgrejI evaM yathArtha se jar3akara Adhunika sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM kA mUlyAMkana kareM to aMgrejiyata ke pracAra-prasAra meM saMlagna haiN| spaSTata: isakI vajaha se zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvata khaNDa/43
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________________ Aja hiMdI kI apekSA aMgrejI kA adhika rojagAronmukha honA hai| kyoMki gurukula se AraMbha hokara Aja iMTaraneTa taka pahu~cI zikSAjaina dharma ke aNuvrata-anuzAstA, yuga pradhAna AcArya tulasI ke saMskRti kI mukhya dizA naitikatA kI coTI se calakara bhautikatA anusAra, "zikSaka yadi zikSA ko jIvikA kA sAdhana mAtra mAnatA kI khAI meM hI khote jAnA hai| aise badalate pariveza meM zikSaka apane hai to vaha vidyArthI ko pustaka par3hA sakegA, para jIvana-nirmANa kI vyAvahArika jIvana meM kauna-sA rAstA akhtiyAra kareMge, yaha spaSTa kalA nahIM sikhA skegaa| isI prakAra vidyArthI yadi jIvikopArjana ke karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| Aja TyUzana ke aucityauddezya se par3hatA hai to vaha DigriyA~ bhale hI upalabdha kara legA, kiMtu anaucitya kI carcA isI kA pariNAma hai| jJAna ke zikhara para nahIM car3ha skegaa|" kiMtu Aja zikSA kA yaha vartamAna yuga-dharma, 'artha-saMgraha' kI dRSTi se atirikta samaya meM Adarza sirpha kahane bhara ko raha gayA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki TyUzana ke aucitya ko samajhA jA sakatA hai, para mUla kartavyabodha ko 'jaina dharma' kI bhAvanA se prerita hokara khole gaye 'jaina vidyAlaya' bhI najaraaMdAja kara sirpha TyUzana hI zikSaka kA lakSya bana jAya to yaha zikSA-mAdhyama ke rUpa meM aMgrejI ko apanAkara jIvikopArjana kA zikSA-saMskRti ke vighaTana kI parAkASThA hai| isase sAtha baiThakara hI mArga prazasta karate haiN| vartamAna sAmAjika pariveza meM yahI yuga dharma par3hanevAle pratibhAvAna garIba chAtroM ko mAnasika AghAta bhI pahu~catA hai| hai, jo yuga-pradhAna AcArya kI kathanI aura unake anuyAyiyoM kI kyoMki asalI parIkSApayogI zikSA to unhoM zikSakoM dvArA kakSA se bAhara karanI meM bhinnatA lAne ko bAdhya karatA hai| dI jAtI hai, jo artha-saMpanna chAtroM ko hI nasIba ho pAtI hai| phalata: skUla ____ jagata-guru ke rUpa meM vizva-vikhyAta bhArata kI zikSA-saMskRti stara para kRSNa-sudAmA kA alagAvabodha kakSA stara para bhI vidyamAna meM vyAvasAyikatA kA bIja-vapana kaba aura kina paristhitiyoM meM rahatA hai| aise zaikSaNika pariveza se nikale baccoM se kisa prakAra kA huA, yaha kahanA to sahaja saMbhava nahIM, parantu prAcIna bhArata meM bhI samAja banegA, yaha eka vicAraNIya viSaya hai| artha-saMpanna abhijAta varga yaha bhAvanA thI jisake saMketa mila jAte haiN| mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne ke mUrkha-gaMvAra bacce bhI cA~dI kI sIr3hI para car3hakara Adhunika vijJAna'mAlavikAgnimitra' meM likhA hai ki 'yasyAgamaH kevalaM jIvikAyai taM TeknolaoNjI kI U~cAI para pahu~ca jAte haiN| tathAkathita pichar3I jAtiyoM ke jJAnapaNyaM vaNijaM vdnti|' arthAt jisakA zAstrajJAna kevala jIvikA garIba baccoM ko bhI ArakSaNa kA eka sahArA mila jAtA hai, para kulIna nirvAha ke lie hai, vaha to jJAna becane vAlA vaNik hai| kahanA na kahakara chA~Ta diye jAnevAle pratibhAvAna garIba baccoM kA bhaviSya socanIya hogA ki Aja prAya: hara kSetra meM yaha vyAvasAyikatA hI hamArI bana jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI to ve apane mUrkha-gaMvAra sahapAThiyoM ke hI Adhunika artha-vyavasthA kI dena hai| 'zikSA-vibhAga' kA 'mAnava darabAna-caparAsI banane taka ko abhizapta hote haiN| yahI hai artha-pradhAna saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya' ke rUpa meM parivartana kadAcit isI artha- samAja meM niraMtara vighaTita hotI zikSA-saMskRti ke pariNAma, jo kisI vyavasthA kA pariNAma hai| kyoMki Adhunika zikSA ko bhI samAja premI yA vyavasthA ke lie ciMtA kA viSaya bana sakatA hai| kiMtu caritranirmANonmukha banAne ke bajAya rojagAronmukha banAnA hI vartamAna isa ciMtA kA samAdhAna sirpha zikSakoM ke lie 'AcAra-saMhitA' yA samaya kI mA~ga hai| isa mA~ga ke dabAva meM hamArI sAmAjika saMskRti kAnUna banAkara saMbhava nahIM hai| aisA socanA samAdhAna ke lie saralIkaraNa ke aMtasa meM nihita naitika mUlya Aja naSTa-bhraSTa hote jA rahe haiM, kA rAstA akhtiyAra karanA hai| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki naitika bodha kI jisakI ora saMketa karate hue prasiddha arthazAstrI kInja kA kahanA girAvaTa Aja samAja ke hara kSetra meM AI hai, jisakA vizleSaNaparaka hai ki "abhI to AnevAle kama se kama sau varSoM taka hameM apane anuzIlana kiye binA sirpha satahI sudhAra kI bAteM adUradarzitA kI Apako aura pratyeka vyakti ko isa bhulAve meM rakhanA hogA ki jo pahacAna bana kara raha jaaegii| ucita hai, vaha galata hai aura jo galata hai vaha ucita hai, kyoMki jo aMgrejI evaM aMgrejiyata ke prabhAva se kramaza: vinaSTa ho rahI bhAratIya galata hai vaha upayogI hai, jo ucita hai vaha nhiiN| abhI hameM kucha arse zikSA-saMskRti ke prati ciMtA vyakta karate hue kabhI svAmI vivekAnaMda taka lAlaca, sUdakhorI aura ehatiyAta kI pUjA karanI hogI, kyoMki ne kahA thA; "yadi deza ke baccoM kI zikSA kA bhAra phira se tyAgI inhIM kI sahAyatA se hama Arthika AvazyakatAoM ke aMdhere rAste vyaktiyoM ke kaMdhoM para nahIM AtA to bhArata ko dUsaroM kI pAdukAoM ko se nikalakara rozanI meM kadama rakha skeNge|" yahI hai Aja kA sadA-sadA ke lie apane sira para r3hote rahanA hogaa|" bezaka Adhunika vyAvahArika styodghaattn| ajJAna ke aMdhakAra se jJAna ke prakAza kI zikSA apane carama vikAsa para pahu~cakara bhI tyAga ke abhAva meM ora gamana karane kA maMtra 'tamaso mA jyotirgamaya' kA Aja koI sAmAjika rAgAtmaka saMbaMdhoM ko chinna-bhinna karatI jA rahI hai, para savAla 'kInja' dvArA sAMketika uparyukta artha bhI nikAle to Azcarya nahIM hai ki Aja svArthonmukhI zikSA ko sAmayika yathArtha se sAmanA karate hue vidvata khaNDa/44 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka
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________________ tyAga-tapasyA para AdhArita vilupta hote pAraMparika jIvana-mUlyoM se isa zikSA-nIti ke hI nikaTa Aja kI bhI zikSA-praNAlI dIkha rahI kisa prakAra jor3A jaay| Adhunika artha-pradhAna pariveza meM yaha eka hai, jisakA mukhya lakSya jJAna-prApti aura caritra-nirmANa kI jagaha dhana kaThina cunautI hai, jisakA samAdhAna sirpha satahI stara para socane yA kamAnA aura naukarazAhI ko bar3hAvA denA hai| kAnUna banAne se saMbhava pratIta nahIM hotaa|aaj AvazyakatA hai zikSA kI zikSA apane gUr3ha arthoM meM dIkSA bhI hai| bhAratIya zikSA-saMskRti jar3a se jur3e una kAraNoM para vicAra karane kI, jinake calate cAhakara ke tahata kabhI zikSA ke samAnAMtara dIkSA dene kI bhI eka svastha bhI hama apane ko sudhAra nahIM paate| isa dizA meM prazAsana dvArA samaya- paraMparA thI, jisakA Aja prAyaH lopa-sA ho gayA hai| bhautika guNoM samaya para gaThita AyogoM ke prativedana bhI dhyAtavya haiN| ke vikAsa meM Aja naitika-bodha kI bAteM karanA mUrkhatA kA paryAyaAjAdI ke bAda gaThita rAdhAkRSNana Ayoga (1949) ke sA hai| kyoMki Arthika lAbha-hAni para AdhArita vartamAna samAja meM prativedana meM isa bAta para jora diyA gayA hai ki zikSA kA uddezya satya jisa kAma se lAbha hotA hai, vahI prAsaMgika hai anyathA zeSa saba ke vaijJAnika satyApana ke sAtha-sAtha vighaTita hote jIvana-mUlyoM para bhI bakavAsa hai| vartamAna zikSA kI prAsaMgikatA kI bhI yahI kasauTI hai| kendrita honA caahie| prativedana prastuta karate hue DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNana ne eka hiMdI sAhityakAra naMdakizora AcArya ke anusAra "aba kahA thA, "maiM usa dina kI kalpanA karatA hU~ jaba bhArata ke naitika-anaitika ke bodha ko bhI bAjAra kI saMprabhutA ke aMtargata vizvavidyAlaya rASTra kA bauddhika-sAMskRtika netRtva kreNge| nayA AnA par3a rahA hai aura zAyada yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja hama naitika pariveza banAne meM unakI bhUmikA nirNAyaka hogii|" koThArI Ayoga anaitika se adhika ciMtA kAnUnI aura gaira kAnUnI kI karane lage (1964-66) ne bhI bauddhika-pakSa ke samAnAMtara naitika pakSa para bhI haiM aura gaira kAnUnI bhI aMtata: vaha hai jise hama yena-kena-prakAreNa dhyAna kendrita karane kI siphAriza kI hai| isI prakAra san 1986 kAnUna ke dAyare meM sAbita na kara skeN|" bezaka isa dRSTi se zikSA meM 'zikSA kI rASTrIya nIti' ke aMtargata to isa tathya para ciMtA vyakta kA vyApArIkaraNa eka gaira kAnUnI kArya hai, jo vartamAna samAja kI kI gaI hai ki Aja sAre vikAsa ke bAvajUda mahatvapUrNa va Avazyaka niyata bana cukA hai| ata: sthAyI samAdhAna isa niyata ko badalane kI mUlyoM kA hrAsa hotA jA rahA hai| kahanA na hogA ki samagratA meM isa prakriyA se jor3ate hue DhU~DhanA hI apekSAkRta adhika sArthaka hogaa| soca kI dizA maikAle kI zikSA-nIti se TakarAte hue eka aise nIti- kahanA na hogA ki isa dizA meM sabase mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA zikSakoM nirdhAraNa kI ora hai, jo AnevAlI pIr3hI ko jJAnavAna ke sAtha-sAtha kI hI hai, jo bhAvI samAja ke nirmAtA vidyArthiyoM ko kitAbI zikSA caritravAna banAne meM bhI sahAyaka ho, anyathA vaha dina dUra nahIM jaba ke sAtha-sAtha naitika AcaraNa kI dIkSA bhI de sakate haiN| yaha dUsarI bAjAravAda ke dabAva meM bar3I-bar3I kaMpaniyoM yA udyogapatiyoM dvArA hI bAta hai ki binA apane ko sudhAre dUsaroM ko sudhAranA sahaja saMbhava zikSA-saMsthAna saMcAlita hoMge aura unake munIma yA ucca padastha nahIM hotA; para bahuta hada taka sAmayika paristhitiyoM ko dekhate hue karmacArI hI yaha taya kareMge ki kina-kina viSayoM kI par3hAI ho tathA pAThyakrama evaM paThana-pAThana kI zailI meM parivartana isa dizA meM eka kaise chAtroM evaM zikSakoM kI bhartI kara lena-dena kI rakama taya kI sArthaka prayAsa sAbita ho sakatA hai| kyoMki zikSA kA matalaba sirpha jaay| kAraNa ki saMpUrNa zaikSaNika prakriyA kA anuzIlana hAni-lAbha / mastiSka kA vikAsa nahIM, vyaktitva kA saMpUrNa vikAsa hai| yaha ke cazme se hogaa| Akhira binA lAbha dekhe koI kyoM apanA pU~jI- tathya sirpha bhArata jaise vikAsazIla dezoM ke lie hI nahIM balki niveza karegA? ata: aise pariveza meM aisI zikSA kA vikAsa saMbhava tathAkathita vikasita samajhe jAne vAle una tamAma dezoM ke lie bhI hai, jo Aja kaMpyUTara evaM iMTaraneTa se saMcAlita kaMpaniyoM ke yogya utanA hI Avazyaka hai. jo sirpha bhautika sAdhana-saMpanna hokara bhI adhikAriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM kA nirmANa kre| apane samaya kI aisI naitika stara para astitvahIna hote jA rahe haiN| yahI vajaha hai ki hI mA~ga ko svIkAra kara tatkAlIna zikSA-nIti meM parivartana ke prayAsoM ___'imAila durthIma' jaise prasiddha phrAMsIsI samAjazAstrI kA bhI mAnanA kA ullekha karate hue kabhI aMgreja prazAsaka 'maikAle' ne kahA thA, "isa samaya to hamArA sarvocca kartavya eka aisA varga taiyAra karanA hai, jisake binA koI bhI samAja astitva meM nahIM raha sakatA hai|" jo hamAre tathA hamAre dvArA zAsita karor3oM bhAratavAsiyoM ke bIca ata: niSkarSa ke taura para Aja badalate zaikSaNika pariveza meM bhI saMparka-sUtra kA kAma kre| yaha eka aise logoM kA varga hogA, jo jJAna-vijJAna ke vikAsa ke sAtha naitika malyabodha zikSA evaM zikSaka kevala rakta evaM varNa se bhAratIya dIkheMge, para ruci, bhASA tathA AcAra- donoM ke lie aparihArya hai| vicAra Adi kI dRSTi meM aMgreja hoNge|" kahanA na hogA ki gulAma bhArata meM rAjanItika gulAmI ko aura dRr3ha karane ke uddezya se ghoSita 1, vATakinsa lena, hAvar3A-1 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvata khaNDa/45