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________________ DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0 prophesara, prAkRta jaina risarca insTITyUTa, mujaphpharapura AryoM se pahale kI bhAratIya saMskRti jaba se sindhu ghATI kI khudAI huI hai aura purAtattva vibhAga ne eka viziSTa sabhyatA kI sAmagrI upasthita kI hai; taba se hameM AryoM ke Agamana se pUrva kI bhAratIya sthiti jAnane kI parama jijJAsA utpanna huI hai aura lagabhaga cAra pIr3hiyoM se vidvadgaNa usa sudUra atIta ko jAnane ke liye prayatnazIla haiM. bhAratIya itihAsa kA vaijJAnika adhyayana jaba zizu avasthA meM thA, tabhI vidvAnoM ne isake vivecana kA kucha galata tarIkA apanA liyA thA. ve isa pRthvItala para DArvina ke prANi-vikAsavAda ke anusAra bandara se manuSya kI utpatti batalA kara bhArata meM Adi sabhyatA kA darzana vedakAla se mAnate the. yaha satra thA ki taba unake pAsa itihAsa jAnane ke sAdhana hI kama the tathA vizva ke sarva prathama sAhitya ke rUpa meM veda hI unake sAmane the. para Aja bhAratavarSa ke vedakAlIna aura usake pazcAt yuga ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ko jAnane ke liye pracura likhita sAhitya hI nahIM balki vizAla purAtattva sAmagrI upalabdha hai, tathA AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva kI prAgvaidika bhAratIya saMskRti ke jJAna ke liye bhI vidvAnoM ne aneka sAdhana juTA liye haiM. Aja vidvAn loga jina sAdhanoM kA Azraya le kara usa sudUra atIta kA citra upasthita karate haiM ve mukhyataH tIna haiM : (1) mAnavavaMza vijJAna (Anthropology), (5) bhASAvijJAna (Philology) tathA (3) purAtatva ( Archaco logy) prathama mAnavavaMza vijJAna dvArA manuSya ke zarIra kA nirmANa tathA vizeSakara mukha-nAsikA ke nirmANa kA adhyayana kara vividha mAnava zAkhAoM kI pahacAna kI gaI hai. isa adhyayana se yaha niSkarSa nikalA hai ki Aja hI nahIM balki sudUra atIta meM bhArata kI jAtiyoM kA nirmANa aneka mAnava zAkhAoM ke saMmizraNa se huA hai. yaha saMmizraNa vedakAla se hI nahIM balki sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA se bhI prAcIna kAla se hai. dvitIya bhASA vijJAna ne bhASA ke vividha aMgoM ke vikAsa ke adhyayana ke sAtha vividha saMskRtiyoM ke pratinidhi zabdoM ko khoja nikAlA hai aura una saMskRtiyoM ke AdAna-pradAna tathA saMmizraNa ke itihAsa jAnane kI bhUmikA prastuta kI hai. bhASA vijJAna se tatkAlIna samAja kI vicAradhArA aura sAMskRtika sthiti kA bhI patA lagatA hai. tRtIya purAtattva sAmagrI, itihAsa kA eka dRr3ha AdhAra hai. jahAM anya aitihAsika sAdhana mauna raha jAte haiM yA dhuMdhale dIkhate haiM vahAM isa purAtattva kI gati hai, yaha anya nirbala se dIkhane vAle pramANoM meM sabalatA pradAna karatA hai. isa purAtattva kI preraNA se hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke Aryetara AdhAroM ko khojane meM samartha hue haiM. bhAratIya itihAsa ko jaba hama vizva itihAsa kA eka bhAga mAnakara adhyayana karate haiM tathA vizeSakara nikaTa pUrva (Near East) se saMbaMdhita kara vedoM kA adhyayana karate haiM to mAnava - itihAsa kI aneka samasyAe~ sahaja meM sulajha jAtI haiM. vedoM meM varNita ghaTanAoM kA matalaba nikaTa pUrva ( Near East ) kI ghaTanAoM se mAlUma hotA hai. ina ghaTanAoM se vidvAnoM ne siddha kiyA hai ki Arya loga bhArata meM bAhara se Aye haiM. unheM bAhara se Ane para do prakAra ke zatruoM se sAmanA karanA par3A. eka to brAtya kahalAte the jo ki sabhya jAti ke the. dUsare the dAsa aura dasyu jo ki Aryetara jAti ke the. ye nagaroM meM rahane vAle loga the. vedoM meM inake bar3e-bar3e nagaroM (puroM) kA ullekha hai. inameM se jo vyApArI the ve gaNi kahalAte the ; jinase AryoM ko aneka avasaroM para yuddha karanA par3A thA. Rgveda meM divodAsa aura purukutsa kA una Jain Equato nemamswal For Prote & Persone Only www.elibay.org
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________________ 140 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-prantha : tRtIya adhyAya puroM ke svAmiyoM se yuddha kA varNana hai. Rgdeva (7-18) meM divodAsa ke potra sudAsa dvArA eka zatrudala ke parAjaya kA varNana hai, usameM nimnalikhita jAtiyoM turvasu, matsya, bhRgu, drudhyu, paktha, malAnasa, alinas, ziva, viSANin, vaikarNa anu aja, zighu aura yantu kA ullekha hai. ina jAtiyoM ke saMbandha meM vidvAnoM ko bahuta kama mAlUma hai. zrI harita kRSNadeva ne inameM se bahuta kucha jAtiyoM kI pahacAna mizradezIya rikADoM se kI hai. unake kathanAnusAra ye bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 pUrva kI madhya eziyA kI jAtiyAM thIM, tathA kucha dravir3oM kI sajAtIya aura kucha AryoM kI sajAtIya thIM. vedaracanA kI pUrvavartI tithi yadi ina ghaTanAoM ke AsapAsa mAnI jAya tathA uttaravartI tithi avestA ke prAcIna bhAgoM kI racanA sAtavIM zatA0 I0 pUrva aura akhemeniyana rAjAoM ke prAcIna phArasI meM likhe gaye abhilekhoM kI, jinase vaidika bhASA kA bahuta kucha milAna hotA hai -tithi chaThI zatA I0 pUrva mAnI jAya to hama vedaracanA kA samaya dasavIM IsA pUrva kaha sakate haiM. isI samaya Arya loga samUhoM (grAmoM) meM bhArata Aye the. mizra aura cAlDiyA ke prAgaitihAsa aura itihAsa kI ghaTanA kI tulanA meM AryoM ke Ane kI ghaTanA koI bahuta prAcIna nahIM baiThatI. katipaya vidvAna AryoM ke Agamana kI bAta jyotiSa gaNanA ke anusAra bahuta sudUra prAcIna kAla meM le jAte haiM para usa jyotiSa gaNanA kI vyAkhyA vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM ke AdhAra para kI jAya to AryoM ke Agamana kA samaya bahuta bAda baiThatA hai. isIlie vaidika kAla kI tithi ke nirNaya ke liye hamAre pAsa surakSita pakSa bhASAvijJAna aura purAtattva hI haiM. kucha vidvAn AryoM kA bhArata meM bAhara se AnA nahIM mAnate. ve inheM yahIM kA nivAsI mAnate haiM para unakA yaha kathana anumAnAzrita hai. mAnavavaMza vijJAna aura bhASAvijJAna ke adhyayana se unakA yaha mata puSTa nahIM hotA. AryoM ke bAhara se Ane kI ghaTanA koI kalpita nahIM hai tathA usakA ullekha bhI vedoM taka hI sImita nahIM. vaha aisI ghaTanA hai jisakI dhvani bAda ke sAhitya meM bhI milatI hai. saMskRta purANoM meM asuroM kI unnata bhautika sabhyatA kA tathA bar3e-bar3e prAsAda aura nagara banAne kI kalA kA ullekha hai. brAhmaNa, upaniSad aura mahAbhArata Adi paravartI sAhitya meM asuroM kI aneka jAtiyoM kA ullekha haiM jaise kAleyanAga Adi. ye sAre bhArata meM phaile the. inake aneka sthAnoM para bar3ebar3e kile the. yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa kA maNDapa isI asura jAti ke maya nAmaka vyakti ne banAyA thA. mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM brAhmaNa-kSatriyoM ke sAtha anArya nAga aura dAsoM ke vivAha ke aneka ullekha milate haiM. ye zAntipriya, unnatizIla aura vyApArI the. apane ina upAyoM se ye bhautika sabhyatA meM bahuta bar3e car3he the. ina para bhautika sabhyatA se pichar3I para yuddhapriya evaM udyamazIla tathA samRddha bhASA se sampanna Arya jAti ne AkramaNa prArambha kiyA. unheM bhautika sabhyatA ke vaibhava sukha meM palI sukumAra anArya jAti ko jItanA kaThina pratIta nahIM huA aura bar3I saralatA se use unhoMne vaza meM kara liyA. AryoM ke bhArata meM prabala do AkramaNa hue aisA vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai. Arya loga prAyaH jhuNDoM (grAmoM) meM Aye the evaM apane sAtha bar3A pazudhana tathA AzugAmI azvoM ke ratha lAye the. ve prakRtipUjaka the tathA unheM homa aura yajJa ke rUpa meM pazubali, yava, dUdha, makkhana aura soma car3hAte the. ve apanI pUrva nivAsabhUmi-laghu eziyA (Asia minor) aura asIriyA bAbula se kucha dhArmika mAnyatAeM, kucha kathA itihAsa (pralaya kAlIna jalaplAvana) Adi bhI sAtha meM lAye the. unakA jAtIya devatA indra thA jo ki bAbula ke devatA mardaka se milatA-julatA hai. apanI samRddha bhASA se anAryoM ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA thA. AryoM ne yahA~ basakara yahAM ke nivAsiyoM ko hI apane meM parivartita nahIM kiyA balki svayaM bahuta hadataka unameM parivartita ho gae. Arya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM AryoM kI apekSA anAryoM kA bar3A bhAga hai. jaba anArya, AryoM meM sammilita hue to usa jAti ke samRddha kaviyoM ne AryabhASA meM apane bhI bhAva vyakta kiye, pada racanAyeM kI. unhoMne apane dArzanika, dhArmika, sAMskRtika, aitihAsika kathAnaka, AkhyAna Adi sAmagrI ko Arya bhASA meM prakaTa karanA zurU kiyA jaise ki Aja kA bhAratIya apane sAhitya ko aMgrejI meM prakaTa karatA hai. usase Arya sAhitya meM anArya saMskRti kA bahuta bar3A bhAga A gayA. anArya sAhityikoM ne AryoM kI bhASA ko sambhAlA, sudhArA. do prabala saMskRtiyoM ke saMgharSa kA pariNAma hI yaha hotA hai. E ___JaENCambad rivatee 2wayne prary.org
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________________ DA. gulAbacandra caudharI : AryoM se pahale kI bhAratIya saMskRti : 541 DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI kA kahanA hai ki : 'Aja kI nUtana sAmagrI aura navIna uddhAra kArya batalAte haiM ki bhAratIya sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM na kevala AryoM ko zreya hai balki unase pahale rahane vAle anAryoM ko bhI hai. anAryoM kA isa sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM bahuta bar3A hissA hai. anAryoM ke pAsa AryoM se bahuta bar3hI-car3hI bhautika sabhyatA thI. jaba Arya begharabAra ke luTere the taba anArya bar3e-bar3e nagaroMmeM rahate the. bhAratIya dharma aura saMskRti kI aneka paramparAeM rIti-rivAja, prAcIna purANa aura itihAsa anArya bhASAoM se Arya bhASA meM anUdita kiye haiM kyoMki Arya bhASA aisI thI jo sarvatra chA gaI thI. tathApi usakI zuddhi kAyama na raha sakI kyoMki usameM aneka anArya zabda mila gaye haiM. mAnava vaMza-vijJAna ke adhyayana se bhArata kI bhUmi para prathama jisa anArya jAti kA patA calA hai, vaha hai kRSNAMga (Negrito). bandara se vikasita ho utpanna hone vAlI kisI jAti kA yahAM patA nahIM calA. kRSNAMgoM kI santAna Aja bhI andamAna dvIpoM meM pAI jAtI hai. unakI bhASA kA vizva kI kisI bhASA-zAkhA se saMbaMdha nahIM. pahale ye arabasAgara se cIna taka phaile hue the. para aba ve yA to khatama kara diye gaye yA dUsarI mAnava zAkhA ke logoM ne unheM apane meM pacA liyA. yatra-tatra bikhare zeSa logoM se unakI sudUra atIta kI saMskRti kA anumAna lagAnA saMbhava nahIM. kahA jAtA hai ki unake uttarAdhikArI balocistAna meM pAye jAte haiM tathA dakSiNa bhArata kI mukhya jaMgalI jAtiyoM meM unakA jAtIya guNa milatA hai. tibbata, barmA kI nAgA jAti ke rUpa meM bhI unakA astitva hai. cUMki yaha jAti bahuta prAcIna yuga kI hai isalie bAda kI sabhyatA meM isakI kyA dena rahI hai, yaha kahanA bar3A kaThina hai. yaha jAti apane pIche AnevAlI zakti-zAlinI mAnava zAkhAoM se apanI saMskRti ko bahuta kama bacA sakI. ajantA ke eka citra meM kRSNAMga jAti kA cinha milatA hai.. kRSNAMga jAti ke bAda pUrva kI ora se zrAgneya (Austric) jAti pAI. inakI bhASA, dharma aura saMskRti kA rUpa hinda cIna meM milatA hai. isa jAti kI saMtAneM aura bhASA prazAnta mahAsAgara ke dvIpa-puMjoM meM milatI haiM. ye asama se bhArata bhUmi para Aye aura yahAM Akara kucha to kRSNAMga jAti meM mila gaye aura kucha bhArata ke samRddha pradezoM meM apane se pIche AnevAlI jAtiyoM dvArA pacA liye gaye. isa jAti kA avazeSarUpa khAsI, kola, muNDA, saMthAla, mundarI, kuku aura zabara Adi jAtiyAM haiM. eka samaya thA jaba ki isa jAti ke loga sAre uttara bhArata, paMjAba aura madhyabhArata taka phaila gaye the tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI ghusa gaye the. uttara bhArata ke vizAla nadiyoM ke kachAroM meM basa jAne meM inheM bar3I suvidhA huI. gaMgA zabda kI vyutpatti Agneya bhASA ke khAMga, kAMga Adi nadIvAcaka zabdoM se kahI jAtI hai. AryoM kI pada-racanA, dhvani aura muhAvaroM para inakI bhASA kA bar3A prabhAva hai. AryoM ne inake samparka meM Akara apanI bhASA ke rUpa ko badalA hai. ye bhautika sabhyatA meM bahuta bar3hakara the. inakI saMskRti ke aneka stara the jo madhyabhArata kI ucca viSama bhUmiyoM meM rahate the yA jo AryoM ke dabAva ke phalasvarUpa bhAge the ve aba bhI avikasita hAlata meM haiM para jo uttara bhArata ke maidAnoM meM rahate the unakI saMskRti kA avazeSa parivartita ArvIkaraNa ke rUpa meM aba bhI vidyamAna hai. Arya-saMskRti aura bhAgneya saMskRti kA AdAna-pradAna vizeSataH bhArata ke pUrvIya prAntoM meM huA hai. AyoM ne inase cAvala kI khetI karanA sIkhA. nAriyala, kelA, tAmbUla, supAr3I, haladI, adaraka, baiMgana, laukI Adi kA upayoga AgneyoM kI dena hai. korI arthAt bIsI kI gaNanA tathA candramA se tithi kI gaNanA Agneya hai. ve apane mRtakoM kI pASANa samAdhi banAte the. unake yahA~ paraloka kI mAnyatA thI tathA ve vizvAsa karate the ki AtmA aneka paryAyoM (hAlatoM) meM jAtI hai. unakI isa vicAradhArA se AryoM ko punarjanma kA siddhAnta milA. DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI likhate haiM ki AryoM ne anAryoM se 'karma tathA paraloka siddhAnta ko, yogasAdhanA, ziva, devI ke rUpa meM paramAtmA ko mAnanA, vaidika homavidhi ke mukAbile unakI pUjAvidhi apanAI'. IsA ke hajAroM varSa pUrva, AryoM ke Ane se avazya bahuta prAcIna kAla meM pazcima bhArata se dravir3a loga Ae. yaha jAti Ajakala dakSiNa bhArata ke bahubhAga meM hai para Adhunika khojoM se siddha hai ki dravir3oM kA mUla nivAsasthAna pUrabI bhUmadhyasAgara ke pradeza haiM. laghu eziyA ke eka abhilekha meM vahAM kI jAti kA nAma 'millI' likhA hai jo tAmila PANDEY SY LATEM Jain HD MELamsuTHINTATIONSRTRAMAYANUARimjums municibrary.org MAINTAMITHHTH H
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________________ 542 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti-grantha : tRtIya adhyAya zabda kA prAcIna rUpa mAlUma hotA hai. dravir3oM kA purAnA nAma dvAmila bhI hai jo tAmila aura millI kA mUlarUpa hai. ina logoM kI sabhyatA nagara-sabhyatA ke rUpa meM vikasita huI thI. inakI prAcIna sabhyatA ke avazeSa dajalA-phurAta nadiyoM kI ghATI se sindhu ghATI taka milate haiM. dravir3a loga vyApAra meM samRddha the tathA AdAna pradAna kI vastuoM kA nirmANa karate the. jau, gehU~ aura kapAsa kI khetI karate the, katAI aura bunAI kI kalA kA vikAsa caramasImA para thA. ve hAthI, UMTa, baila aura bhaiMsa ko rakhate the tathA ghor3e para savArI karanA jAnate the para vAhana ke rUpa meM ghor3e ke ratha kI jagaha bailagAr3I kA vizeSa prayoga karate the. upalabdha miTTI ke khilaunoM aura mUrtiyoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki usa samaya durgA, ziva aura liMga kI pUjA pracalita thI, kitanI hI kAyotsarga jainamUrtiyAM bhI usa kAla kI purAtattva sAmagrI se nikalI haiM. ve apane devatA kI pUjA, phala-phUla candana Adi se karate the. bali nahIM car3hAte the. jabaki Arya bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM Akara paMjAba meM vyavasthita ho rahe the. taba dravir3a bhArata meM choTe bar3e rAjyoM meM vibhakta the. AgneyoM ko parAkrAnta kara inhoMne magadha aura kAmarUpa meM rAjya jamAye tathA dakSiNa meM kaliMga, kerala, cola, aura pANDya dezoM meM. dravir3oM ne bahuta pahale apane jahAjI ber3e kA vikAsa kiyA thA tathA dakSiNa bhArata, laMkA aura hinda dvipapuMjoM meM upaniveza sthApita kiye the. DA0 karna kA kahanA hai ki sumAtrA ko sabase pahale upaniveza banAne vAle dravir3a hI the. sindhu ghATI kI khudAI se jisa sabhyatA ke avazeSa mile haiM, usake vidhAtA dravir3a the--aisA vidvAnoM kA mata hai. AryoM se ThIka pahale kI jAti hone se vedoM meM inakI vividha jAtiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai so kaha cuke haiM. inase hI sIdhe saMgharSa hone kI ghaTanAe~ veda aura pazcAt kAlIna sAhitya meM haiM. AryoM ne vedoM meM dasyu, anAsa, mRdhravAk, ayajvan, akarmana, anyavrata Adi ghRNA pUrNa zabdoM se inhIM anAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai. AryoM ne inase pRthak bane rahane ke lie 'varNabheda' banAyA. vaidika sAhitya sAre bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kA pratinidhitva nahIM kara sakatA, kyoMki vaha eka dezIya arthAt vizeSakara paMjAba, dillI ke AsapAsa kA sAhitya hai. vaha usa yAjJika saMskRti ke upAsakoM kI kRti hai jo dUsarI saMskRti ke utkarSa ke prati ati asahiSNu the. unhoMne bhArata ke madhyabhAga aura pUrvabhAga meM pracalita ahiMsaka saMskRtizramaNasaMskRti ko dhakkA diyA. zramaNa aura yAjJika saMskRti ke saMgharSa ke prakIrNaka ullekha brAhmaNa aura upaniSad granthoM meM milate haiM. zramaNa-saMskRti ke sUcaka arhan, zramaNa, yatayaH, munayaH vAtarasanAH vrAtya, mahAvAtya Adi zabda vaidika sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiM. zramaNoM ke pratinidhi RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha, ariSTanemi kA ullekha bhI vedoM meM milatA hai. atharvaveda ke 15 veM adhyAya meM vrAtyoM kA vizeSa varNana AyA hai. sAmaveda aura kucha zrautasUtroM meM vrAtyastomavidhi dvArA unheM zuddha kara vaidika paramparA meM sammilita karane kA bhI varNana hai. vrAtya logoM kI saMskRti vratamUlaka thI. ye yajJamUlaka saMskRti ke parama virodhI the. manusmRti ke dasaveM adhyAya meM licchavi, nAtha, malla Adi kSatriya jAtiyoM ko vrAtyoM meM ginAyA hai. ina kA darzana samatva yA zrama-tapasyA, kAyakleza Adi karma-kSaya karane para Azrita thA. mAlUma hotA hai ki isa zramaNa-saMskRti ke upAsakajana AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva ke dravir3a jAti yA usake pUrva jAti vaMzadhara loga rahe hoMge, jinakI pUjA upAsanA, dArzanika mAnyatA, karmasiddhAnta, punarjanma, AtmA kI paryAya honA, sabhyatA ke anya aMga zramaNa-saMskRti ke prAktana rUpa hI haiM. yaha saMskRti cAroM tarapha bhArata meM phailI thI. tAmila bhASA ke prAcIna se prAcIna sAhitya isase prabhAvita the. aba taka usa saMskRti kI paricAyaka purAtattvAdi sAmagrI kA ThIkaThIka anusaMdhAna nahIM huA hai. sindhu ghATI kI khudAI se jo kucha prakAza par3A hai tathA gaMgAghATI kI khudAI se jo prakAza par3ane kI saMbhAvanA hai ye donoM avazya hI Agneya, dravir3a Adi dvArA upAsya zramaNa-saMskRti para prakAza DAleMge. 6000 READARA h