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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya : eka vimarza bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikdhaaraa| jaina-dharma nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana-dRSTi kI upasthiti ke aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA aGga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka saGketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA-pradhAna pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana kaa| zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM jIvana kI du:khamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra du:khoM kA sAgara, ata: usane meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca ke prastotA haiN| mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saGketa upalabdha vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa hai kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanAyeM haiM, jaba vaidikoM dvArA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalata: vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM zramaNa-saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA- vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa-saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna) aura vidyA anupasthita hai, jabaki vaha zramaNadhArA kA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra (AdhyAtmika jJAna) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA ye donoM dhArAe~ do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI hai| gayA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa-paramparA kA jo kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa-paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita zramaNa-paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU-paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana-zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne athavA bRhad hindU-paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAt kara liyA gyaa| kintu hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika / usake astitva ke saGketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, upalabdhiyoM hetu vividha karmakANDoM kI sarjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita hai| prAcIna AraNyakoM, sAhitya, jisameM mukhyata: veda aura brAhmaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika upaniSadoM, AcArAGga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA kA hI prAdhAnya hai| isake viparIta zramaNa-paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya samAhita zramaNa-paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaGgaratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAGga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNaparamparA kA yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, sAhitya vairAgya-pradhAna hai| nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga-sAdhanA kI paramparA ke evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita haiN| jaina-paramparA astitva ke saGketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhat RSi evaM sUtrakRtAGga meM siddhi ko prApta se hI milane lagate haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki har3appA-saMskRti vaidika tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM vrAtyoM batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaGkaroM- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna pUrNakazyapa, saJjayavelaTThiputta, maGkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaMThanAtaputta kI
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________________ cIndrasarismArakAlaya - jaina Agama saahit| ... mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta rUpa meM hI prastuta 58) meM kahA gayA hai "yaha jo dvAdaza-aGga yA gaNipiTaka hai vaha kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI thera (sthavira) bhI prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya sabase bhArata meM zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai|'' isa prakAra jaina-cintaka jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM eka ora pratyeka tIrthaGkara ke upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra kahA gayA hai- cAhe hama yaha mAne yA na mAneM ki inakI saGgati jaina para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha-rUpa se jinavANI sadaiva thI paramparA ke ajita, ara aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthaGkaroM se ho sakatI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA hai- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina-paramparA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| unheM zabda-rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai| anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaGkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama zAzvata aura nitya haiM, jabaki tIrthaGkara-vizeSa ke zAsana kI apekSA vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama haiN| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha anusAra veda apauruSeya haiM arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA nahIM haiN| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana haiM, zAzvata haiM, na to unakA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA cAhie, koI racayitA hai aura nahIM rcnaakaal| naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina-paramparA meM tIrthaGkaroM bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara-sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda / ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiN| IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| hue aura Agama pATho kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha skii| yadyapi vibhinna jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt saGgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA, lekina kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaGkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila skii| yadyapi vaha zabda-rUpa parivartana hai| isa dRSTi se ve apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaGkaroM dvArA bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale, isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra yaha bAta bhI kevala aGga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aGgabAhya Agama Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gyaa| isa prakAra yadyapi grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara-AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI haiN| isa prakAra jaina-Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta) haiM aura kAla vizeSa zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM meM nirmita haiN| kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue| meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM hai- jinakA aGga-AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra / koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakA: hi ved-mntraaH)| isa prakAra yaha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai veda zabda-pradhAna hai jabaki jaina-Agama artha-pradhAna hai| aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaGkara veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA nahIM hote haiN| ata: isa dRSTi se jaina-Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaGkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI haiM sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola . haiM, kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI haiN| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI-Agama ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthaGkaroM ke kathana aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi-niSedha pramukhatA se hai| ata: artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgamoM ko varNita haiM tathA tapa-sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAe~ bhI pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra (sUtra haiN| khagola-bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi
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________________ granthoM meM hai| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| catIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai| AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM nihita samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAGga, isimAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha haiN| isibhAsiyAI meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma - bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha hai| prastuta prasaGga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko apanI isa bhUmikA evaM 'jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM kA maka adhyayana' khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA ke sAtha isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate haiM, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAn buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAn mahAvIra samakAlika hI hai| isalie donoM ke prArambhika dhanyoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina- paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aGga hai ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvanadRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRtiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye haiM, ataH viSaya vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI hai kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra-niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAn buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgI the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA~ imamia bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM kA samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke anyoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai| AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma-paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie 'zAkha' hI ekamAtra pramANa hotA hai hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAma dharma meM kurAna kA jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama-sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama-sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza ho, apitu vaha una arhato va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saGkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thA / jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai, Aptavacana hai, unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza ho yA unameM kucha parivartana parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke ka dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha haiN| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| tambara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I0pU0 pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna meM jo Agama-grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai 11 aGga 1. AyAra (AcArAGgaH ), 2. sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAGgaH ), 3. ThANa (sthAnAGgaH ), 4. samavAya (samavAyAGgaH ), 5. viyAhapannatti (vyAkhyAprajJaptiH yA bhagavatI ), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtAdharmakathA) 7. uvAsagadasAo ( upAsakadazA), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRdazA:), 9. anuttarovavAiya manaromarom[834] movidmonaro mama morir
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________________ - yatIndasUrismArakagranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya dasAo (anuttaraupapAtikadazA:), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni), dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM 11. vivAgasuyaM (vipAkazrutam), 12. dRSTivAdaH (diTThivAya), jo zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thii| vicchinna huA hai| 6. chedasUtra 12 upAGga chedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1. AyAradazA (dazAzrutaskandha), 1. uvavAiyaM (aupapAtika), 2. rAyapaseNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitka) 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4. nisIha (nizItha), athavA rAyapaseNiyaM (rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA 5. mahAnizItha aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa)- ye chaha grantha mAne (prajJApanA), 5. sUrapaNNatti (sUryaprajJaptiH), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti(jambUdvIpa- jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI prajJaptiH), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJaptiH), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandhaH), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikA:), hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 9. kappavaDiMsiyAo (kalpAvataMsikA:), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikA:), chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA 11. pupphacUlAo (puSpacUlAH), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRssnnidshaaH)| prazna hai unameM aGgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya-sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha jahA~ taka uparyukta aGga aura upAGga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara- milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara-sampradAya ki vartamAna meM digambara-paramparA meM pracalita mUlata: yApanIya-paramparA inhIM gyAraha aGgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki aGgasUtra ke prAyazcitta sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra' meM kalpa aura vyavahAra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAGgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara-paramparA ke prAmANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI prAmANya svIkAra kiyA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA hai, kintu digambara-paramparA meM bAraha gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, upAGgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate haiN| Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte haiN| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda 10 prakIrNaka ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM - 1. causaraNa (catu:zaraNa), 2. AurapaccakkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna), 4 mUlasUtra 3. bhattaparitrA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulaveyAliya sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, (2) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejjhaya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya aura (4) piNDaniyukti-ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM (devendrastava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccakkhANa kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara-sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA (mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM zvetAmbara-sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAttya vidvAnoM meM pro.byUhalara, pro. viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM zArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitz2a, pro.zubriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ata: inheM ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya * amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita 'mahApaccakkhANa' kI bhUmikA Avazyaka evaM piNDaniyukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbaramUlasUtra mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcit matabheda pAyA jAtA piNDaniyukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to ekarUpatA hai kintu bhattaparitrA, maraNavidhi isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM ekarUpatA kA aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa abhAva hai| digambara-paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha meM, dhavalA meM tathA aGgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai| jJAtavya hai ki kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne 'paiNNayasuttAI' ke prathama bhAga aGgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga 22 granthoM kA ullekha gaye haiN| yApanIya-paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM kiyA hai| inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAI nAma (2) dazA ye khyA aura
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________________ - cIndrasUrismArakagrantha - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita haiN| aGgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa prakIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM sosAyaTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa nimnalikhita haiM- tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajItakalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4.saMstAraka, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNividyA, ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIvakalpa, isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama- sAhitya ko 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdha- aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta nApatAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19.aGgavidyA, kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAvalI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM ullekha nahIM isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda hote haiM, yathA- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha kI 'sukhabodhA samAcArI' (I0san 1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI hotI hai| isameM Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA kRti hai| hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aGga, upAGga Adi __inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte haiM aura bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aGga-upAGga, prakIrNaka kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dvIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA anuyogadvArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara-mUrtipUjaka-samAja ke kucha sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama-granthoM ke AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate haiM, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni-jIvana sambandhI AcAra sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama-granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM-piNDavizuddhi, paryanta-ArAdhanA, hai aura siddhAnta-granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt yoniprAbhRta, aGgacUliyA, vaGgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| klpsuutr| isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha jahA~ taka digambara-paramparA evaM yApanIya-paramparA kA prazna hai, ve 'vidhimArgaprapA' meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke spaSTataH ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai, yaha ullekha AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAe~ usake saMkSipta nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aGga, upAGga gaI haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanApatAkA Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pUrNata: sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI gAthAe~ avatarita haiN| jJAtavya hai ki inameM padmabhUSaNa paM0 dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha aGga-bAhyoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aGga, upAGga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI 2 cUlikAsUtra sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aGga, upAGga granthoM kA pArasparika cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogadvAra-ye do grantha sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAGga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara-paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, ko mAnya rahe haiN| cheda aura mUla- ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 11 aGga, 12 upAGga, 4 mUla, ko I0 san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ata: yaha mAnA jA sakatA 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra- ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara- hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM mUrtipUjaka-paramparA meM mAnya haiN| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI inameM se 10 AyA hogaa| prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate haiM ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase
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________________ -cIndasUrismArakagranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM 3. kalpa 3. cullakalpazruta pAkSikasUtra (IsavI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM 4. vyavahAra 4. mahAkalpazruta ko aGgapraviSTa va aGgabAhya- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA 5. nizItha 5. nizItha thaa| aGgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAGga Adi 12 aGga Ate the| zeSa 8. mahAnizItha 6. rAjapraznIya grantha aGgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aGgabAhyoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka 7. RSibhASita 7. jIvAbhigama bhI thii| aGgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara-grantha meM bhI aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 8. prajJApanA kahA gayA hai| aGgabAhya ko puna: do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA- 9. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti 9. mahAprajJApanA 1. Avazyaka aura 2. aavshyk-vytirikt| Avazyaka ke antargata 10. candraprajJapti 10. pramAdApramAda sAmAyika Adi cha: grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM 11. kSullikAvimAnapravibhakti 11. nandI Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi cha: 12. mahallikAvimAnapravibhakti 12. anuyogadvAra Avazyaka aGgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, 13. aGgacUlikA 13. devendrastava kintu prAcInakAla meM inheM chaH svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI 14. vaggacUlikA 14. tandulavaicArika puSTi aGgapaNNatti Adi digambara-granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI 15. vivAhacUlikA 15. candravedhyaka sAmAyika Adi ko cha: svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM 16. aruNopapAta 16. sUryaprajJapti kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAna para vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma 17. varuNopapAta 17. pauruSImaNDala milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the- 18. garuDopapAta 18. maNDalapraveza 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara 19. dharaNopapAta 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granthoM ke 20. vaizramaNopapAta 20. gaNividyA adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA 21. velandharopapAta 21. dhyAnavibhakti jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra ke anusAra AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa 22. devendropapAta 22. maraNavibhakti kI sUcI nimnAnusAra hai - 23. utthAnazruta 23. Atmavizodhi 24. samutthAnazruta 24. vItarAgazruta zruta (Agama) 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. nirayAvalikA 26. vihArakalpa (ka) aGgapraviSTa (kha) aGgabAhya 27. kalpikA 27. caraNavidhi 28. kalpAvataMsikA 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 1. AcArAGga 29. puSpitA 29. mahApratyAkhyAna 2. sUtrakRtAGga (ka) Avazyaka (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 30. puSpacUlikA 3. sthAnAGga 31. vRSNidazA 4. samavAyAGga 1. sAmAyika 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2. caturviMzatistava - isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aGga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 3. vandanA evaM 29 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya 7. upAsakadazAGga 4. pratikramaNa hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha hai| 8. antakRddazAGga 5. kAyotsarga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga6. pratyAkhyAna yApanIya aura digambara-paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa 10. praznavyAkaraNa yApanIya aura digambara-paramparAoM meM jaina Agama-sAhitya ke 11. vipAkasUtra vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra 12. dRSTivAda kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgamoM ko aGga aura aGgabAhya aise do (ka) kAlika (kha) utkAlika vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aGgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aGgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza 1. uttarAdhyayana 1. dazavakAlika nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aGgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu 2. dazAzrutaskandha 2. kalpikAkalpika apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aGga-bAhya ke
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________________ yatIndrasUri sarakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaH AvazyakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai / kintu aGgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAGga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aGgoM ke samAna hI 12 upAGga mAne jAte hoM tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaGka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aGgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAmanirdeza (1/20) kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aGga evaM 14 aGgavAdyoM kA ullekha hai usameM bhI aGgabAhyo meM sarvaprathama chaH AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aGga aura 14 aGgabAhyoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tatvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye cAra nAma adhika haiM kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika haiM unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkaSpIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa haiN| - digambara-paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandrakRta aGgaprajJapti (aGgapaNNatti) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAt kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aGgapraviSTa va 14 aGgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isameM aGgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aGgabAhyoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai ( 3.10 ) / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aGgabAhya haiN| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai ki vaha vivaraNa mAtra anubhUti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai| isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahIM milA / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAGga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruJjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho / phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandIsUtra kI zailI meM ana aura aGgabAhya punaH aGga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka vyatirikta, aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aGga, upAGga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra - yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aGgabAhya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama- sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI hai-- saMskRta, prAkRta aura paali| inameM saMskRta / ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM-- chAndas aura sAhityika saMskRta veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| / prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAGga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I0pU0 pA~cavIM cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ hai AcArAGga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRtasAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa haiN| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogaa| ardhamAgadhI Agama - sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke chaThe adhyAya, AcAraGgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI AcArAja ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraJjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AdhArA ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlabhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcit hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thA / isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavI cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| GGG ??? mormone moimimbizion
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________________ cIndrasUrismArakagranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya , phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya dArzanika-cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA, bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima rUpa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM valabhI para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI-Agama-sAhitya vidvAn mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI-Agama kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza-vizeSa kisa kAla sAhitya IsavI san kI pA~cavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| Agama IsA kI pA~cavI zatI kI racanA haiM, to valabhI kI isa antima ardhamAgadhI-AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara vAcanA ke pUrva bhI valabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo paramparA meM hameM sthAnAGga, samavAyAGga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNi evaM vAcanAyeM huI thIM unameM saGkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA? unheM yaha smaraNa tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara- paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saGkalita, suvyavasthita aura sAtha-sAtha dhavalA, jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI digambarasampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArUr3ha) kiyA gayA thA, ata: yaha kisI paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saGkalana aura nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| puna: AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAGga, spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saGkalana aura sampAdana ke samavAyAGga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvat rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita hai| dUsare, Agama-granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama se kyA parivartana mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke uparyukta Agama-granthoM se jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai aMza haiM, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama haiM aura dUsare unheM ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama-grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ata: isa AdhAra para sampUrNa alaga huI hai| AcArAGga meM AcAracUlA aura nizItha ke jur3ane aura ardhamAgadhI - Agama-sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I puna: nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAGga aura sthAnAGga meM bhrAnti hogii| samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue ardhamAgadhI -Agama-sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke / adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu / antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha parivartana- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA 'ta' tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAGga ke prakAzita praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla __ svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi (IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya lagabhaga ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAGga kA 'rAmaputte' eka sahasra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, pATha cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' aura zIlAGka kI TIkA meM 'rAmagutte' ho gyaa| parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI ata: ardhamAgadhI-AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara Agama-sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| unakI prAcInatA para sandeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vastuta: ardhamAgadhI-Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke vibhinna pratoM evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI vastuta: ardhamAgadhI-Agama-sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I0pU0 pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI aura sthAnAGga meM sAta nihnavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki nimna sImA I0san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI vIranirvANa saM0 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ata: Agama-sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza-vizeSa kA viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAGga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA
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________________ - tIndrasarigma granya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI AgamoM kA racanAkAla I.san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna AcArAGga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAGga aMza I.pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI-Agama-sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aGga-Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI-Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA vicAra apekSita hai| jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I.pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita se I.pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, kI pA~cavI zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM chandayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aGga-Agama apane vartamAna ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAGga kA prathama svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA haiM aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, chandayojanA Adi kI dRSTi parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI-Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI Agama- aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI-Agama-sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo 'AyAracUlA' jor3I nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhAnA, gayI hai, vaha bhI I.pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| sUtrakRtAGga tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikramaNasUtra) Adi kA bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) ke dArzanika paramparAoM tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI se se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahI koI ullekha nahIM hai| usameM upalabdha vIrastuti bhI kramaza: zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi meM bhI atiraJjanAoM kA prAya: abhAva hI hai| aGga AgamoM meM tIsarA chedasUtra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNasUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAGga krama sthAnAGga kA AtA hai| sthAnAGga, bauddha-Agama aGgattaranikAya kI ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA zailI kA grantha hai| grantha-lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAGga piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA hai| ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta-Agama-sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI- kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki Agama hI prAcInatama haiM cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha uttarArdha (I.san 453) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. dazAoM aura usameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApta mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha vaha valabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM haiN| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotii| ata: usakI prAcInatA aura vizeSa rUpa se aGga-AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| samavAyAGga, sthAnAGga kI apekSA eka to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aGgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| zatAbdI kI racanA haiN| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAn unheM valabhI meM sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAGga saGkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke 23, sUtrakRtAGga prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAGga ke cUlikA kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa, vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi haiN| devardhi ke saGkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana-kAla ko kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa unakA racanAkAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aGga-Agama to prAcIna hI AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogaa| puna: hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jina dvAdaza aGgoM isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt satya hai ki AgamoM meM devardhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aGga- isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM
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________________ - vatIndra-ra klAraprenca naita 3nAma have maratva - prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI 3-4 zatI se pahale kA ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaraupapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAGgasUtra khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kahe gaye haividvAnoM ke anusAra isase aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya 1. RSidAsa, 2. dhanya, 3. sunakSatra, 4. kArtika, 5. saMsthAna, hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAGga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta 6.zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukti| prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, upalabdha anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM, usameM dvitIya varga meM prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase ___ atyanta saMkSepa meM hI haiN| sthAnAGga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM hotA hai ki yaha grantha valabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAn isake meM AyA hogaa| prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAGga meM ullikhita sakatA hai| viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAGga kI ullikhita upAsakadazA Agama-sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vaalaa| viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asrava aura prathama grantha hai| sthAnAGgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saGketa nahIM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke milate haiN| ata: maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa pazcAt I.san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane nahIM huA hai| zrAvakavratoM ko aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA antakRddazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve hai| ata: yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho / the, kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maiMne apane eka svatantra paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| lekha meM kI hai jo 'jaina ...ma-sAhitya', sampAdaka DaoN. ke.Ara. candrA, aGga-Agama-sAhitya meM antakRddazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha ahamadAbAda, se prakAzita hai|* hameM sthAnAGga sUtra meM milatA hai| isameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita isI prakAra jaba hama upAGga-sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM haiM- nami, mAtaGga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha kiMkima, pallatetiya, phAla ambddputr| inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hameM pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRddazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza milate haiN| kintu samavAyAGga aura nandIsUtra meM kramaza: isake sAta aura kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI sthAnAGga meM ullikhita antakRddazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. hai| yadyapi samavAyAGga aura nandI meM kramaza: isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kI racanA honI caahiye| upAGga-sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTata: kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRddazA samavAyAGga Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thaa| ata: isakA vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ata: isakA racanAkAla vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| adhyAyoM ke jo ullekha hameM sthAnAGga meM milate haiM, unhIM dasa adhyayanoM isI prakAra upAGga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaGka aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aGgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu phalita hotA hai ki isa aGga-Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAGga-jyotiSa ke ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAthurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAGga meM 1. isa grantha meM bhI yaha lekha prakAzita hai|
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________________ yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai yaha anya kisI bhI sthiti meM I0 pU0 prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara- paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aMza - parikarma ke antargata mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAyabheda ke pUrva kA hI honA cAhiye / chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA gayA hai| ataH isakA kAla I0 pU0 caturtha - tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiN| isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAGga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA hai ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / yAkobI, zubiMga Adi pAkSAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM0dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI nizcita hai| ataH jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara- paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna ho aura unake pUrvavartI bhI hoM / kintu itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I.san kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA cAhiye isakI digambara aura pApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI sambhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavI zatI ke uttarArdha meM astitva meM AyA hai| chedavarga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM, kintu racayitA nhiiN| mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavaikAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda kA hai| ata: yaha grantha I. pU. pA~cavIM cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saGkalana hai, kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I. pU. cauthI - tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAe~ tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya, mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavaikAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM, ataH ye bhI saMgha-bheda yA sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kI racanA haiN| ata: inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| 'Avazyaka' zramaNoM kI dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cUMki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai| ataH ye sabhI nandIsUtra se to prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya-grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI haiM, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI chaThI zatI se paravartI nahIM haiN| ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.san kI cauthI pA~cavIM zatI ke paravartI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ haiN| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadvAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ataH vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devardhi se pUrvavartI haiM ataH unakA kAla bhI pA~cavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| 133 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiM yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAyanirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jainavidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIr3hI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara - mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa valabhI vAcanA meM vIDI, saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiM jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kucha muni kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizRGkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ataH usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyaa| dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ataH gyAraha aGga to vyavasthita kiye gaye, kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita Supia
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________________ nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlabhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvoM kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara pAye / isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM dvAdaza aGgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA, kintu unameM ekAdaza aGga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| dRSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aGgabAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne lge| catIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya dvitIya vAcanA AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata para samrAT khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai-- mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thaa| vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa meM hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti doSa ke kAraNa usameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thii| ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA thaa| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI, usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbhoM kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thaa| khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thAisakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| -- tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vI. ni. saMvat 827 arthAt I.san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie ise mAthurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM hai| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA hai| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| sUtra caturtha vAcanA caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai jisa samaya Princi - uttara, pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huaa| ise nAgArjunIya vAsanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavanta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hoNge| nandI sthavirAvalI meM Arya skandila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha-saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skandila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thaa| AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI- nirvANa prakaraNa meM spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the / mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra, saMgrahaNIsUtroM, niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI haiN| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya pranthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAe~ milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM hai mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye gaye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote haiM, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke anthoM meM anuyogadvArasUtra, prakIrNakoM, niryukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAe~ yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogIM / eka hI samaya meM Arya skandila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrva pIThikA (pU. 500) meM mAdhurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha rUpa meM devardhigaNi - varmaan 838 maromana
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________________ - tIndramarimAraka granaya jaina Ama evaM sAhitya - kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai kI vAcanA ke samaya dvAdaza aGgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skandila aura vallabhI kI huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aGga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha samAhita thA, isakA saGkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM cuke haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skandila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA / sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAhu ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo meM matabheda thaa| ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa paM0kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi vallabhI vAcanA / pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA? sAtha hI unhoMne zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara ske| isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA / kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aGgoM kA hI saGkalana aura sampAdana huA thaa| meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke durbhAgya hai ki digambara-vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara- sAhitya kA samagra evaM saGkalana evaM sampAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzata: paThita upAGga-sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke meM AcAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI anuyogadvAra Adi- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM nahIM hai ki zAntisUri vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavakAlika, Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke haiM, kintu taka nAgArjunIya aura devardhi kI vAcanAe~ sAtha-sAtha calatI rahI haiM, isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka meM adhika huA hai| hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| pATalIputra-vAcanA ke bAda dUsarI vAcanA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata paJcama vAcanA (khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya-kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke vI.ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. san kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita meM Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| sambhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I.pU. vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saGkalana aura sampAdana kA koI meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyata: AgamoM prayatna kiyA gayA ho| ko pustakArur3ha karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai, itanA to nizcita hai ki vAcanA meM mAthurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samanvita kiyA usameM I.san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti' evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAya: yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aGgabAhya, meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI Avazyaka vyatirikta sUtroM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, vyavahAra, kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sukAla hone para jaba munisaMgha lauTakara nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAGga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aGga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAGgoM meM se kucha nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa-saMgha ke vishRngkhlit| ko tathA kalpa Adi chedasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho| kintu hone kA kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti yApanIya-granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa aura arAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu phalasvarUpa zramaNa-saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saGkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla-yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH thaa| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIyayahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya-granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya haiM unase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya
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________________ yatIndrasUri smAraka grantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI-nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye hai| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA para aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha ke avataraNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke haiN| Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirmanya saMgha ke sacela - acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the| yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thii| merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA pdd'ii| isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ve donoM hI mata mujhe ekAGgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saGkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saGkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saGkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise-- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saGkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agamagrantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAGga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaropapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha hai nandIsUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasana meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaGga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara- paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutasbandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAGga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devardhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asrava saMvara dvAra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saGkalita va sampAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kAryadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devAna ra devavAcaka haiM, jo devardhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devardhi ne Asrava va saMvara dvAra sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka ke chaH aGga - AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devardhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devardhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda 'jAva' zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAGgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekh| isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUda kiyA gayA, apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura sampAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA, kintu yaha sabhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saGkalita kiyA jAtA thA, kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama-pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saGkalita kiyA jAtA thA, apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI thI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| 136 MAYAVA
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________________ tIndasUrismArakAnya - jaina Agama evaM sAhila -..udAharaNa ke rUpa meM Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ho| phira bhI devardhi ko jo Agama-paramparA se prApta the, unakA aura (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM puna: sampAdita hai ki kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA donoM meM kvacit kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo antara A gaye hoN| ata: yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama nitAnta bhinna the| upalabdha nahIM haiM, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela-dhArA yApanIya-saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM yApanIyoM ke Agama uddhRta milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote yApanIya-saMgha ke AcArya AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, uttarAdhyayana, hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| AcArAGga dazavaikAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara kI TIkA meM uddhRta haiM ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya-AcAryoM dvArA nirmita se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiJcit bhinna haiN| kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aGgAdi-Agama ata: ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana / vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, dazavaikAlika, hue, apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye paramparA ke granthoM ke rUpa meM uddhRta karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha paM.nAthUrAma premI (jaina-sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91) kA yaha kathana vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi-vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI __draSTavya hai- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ke pAThAntara diye haiN| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA (arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA vijayodayA TIkA) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAthurI vAcanA spaSTata: zaurasenI sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya-grantha mUlAcAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama-granthoM kA Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM ullekha hai- 1 gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevalikhAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI vAcanA ke avataraNa isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM Aja yApanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai, kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga-mArga haiM jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise---ArAdhanA mAnA gayA thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha (bhagavatI ArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niyukti , maraNavibhakti, saMgraha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAGga ke (paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti (deviMdatyu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate haiM, kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA (jJAtAdharmakathA) tathA aise hI anya grnth| vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ata: mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama-granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, kI devardhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAyA mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-paramparA se kA nAma-nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ata: pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNata: bhrAnta hI evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi" ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu "paccakkhANa' evaM "dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se
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________________ yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAcAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadharakathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga-anyoM se hai, pratyekayuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana, zaSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita hai, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayananiyukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zabyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai| yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi yApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho paataa| digambaraparamparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki mUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya - vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai / mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna-vidhi arthAt tapapUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai / AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna - vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA ( pR0 49-51) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thA / yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavekAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kI vAcanA bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiN| kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara - AgamoM se bhinna the? isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha vetAmbara- paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the / pa0 kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR0 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai| ve likhate hai "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya - saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagratA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarI - - AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatI ArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai, jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama-pranthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbhoM kI zvetAmbara-AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbhoM meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI - prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai / jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA ( pR0 320327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimnastha hai tathA coktamAcArAne sudaM Aussatto bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA savvasamaNNagade No savvasamaNNAgeda caiva tattha je savvasamaNNAgade ciNA hatthapAyaNIpAde savviMdiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi egamavi vattha dhAriuM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti / nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdaza: nahIM hai, kintu " savvasamannAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai / ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIyaparamparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara - paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara - paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha haiN| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya' nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemaMte... Thavijja' jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai - vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha, uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAMga kalpa Adi ke sandarbhoM kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbhoM para vicAra kreNge| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimra do gAthAeM uddhRta kI haiparicatesu vatthe yA puNo belmaadie| abelapavare bhikkhu jiNarUpadhare sdaa| sacalago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi abelgo| ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciMtae / / paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAe~ nahIM kahA gayA 138 - Gemini
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________________ candrasUri smAraka grantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya 1 hai usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acalatA darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jaante| punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na ho, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda rUpa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparyukta uddhRta gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta haiM"parijuSNehi vatyehiM hokkhAmi ti abele| aduvA "sacelae hokkha" idaM bhikkhu na cintae / "egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa| " evaM dhammahiyaM vaccA nANI to paridevae / uttarAdhyayana, 2 / 12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara - paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya-paramparA ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbhoM ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNataH zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta hai| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI haiM, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara - paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yApanIya aura zvetAmbara- paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai svayaM paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina-sAhitya kA itihAsapUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitamUri kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvArA sampAdita bhagavatI - ArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai-eka meM "kSINa" pATha hai--dUsare meM "thIrAMga" pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa mitratA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara - paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAe~ uddhRta kI gaI haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR0 60) kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai 'zvetAmbara - sampradAya mAnya jo Agama-grantha haiM, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataH mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIyasaMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara-AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiN| yApanIya ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827- 840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturtha zatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa|" kintu paM0 nAthUrAmajI kI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI hai ki vAstavika sampradAya bheda IsavI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pAMcavIM zatI meM huA yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, , kintu isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| 1 - niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbara - paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbaraparamparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha haiN| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa haiM- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya-mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza ho kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke virUddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI to vartamAna zvetAmbara-AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM ( saMkalana ) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the| kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thA / oncemaran 839 mormonaro
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________________ - tIndrasari mAravAyata AjamAevaM sAhitya - AgamoM meM pAThabheda evaM prakSepa haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya-granthoM kA yApanIya svarUpa vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA-bheda bhI mAnA hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara-vidvAn zvetAmbara-granthoM meM prakSepaNa gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau kI bAta to kahate haiM, kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thA kyoMki ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra herapratyeka vAcanAcArya kI adhyApana-zailI bhinna hotI thii| jJAtavya hai ki phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambarajaina-paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaGkara vidvAnoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna paM0 kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatI-ArAdhanA" kI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para prastAvanA (pR0 9) meM likhate haiM- "vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA-bheda bar3hate gye| hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita hameM yApanIya-granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM. ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai,artha- meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya-pratipAdana isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIyakI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai| kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM0 kailAzacandrajI ne una mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA hoN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI to sambhavata: hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM--isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina-sAhitya kA itihAsa pAye haiN| ata: abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa pUrvapIThikA, pR0 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA krege| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina-sAhitya hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta "bahuta' zabda Apattijanaka hai| aura itihAsa, pR0 202) likhate haiM-"isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai, parantu ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahu~ce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai--yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa yApanIya-paramparA. ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta the aura zAyada anya pratiyA~ durlabha thI, isalie unhoMne gopagiri kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina-mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza phaTa gayA gAthAe~ zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM kI racanA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama- diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara-AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thaa| yApanIya-granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate haiM, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane DhaMga hai| jahA~ "tiloyapaNNatti' kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ke ata: isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya / zabdoM meM- "ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kI thI aura apane kI gayI hai|" isa sandarbha meM paM0 phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina-sAhityamata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye| bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNani mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane aura usake racanAkAra kA vicAra'' nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara-AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a haiM- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya-granthoM meM digambara-paramparA ke dvArA jo rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye hai ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla
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________________ catIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya granthakartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM-- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra, baTukera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai / samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAe~ haiM to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gAthAeM mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1.242 gAthAe~ haiN| to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAyeM haiM, arthAt 162 gAthAyeM adhika haiM, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambara- paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiM, jaise " dhavalA " ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara- samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM mUlaprati meM " saMjada' pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara- paramparA ke mAnya vidvAn paM0 kailAzacandrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhata kara rahA hai| pa0 bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti " SaTkhaNDAgamaparizIlana" ke apana sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-"samUcA grantha prakAzita hona se pUrva hA eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha - saMgati kI dRSTi se " saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada" pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha vidvAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko jor3anA eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3IM, jinakA saMgraha kucha svataMtra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jA~ca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA 'saMjada' pada vidyamAna hai isase do bAteM spaSTa huIeka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahuMcAnA nahIM hai, kintu mUlagranthoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya sabhI samAnarUpa se doSI haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbara ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara - mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya-paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara - AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kii| kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| yahI bAta kisI sImA taka pApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi ghetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA yaha alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina - sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya- nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI? : vartamAna meM 'prAkRta vidyA' nAmaka zodha patrikA ke mAdhyama se jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM kA eka varga AgrahapUrvaka yaha marta pratipAdita kara rahA hai "jaina AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thI, jo kAlAntara meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI banA dI gii| isa varga kA yaha bhI dAvA hai ki zaurasenI prAkRta hI prAcInatama prAkRta hai aura anya sabhI prAkRte yathA-- mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi isI se vikasita huI haiM, ataH ve sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta se paravartI bhI hai| isI krama meM digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke rUpa meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM meM nihita ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTra zabdarUpoM ko parivartita kara unheM zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka suniyojita prayatna bhI kiyA jA rahA hai| isa samasta pracAra-prasAra ke pIche mUlabhUta uddezya yaha hai ki zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM ko digambara paramparA meM mAnya Agamatulya granthoM se arvAcIna aura apane zaurasenI meM nibaddha Agamatulya granthoM ko prAcIna siddha kiyA jaaye| isa pArasparika vivAda kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI ho rahA hai ki zvetAmbara digambara paramparA ke bIca kaTutA kI khAI gaharI hotI jA rahI hai aura ina saba meM eka niSpakSa bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana ko pIche chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| prastuta nibandha meM maiM ina sabhI praznoM para zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparA meM Agama rUpa meM granthoM ke Aloka meM carcA karane kA prayatna kruuNgaa| chormann 888 movemence
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________________ - patIndrasUrismArakragranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - kyA Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA? dUsarI ora prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka DaoN. sudIpa jI kA kathana yahA~ sarvaprathama maiM isa prazna kI carcA karanA cAhU~gA ki kyA jaina hai ki unake vyAkhyAna kI Tepa hamAre pAsa upalabdha hai aura hamane use Agama sAhitya mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha thA aura use bAda avikala rUpa se yathAvat diyA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM DaoN. sudIpajI meM parivartita karake ardhamAgadhI rUpa diyA gayA? jaina vidyA ke kucha kA to yaha bhI kathana hai ki tulasIprajJA ke khaNDana ke bAda bhI ve vidvAnoM kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama sAhitya mUlata: zaurasenI TaoNTiyA jI se mile haiM aura TaoNTiyA jI ne unheM kahA hai ki ve apane kathana prAkRta meM nibaddha huA thA aura use bAda meM ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita para Aja bhI dRr3ha haiN| TaoNTiyA jI ke isa kathana ko unhoMne kiyA gyaa| apane isa kathana ke pakSa meM ve zvetAmbara, digambara kinhIM prAkRta-vidyA julAI-sitambara 96 ke aGka meM nimna zabdoM meM prastuta bhI AgamoM kA pramANa na dekara pro. TaoNTiyA ke vyAkhyAna se kucha aMza kiyA - uddhRta karate haiN| DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne 'prAkRta vidyA', janavarI-mArca 96 "maiM saMskRta vidyApITha kI vyAkhyAnamAlA meM prastuta tathyoM para ke sampAdakIya meM unake kathana ko nimna rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai- pUrNatayA dRr3ha hU~ tathA yaha merI tathyAdhArita spaSTa avadhAraNA hai jisase hAla hI meM zrI lAlabahAdurazAstrI saMskRta vidyApITha meM sampatra vicalita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai"| (pR. 9) dvitIya AcArya kundakundasmRti vyAkhyAnamAlA meM vizvavizruta bhASAzAstrI yaha samasta vivAda do patrikAoM ke mAdhyama se donoM sampAdakoM evaM dArzanika vicAraka pro0 nathamala jI TaoNTiyA ne spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita ke madhya hai, kintu isa vivAda meM satyatA kyA hai aura usakA mUla kiyA ki "zramaNa-sAhitya kA prAcIna rUpa, cAhe ve bauddhoM ke tripiTaka mantavya kyA hai, isakA nirNaya to tabhI sambhava hai jaba DaoN. TaoNTiyA Adi hoM, zvetAmbaroM ke AcArAGgasUtra, dazavaikAlikasUtra Adi hoM athavA svayaM isa sambandha meM likhita vaktavya deM, kintu ve isa sambandha meM digambaroM ke SaTkhaNDAgamasUtra, samayasAra Adi hoM, sabhI zaurasenI prAkRta mauna haiN| maiMne svayaM unheM patra likhA thA, kintu unakA koI pratyuttara meM hI nibaddha the| unhoMne Age sapramANa spaSTa kiyA ki bauddhoM ne bAda nahIM aayaa| maiM DaoN. TaoNTiyA kI ulajhana samajhatA huuN| eka ora kundakundameM zrIlaMkA meM eka bRhatsaGgIti meM yojanApUrvaka zaurasenI meM nibaddha bhAratI ne unheM kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA meM Amantrita kara puraskRta kiyA bauddhasAhitya kA mAgadhIkaraNa kiyA aura prAcIna zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai to dUsarI aura ve jaina vizvabhAratI kI sevA meM haiM, jaba jisa maJca bauddhasAhitya ke granthoM ko agnisAt kara diyaa| isI prakAra zvetAmbara se bole hoMge bhAvAveza meM unake anukUla vaktavya de diye hoMge aura jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI thA, jisakA aba spaSTa khaNDana bhI kaise kareM? phira bhI merI antarAtmA yaha svIkAra rUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI meM badala gyaa| yadi hama vartamAna ardhamAgadhI nahIM karatI hai ki DaoN. TaoNTiyA jaise gambhIra vidvAn binA pramANa ke Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya mAnane para jora aise vaktavya deN| kahIM na kahIM zabdo kI jor3a-tor3a avazya ho rahI deMge, to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se pandraha sau varSa ke pahile hai| DaoN. sudIpajI prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM DaoN. TaoNTiyA astitva hI nahIM hone se isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya jI ke ukta vyAkhyAnoM ke vicAra binduoM ko avikala rUpa se prastuta ko bhI 500 varSa I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa|" unhoMne spaSTa kiyA karate hue likhate haiM ki-- "haribhadra kA sArA yogazataka dhavalA ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke se hai|" zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai, jabaki naye prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM una isakA tAtparya hai ki haribhadra ke yogazataka ko dhavalA ke AdhAra zabdoM kA arddhamAgadhIkaraNa ho gayA hai| unhone kahA ki pakSavyAmoha para banAyA gayA hai| kyA TaoNTiyA jI jaise vidvAn ko itanA bhI itihAsa ke kAraNa aise parivartanoM se hama apane sAhitya kA prAcIna mUlarUpa bodha nahIM hai ki yogazataka ke kartA haribhadrasUri aura dhavalA ke kartA kho rahe haiN| unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA ki digambara jaina sAhitya meM meM kauna pahale huA hai? yaha to aitihAsika satya hai ki haribhadrasUri hI zaurasenI bhASA ke prAcInarUpa surakSita upalabdha haiN|" kA yogazataka (AThavIM zatI), dhavalA (10vIM zatI) se pUrvavartI hai| nissaMdeha proTaoNTiyA jaina aura bauddha vidyAoM ke variSThatama vidvAnoM mujhe vizvAsa hI nahIM hotA hai, ki TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa aitihAsika meM eka haiM aura unake kathana kA koI artha aura AdhAra bhI hogaa| satya ko anadekhA kara de| kahIM na kahIM unake nAma para koI bhrama kintu ye kathana unake apane haiM yA unheM apane pakSa kI puSTi hetu tor3a-maror3a khar3A kiyA jA rahA hai| DaoN. TaoNTiyA jI ko apanI cuppI tor3akara kara prastuta kiyA gayA hai, yaha eka vivAdAspada prazna hai? kyoMki eka isa bhrama kA nirAkaraNa karanA caahie| vastutaH yadi koI bhI carcA ora tulasIprajJA ke sampAdaka kA kahanA hai ki TaoNTiyA jI ne isakA pramANoM ke AdhAra para nahIM hotI hai to usako kaise mAnya kiyA jA khaNDana kiyA hai| ve tulasIprajJA (apraila-jUna, 96, khaNDa 22, aMka sakatA hai, phira cAhe use kitane hI bar3e vidvAn ne kyoM na kahA ho? 4) meM likhate haiM ki- "DaoN. nathamala TaoNTiyA ne dillI kI eka yadi vyakti kA hI mahattva mAnya hai, to abhI saMyoga se TaoNTiyA jI patrikA meM chape aura unake nAma se pracArita isa kathana kA khaNDana se bhI variSTha antarrASTrIya khyAti ke jaina, bauddha vidyAoM ke mahAmanISI kiyA hai ki mahAvIravANI zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha huii| unhoMne spaSTa aura svayaM TaoNTiyA jI ke guru padmavibhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA mata prakaTa kiyA ki AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAGga aura hamAre bIca haiM, phira to unake kathana ko adhika prAmANika mAnakara dazavakAlika meM ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA utkRSTa rUpa hai|" prAkRta-vidyA ke sampAdaka ko svIkAra karanA hogaa| khaira yaha saba
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________________ - tIndrasUri mArakagRtya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya prAstAvika bAteM thIM, jisase yaha samajhA jA sake ki samasyA kyA artha meM likhA hai- "eka yojana taka bhagavAn kI vANI svayameva hai, kaise utpanna huI aura prastuta spaSTIkaraNa kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? sunAI detI hai| usake Age saMkhyAta yojanoM taka usa divyadhvani kA hameM to vyaktiyoM ke kathanoM yA vaktavyoM para na jAkara tathyoM ke prakAza vistAra magadha jAti ke deva karate haiN| ata: ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta meM isakI samIkSA karanI hai ki AgamoM kI mUlabhASA kyA thI aura hai| (SaTprAbhRtam, caturtha bodha gAthA 32, pAhuDaTIkA, pR0176)| ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM kauna prAcIna hai? mAtra yahI nahIM vartamAna meM bhI digambara paramparA ke mahAn saMta evaM AcArya vidyAsAgara jI ke pramukha ziSya muni zrI pramANasAgarajI AgamoM kI mUlabhASA ardhamAgadhI apanI pustaka 'jainardhamadarzana' meM likhate haiM ki 'una bhagavAna mahAvIra yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki mahAvIra kA janmakSetra aura kAryakSetra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huaa| donoM hI mukhya rUpa se magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra meM hI thA, ata: jaba zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI paramparAe~ yaha mAnakara cala yaha svAbhAvika hai ki unhoMne jisa bhASA ko bolA hogA vaha samIpavartI rahI haiM ki bhagavAn kA upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM huA thA aura isI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM unake upadezoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM kA praNayana huA to phira vyakti kI bhASA kabhI bhI apanI mAtRbhASA se aprabhAvita nahIM hotI zaurasenI ke nAma se nayA vivAda khar3A karake isa khAI ko caur3A kyoM hai| punaH zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya jo bhI Agama sAhitya Aja upalabdha kiyA jA rahA hai? hai, unameM aneka aise sandarbha haiM, jinameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha ullekha hai yaha to Agamika pramANoM kI carcA huii| vyAvahArika evaM ki mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM diye the| aitihAsika tathya bhI isI kI puSTi karate haiM - isa sambandha meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta 1. yadi mahAvIra ne apane upadeza ardhamAgadhI meM diye to yaha svAbhAvika kiye jA rahe haiM yathA - hai ki gaNadharoM ne usI bhASA meM AgamoM kA praNayana kiyA hogaa| 1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikkhi| - samavAyAGga, ata: siddha hai ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se prabhAvita samavAya 34, sUtra 22 / mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI rahI hai, yaha mAnanA hogaa| 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputtassa addhamAgahIe 2. isake viparIta zaurasenI Agamatulya mAnya granthoM meM se kisI eka bhAsAe bhAsatti arihAdhamma prikhi| - auppaatiksuutr| bhI grantha meM eka bhI sandarbha aisA nahIM hai, jisase yaha pratidhvanita 3. goyamA! devANaM adamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti saviyaNaM addhamAgahA bhI hotA ho ki AgamoM kI mUla bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta thii| unameM bhAsA bhAminA sjjti|- bhagavaI, lADanUM : zataka 5, mAtra yaha ullekha hai ki tIrthaGkaroM kI jo vANI khiratI hai, vaha uddezaka 4, sUtra / sarvabhASArUpa pariNata hotI hai| usakA tAtparya mAtra itanA hI hai 4. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdA mAhaNIe ki unakI vANI janasAdhAraNa ko AsAnI se samajha meM AtI tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe.... thii| vaha lokavANI thii| usameM magadha ke nikaTavartI kSetroM kI kSetrIya savva bhAsaNugAmaNie sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamagahAe boliyoM ke zabda rUpa bhI hote the aura yahI kAraNa thA / use bhAsAi dhamma prikhi| - bhagavaI lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka mAgadhI na kahakara ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA thaa| 33, sUtra 149 / 3. jo grantha jisa kSetra meM racita yA sampAdita hotA hai, usakA vahA~ 5. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa.... kI bolI se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai| prAcIna stara ke jaina addhamagAhAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma prikhi| -bhagavaI, lADanUM Agama yathA AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga isibhAsiyaiM (RSibhASita), : zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163 / uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi magadha aura usake samIpavartI kSetra savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe suttaM uvdi-| - meM racita haiM aura unameM isI kSetra ke nagaroM Adi kI sUcanAe~ AcArAGgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR0 255 / haiN| mUla AgamoM meM eka bhI aisI sUcanA nahIM hai ki mahAvIra mAtra itanA hI nahIM, digambara paramparA meM mAnya AcArya kundakunda ne bihAra, baGgAla aura pUrvI uttara pradeza se Age vihAra kiyA ke grantha bodhapAhuDa, jo svayaM zaurasenI meM nibaddha hai, usakI TIkA ho| ataH unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogii| meM digambara AcArya zrutasAgara jI likhate haiM ki bhagavAn mahAvIra 4. puna: AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM aura dUsarI khaNDagiri ne ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM apanA upadeza diyaa| pramANa ke liye usa (ur3IsA) meM huI, ye donoM kSetra mathurA se paryApta dUrI para sthita TIkA ke anuvAda kA vaha aMza prastuta hai - ardha magadha deza haiM, ata: kama se kama prathama aura dvitIya vAcanA ke samaya taka bhASAtmaka aura ardha sarvabhASAtmaka bhagavAn kI dhvani khiratI hai| arthAt I.pU. dUsarI zatI taka unake zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hone zaGkA- ardhamAgadhI bhASA devakRta atizaya kaise ho sakatI hai, kA yA usase prabhAvita hone kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| kyoMki bhagavAn kI bhASA hI ardhamAgadhI hai? uttara- magadha deva yaha satya hai ki usake pazcAt jaba jaina dharma evaM vidyA kA kendra ke sAnnidhya se hone se AcArya prabhAcandra ne nandIzvara bhakti ke pATaliputra se haTakara lagabhaga I.pU. prathama zatI meM mathurA banA to usa
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________________ - yatIndrasUrismArakagranaya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AnA prArambha huaa| yadyapi mathurA se prApta dUsarI hai, yahI kAraNa thA ki jo uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita zatI taka ke abhilekhoM kA zaurasenI ke prabhAva se mukta honA yahI huA usake Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI-zaurasenI se prabhAvita hue siddha karatA hai ki jainAgamoM para zaurasenI kA prabhAva dUsarI zatI ke aura jo pazcimI bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha valabhI meM ekatrita huA usake pazcAt hI prArambha huA hogaa| sambhavataH phalgumitra (dUsarI zatI) ke Agama pATha usa kSetra kI bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita hue| puna: samaya yA usake bhI pazcAt skaMdila (caturtha zatI) kI mAthurI vAcanA yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki ina donoM vAcanAoM meM sampAdita ke samaya una para zaurasenI prabhAva AyA thA, yahI kAraNa hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kA mUla AdhAra to ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the, yahI kAraNa paramparA meM mAnya AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizItha, kalpa hai ki zaurasenI Agama na to zuddha zaurasenI meM haiM aura na valabhI vAcanA Adi jo Agama rahe haiM, ve zaurasenI se prabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi DaoN0 ke Agama zuddha mahArASTrI meM haiM, una donoM meM ardhamAgadhI ke zabda rUpa TaoNTiyA ne yaha kahA hai ki AcArAGga Adi zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI to upalabdha hote hI haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM to ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha prabhAvita saMskaraNa bhI thA jo mathurA kSetra meM vikasita yApanIya paramparA mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabda rUpa bhI bahulatA se milate hai, yahI kAraNa. ko mAnya thA, to unakA kathana satya hai, kyoMki bhagavatI ArAdhanA hai ki bhASAvid unakI bhASA ko jaina zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI kI TIkA meM AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke jo sandarbha diye kahate haiN| durbhAgya to yaha hai ki jina zaurasenI AgamoM kI duhAI dI jA gaye haiM ve sabhI zaurasenI se prabhAvita haiN| kintu isakA yaha artha kadApi rahI hai, unameM se aneka 50 pratizata se adhika ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI nahIM hai ki AgamoM kI racanA zaurasenI meM huI thI aura bAda meM ve prAkRta se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara aura digambara mAnya AgamoM meM prAkRta ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita kiye gye| jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA ke rUpoM kA jo vaividhya hai usake kAraNoM kI vistRta carcA maiMne apane skaMdila ke samaya mahAvIra nirvANa ke lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pazcAt lekha "jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana' meM kI hai| huI thI aura usameM AgamoM kI vAcanA huI, ve sabhI usake pUrva astitva meM the| yApanIyoM ne AgamoM ke isI zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa ko kyA zaurasenI AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM ekarUpatA hai? mAnya kiyA thA, kintu digambaroM ko to ve Agama bhI mAnya nahIM the, kintu DaoN. sudIpa jaina kA dAvA hai ki- "Aja bhI zaurasenI kyoMki unake anusAra to isa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga do sau varSa Agama-sAhitya meM bhASika tattva kI ekarUpatA hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI pUrva hI Agama sAhitya vilupta ho cukA thaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya Agama-sAhitya meM bhASA ke vividha rUpa pAye jAte haiN| udAharaNasvarUpa AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, zaurasenI meM sarvatra "Na" kA prayoga milatA hai, kahIM bhI 'na' kA prayoga vyavahAra, nizItha Adi to I.pU. cauthI zatI se dUsarI zatI taka kI nahIM hai, jabaki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra ke sAtha-sAtha NakAra kA prayoga racanAe~ haiM, jise pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| jJAtavya / bhI vikalpataH milatA hai| yadi zaurasenI yuga meM nakAra kA prayoga alaga hai ki mathurA kA jaina vidyA ke kendra ke rUpa meM vikAsa I.pU. prathama bhASA meM pracalita hotA to digambara sAhitya meM kahIM to vikalpa se zatI se hI huA hai aura usake pazcAt hI ina AgamoM para zaurasenI prApta hotaa|" (prAkRtavidyA julAI-sitambara, 96, pR.7)| prabhAva AyA hogaa| yahA~ DaoN. sudIpa jaina ne do bAte uThAI hai- prathama zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kI bhASika ekarUpatA kI aura dUsarI 'Na' kAra aura AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kaba aura kaise? 'na' kAra kii| kyA sudIpa jI, Apane zaurasenI Agama sAhitya ke yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki skaMdila kI isa mAthurI vAcanA ke upalabdha saMskaraNoM kA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se koI prAmANika adhyayana samaya hI samAnAntara rUpa se eka vAcanA vallabhI (gujarAta) meM nAgArjuna kiyA hai? yadi Apane kiyA hotA to Apa aisA khokhalA dAvA prastuta kI adhyakSatA meM huI thI aura isI kAla meM una para mahArASTrI prabhAva nahIM karate? Apa kevala 'Na' kAra kA hI udAharaNa kyoM dete haiMbhI AyA kyoMki usa kSetra kI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta thii| isI mahArASTrI vaha to mahArASTrI aura zaurasenI donoM meM sAmAnya hai| dUsare zabda rUpoM prAkRta se prabhAvita Agama Aja taka zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiN| kI carcA kyoM nahIM karate haiM? nIce maiM digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya ata: isa tathya ko bhI spaSTa rUpa se samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM granthoM se hI kucha udAharaNa de rahA hU~, jinase unake bhASikatattva kI ke mahArASTrI prabhAvita aura zaurasenI prabhAvita saMskaraNa jo lagabhaga IsA ekarUpatA kA dAvA kitanA khokhalA hai yaha siddha ho jAtA hai| mAtra kI caturtha-paJcama zatI meM astitva meM Aye, unakA mUla AdhAra yahI nahIM isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki zaurasenI Agamatulya grantha ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki na to skaMdila kI na kevala ardhamAgadhI se prabhAvita haiM, apitu usase paravartI mahArASTrI mAthurI vAcanA meM aura na nAgArjuna kI valabhI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI prAkRta se bhI prabhAvita haiM - bhASA meM soca-samajha pUrvaka koI parivartana kiyA gayA thaa| vAstavikatA 1. AtmA ke liye ardhamAgadhI meM AtA, attA, appA Adi zabda yaha hai ki usa yuga taka Agama kaNThastha cale A rahe the aura koI rUpoM kA prayoga upalabdha hai, jabaki zaurasenI meM "da' zruti ke bhI kaNThastha grantha svAbhAvika rUpa se kaNThastha karane vAle vyakti kI kAraNa "AdA' rUpa banatA hai| samayasAra me "AdA'' ke sAtha-sAtha kSetrIya bolI se arthAt uccAraNa zailI se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakatA "appA'' zabda rUpa jo ki ardhamAgadhI kA hai aneka bAra prayoga
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________________ - patIndramarikananya jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - meM AyA hai| kevala samayasAra meM hI nahIM, apitu niyamasAra (120, 'na' kAra aura 'Na' kAra meM kauna prAcIna 121,183) Adi meM bhI "appA' zabda kA prayoga hai| aba hama NakAra aura nakAra ke prazna para Ate haiN| bhAI sUdIpa 2. zruta kA zaurasenI rUpa "suda' banatA hai| zaurasenI Agamatulya jI ApakA yaha kathana satya hai ki ardhamAgadhI meM nakAra aura NakAra granthoM meM aneka sthAnoM para "suda" "sudakevalI' zabda ke prayoga donoM pAye jAte haiN| kintu digambara zaurasenI Agamatulya granthoM meM sarvatra bhI hue haiM, jabaki samayasAra (varNI granthamAlA, gAthA 9 evaM 10) NakAra kA pAyA jAnA yahI siddha karatA hai ki jisa zaurasenI ko Apa meM spaSTa rUpa meM "suyakevalI'' "suyaNANa' zabdarUpoM kA bhI prayoga ariSTanemi ke kAla se pracalita prAcInatama prAkRta kahanA cAhate haiM, milatA hai aura ye donoM mahArASTrI zabda rUpa haiM tathA paravartI bhI usa NakAra pradhAna zaurasenI kA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zatAbdI taka haiN| ardhamAgadhI meM to sadaiva 'suta' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| huA bhI nahIM thaa| "Na" kI apekSA na kA prayoga prAcIna hai| I.pU. 3. zaurasenI "da' zrutipradhAna hai sAtha hI usameM "lopa" kI pravRtti tRtIya zatI ke azoka ke abhilekha evaM I.pU. dvitIya zatI ke khAravela atyalpa hai, ata: usake kriyA rUpa "havadi, hodi, kuNadi, ke zilAlekha se lekara mathurA ke zilAlekha (I.pU. dUsarI zatI se giNhadi, kuvvadi, pariNamadi, bhaNNadi, passadi Adi banate haiN| IsA kI dUsarI zatI taka) ina lagabhaga 80 jaina zilAlekhoM meM eka ina kriyA rUpoM kA prayoga una granthoM meM huA bhI hai, kintu unhIM bhI NakAra kA prayoga nahIM hai| inameM zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpoM yathA granthoM ke kriyA rUpoM para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA kitanA vyApaka prabhAva "Namo'' "arihaMtANaM" aura "Namo vaDDamANaM' kA sarvathA abhAva hai| hai, ise nimna udAharaNoM se jAnA jA sakatA hai - yahA~ hama kevala unhIM prAcIna zilAlekhoM ko uddhRta kara rahe haiM, jinameM jANai (gAthA saM. 10), havaI (11,315,386,384), muNai ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai- jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI abhilekhIya (32), vuccai (45), kuvvai (81,286,319,321,325,340), sAkSya jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 se prastuta haiM, jo digambara jaina pariNamai (76,79,80), (jJAtavya hai ki samayasAra ke isI saMskaraNa samAja dvArA hI prakAzita haiM - kI gAthA kramAMka 77,78,79, meM pariNamadi rUpa bhI milatA hai)| 1. hAthIguMphA bihAra kA zilAlekha- prAkRta, jaina samrAT khAravela, isI prakAra ke anya mahArASTrI prAkRta ke rUpa, jaise veyaI (84), kuNaI mauryakAla 165vA~ varSa, pR.4 lekha kramAGka 2- namo arahaMtAnaM, (71,96,289,293,322,326), hoi (94,197,306,349, namo savasidhAnaM 358), kareI (94,237,238,328,348), havaI (41,326, 2. baikuNTha svargapurI guphA, udayagiri bihAra, prAkRta, mauryakAla 329), jANaI (185,316,319,320,361), bahai (189), 165vaoN varSa lagabhaga I.pU. dUsarI zatI pR.11, le. kra. sevai (197), marai (257,290), (jabaki gAthA 258 meM maradi 'arhntpsaadn'| hai), pAvai (291,292), dhippai (296), uppajjai (308), 3. mathurA, prAkRta mahAkSatrapa zoDAzake 81 varSa kA pR.12, kramAGka viNassai (312,345), dIsai (323), Adi bhI milate haiM 5, 'nama arahato vdhmaans'| (samayasAra varNI granthamAlA, vaaraannsii)| ye to kucha hI udAharaNa haiM- 4. mathurA, prAkRta kAla nirdeza nahIM diyA hai, kintu je.epha.phlITa aise aneka mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kriyA rUpa samayasAra meM upalabdha haiN| ke anusAra lagabhaga 14-13 I.pUrva kA honA cAhie, pR. 15, na kevala samayasAra apitu niyamasAra, paMcAstikAyasAra, pravacanasAra kramAGka 8, 'arahato vrdhmaansy'| Adi kI bhI yahI sthiti hai| 5. mathurA, prAkRta sambhavata: 14-13, I.pU. prathamazatI, pR.15, lekha bArahavIM zatI meM racita vasunandikRta zrAvakAcAra (bhAratIya jJAnapITha kramAGka 10, 'mA arhtpuujaa'| saMskaraNa) kI sthiti to kundakunda ke ina granthoM se bhI badatara hai, 6. mathurA, prAkRta pR.17, kramAGka 14, 'mA ahatAnaM shrmnnshrvikaa'| usakI prArambha kI sau gAthAoM meM 40 pratizata kriyA rUpa mahArASTrI 7. mathurA, prAkRta pR.17, kramAGka 15, 'namo arhNtaanN'| prAkRta ke hai| 8. mathurA, prAkRta pR. 18, kramAGka 16, 'namo arahato mhaavirs'| isase phalita yaha hotA hai ki tathAkathita zaurasenI AgamoM ke 9. mathurA, prAkRta huviSka saMvat 39- hastistambha, pR.34, kramAGka bhASAgata svarUpa meM to ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI apekSA bhI na kevala 43, 'ayaryena rudradAsena' arahaMtanaM pujaaye| padhika vaividhya hai, apitu usa mahArASTrI prAkRta kA bhI vyApaka prabhAva 10. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna varSa 93, pR.46, kramAGka 67, 'namo arhato hai, jise sudIpa jI zaurasenI se paravartI mAna rahe haiN| yadi ye grantha mhaavirsy'| prAcIna hote to ina para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI kA prabhAva kahA~ se 11. mathurA, prAkRta vAsudeva saM.98, pR.47, kramAGka 60, 'namo arahato AtA? pro. e. ena. upAdhye ne pravacanasAra kI bhUmikA meM spaSTataH mhaaviirsy'| svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI bhASA para ardhamAgadhI kA prabhAva hai| 12. mathurA, prAkRta pR.48, kramAGka 71, 'namo arahaMtAnaM sihksN'| pro.khar3abar3I ne to SaTakhaNDAgama kI bhASA ko bhI zuddha zaurasenI nahIM 13. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 72, 'namo arhNtaan'| mAnA hai| 14. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 73, 'namo arhNtaan'|
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________________ bhUtabalI - cIndasUrismArakagranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya 15. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.48, kramAGka 75, 'arahaMtAna vdhmaansy'| ke hI zaurasenI saMskaraNa the, jo yApanIya paramparA meM mAnya the aura 16. mathurA, prAkRta bhagna, pR.51, kramAGka80 'namo arhNtaan..dvn"| jinakI bhASika svarUpa aura kucha pATha bhedoM ko chor3akara zvetAmbara zUrasena pradeza, jahA~ se zaurasenI prAkRta kA janma huA, vahA~ mAnya AgamoM se samarUpatA thii| inake svarUpa Adi ke sambandha meM ke zilAlekhoM meM dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka NakAra evaM 'da' zruti ke vistRta carcA maiMne "jaina dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' nAmaka grantha ke prayoga kA abhAva yahI siddha karatA hai ki digambara AgamoM evaM nATakoM tIsare adhyAya ke prArambha meM kI hai| icchuka pAThaka use vahA~ dekha kI zaurasenI kA janma IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai, jabaki sakate haiN| nakAra pradhAna ardhamAgadhI kA prayoga to azoka ke abhilekhoM se arthAt vastuta: Aja jinheM hama zaurasenI Agama ke nAma se jAnate hai I.pU. tIsarI zatI se siddha hotA hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki unameM mukhyata: nimna grantha Ate haiM - ardhamAgadhI Agama prAcIna the, AgamoM kA zabda rUpAntaraNa ardhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM huA hai, na ki zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meN| digambara a. yApanIya mAnya AgamoM kI zaurasenI kI jisa prAcInatA kA bar3ha-car3ha kara 1. kasAyapAhuDa, lagabhaga IsA kI cauthI zatI, guNadhara dAvA kiyA jAtA hai, vaha ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI donoM se hI 2. SakhaNDAgama, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI kA uttarArdha, puSpadaMta aura prabhAvita hai aura na kevala bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para apitu viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para bhI IsA kI cauthI-pA~cavI zatI ke pUrva 3. bhagavatIArAdhanA, IsA kI chaThI zatI, zivArya kA nahIM hai| 4. mUlAcAra, IsA kI chaThI zatI, vaTTakera yadi zaurasenI prAcInatama prAkRta hai, to phira sampUrNa deza meM IsA jJAtavya hai ki ye sabhI grantha mUlata: yApanIya paramparA ke haiM aura kI tIsarI-cauthI zatI taka eka bhI abhilekha zaurasenI prAkRta meM kyoM inameM aneka gAthAe~ zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM, vizeSa rUpa se niyuktiyoM nahIM milatA hai| azoka ke abhilekha, khAravela ke abhilekha, balaDI aura prakIrNakoM ke samarUpa hai| ke abhilekha aura mathurA ke zatAdhika abhilekha koI bhI to zaurasenI prAkRta meM nahIM haiN| ina sabhI abhilekhoM kI bhASA kSetrIya boliyoM se ba. kundakunda dvArA racita IsA kI lagabhaga chaThI zatI ke grantha prabhAvita mAgadhI hI hai| ata: use ardhamAgadhI to kahA jA sakatA hai, 5. samayasAra kintu zaurasenI kadApi nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH prAkRtoM meM 6. niyamasAra ardhamAgadhI hI prAcIna hai, kyoMki mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM meM bhI 7. pravacanasAra 'namo arahaMtAnaM', 'namo vadhamAnasa' Adi ardhamAgadhI zabda rUpa milate 8. paJcAstikAyasAra haiN| zvetAmbara AgamoM evaM abhilekhoM meM Aye 'arahaMtAnaM' pATha ko to 9. aSTapAhuDa (inakA kunda dvArA racita honA sandigdha hai, kyoMki prAkRta-vidyA meM khoTe sikke kI taraha batAyA gayA hai, isakA artha isakI bhASA meM apabhraza ke zabda bhI pAye jAte haiN)| hai ki yaha pATha zaurasenI kA nahIM hai (prAkRta-vidyA, akTUbara-disambara 94, pR.10-11)| ata: zaurasenI usake bAda hI vikasita huI hai| sa anya grantha, IsA kI chaThI zatI ke pazcAt 10.tiloyapaNNatti-yativRSabha zaurasenI Agama aura unakI prAcInatA 11. lokavibhAga jaba hama Agama kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se samajha 12. jambUdvIpapaNNatti lenA cAhie ki AcArAGga Adi dvAdazAGgI jinheM zvetAmbara, digambara 13.aGgapaNNatti aura yApanIya paramparA Agama kahakara ullekha karatI haiM, ve sabhI mUlata: 14.kSapaNasAra ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha hue haiN| cAhe zvetAmbara paramparA meM nandIsUtra meM 15.gommaTasAra (dasavIM zatI) ullikhita Agama ho, cAhe mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura unakI kintu inameM se kaSAyapAhuDa ko chor3akara koI bhI grantha aisA TIkAoM meM yA tattvArtha aura usakI digambara TIkAoM meM ullikhita nahIM hai, jo pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA ho| ye sabhI grantha guNasthAna Agama ho, athavA aGgapaNNatti evaM dhavalA ke aGga aura aGga bAhya siddhAnta evaM saptabhaGgI kI carcA avazya karate haiM aura guNasthAna kI ke rUpa meM ullikhita Agama ho, unameM se eka bhI aisA nahIM hai jo carcA jaina darzana meM pAMcavIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM anupasthita hai| zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha rahA ho| hA~ itanA avazya hai ki inameM se / zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAGga aura Avazyakaniyukti kI do prakSipta kucha ke zaurasenI prAkRta se prabhAvita saMskaraNa mAthurI vAcanA ke lagabhaga gAthAoM ko chor3akara guNasthAna kI carcA pUrNataH anupasthita hai, jabaki caturtha zatI ke samaya astitva meM avazya Aye the, kintu inheM zaurasenI SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM meM aura kundakunda Agama kahanA ucita nahIM hogA, vastuta: ye AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, ke granthoM meM inakI carcA pAyI jAtI hai, ata: ye sabhI grantha unase dazavaikAlika, RSibhASita Adi zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AgamoM paravartI haiN| isI prakAra umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra mUla aura usake svopajJa
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________________ - catIndrasari jArakAnya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - bhASya meM bhI guNasthAna kI carcA anupasthita hai, jabaki isakI paravartI kA eka bhI aisA grantha yA abhilekha dikhA deM, jo ardhamAgadhI AgamoM TIkAe~ guNasthAna kI vistRta carcA prastuta karatI haiN| umAsvAti kA aura mAgadhI pradhAna azoka, khAravela, Adi ke abhilekhoM se prAcIna kAla tIsarI-cauthI zatI ke lagabhaga hai| ata: yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna ho| ardhamAgadhI ke atirikta jisa mahArASTrI prAkRta ko ve zaurasenI kA siddhAnta pA~cavIM zatI meM astitva meM AyA hai| ata: zaurasenI se paravartI batA rahe haiM, usameM sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA saptazatI prAkRta meM nibaddha koI bhI grantha jo guNasthAna kA ullekha kara rahA lagabhaga prathama zatI meM racita hai aura zaurasenI ke kisI bhI grantha se hai. IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI ke pUrva kA nahIM hai| prAcIna zaurasenI Agamatulya prAcIna hai| granthoM meM mAtra kasAyapAhuDa hI aisA hai jo spaSTata: guNasthAnoM kA puna: maiM DaoN.sudIpa ke nimna kathana kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna ullekha nahIM karatA hai, kintu usameM bhI prakArAntara se 12 guNasthAnoM dilAnA cAhU~gA, ve prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96 meM likhate haiM kI carcA upalabdha hai, ata: vaha bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI una dasa ki digambaroM ke grantha usa zaurasenI prAkRta meM haiM, jisase 'mAgadhI' avasthAoM, jinakA ullekha AcArAGganiyukti aura tattvArthasUtra meM hai, Adi prAkRtoM kA janma huA, isa sambandha meM merA unase nivedana hai se paravartI aura guNasthAna siddhAnta ke vikAsa ke saMkramaNa kAla kI ki mAgadhI ke sambandha meM 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' (prAkRtaprakAza, 11/2) racanA hai, ata: usakA kAla bhI cauthI se pA~cavIM zatI ke bIca siddha isa kathana kI ve jo vyAkhyA kara rahe haiM vaha bhrAnta hai aura ve svayaM hotA hai| bhI zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' (prAkRtaprakAza, 12/ 2), isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM prakRti:' kA janmadAtrI yaha artha asvIkAra zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA dAvA, kitanA khokhalA kara cuke haiN| isakI vistRta samIkSA hamane agrima pRSThoM meM kI hai| zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA guNagAna isa AdhAra bhI kiyA jAtA isake pratyuttara meM merA dUsarA tarka yaha hai ki yadi zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki yaha nArAyaNa kRSNa aura tIrthaGkara ariSTanemi kI mAtRbhASA rahI granthoM ke AdhAra para hI mAgadhI ke prAkRta AgamoM kI racanA huI, to hai, kyoki ina donoM mahApuruSoM kA janma zUrasena janapada meM huA thA unameM kisI bhI zaurasenI prAkRta ke grantha kA ullekha kyoM nahIM hai? aura ye zaurasenI prAkRta meM hI apanA vAk vyavahAra karate the| DaoN.sudIpa zvetAmbara AgamoM meM ve eka bhI sandarbha dikhA deM, jinameM bhagavatIArAdhanA, jI ke zabdoM meM "ina donoM mahApuruSoM ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke mahAprabhAva mUlAcAra, SaTkhaNDAgama, tiloyapaNNatti, pravacanasAra, samayasAra, se zUrasena janapada meM janmI zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ko sampUrNa AryAvarta niyamasAra Adi kA ullekha huA ho| TIkAoM meM bhI malayagiri (terahavIM meM prasArita hone kA suavasara milA thaa|" (prAkRtavidyA-julAI-sitambara zatI) ne mAtra 'samayapAhuDa' kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake viparIta 96, pR.6)| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA aura SaTkhaNDAgama kI TIkAoM meM evaM yadi hama eka bAra unake isa kathana ko mAna bhI leM, to prazna tattvArthasUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi, rAjavArtika, zlokavArtika Adi sabhI uThatA hai ariSTanemi ke pUrva nami mithilA meM janme the, vAsupUjya campA digambara TIkAoM meM ina AgamoM evaM niyuktiyoM ke ullekha haiN| meM janme the, supArzva, candraprabha aura zreyAMsa kAzI janapada meM janme the, bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM to AcArAGga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa tathA yahI nahIM prathama tIrthaGkara RSabhadeva aura maryAdA puruSottama rAma ayodhyA nizItha se aneka avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| mUlAcAra meM na kevala meM janme the| ye sabhI kSetra to magadha ke hI nikaTavartI haiM, ata: inakI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA ullekha hai, apitu unakI saikar3oM gAthAe~ bhI mAtRbhASA to ardhamAgadhI rahI hogii| bhAI sudIpa jI ke anusAra yadi haiN| mUlAcAra meM Avazyakaniyukti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, zaurasenI ariSTanemi jitanI prAcIna hai, to phira ardhamAgadhI to RSabha candravedhyaka, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi kI aneka gAthAe~ apane jitanI prAcIna siddha hotI hai, ata: zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI prAcIna zaurasenI zabda rUpoM meM yathAvat pAyI jAtI haiN| digambara paramparA meM jo pratikramaNasUtra upalabdha haiM, usameM jJAtAsUtra yadi zaurasenI prAcIna hotI to sabhI prAcIna abhilekha aura prAcIna ke unhIM 19 adhyayanoM ke nAma milate haiM, jo vartamAna meM zvetAmbara Agamika grantha zaurasenI meM milate, kintu IsA kI cauthI, pA~cavIM paramparA meM upalabdha jJAtAdharmakathA meM upalabdha haiN| tArkika dRSTi se yaha 'zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI jaina grantha aura abhilekha zaurasenI meM upalabdha spaSTa hai ki jo grantha jina-jina granthoM kA ullekha karatA hai, vaha unase kyoM nahIM hotA hai? puna: nATakoM meM bhI bhAsa ke samaya se arthAt paravartI hI hotA hai, pUrvavartI kadApi nhiiN| zaurasenI Agama yA Agamatulya IsA kI dUsarI zatI se hI zaurasenI ke prayoga (vAkyAMza) upalabdha granthoM meM yadi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke nAma milate haiM to phira zaurasenI hote haiN| aura usakA racita sAhitya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se prAcIna kaise ho nATakoM meM zaurasenI prAkRta kI upalabdhatA ke AdhAra para usakI sakatA hai? prAcInatA kA guNagAna kiyA jAtA hai, maiM vinamratApUrvaka pUchanA cAhU~gA AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI ke mAdhyama se yaha bAta bhI uThAyI gayI ki kyA ina upalabdha nATakoM meM koI bhI nATaka IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI ki mUlata: Agama zaurasenI meM racita the aura kAlAntara meM unakA zatI se pUrva kA hai? phira unheM zaurasenI kI prAcInatA kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhIkaraNa (mahArASTrIkaraNa) kiyA gyaa| yaha eka aitihAsika satya kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai| mAtra nATaka hI nahIM, ve zaurasenI prAkRta hai ki jainadharma kA udbhava magadha meM huA aura vahIM se vaha dakSiNI
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________________ - catIndrasUrismArakAvya - jaina Agama evaM sAhila evaM uttarapazcimI bhArata meM phailaa| ataH AvazyakatA huI ardhamAgadhI prAntoM ke loga bhI AsAnI se samajha skeN| ata: buddhavacana mUlataH AgamoM ke zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI rUpAntaraNa kI, na ki zaurasenI mAgadhI meM the, na ki zaurasenI meN| bauddha tripiTaka kI pAli aura jaina AgamoM ke ardhamAgadhI rUpAntaraNa kii| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI meM kitanA sAmya hai, yaha to suttanipAta aura Agama hI zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI meM rUpAntarita hue na ki zaurasenI isibhAsiyAI ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna Agama ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue| ata: aitihAsika tathyoM kI pAli granthoM evaM prAcIna ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA meM adhika dUrI avahelanA kara mAtra kutarka karanA kahA~ taka ucita hai? nahIM hai| jisa samaya ardhamAgadhI aura pAli meM grantha racanA ho rahI thI, usa samaya taka zaurasenI eka bolI thI, na ki eka sAhityika buddha vacanoM kI mUla bhASA mAgadhI thI, na ki zaurasenI bhaassaa| sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM usakA janma to IsA kI tIsarI zaurasenI ko mUlabhASA evaM mAgadhI se prAcIna siddha karane hetu zatAbdI ke bAda hI huA hai| saMskRta ke pazcAt sarvaprathama sAhityika AdaraNIya pro. nathamala jI TATiyA ke nAma se yaha bhI pracArita kiyA bhASA ke rUpa meM yadi koI bhASA vikasita huI hai to ve ardhamAgadhI. jA rahA hai ki "zaurasenI pAli bhASA kI jananI hai- yaha merA spaSTa evaM pAli hI haiM, na ki shaursenii| zaurasenI kA koI bhI grantha yA cintana hai| pahale bauddhoM ke grantha zaurasenI meM the, unako jalA diyA nATakoM ke aMza IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM haigayA aura pAli meM likhA gyaa|" (prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, jabaki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke aneka grantha pR.10|) I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatI meM nirmita ho cuke the| ___TaoNTiyA jI jaisA bauddha-vidyA kA prakANDa vidvAn aisI kapolakalpita bAta kaise kaha sakatA hai? yaha vicAraNIya hai| kyA aisA koI 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA samyak artha bhI abhilekhIya yA sAhityika pramANa upalabdha hai, jisake AdhAra para jo vidvAn mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se paravartI evaM usI se vikasita yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUla buddhavacana zaurasenI meM the| yadi ho mAnate haiM ve apane kathana kA AdhAra vararuci (lagabhaga 7vIM zatI) ke to AdaraNIya TaoNTiyA jI yA bhAI sudIpa jI use prastuta kareM, anyathA prAkRtaprakAza aura hemacandra (lagabhaga 12vIM zatAbdI) ke prAkRtavyAkaraNa aisI AdhArahIna bAteM karanA vidvAnoM ke liye zobhanIya nahIM hai| yaha ke nimna sUtroM ko batAte haiM - bAta to bauddha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiM ki mUla buddhavacana 'mAgadhI' a. 1. prakRti: zaurasenI / / 10/2 / / meM the aura kAlAntara meM unakI bhASA ko saMskArita karake pAli meM asyAH paizAcyAH prakRtiH shaursenii| sthitAyAM zaurasenyAM likhA gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki jisa prakAra mAgadhI aura paizAcIlakSaNaM pravartitavyam / ardhamAgadhI meM kiJcit antara hai, usI prakAra 'mAgadhI' aura 'pAli' 2. prakRti: zaurasenA / / 11/2 / / meM bhI kiJcit antara hai, vastuta: 'pAli' bhagavAn buddha kI mUla bhASA asyAH mAgadhyA "kRti: zaurasenIti veditavyam / 'mAgadhI' kA eka saMskArita rUpa hI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki kucha vidvAn vararucikRta 'prAkRta prkaash'| pAli ko mAgadhI kA hI eka prakAra mAnate haiM, donoM meM bahuta adhika ba. 1. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/302 / / antara nahIM hai| pAli, saMskRta aura mAgadhI kI madhyavartI bhASA hai yA mAgadhyA yaduktaM, tato'nyacchaurasenIvad draSTavyam / mAgadhI kA hI sAhityika rUpa hai| yaha to pramANasiddha hai ki bhagavAn 2. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/323 / / buddha ne mAgadhI meM hI apane upadeza diye the- kyoki unakI janmasthalI paizAcyAM yaduktaM, taoanyaccheSaM paizAcyA zaurasenIvad bhvti| aura kAryasthalI donoM magadha aura usakA nikaTavartI pradeza hI thaa| 3. zeSaM zaurasenIvat / / 8/4/446 / / bauddha vidvAnoM kA spaSTa mantavya hai ki mAgadhI hI mUla bhASA hai| isa apabhraMzo prAya: + zaurasenIvat kArya bhvti| sambandha meM buddhaghoSa kA nimna kathana sabase bar3A pramANa hai - aprabhaMzabhASAyAM prAya: zaurasenIbhASAtulyakArya jAyate; zaurasenIsA mAgadhI mUlabhAsA narAyAya aadikppikaa| bhASAyAH ye niyamAH santi, teSAM pravRttirapabhraMzabhASAyAmapi brahmaNo ca assutAlApA saMbuddhA cApi bhAsare / / jaayte| - hemacandrakRta 'praakRtvyaakrnn'| arthAt mAgadhI hI mUlabhASA hai, jo sRSTi ke prArambha meM utpanna ataH isa prasaGga meM to yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama sarvaprathama ina huI aura na kevala brahmA (devatA) apitu bAlaka aura buddha bhI isI sUtroM meM 'prakRti' zabda kA vAstavika tAtparya kyA hai, ise smjhe| yadi bhASA meM bolate haiM - (See-The preface to the Childer's Pali hama yahA~ prakRti kA artha udbhava kA kAraNa mAnate haiM, to nizcita hI Dictionary). ina sUtroM kA yaha 'phalita hotA hai ki mAgadhI yA paizAcI kA udbhava isase yahI phalita hotA hai mUla buddhavacana mAgadhI meM the| pAli zaurasenI se huA, kintu zaurasenI ko ekamAtra prAcIna bhASA mAnane usI mAgadhI kA saMskArita sAhityika rUpa hai, jisameM kAlAntara meM vAle tathA mAgadhI aura paizAcI ko usase udbhUta mAnane vAle ye vidvAn buddhavacana likhe gye| vastuta: pAli ke rUpa meM mAgadhI kA eka aisA vararuci ke usa sUtra ko bhI uddhRta kyoM nahIM karate, jisameM zaurasenI saMskaraNa taiyAra kiyA gayA, jise saMskRta ke vidvAn aura bhinna-bhinna kI prakRti saMskRta batAI gayI hai yathA- "zaurasenI-12/1 TIkA
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________________ ---nIndasariramArakagatya jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - zUrasenAnAM bhASA zaurasenI sA ca lakSyalakSaNAbhyAM sphuTIkriyate iti usI kA deza-pradeza ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA saMskArita rUpa saMskRta veditvym| adhikArasUtrametadAparicchedasamApteH 12/1, prakRtiH aura usake vibhinna bheda, arthAt vibhinna sAhityika prAkRteM haiN| satya sNskRtm-12/2| TIkA- zaurasenyAM ye zabdAsteSAM prakRti: sNskRtm|| yaha hai ki bolI ke rUpa meM to prAkRteM hI prAcIna haiM aura saMskRta prAkRtaprakAza ke ukta sUtra ke AdhAra para hameM yaha bhI svIkAra karanA unakA saMskArita rUpa haiM- vastuta: saMskRta vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM hogA ki zaurasenI prAkRta saMskRta se utpanna huii| isa prakAra prakRti ke bIca setu kA kAma karane vAlI eka sAmAnya sAhityika bhASA ke kA artha udgama sthala karane para usI prAkRtaprakAza ke AdhAra para yaha rUpa meM astitva meM aaii| bhI mAnanA hogA ki mUlabhASA saMskRta thI aura usI se zaurasenI utpanna yadi hama bhASA-vikAsa kI dRSTi se isa prazna para carcA kareM to huii| kyA zaurasenI ke pakSadhara isa satya ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra bhI yaha spaSTa hai ki saMskRta suparimArjita; suvyavasthita aura vyAkaraNa haiM? bhAI sudIpa jI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadhara haiM aura 'prakRti: zaurasenI' ke AdhAra para sunibaddha bhASA hai| yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki saMskRta ke AdhAra para mAgadhI ko zaurasenI se utpanna batAte haiM, ve svayaM bhI se prAkRteM nirmita huI haiM, to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki mAnava jAti 'prakRti kRtam - prAkRtaprakAza 12/2' ke AdhAra para yaha mAnane apane AdikAla meM vyAkaraNazAstra ke niyamoM se saMskRta bhASA bolatI ko taiyAra nahIM haiM ki prakRti kA artha usase utpanna huI aisA hai| ve thI aura usI se apabhraSTa hokara zaurasenI aura zaurasenI se apabhraSTa svayaM likhate haiM "Aja jitane bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNazAstra upalabdha haiM, hokara mAgadhI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi bhASAe~ nirmita huiiN| isakA ve sabhI saMskRta bhASA meM haiM evaM saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke maoNDala para nirmita artha yaha bhI hogA ki mAnava jAti kI mUla bhASA arthAt saMskRta se hai| ataeva unameM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' jaise prayoga ko dekhakara katipayajana apabhraSTa hote-hote hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA, kintu mAnava aisA bhrama karane lagate haiM ki prAkRtabhASA saMskRta bhASA se utpanna huI, jAti aura mAnavIya saMskRti ke vikAsa kA vaijJAnika itihAsa isa aisA artha kadApi nahIM hai- 'prAkRta-vidyA, julAI-sitambara 96, bAta ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kregaa| pR.14| bhAI sudIpa jI, jaba zaurasenI kI bArI AtI hai, taba Apa vaha to yahI mAnatA hai ki mAnavIya boliyoM ke saMskAra dvArA prakRti kA artha AdhAra maoNDala kareM aura jaba mAgadhI kA prazna Aye hI vibhinna sAhityika bhASAe~ astitva meM AIM arthAt vibhinna boliyoM taka Apa 'prakRtiH zaurasenI' kA artha mAgadhI zaurasenI se utpanna huI se hI vibhinna bhASAoM kA janma huA hai| vastutaH isa vivAda ke mUla aisA kareM- yaha doharA mApadaNDa kyoM? kyA kevala zaurasenI ko prAcIna meM sAhityika bhASA aura loka bhASA arthAt bolI ke antara ko nahIM aura mAgadhI ko ArvAcIna batAne ke liye| vastuta: prAkRta aura saMskRta samajha pAnA hai| vastuta: prAkRteM apane mUlasvarUpa meM bhASAe~ na hokara zabda svayaM hI isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki unameM mUlabhASA kauna boliyA~ rahI haiN| yahA~ hameM yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki prAkRta koI sI hai? eka bolI nahIM apitu bolI samUha kA nAma hai| jisa prakAra prArambha saMskRta zabda svayaM hI isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki saMskRta svAbhAvika meM vibhinna prAkRtoM arthAt boliyoM ko saMskArita karake eka sAmAnya yA mUla bhASA na hokara eka saMskArita kRtrima bhASA hai| prAkRta zabdoM vaidika bhASA kA nirmANa huA, usI prakAra kAlakrama meM vibhinna boliyoM evaM zabda rUpoM kA vyAkaraNa dvArA saMskAra karake jo bhASA nirmita hotI ko alaga-alaga rUpa meM saMskArita karake unase vibhinna sAhityika hai, use hI saMskRta kahA jA sakatA hai, jise saMskArita na kiyA gayA prAkRtoM kA nirmANa huaa| ata: yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki bolI ho vaha saMskRta kaise hogI? vastutaH prAkRta svAbhAvika yA sahaja bhASA / ke rUpa meM prAkRteM mUla evaM prAcIna haiM aura unhIM se saMskRta kA vikAsa hai aura usI ko saMskArita karake saMskRta bhASA nirmita huI hai| isa eka 'kAmana' (Common) bhASA ke rUpa meM huaa| prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM dRSTi se prAkRta mUla bhASA hai aura saMskRta usase udbhUta huI hai| aura saMskRta bhaassaa| bolI ko vyAkaraNa se saMskArita karake ekarUpatA hemacandra ke pUrva thArApadragacchIya namisAdhu ne rudraTa ke kAvyAlaGkAra dene se bhASA kA vikAsa hotA hai| bhASA se bolI kA vikAsa nahIM kI TIkA meM prAkRta aura saMskRta zabda kA artha spaSTa kara diyA hai| hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ko Age calakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ve likhate haiM - se saMskArita kiyA gayA to unase vibhinna prAkRtoM kA janma huaa| sakala jagajjantenAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAraH jaise mAgadhI bolI se mAgadhI prAkRta kA, zaurasenI bolI se zaurasenI prakRti: tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ArisavayaNe siddha, devANaM addhamAgahA prAkRta kA aura mahArASTra kI bolI se mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vikAsa vANI ityAdi, vacanAdvA prAk pUrvakRtaM prAkRtam- bAlamahilAdi subodhaM huaa| prAkRta ke zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, mahArASTrI Adi bheda tat-tat sklbhaassaanibndhnbhuutvcnmucyte| meghanirmuktajalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva pradezoM kI boliyoM se utpanna hue haiM na ki kisI prAkRta vizeSa se| ca dezavizeSAt saMskArakaraNAt ca samAsAditavizeSa sat saMskRtAduttara- yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa sAtavIM zatI bhedaanaapnoti| - kAvyAlaGkAra TIkA namisAdhu, 2/12 / se pUrva kA nahIM hai| sAtha hI unameM pratyeka prAkRta ke liye alaga-alaga arthAt jo saMsAra ke prANiyoM kA vyAkaraNa Adi ke liye bhI maoNDala apanAye gaye haiN| vararuci ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti saMskRta subodha hai aura pUrva meM nirmita hone se (prAkkRta) sabhI bhASAoM kI hai, jabaki hemacandra ke liye zaurasenI kI prakRti (mahArASTrI) prAkRta racanA kA AdhAra hai vaha to megha se nirmukta jala kI taraha sahaja hai, hai, ata: prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| anyathA hemacandra ke
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________________ yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya 1 yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRtoM meM tIna prakAra ke zabdarUpa milate haiM-- tadbhava, tatsama aura dezaja dezaja zabda ve haiM jo kisI deza vizeSa meM kisI vizeSa artha meM prayukta hai| inake artha kI vyAkhyA ke liye vyAkaraNa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai tadbhava zabda ve haiM jo saMskRta zabdoM se nirmita haiM jabaki saMskRta ke samAna zabda tatsama haiN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa meM do zabda prasiddha haiM-- prakRti aura prtyy| inameM mUla zabdarUpa ko prakRti kahA jAtA hai| mUla zabda se jo zabdarUpa banA hai vaha tadbhava hai| prAkRta-vyAkaraNa saMskRta zabda se prAkRta kA tadbhava zabdarUpa kaise banA hai, isakI vyAkhyA karatA hai| ataH yahA~ saMskRta ko prakRti kahane kA tAtparya mAtra itanA hai ki tadbhava zabdoM ke sandarbha meM saMskRta zabda ko Adarza mAnakara yA maoNDala mAnakara yaha vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| ataH prakRti kA artha Adarza yA maoNDala hai| saMskRta zabda rUpa ko maoNDala / Adarza mAnanA isaliye Avazyaka thA ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMskRta ke jAnakAra vidvAnoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara yA unake liye hI likhe gaye the| jaba DaoN. sudIpajI zaurasenI ke sandarbha meM 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' kA artha maoNDala yA Adarza karate haiM to unheM mAgadhI, paizAcI Adi ke sandarbha meM prakRtiH zaurasenI kA artha bhI yahI karanA cAhie ki zaurasenI ko maoNDala yA Adarza mAnakara inakA vyAkaraNa likhA gayA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM kI utpatti zaurasenI se huI hai| hemacandra ne mahArASTrI prAkRta ko AdhAra mAnakara zaurasenI, mAgadhI Adi prAkRtoM ko samajhAyA hai| isase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki mahArASTrI prAcIna hai yA mahArASTrI se mAgadhI, zaurasenI Adi utpanna huii| prAcIna kauna? ardhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI isI sandarbha meM TaoNTiyA jI ke nAma se yaha bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki "yadi vartamAna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko hI mUla Agama-sAhitya mAnane para jora deMge to isa ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA Aja se 1500 varSa pahale astitva hI nahIM hone se, isa sthiti meM hameM apane Agama sAhitya ko hI 500I. ke paravartI mAnanA pdd'egaa| " jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ bhI mahArASTrI aura ardhamAgadhI ke antara ko na samajhate hue eka bhrAnti ko khar3A kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama to yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki AgamoM ke prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke 'ta' zruti pradhAna pATha cUrNiyoM aura aneka prAcIna pratiyoM meM Aja bhI mila rahe haiN| usase niHsandeha yaha siddha hotA hai ki mUla ardhamAgadhI 'ta' zruti pradhAna thI aura usameM lopa kI pravRtti nagaNya hI thI aura yaha ardhamAgadhI bhASA zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prAcIna bhI hai| yadi vetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se mahArASTrI meM jise digambara vidvAn bhrAnti se ardhamAgadhI kaha rahe haiM, badale gaye to phira unakI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'ta' zruti ke sthAna para 'da' zruti ke pATha kyoM upalabdha nahIM hote haiM jo zaurasenI kI vizeSatA hai| isa prasaGga meM DaoN. TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki Aja bhI AcArAGgasUtra Adi kI prAcIna pratiyoM meM zaurasenI ke zabdoM kI pracuratA milatI hai| maiM AdaraNIya TaoNTiyAjI se aura bhAI sudIpajI se sAgraha nivedana karU~gA kI ve AcArAGga, RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAGga Adi kI kinhIM bhI prAcIna pratiyoM meM 'da' zruti pradhAna pATha dikhalA deN| prAcIna pratiyoM meM jo pATha mila rahe haiM, ve ardhamAgadhI yA ArSa prAkRta ke haiM, na ki zaurasenI ke yaha eka alaga bAta hai ki kucha zabdarUpa ArSa ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI meM samAna haiN| vastutaH ina prAcIna pratiyoM meM na to 'da' zruti dekhI jAtI hai aura na "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, jise vyAkaraNa meM zaurasenI kI vizeSatA kahA jAtA hai| satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA hI zaurasenI rUpAntaraNa na ki zaurasenI AgamoM kA ardhamAgadhI ruupaantrnn| yaha satya hai ardhamAgadhI AgamoM para apitu zaurasenI Agamatulya kundakunda Adi ke bandhoM para bhI mahArASTrI kI 'ya' zruti kA spaSTa prabhAva hai jise hama pUrva meM siddha kara cuke haiN| kyA pandraha sau varSa pUrva ardhamAgadhI bhASA evaM zvetAmbara ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA astitva nahIM thA? DaoN. sudIpajI dvArA TaoNTiyAjI ke nAma se uddhRta yaha kathana ki 1500 varSa pahale ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA astitva hI nahIM thA' pUrNataH bhrAnta hai| AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, RSibhASita jaise AgamoM ko pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne eka svara se I. pU. tIsarI cauthI zatAbdI yA usase bhI pahale kA mAnA hai| kyA usa samaya se Agama ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM nibaddha na hokara zaurasenI meM nibaddha the| jJAtavya hai ki 'da' zruti pradhAna aura 'Na' kAra kI pravRtti vAlI zaurasenI kA janma to usa samaya huA hI nahIM thA, anyathA azoka ke abhilekhoM meM aura mathurA (jo zaurasenI kI janmabhUmi hai) ke jaina abhilekhoM meM kahIM to isa zaurasenI ke vaiziSTya vAle zabda rUpa upalabdha hone cAhie the? kyA zaurasenI prAkRta meM nibaddha aisA eka bhI grantha hai jo I0pU0 meM racA gayA ho? satya to yaha hai ki bhAsa (IsA kI dUsarI zatI) ke nATakoM ke atirikta IsA kI caugI pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva zaurasenI meM nibaddha eka bhI grantha nahIM thaa| jabaki mAgadhI ke abhilekha aura ardhamAgadhI ke Agama I0pU0 tIsarI zatI se upalabdha ho rahe haiN| punaH yadi ye loga jise ardhamAgadhI kaha raheM haiM use mahArASTrI bhI mAna leM to usake bhI grantha IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se upalabdha hote haiN| sAtavAhana nareza hAla kI gAthA saptazatI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prAcIna grantha hai, jo I0pU0 prathama zatI se IsA kI prathama zatI ke madhya racita hai| yaha eka saMkalana grantha hai jisameM aneka granthoM se gAthAeM saMkalita kI gaI haiM isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki isake pUrva bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta meM grantha race gaye the| kAlidAsa ke nATaka, jinameM zaurasenI kA prAcInatama rUpa milatA hai bhI IsA kI caturtha zatAbdI ke bAda ke hI haiN| kundakunda ke andha spaSTa rUpa se na kevala ardhamAgadhI AgamoM se, apitu paravartI 'ya' zruti pradhAna mahArASTrI se bhI prabhAvita haiM, kisI bhI sthiti meM IsA kI pA~cavIM, chaThIM zatAbdI ke pUrva ke siddha nahIM hote haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama aura kundakunda ke granthoM meM guNasthAna, saptabhaMgI Adi lagabhaga 5 vI GromGrad pup ma -
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________________ - vartaja khA-mRtva lata prAthami ddha gAra 1 - zaurasenI ke sambandha meM 'zeSaM prAkRtavat' (8/04/286) kA artha hogA TaoNTiyA jI jaisA vidvAn isa prakAra kI mithyA dhAraNA ko zaurasenI mahArASTrI se utpanna huI, jo zaurasenI ke pakSadharoM ko mAnya pratipAdita kare ki zaurasenI Agama hI ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita huenahIM hogaa| yaha vizvasanIya nahIM lagatA hai| yadi TaoNTiyA jI kA yaha kathana ki pAli tripiTaka aura ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlata: zaurasenI meM the aura kyA ardhamAgadhI Agama mUlataH zaurasenI meM the? phira pAli aura ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hue' satya hai, to unheM yA prAkRta vidyA, janavarI-mArca 96 ke sampAdakIya meM DaoN.sudIpa sudIpa jI ko isakA pramANa prastuta karanA caahie| jaina ne pro. TaoNTiyA ko yaha kahate hue prastuta kiyA hai ki "zvetAmbara vastuta: jaba kisI bolI ko sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA jaina sAhitya kA bhI prAcIna rUpa zaurasenI prAkRtamaya hI thA, jisakA jAtA hai to ekarUpatA ke liye niyama yA vyavasthA Avazyaka hotI svarUpa kramaza: ardhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM badala gyaa"| isa sandarbha meM hai aura yahI niyama bhASA kA vyAkaraNa banAte hai| vibhinna prAkRtoM ko hamArA prazna yaha hai ki yadi prAcIna zvetAmbara Agama-sAhitya zaurasenI jaba sAhityika bhASA kA rUpa diyA gayA to unake liye bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta meM , to phira vartamAna upalabdha pAThoM meM kahIM bhI zaurasenI ke niyama Avazyaka hue aura ye vyAkaraNa ke niyama mukhyata: saMskRta kI 'da' zruti kA prabhAva kyoM nahIM dikhAI detaa| isake viparIta hama se gRhIta kiye gye| jaba vyAkaraNazAstra meM kisI bhASA kI prakRti yaha pAte haiM ki digambara paramparA meM mAnya zaurasenI Agama-sAhitya batAI jAtI hai taba vahA~ tAtparya hotA hai ki usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa para ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA vyApaka prabhAva hai, isa tathya ke niyamoM kA mUla Adarza kisa bhASA ke zabda rUpa haiM? udAharaNa kI sapramANa carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| isa sambandha meM digambara ke rUpa meM jaba hama zaurasenI ke vyAkaraNa kI carcA karate hai to hama paramparA ke zIrSastha vidvAn pro.e. ena. upAdhye kA yaha spaSTa mantavya yaha mAnate haiM ki usake vyAkaraNa kA Adarza apanI kucha vizeSatAoM hai ki pravacanasAra kI bhASA para zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA ko chor3akara jisakI carcA usa bhASA ke vyAkaraNa meM hotI hai, saMskRta kA paryApta prabhAva hai aura ardhamAgadhI bhASA kI aneka vizeSatAe~ ke zabda rUpa haiN| uttarAdhikAra ke rUpa meM isa grantha ko prApta huI haiN| kisI bhI bhASA kA janma bolI ke rUpa meM pahale hotA hai phira isameM svara-parivartana, madhyavartI vyaJjanoM ke parivartana, 'ya' zruti bolI se sAhityika bhASA kA janma hotA hai| jaba sAhityika bhASA ityAdi ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke samAna hI milate haiN| dUsare variSTha digambara banatI hai taba usake liye vyAkaraNa ke niyama banAye jAte haiM, ye vyAkaraNa vidvAn pro.khaDabaDI kA kahanA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zuddha ke niyama jisa bhASA ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para usa bhASA ke zabdarUpo zaurasenI nahIM hai| isa prakAra jahA~ eka ora digambara vidvAn isa tathya ko samajhAte haiM vahI bhASA kI kisI prakRti kahalAte haiN| yaha satya ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kara rahe haiM ki digambara AgamoM para zvetAmbara hai ki bolI kA janma pahale hotA hai, vyAkaraNa usake bAda banatA hai| AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA prabhAva hai vahA~ yaha kaise mAnA jA zaurasenI athavA prAkRta kI prakRti ko saMskRta mAnane kA artha itanA sakatA hai ki zvetAmbara Agama zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita hI hai ki ina bhASAoM ke jo bhI vyAkaraNa bane hai ve saMskRta zabda hue| apitu isase to yahI phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama rUpoM ke AdhAra para bane haiN| yahA~ para yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki prAkRta hI zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita hue hai| puna: ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke svarUpa kA koI bhI vyAkaraNa prAkRta ke likhane yA bolane vAlo ke liye ke sambandha meM digambara vidvAnoM meM jo bhrAMti pracalita rahI hai usakA nahIM banAyA gayA, apitu, unake liye banAyA gayA jo saMskRta meM likhate spaSTIkaraNa bhI Avazyaka hai| sambhavataH ye vidvAn ardhamAgadhI aura yA bolate the| yadi hameM kisI saMskRta ke jAnakAra vyakti ko prAkRta mahArASTrI ke antara ko spaSTa rUpa se nahIM samajha pAye haiM tathA sAmAnyataH ke zabda yA zabdarUpoM ko samajhAnA ho to hameM usakA AdhAra saMskRta ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI ko paryAyavAcI mAnakara hI calate rahe haiN| ko hI banAnA hogA aura usI ke AdhAra para yaha samajhAnA hogA ki yahI kAraNa hai ki DaoN.e.ena.upAdhye jaise vidvAn bhI 'ya' zruti ko saMskRta ke kisI zabda se prAkRta kA kauna sA zabdarUpa kaise niSpatra ardhamAgadhI kA lakSaNa batAte haiN| jabaki vaha mUlataH mahArASTrI huA hai isaliye jo bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa nirmita kiye gaye aparihArya prAkRta kA lakSaNa hai, na ki ardhamAgadhI kaa| ardhamAgadhI to 'ta' zruti rUpa se ve saMskRta zabdoM yA zabdarUpoM ko AdhAra mAnakara prAkRta zabda pradhAna hai| yA zabdarUpoM kI vyAkhyA karate haiM / saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti yaha satya hai ki zvetAmbara AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM kahane kA itanA hI tAtparya hai| isI prakAra jaba mAgadhI, paizAcI yA kAlakrama meM parivartana hue haiM aura usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kI 'ya' apabhraMza kI 'prakRti' zaurasenI ko kahA jAtA hai to usakA tAtparya zruti kA prabhAva AyA hai, kintu yaha mAnanA pUrNataH mithyA hai ki hotA hai, prastuta vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM ina bhASAoM ke zabdarUpoM ko zvetAmbara AgamoM kA zaurasenI se ardhamAgadhI meM rUpAntaraNa huA hai| zaurasenI zabdoM kA AdhAra mAnakara samajhAyA gayA hai| 'prAkRtaprakAza' vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama hI mAthurI aura valabhI kI TIkA meM vararuci ne spaSTata: likhA hai- zaurasenyA ye zabdAsteSAM vAcanAoM ke samaya kramaza: zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI se prabhAvita prakRtiH saMskRtam (12/2) arthAt zaurasenI ke jo zabda hai unakI prakRti yA AdhAra saMskRta zabda haiN|
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________________ - yatIndarimArakagranya jaina Agama evaM sAhitya zatI meM nirmita avadhAraNAoM kI upasthiti unheM zvetAmbara AgamoM aura kA sRjana huA hai| paizAcI prAkRta ke prabhAva se yukta mAtra eka grantha umAsvAti ke tattvArthasUtra (lagabhaga caturtha zatI) se paravartI hI siddha prAkRta dhammapada milA hai| inhIM jana-boliyoM ko jaba eka sAhityika karatI haiM, kyoMki inameM ye avadhAraNAe~ anupasthita haiN| isa sambandha bhASA kA rUpa dene kA prayatna jainAcAryoM ne kiyA, to usameM bhI AdhAragata meM maiMne apane grantha 'guNasthAna siddhAnta : eka vizleSaNa' aura 'jaina vibhinnatA ke kAraNa zabda-rUpoM kI vibhinnatA raha gii| satya to yaha dharma kA yApanIya sampradAya' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| isa prakAra hai ki vibhinna boliyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa sAhityika prAkRtoM satya to yaha hai ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA yA ardhamAgadhI Agama nahIM, apitu meM bhI zabda rUpoM kI yaha vividhatA raha jAnA svAbhAvika hai| zaurasenI bhASA IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke pazcAt aura zaurasenI Agama vibhinna boliyoM kI lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa hI prAkRta IsA0 kI 5 vIM zatI ke pazcAt astitva meM aaye| acchA hogA ki bhASAoM ke vividha rUpa bane haiN| boliyoM ke AdhAra para vikasita ina bhAI sudIpa jI pahale mAgadhI aura pAli tathA ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM ke jo mAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI para lAne haiM, unameM ke antara evaM inake pratyeka ke lakSaNoM tathA jaina Agamika sAhitya bhI pratyeka meM vaikalpika zabda-rUpa pAye jAte haiM, ata: una sabhI meM ke granthoM ke kAlakrama aura jaina itihAsa ko taTastha dRSTi se samajha vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se pUrNa ekarUpatA kA abhI bhI bhASAvidoM leM aura phira pramANa sahita apanI kalama nirbhIka rUpa se calAyeM, vyartha ne vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para unakI kucha lakSaNagata vizeSatAeM kI AdhArahIna bhrAntiyA~ khar3I karake samAja meM kaTutA ke bIja na boyeN| mAna lI haiM jaise mAgadhI meM "sa" ke sthAna para "za", "ra" ke sthAna para "la'' kA uccAraNa hotA hai| ata: mAgadhI meM "puruSa" kA "puliza' jaina AgamoM meM huA bhASika svarUpa parivartana aura "rAjA" kA "lAjA' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki mahArASTrI meM jaina Agama mUlata: prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha haiM, kintu prAkRta eka "purisa' aura "rAyA' rUpa banatA hai| jahA~ arddhamAgadhI meM "ta" zruti bhASA na hokara, bhASA-samUha hai| prAkRta ke ina aneka bhASika rUpoM kI pradhAnatA hai aura vyaMjanoM ke lopa kI pravRtti alpa hai, vahIM zaurasenI kA ullekha hemacandra prabhRti prAkRta-vyAkaraNavidoM ne kiyA hai| prAkRta meM "da" zruti kI aura mahArASTrI meM "ya' zruti kI pradhAnatA pAyI ke jo vibhinna bhASika rUpa upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna bhASika vargoM meM jAtI hai tathA lopa kI pravRtti adhika hai| dUsare zabdoM meM arddhamAgadhI vibhakta kiyA jAtA hai.--- mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, jaina-zaurasenI, meM "ta" yathAvat rahatA hai, zaurasenI meM "ta" ke sthAna para "da" aura mahArASTrI, jaina-mahArASTrI, paizAcI, brAcaDa, cUlikA, DhakkI aadi| ina mahArASTrI meM lupta-vyaMjana ke bAda zeSa rahe "a" kA "ya" hotA hai| vibhinna prAkRtoM se hI Age calakara apabhraMza ke vividha rUpoM kA prAkRtoM meM ina lakSaNagata vizeSatAoM ke bAvajUda bhI dhAtu rUpoM evaM vikAsa huA aura jinase kAlAntara meM asamiyA, baMgalA, ur3iyA, zabda-rUpoM meM aneka vaikalpika rUpa to pAye hI jAte haiN| yahA~ yaha bhojapurI yA pUrvI hindI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhI smaraNa rahe ki nATakoM meM prayukta vibhinna prAkRtoM kI apekSA jaina bhAratIya bhASAe~ astitva meM aayiiN| ata: prAkRteM sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM granthoM meM prayukta ina prAkRta bhASAoM kA rUpa kucha bhitra hai aura kisI kI pUrvaja haiM aura Adhunika hindI kA vikAsa bhI inhIM ke AdhAra sImA taka unameM lakSaNagata bahurUpatA bhI hai| isIlie jaina-AgamA para huaa| meM prayukta mAgadhI ko arddhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki usameM mAgadhI - prAkRta ke sandarbha meM hameM eka do bAteM aura samajha lenA caahie| ke atirikta anya boliyoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa mAgadhI se bhinna lakSaNa prathama to yaha ki prAkRta bhASA kI AdhAragata bahuvidhatA kA kAraNa bhI pAye jAte haiN| jahA~ taba abhilekhIya prAkRtoM kA prazna hai unameM zabda yaha hai ki usakA vikAsa vividha boliyoM se huA hai aura boliyoM rUpoM kI itanI adhika vividhatA yA bhinnatA hai ki unheM vyAkaraNa meM vividhatA hotI hai| sAtha hI unameM deza kAlagata prabhAvoM aura kI dRSTi se vyAkhyAyita kara pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai kyoMki unakI mukha-suvidhA (uccAraNa-suvidhA) ke kAraNa parivartana hote rahate haiN| prAkRta prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta na hokara sthAnIya boliyoM para AdhArita hai| nirjhara kI bhA~ti bahatI bhASA hai use vyAkaraNa meM Abaddha kara pAnA yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga sambhava nahIM hai| isIlie prAkRta ko "bahula' arthAt vividha vaikalpika huA hai, vaha jaina-zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| use jaina-zaurasenI isaliye rUpoM vAlI bhASA kahA jAtA hai| kahate haiM ki usameM zaurasenI ke atirikta arddhamAgadhI ke bhI kucha lakSaNa vastuta: prAkRte apane mUla rUpa meM bhASA na hokara boliyA~ hI pAye jAte haiN| usa para arddhamAgadhI- kA spaSTa prabhAva dekhA jAtA rahIM haiN| yahA~ taka ki sAhityika nATakoM meM bhI inakA prayoga boliyoM hai kyoMki isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI the| ke rUpa meM hI dekhA jAtA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki mRcchakaTika jaise isI prakAra zvetAmbara-AcAryoM ne prAkRta ke jisa bhASAyI rUpa ko apanAyA nATaka meM aneka prAkRtoM kA prayoga huA hai, usake vibhinna pAtra bhinna-bhinna vaha jaina-mahArASTrI kahI jAtI hai| isameM mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM ke atirikta prAkRteM bolate haiN| ina vibhinna prAkRtoM meM se adhikAMza kA astitva kahIM-kahIM arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke lakSaNa bhI pAye jAte haiM, kyoMki mAtra bolI ke rUpa meM hI rahA, jinake nidarzana kevala nATakoM aura isameM racita granthoM kA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH arddhamAgadhI aura aMzataH abhilekhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra arddhamAgadhI, jaina-zaurasenI aura zaurasenI sAhitya rahA hai| jaina-mahArASTrI hI aisI bhASAyeM haiM, jinameM jainadharma ke vipula sAhitya ata: jaina-paramparA meM upalabdha kisI bhI grantha kI prAkRta kA
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________________ candrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya svarUpa nizcita karanA eka kaThina kArya hai, kyoMki zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM koI bhI aisA grantha nahIM milatA, jo vizuddha rUpa se kisI eka prAkRta kA pratinidhitva karatA ho / Aja upalabdha vibhinna zvetAmbara- arddhamAgadhI-AgamoM meM cAhe pratizatoM meM kucha mitratA ho, kintu vyApaka rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| AcArAMga aura RSibhASita jaise prAcIna stara ke AgamoM meM arddhamAgadhI ke lakSaNa pramukha hote hue bhI kahIM-kahIM AMzika rUpa se mahArASTrI kA prabhAva A hI gayA hai| isI prakAra digambara- paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM eka ora arddhamAgadhI kA to dUsarI ora mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| kucha aise grantha bhI haiM jinameM lagabhaga 60 pratizata zaurasenI evaM 40 pratizata mahArASTrI pAyI jAtI hai-- jaise vasunandI ke zrAvakAcAra kA prathama sNskrnn| jJAtavya hai ki isake paravartI saMskaraNoM meM zaurasenIkaraNa adhika hai| kundakunda ke granthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra mahArASTrI kA paryApta prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina saba vibhinna bhASika rUpoM ke pArasparika prabhAva yA mizraNa ke atirikta mujhe apane adhyayana ke daurAna eka mahattvapUrNa bAta yaha milI ki jahA~ zaurasenI pranthoM meM jaba arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke uddharaNa diye gaye, to vahA~ unheM apane arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na dekara unakA zaurasenI-rUpAntaraNa karake diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI ke granthoM meM athavA zvetAmbara AcAryoM dvArA likhita granthoM meM jaba bhI zaurasenI ke grantha kA uddharaNa diyA gayA, to sAmAnyatayA use mUla zaurasenI meM na rakhakara usakA mahArASTrI-rUpAntaraNa kara diyA gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM jo uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga Adi ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve unake arddhamAgadhI rUpa meM na hokara zaurasenI rUpa meM hI milate haiN| isI prakAra haribhadra ne zaurasenI prAkRta ke "yApanIya tantra'' nAmaka grantha se "lalitavistarA " meM jo uddharaNa diyA, vaha mahArASTrI prAkRta meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra cAhe arddhamAgadhI Agama ho yA zaurasenI-Agama, unake upalabdha saMskaraNoM kI bhASA na to pUrNataH arddhamAgadhI hai aura na hI zaurasenI / arddhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM hI prakAra ke AgamoM para mahArASTrI kA vyApaka prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai jo ki ina donoM kI apekSA paravartIIM hai| isI prakAra mahArASTrI prAkRta ke kucha granthoM para paravartI apabhraMza kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| ina AgamoM athavA Agama-tulya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ke kAraNa unake kAlakrama tathA pArasparika AdAna-pradAna ko samajhane meM vidvAnoM ko paryApta ulajhanoM kA anubhava - hotA hai, mAtra itanA hI nahIM kabhI-kabhI ina prabhAvoM ke kAraNa ina granthoM ko paravartI bhI siddha kara diyA jAtA hai| Aja Agamika sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa kI vividhatA ko dUra karane tathA unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM sthira karane ke kucha prayatna bhI prArambha hue haiN| sarvaprathama DaoN. ke. RSabhacandra ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama jaise - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga meM Aye mahArASTrI ke prabhAva ko dUra karane evaM unheM apane mUla svarUpa meM lAne ke liye prayatna prArambha kiyA hai kyoMki eka hI adhyAya yA uddezaka meM "loya" aura "loga" yA "AyA" aura "AtA" donoM hI rUpa dekhe jAte haiN| isI prakAra kahIM kriyA rUpoM meM bhI "ta" zruti upalabdha hotI hai aura kahIM usake lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai| prAcIna AgamoM meM hue ina bhASika parivartanoM se unake artha meM bhI kitanI vikRti AyI, isakA bhI DaoN. candrA ne apane lekhoM ke mAdhyama se saMketa kiyA hai tathA yaha batAyA hai ki arddhamAgadhI "khetana" zabda kisa prakAra "kheyanna" bana gayA aura usakA jo mUla "kSetrajJa" artha thA vaha badalakara "khedajJa" ho gyaa| ina saba kAraNoM se unhoMne pATha saMzodhana hetu eka yojanA prastuta kI aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana ke prathama uddezaka kI bhASA kA sampAdana kara use prakAzita bhI kiyA hai| isI krama meM maiMne bhI Agama-saMsthAna udayapura ke DaoN. subhASa koThArI evaM DaoN. sureza sisodiyA dvArA AcArAMga ke vibhinna prakAzita saMskaraNoM se pAThAntaroM kA saMkalana karavAyA hai| isake virodha meM pahalA svara zrI jauharImala jI pArakha ne uThAyA hai| zvetAmbara - vidvAnoM meM AyI isa cetanA kA prabhAva digambara-vidvAnoM para bhI par3A aura AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke nirdezana meM AcArya kundakunda ke granthoM ko pUrNataH zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita karane kA eka prayatna prArambha huA hai, isa dizA meM prathama kArya balabhadra jaina dvArA sampAdita samayasAra, niyamasAra Adi kA kundakunda bhAratI se prakAzana hai| yadyapi digambara - paramparA meM hI paM. khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, padmacandra zAstrI Adi digambara vidvAnoM ne isa pravRtti kA virodha kiyaa| Aja zvetAmbara evaM digambara paramparAoM meM Agama yA Agama rUpa meM mAnya granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke punaH saMzodhana kI jo cetanA jAgRta huI hai, usakA kitanA adhitya hai, isakI carcA to maiM bAda meM kruuNgaa| sarvaprathama to ise samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki ina prAkRta Agama-granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM kina kAraNoM se aura kisa prakAra ke parivartana Aye haiN| kyoMki isa tathya ko pUrNataH samajhe binA kevala eka-dUsare ke anukaraNa ke AdhAra para athavA apanI paramparA ko prAcIna siddha karane hetu kisI grantha ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kara denA sambhavataH ina granthoM ke aitihAsika krama evaM kAla nirNaya evaM inake pArasparika prabhAva ko samajhane meM bAdhA utpanna karegA aura isase kaI prakAra ke anya anartha bhI sambhava ho sakate haiN| kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI satya hai ki jainAcAryoM evaM jaina- vidvAnoM ne apane bhASika vyAmoha ke kAraNa athavA pracalita bhASA ke zabda rUpoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna stara ke Agama-granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kiyA hai| jaina AgamoM kI vAcanA ko lekara jo mAnyatAeM pracalita hai, unake anusAra sarvaprathama I.pU. tIsarI zatI meM vIra- nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka sau pacAsa varSa pazcAt pATalIputra meM prathama vAcanA huii| isameM usa kAla taka nirmita Agama-granthoM, vizeSataH aMgaAgamoM kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki paTanA kI yaha vAcanA magadha meM huI thI aura isalie isameM AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita huA hogA, vaha nizcita hI mAgadhI rahA hogaa| isake pazcAt lagabhaga I. pU. prathama zatI meM khAravela ke zAsana kAla meM ur3IsA meM dvitIya vAcanA huI / yahA~ para isakA svarUpa arddhamAgadhI rahA hogA, 153inin Si
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________________ kintu isake lagabhaga cAra sau varSa pazcAt skaMdila aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyayakSatA meM kramaza: mathurA va valabhI meM vAcanAe~ huI / sambhava hai ki mathurA meM huI isa vAcanA meM arddhamAgadhI AgamoM para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA hogaa| valabhI kI vAcanA vAle AgamoM meM nAgArjunIya pAThoM ke to ullekha milate haiM, kintu skaMdila kI vAcanA ke pATha bhedoM kA koI nirdeza nahIM hai| skaMdila kI vAcanA sambandhI pAThabhedoM kA yaha anullekha vicAraNIya hai| nandIsUtra meM skaMdila ke sambandha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki unake anuyoga (Agama-pATha) hI dakSiNa bhArata kSetra meM Aja bhI pracalita haiN| sambhavataH yaha saMketa yApanIyaAgamoM ke sambandha meM hogaa| yApanIya paramparA jina AgamoM ko mAnya kara rahI thI, usameM vyApaka rUpa se bhASika parivartana kiyA gayA thA aura unheM zaurasenI rUpa de diyA gayA thaa| yadyapi Aja pramANa ke abhAva meM nizcita rUpa se yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki yApanIya-AgamoM kI bhASA kA svarUpa kyA thA, kyoMki yApanIyoM dvArA mAnya aura vyAkhyAyita ve Agama upalabdha nahIM haiN| yadyapi aparAjita ke dvArA dazavaikAlika para TIkA likhe jAne kA nirdeza prApta hotA hai, kintu vaha TIkA bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| ataH yaha kahanA to kaThina hai ki yApanIya AgamoM kI bhASA kitanI arddhamAgadhI thI aura kitanI shaursenii| kintu itanA taya hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane granthoM meM AgamoM, prakIrNako evaM niyuktiyoM kI jina gAthAoM ko gRhIta kiyA hai athavA uddhRta kiyA hai ve sabhI Aja zaurasenI rUpoM meM hI pAyI jAtI haiM yadyapi Aja bhI una para bahuta kucha arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva zeSa raha gayA hai| cAhe yApanIyoM ne sampUrNa AgamoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa ko arddhamAgadhI se zaurasenI meM rUpAntarita kiyA ho yA nahIM, kintu unhoMne AgamasAhitya se jo gAthAe~ uddhata kI hai, ve adhikAMzataH Aja apane zaurasenI svarUpa meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yApanIya-AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM yaha parivartana jAnabUjhakara kiyA gayA yA jaba mathurA jainadharma kA kendra banA taba sahaja rUpa meM yaha parivartana A gayA thA, yaha kahanA kaThina hai| jainadharma sadaiva se kSetrIya bhASAoM ko apanAtA rahA aura yahI kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki zrutaparamparA se calI AyI ina gAthAoM meM yA to sahaja hI kSetrIya prabhAva AyA ho yA phira usa kSetra kI bhASA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara use usa rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gayA ho| | yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya yaha bhI satya hai ki valabhI meM jo devardhigaNi kI adhyakSatA meM vI.ni.saM. 980 yA 993 meM antima vAcanA huI, usameM kSetragata mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva jaina AgamoM para vizeSarUpa se AyA hogA, yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAna meM zvetAmbara-mAnya arddhamAgadhI AgamoM kI bhASA kA jo svarUpa upalabdha hai, usa para mahArASTrI kA prabhAva hI adhika hai| arddhamAgadhI AgamoM meM bhI una AgamoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita huI hai, jo adhika vyavahAra yA pracalana meM rhe| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika jaise prAcIna stara ke Agama mahArASTrI se adhika prabhAvita haiN| jabaki RSibhASita jaisA Agama mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha mukta rahA hai| usa para mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva atyalpa hai| Aja arddhamAgadhI kA jo Agama-sAhitya hameM wikim upalabdha hai, usameM arddhamAgadhI kA sarvAdhika pratizata isI grantha meM pAyA jAtA hai| jaina Agamika evaM Agama rUpa meM mAnya arddhamAgadhI tathA zaurasenI granthoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana kyoM huA ? isa prazna kA uttara aneka rUpoM meM diyA jA sakatA hai| vastutaH ina granthoM meM hue bhASika parivartanoM kA koI eka hI kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu aneka kAraNa haiM, jina para hama kramazaH vicAra kreNge| 1. bhArata meM jahA~ vaidika paramparA meM veda-vacanoM ko maMtra mAnakara unake svara vyaMjana kI uccAraNa yojanA ko aparivartanIya banAye rakhane para adhika bala diyA gayA, unake liye zabda aura dhvani hI mahattvapUrNa rahI aura artha gauNa Aja bhI aneka vedapAThI brAhmaNa aise haiM, jo veda maMtroM ke uccAraNa, laya Adi ke prati atyanta satarka rahate haiM, kintu ve unake arthoM ko nahIM jAnate haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki veda zabda rUpa meM yathAvat bane rahe isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM yaha mAnA gayA ki tIrthaGkara artha ke upadeSTA hote haiM unake vacanoM ko zabda rUpa to gaNadhara Adi ke dvArA diyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ke liye kathana kA tAtparya hI pramukha thA, unhoMne kabhI bhI zabdoM para bala nahIM diyaa| zabdoM meM cAhe parivartana ho jAya, lekina arthoM meM parivartana nahIM honA cAhiye, yahI jaina AcAryoM kA pramukha lakSya rahA zabda rUpoM kI unakI isa upekSA ke phalasvarUpa AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM parivartana hote gye| 2. Agama - sAhitya meM jo bhASika parivartana hue usakA dUsarA kAraNa yaha thA ki jaina bhikSu saMgha meM vibhinna pradezoM ke bhikSugaNa sammilita the| apanI-apanI prAdezika boliyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa unakI uccAraNa-zailI meM bhI svAbhAvika bhinnatA rahatI, phalataH Agama sAhitya ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA A gyii| - 3. jainabhikSu sAmAnyatayA bhramaNazIla hote haiM, unakI bhramaNazIlatA ke kAraNa unakI boliyoM, bhASAoM para bhI anya pradezoM kI boliyoM kA prabhAva par3atA hI hai| phalataH AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana yA mizraNa ho gyaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jaba pUrva kA bhikSu pazcima pradezoM meM adhika vihAra karatA hai to usakI bhASA meM pUrva evaM pazcima donoM hI boliyoM kA prabhAva A hI jAtA hai| ataH bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA samApta ho jAtI hai| 4. sAmAnyatayA buddhavacana buddha-nirvANa ke 200-300 varSa ke andara hI andara likhita rUpa meM A ge| ataH unake bhASika svarUpa meM unake racanAkAla ke bAda bahuta adhika parivartana nahIM AyA, tathApi unakI uccAraNa-zailI vibhinna dezoM meM bhinna-bhinna rahI aura vaha Aja bhI hai| thAI, varmA aura zrIlaMkA ke bhikSuoM kA tripiTaka kA uccAraNa bhinna-bhinna hotA hai, phira bhI unake likhita svarUpa meM bahuta kucha ekarUpatA hai| isake viparIta jaina Agamika evaM Agamatulya sAhitya eka sudIrgha kAla taka likhita rUpa meM nahIM A sakA, vaha guruziSya paramparA se maukhika hI calatA rahA, phalataH dezakAlagata uccAraNa-bheda se unake bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana hotA gayA / 154 Mvvnis
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________________ yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha jaina Agama evaM sAhitya bhArata meM kAgaja kA pracalana na hone se grantha bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAte the| tAr3apatroM para granthoM ko likhavAnA aura unheM surakSita rakhanA jaina muniyoM kI ahiMsA evaM aparigraha kI bhAvanA ke pratikUla thaa| lagabhaga I. san kI 5 vIM zatI taka isa kArya ko pApa pravRtti mAnA jAtA thA tathA isake lie prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA bhI thii| phalataH mahAvIra ke pazcAt lagabhaga 1000 varSa taka jaina - sAhitya zruta- paramparA para hI AdhArita rahA zruta-paramparA ke AdhAra para AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ko surakSita rakhanA kaThina thaa| ataH uccAraNa-zailI kA bheda AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa ke parivartana kA kAraNa bana gyaa| 5. Agamika evaM Agama-tulya sAhitya meM Aja bhASika rUpoM kA jo parivartana dekhA jAtA hai, usakA eka kAraNa lahiyoM (pratilipikAroM) kI asAvadhAnI bhI rahI hai| pratilipikAra jisa kSetra ke hote the, una para bhI usa kSetra kI bolI bhASA kA prabhAva rahatA thA aura asAvadhAnI se apanI prAdezika bolI ke zabda rUpoM ko likha detA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM cAhe mUla pATha meM "gacchati" likhA ho lekina pracalana meM " gacchaI" kA vyavahAra hai, to pratilipikAra "gacchaI" rUpa hI likha degaa| 6. jaina Agama evaM Agama-tulya grantha meM Aye bhASika parivartanoM kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki ve vibhinna kAloM evaM pradezoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| sampAdakoM ne unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira rakhane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA apitu unheM sampAdita karate samaya apane yuga evaM kSetra ke pracalita bhASAyI svarUpa ke AdhAra para unameM parivartana kara diyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki arddhamAgadhI meM likhita Agama bhI jaba mathurA meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita hue to unakA bhASika svarUpa arddhamAgadhI kI apekSA zaurasenI ke nikaTa ho gayA aura jaba valabhI meM likhe gaye to vaha mahArASTrI se prabhAvita ho gyaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki aisA parivartana sampUrNa rUpa meM na ho sakA aura usameM arddhamAgadhI ke tattva bhI bane rhe| sampAdana aura pratilipi karate samaya bhASika svarUpa kI ekarUpatA para vizeSa bala nahIM die jAne ke kAraNa jaina Agama evaM Agamatulya sAhitya arddhamAgadhI, zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI kI khicar3I hI bana gayA aura vidvAnoM ne unakI bhASA ko jaina-zaurasenI aura jaina mahArASTrI aise nAma de diye| na prAcIna saMkalana kartAoM ne usa para dhyAna diyA aura na Adhunika kAla ke sampAdanoM, prakAzanoM meM isa tathya para dhyAna diyA gyaa| pariNAmataH eka hI Agama ke eka hI vibhAga meM "loka", "loga", "loa" aura "loya" aise cAroM hI rUpa dekhane ko mila jAte haiN| yadyapi sAmAnya rUpa se to ina bhASika rUpoM ke parivartanoM ke kAraNa koI bahuta bar3A artha bheda nahIM hotA hai, kintu kabhI-kabhI inake kAraNa bhayaMkara artha-bheda bhI ho jAtA hai| isa sandarbha meM eka do udAharaNa dekara apanI bAta ko spaSTa karanA caahuuNgaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA prAcIna pATha "rAmapute" badalakara cUrNa meM "rAmAute" ho gayA, kintu vahI pATha sUtrakRtAMga kI zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| isa prakAra jo zabda rAmaputra kA vAcaka thA, vaha rAmagupta kA vAcaka ho gyaa| isI AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne use guptazAsaka rAmagupta mAna liyA hai aura usake dvArA pratiSThApita vidizA kI jina mUrtiyoM ke abhilekhoM se usakI puSTi bhI kara dii| jabaki vastutaH vaha nirdeza buddha ke samakAlIna rAmaputra nAmaka zramaNa-AcArya ke sambandha meM thA, jo dhyAna evaM yoga ke mahAn sAdhaka the aura jinase svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne dhyAna prakriyA sIkhI thii| unase sambandhita eka adhyayana RSibhASita meM Aja bhI hai, jabaki aMtakRhadazA meM unase sambandhita jo adhyayana thA, vaha Aja vilupta ho cukA hai| isakI vistRta carcA Aspects of Jainology, Vol. II meM maiMne apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM prayukta "khetana" zabda, jo "kSetra" (Atmaza) kA vAcI thA, mahArASTrI ke prabhAva se Age calakara " kheyaNNa" bana gayA aura use "khedajJa" kA vAcI mAna liyA gyaa| isakI carcA pro. ke. Ara. candrA ne zramaNa 1992 meM prakAzita apane lekha meM kI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki ina parivartanoM ke kAraNa aneka sthaloM para bahuta adhika arthabheda bhI ho gaye haiN| Aja vaijJAnika rUpa se sampAdana kI jo zailI vikasita huI hai usake mAdhyama se ina samasyAoM ke samAdhAna kI apekSA hai| jaisA ki hamane pUrva meM saMketa kiyA thA ki Agamika evaM Agama-tulya granthoM ke prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane ke lie zvetAmbara paramparA meM pro. ke. Ara. candrA aura digambara-paramparA meM AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI ke sAnnidhya meM zrI balabhadra jaina ne prayatna prArambha kiyA hai| kintu ina prayatnoM kA kitanA aucitya hai aura isa sandarbha meM kina-kina sAvadhAniyoM kI AvazyakatA hai, yaha bhI vicAraNIya hai| yadi prAcIna rUpoM ko sthira karane kA yaha prayatna sampUrNa sAvadhAnI aura ImAnadArI se na huA to isake duSpariNAma bhI ho sakate haiN| prathamataH, prAkRta ke vibhinna bhASika rUpa liye hue ina granthoM meM pArasparika prabhAva aura pArasparika avadAna ko arthAt kisane kisa paramparA se kyA liyA hai, ise samajhane ke lie Aja jo suvidhA hai, vaha inameM bhASika ekarUpatA lAne para samApta ho jaayegii| Aja namaskAra maMtra meM "namo" aura "Namo" zabda kA jo vivAda hai, usakA samAdhAna aura kauna sA zabdarUpa prAcIna hai isakA nizcaya, hama khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM ke AdhAra para kara sakate haiM aura yaha kaha sakate haiM ki arddhamAgadhI kA "namo" rUpa prAcIna hai, jabaki zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kA " Namo" rUpa paravartI hai, kyoMki I. kI dUsarI zatI taka abhilekhoM meM kahIM bhI "Namo" rUpa nahIM miltaa| jabaki chaThI zatI se dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina-abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa bahutAyata se milatA hai| isase phalita yaha nikalatA hai ki Namo rUpa paravartI hai aura jina granthoM meM "na" ke sthAna para "Na" kI bahulatA hai, ve grantha bhI paravartI haiN| yaha satya hai ki "namo' se parivartita hokara hI " Namo" rUpa banA hai| jina abhilekhoM meM "Namo" rUpa milatA hai ve sabhI I. san kI cauthI zatI ke bAda ke hI haiN| isI prakAra se namaskAra maMtra kI antima gAthA meM eso paMca namukkAro savvapAvapyaNAsaNo / maMgalANaM ca savversi paDhamaM havar3a maMgalaM aisA pATha hai inameM prayukta prathamAvibhakti meM "ekAra" ke sthAna para "okAra" kA prayoga tathA "havati" ke namoram P44 marmor --
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________________ -- tIndrasUri smArakAvya - jaina Agama eka sAhitya - sthAna para "havai" zabda rUpa kA prayoga yaha batAtA hai ki isakI racanA hote hue bhI mahArASTrI rUpa "kheyanna" banAye rakhanA ucita nahIM hogaa| arddhamAgadhI se mahArASTrI ke saMkramaNakAla ke bIca kI hai aura yaha aMza jahA~ taka arddhamAgadhI Agama-granthoM kA prazna hai una para paravartIkAla namaskAra-maMtra meM bAda meM jor3A gayA hai| isameM zaurasenI rUpa "hodi" meM jo zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA prabhAva A gayA hai, use dUra yA "havadi" ke sthAna para mahArASTrI zabda rUpa "havaI" hai jo yaha karane kA prayatna kisI sImA taka ucita mAnA jA sakatA hai, kintu batAtA hai ki yaha aMza mUlata: mahArASTrI meM nirmita huA thA aura vahIM isa prayatna meM bhI nimna sAvadhAniyA~ apekSita haiMse zaurasenI meM liyA gayA hai| 1. prathama to yaha ki yadi mUla hastapratiyoM meM kahIM bhI vaha zabda isI prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM meM bhI isake "havaI" zabda rUpa rUpa nahIM milatA hai, to usa zabda rUpa ko kisI bhI sthiti meM parivartita kI upasthiti bhI yahI sUcita karatI hai ki unhoMne isa aMza ko paravartI na kiyA jaaye| kintu prAcIna arddhamAgadhI zabda-rUpa jo kisI bhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke granthoM se hI grahaNa kiyA hai| anyathA vahA~ mUla mUla hastaprati meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI upalabdha hotA hai, use anyatra zaurasenI kA "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa hI honA thaa| Aja yadi kisI parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi kisI arddhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha ko zaurasenI kA adhika Agraha ho, to kyA ve namaskAra-maMtra ke isa meM "loga' evaM "loya" donoM rUpa milate ho to vahA~ arvAcIna rUpa "havaI" zabda ko "havadi" yA "hodi" rUpa meM parivartita kara deMge? "loya' ko prAcIna rUpa "loga' meM rUpAntarita kiyA jA sakatA hai jabaki tIsarI-cauthI zatI se Aja taka kahIM bhI "havai" ke atirikta kintu isake sAtha hI yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki yadi eka pUrA anya koI zabda-rUpa upalabdha nahIM hai| kA pUrA gadyAMza yA padyAMza mahArASTrI meM hai aura usameM prayukta zabdoM prAkRta ke bhASika svarUpa ke sambandha meM dUsarI kaThinAI yaha hai ke vaikalpika arddhamAgadhI rUpa kisI eka bhI Adarza prati meM nahIM milate ki prAkRta kA mUla AdhAra kSetrIya boliyA~ hone se usake eka hI haiM to una aMzoM ko parivartita na kiyA jAye, kyoMki sambhAvanA yaha kAla meM vibhinna rUpa rahe haiN| prAkRta-vyAkaraNa meM jo "bahulaM' zabda ho sakatI hai ki vaha aMza paravartI kAla meM prakSipta huA ho| ata: hai vaha svayaM isa bAta kA sUcaka hai ki cAhe zabda-rUpa ho, cAhe dhAtu- usa aMza ke prakSipta hone kA AdhAra jo usakA bhASika svarUpa hai, rUpa ho, yA upasarga Adi ho, unakI bahuvidhatA ko asvIkAra nahIM usako badalane se Agamika zodha meM bAdhA utpanna hogii| udAharaNa ke kiyA jA sktaa| eka bAra hama mAna bhI leM ki eka kSetrIya bolI rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prArambha meM "suyaM me AusaMteNa bhagavayA eyaM meM eka hI rUpa rahA hogA, kintu cAhe vaha zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI yA akkhAyaM" ke aMza ko hI leM, jo sAmAnyatayA sabhI pratiyoM meM isI mahArASTrI prAkRta ho, sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM inake vikAsa ke rUpa meM milatA hai| yadi hama ise arddhamAgadhI meM rUpAntarita karake "sutaM mUla meM vividha boliyA~ rahI haiN| ata: bhASika ekarUpatA kA prayatna / me AusanteNaM bhagavatA evaM akkhAtA" kara degeM to isake prakSipta prAkRta kI apanI mUla prakRti kI dRSTi se kitanA samIcIna hogA, hone kI jo sambhAvanA hai vaha samApta ho jaayegii| ata: prAcInastara yaha bhI eka vicAraNIya prazna hai| ke AgamoM meM kisa aMza ke bhASika svarUpa ko badalA jA sakatA punaH cAhe hama eka bAra yaha mAna bhI le ki prAcIna arddhamAgadhI hai aura kisako nahIM, isa para gambhIra cintana kI AvazyakatA hai| kA jo bhI sAhityika rUpa rahA vaha bahuvidha nahIM thA aura usameM vyaMjanoM isI sandarbha meM RSibhASita ke eka anya udAharaNa para bhI vicAra ke lopa, unake sthAna para "a" yA "ya" kI upasthiti athavA "na" kara sakate haiN| isameM pratyeka RSi ke kathana ko prastuta karate hue ke sthAna para "Na" kI pravRtti nahIM rahI hogI aura isa AdhAra para sAmAnyatayA yaha gadyAMza milatA hai- 'arahatA isiNA buintaM, kintu AcArAMga Adi kI bhASA kA arddhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira karane kA hama dekhate haiM ki isake 45 adhyAyoM meM se 37 meM "buintaM" pATha prayatna ucita bhI mAna liyA jAye, kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina- hai, jabaki 7 meM "buiyaM' pATha hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi isa "buiyaM" paramparA meM zaurasenI kA Agama-tulya sAhitya mUlata: arddhamAgadhI pATha vAle aMza ke Asa-pAsa anya zabdoM ke prAcIna arddhamAgadhI rUpa Agama-sAhitya ke AdhAra para aura usase hI vikasita huA, ata: milate ho to "buiya" ko buintaM meM badalA jA sakatA hai| kintu yadi usameM jo arddhamAgadhI yA mahArASTrI kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, use pUrNataH kisI zabda rUpa ke Age-pIche ke zabda-rUpa bhI mahArASTrI prabhAva vAle nikAla denA kyA ucita hogA? yadi hamane yaha duHsAhasa kiyA bhI hoM, to phira use badalane ke lie hameM eka bAra socanA hogaa| to usase granthoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa Adi meM aura unakI pArasparika kucha sthitiyoM meM yaha bhI hotA hai ki grantha kI eka hI Adarza prabhAvakatA ko samajhane meM, Aja jo sugamatA hai, vaha naSTa ho jaayegii| prati upalabdha ho, aisI sthiti meM jaba taka unakI pratiyA~ upalabdha ___yahI sthiti mahArASTrI prAkRta kI bhI hai| usakA AdhAra bhI na hoM, taba taka unake sAtha cher3a-chAr3a karanA ucita nahIM hogaa| ata: arddhamAgadhI aura aMzata: zaurasenI Agama rahe haiN| yadi unake prabhAva arddhamAgadhI yA zaurasenI ke bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke kisI ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA gayA to vaha bhI ucita nahIM hogaa| nirNaya se pUrva sAvadhAnI aura bauddhika ImAnadArI kI AvazyakatA hai| 'kheyaNNa' kA prAcIna rUpa'khetana' hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta ke grantha meM eka isa sandarbha meM antima rUpa se eka bAta aura nivedana karanA Avazyaka bAra 'khettantra' rUpa prApta hotA hai to use hama prAcIna zabda rUpa mAnakara hai, vaha yaha ki yadi mUlapATha meM kisI prakAra kA parivartana kiyA bhI rakha sakate haiM, kintu arddhamAgadhI ke grantha meM "khetana" rUpa upalabdha jAtA hai, to bhI itanA to avazya hI karaNIya hogA ki pAThAntaro
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________________ antAra vatIndra -mApaNI - vaita kAma 14 pATI ke rUpa meM anya upalabdha zabda rUpoM ko bhI anivArya rUpa se rakhA ke niyama thope nahIM jA sakate ki ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ke anusAra jAya, sAtha hI bhASika rUpoM ko parivartita karane ke lie jo prati hI boleN| yaha koI tarka nahIM, mAtra unakI zraddhA kA atireka hI hai| AdhAra rUpa meM mAnya kI gayI ho usakI mUla pratichAyA ko bhI prakAzita prathama prazna to yahI hai ki kyA arddhamAgadhI Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa kiyA jAya, kyoMki cher3a-chAr3a ke isa krama meM jo sAmpradAyika meM sarvajJa kI vANI hai? kyA unameM kisI prakAra kA vilopana, prakSepa Agraha kArya kareMge, usase grantha kI maulikatA ko paryApta dhakkA laga yA parivartana nahIM huA hai? yadi aisA hai to unameM aneka sthaloM para sakatA hai| antarvirodha kyoM hai? kahIM lokAntika devoM kI saMkhyA ATha hai to AcArya zAntisAgara jI aura unake samarthaka kucha digambara-vidvAnoM kahIM nau kyoM hai? kahIM cAra sthAvara aura do trasa haiM, kahIM tIna trasa dvArA SaTkhaNDAgama (1/1/93) meM se "saMjada" pATha ko haTAne kI aura tIna sthAvara kahe gaye, to kahIM pA~ca sthAvara aura eka trs| yadi evaM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM muni zrI phUlacanda jI dvArA paramparA ke viparIta Agama zabdaza: mahAvIra kI vANI hai, to AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa lagane vAle kucha Agama ke aMzoM ko haTAne kI kahAnI abhI hamAre se aMga-AgamoM meM mahAvIra ke tIna sau varSa pazcAt utpanna hue gaNoM sAmane tAjA hI hai| yaha to bhAgya hI thA ki isa prakAra ke prayatnoM ke ullekha kyoM haiM? yadi kahA jAya ki bhagavAna sarvajJa the aura unhoMne ko donoM hI samAja ke prabuddha varga ne svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura isa bhaviSya kI ghaTanAoM ko jAnakara yaha ullekha kiyA to prazna yaha prakAra se saiddhAntika saMgati ke nAma para jo kucha anartha ho sakatA ki vaha kathana vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhaviSyakAlika bhASA rUpa meM honA thA, usase hama baca gye| kintu Aja bhI "SakhaNDAgama" ke tAmra- thA vaha bhUtakAla meM kyoM kahA gyaa| kyA bhagavatI meM gozAlaka ke patroM evaM prathama saMskaraNa kI mudrita pratiyoM meM 'saMjada' zabda anupasthita prati jisa aziSTa zabdAvalI kA prayoga huA hai kyA vaha aMza vItarAga hai| isI prakAra phUlacanda jI dvArA sampAdita aMga-suttANi meM kucha Agama- bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI ho sakatI hai? kyA Aja praznavyAkaraNadazA, pAThoM kA jo vilopana huA hai ve pratiyA~ to bhaviSya meM bhI raheMgI, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA kI viSayavastu vahI ata: bhaviSya meM to yaha saba nizcaya hI vivAda kA kAraNa bnegaa| isaliye hai, jo sthAnAMga meM ullikhita hai? tathya yaha hai ki yaha saba parivartana aise kisI bhI prayatna se pUrva pUrI sAvadhAnI evaM sajagatA Avazyaka huA hai, Aja hama usase iMkAra nahIM kara sakate haiN| hai| mAtra "saMjada' pada haTa jAne se usa grantha ke yApanIya hone kI Aja aise aneka tathya haiM, jo vartamAna AgamasAhitya ko akSaraza: jo pahacAna hai, vahI samApta ho jAtI aura jaina-paramparA ke itihAsa / sarvajJa ke vacana mAnane meM bAdhaka haiN| paramparA ke anusAra bhI sarvajJa ke sAtha anartha ho jaataa| to artha (viSayavastu) ke pravaktA haiM- zabda rUpa to unako gaNadharoM uparyukta samasta : / merA prayojana yaha nahIM hai ki arddhamAgadhI yA paravartI sthaviroM dvArA diyA gayA hai| kyA Aja hamAre pAsa jo Agama Agama evaM Agama-tulya zorasanI granthoM ke bhASAyI svarUpa kI ekarUpatA haiM, ve ThIka vaise hI haiM jaise zabda-rUpa se gaNadhara gautama ne unheM racA evaM unake prAcIna svarUpa ko sthira karane kA koI prayatna hI na ho| thA? Agama-granthoM meM paravartIkAla meM jo vilopana, parivartana, parivardhana merA dRSTikoNa mAtra yaha hai ki usameM vizeSa satarkatA kI AvazyakatA Adi huA aura jinakA sAkSya svayaM Agama hI de rahe haiM, usase kyA hai| sAtha hI isa prayatna kA pariNAma yaha na ho ki jo paravartI grantha hama inkAra kara sakate haiM? svayaM devardhi ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA prAcIna arddhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke AdhAra para nirmita hue haiM, unakI hai to phira hama nakArane vAle kauna hote haiN| AdaraNIya pArakhajI likhate usa rUpa meM pahacAna hI samApta kara dI jAye aura isa prakAra Aja hai- "paNDitoM se hamArA yahI Agraha rahegA ki kRpayA binA bhela-sela granthoM ke paurvAparya ke nirdhAraNa kA jo bhASAyI AdhAra hai vaha bhI naSTa ke vahI pATha pradAna kareM jo tIrthakaroM ne artharUpa meM prarupita aura gadhaNaroM ho jaaye| yadi praznavyAkaraNa, nandIsUtra Adi paravartI AgamoM kI bhASA ne sUtrarUpa meM saMkalita kiyA thaa| hamAre liye vahI zuddha hai| sarvajJoM ko prAcIna ardhamAgadhI meM badalA gayA athavA kundakunda ke granthoM kA ko jisa akSara, zabda, pada, vAkya yA bhASA kA prayoga abhISTa thA, yA mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kA pUrNa zaurasenIkaraNa kiyA gayA vaha sUcita kara gaye, aba usameM asarvajJa phera badala nahIM kara sktaa|" to yaha ucita nahIM hogA, kyoMki isase unakI pahacAna aura itihAsa unake isa kathana ke prati merA prathama prazna to yahI hai ki Aja taka hI naSTa ho jaayegaa| AgamoM meM jo parivartana hotA rahA vaha kisane kiyA? Aja hamAre pAsa jo loga isa parivartana ke pUrNata: virodhI haiM unase bhI maiM sahamata jo Agama haiM unameM ekarUpatA kyoM nahIM hai? Aja murzidAbAda, haidarAbAda, nahIM huuN| maiM yaha mAnatA hU~ AcArAMga, RSibhASita evaM sUtrakRtAMga jaise bambaI, lADanUM Adi ke saMskaraNoM meM itanA adhika pATha-bheda kyoM prAcIna AgamoM kA isa dRSTi se puna: sampAdana honA caahie| isa prakiyA hai? inameM se hama kisa saMskaraNa ko sarvajJa-vacana mAneM aura Apake ke virodha meM jo svara ubhara kara sAmane Aye haiM unameM jauharImala jI zabdoM meM kise bhela-sela kaheM? merA dUsarA prazna yaha hai ki kyA Aja. pArakha kA svara pramukha hai| ve vidvAn adhyetA ora zraddhAzIla donoM paNDita AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kara rahe haiM yA phira ve usake zuddha hI haiN| phira bhI tulasI-prajJA meM unakA jo lekha prakAzita huA hai svarUpa ko sAmane lAnA cAhate haiM? kisI bhI pAzcAtya saMzodhaka dRSTi usameM unakA vaiduSya zraddhA ke atireka meM daba sA gayA hai| unakA sarvaprathama sampanna vidvAn ne AgamoM meM koI bhela-sela kiyA? isakA eka bhI tarka yaha hai ki Agama sarvajJa ke vacana haiM, ata: una para vyAkaraNa udAharaNa ho to hameM btaayeN| durbhAgya yaha hai ki zuddhi ke prayatna ko
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________________ - yatIndrasUrismArakagranya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya bhela-sela kA nAma diyA jA rahA hai aura vyartha meM usakI AlocanA nahIM hai| kI jA rahI hai| puna: jahA~ taka merI jAnakArI hai DaoN. candrA ne eka vartamAna meM upalabdha AgamoM ke saMskaraNoM meM lADanUM aura mahAvIra bhI aisA pATha nahIM sujhAyA hai, jo Adarza-sammata nahIM hai| unhoMne mAtra vidyAlaya ke saMskaraNa adhika prAmANika mAne jAte hai, kintu unameM yahI prayatna kiyA hai ki jo bhI prAcIna zabda rUpa kisI bhI eka Adarzaprata bhI "ta" zruti aura "ya" zruti ko lekara yA madhyavartI vyaMjanoM ke meM eka-do sthAnoM para bhI mila gaye, unheM AdhAra mAnakara anya sthaloM ___ lopa sambandhI jo vaividhya hai, vaha na kevala Azcaryajanaka hai, apitu para bhI vahI prAcIna rUpa rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yadi unheM bhela-sela vidvAnoM ke lie cintanIya bhI hai| karanA hotA to ve itane sAhasa ke sabhI pUjya munijanoM evaM vidvAnoM yahA~ mahAvIra vidyAlaya se prakAzita sthAnAMgasUtra ke hI eka-do ke vicAra jAnane ke liye use prasArita nahIM krte| phira jaba pArakha udAharaNa Apake sAmane prastuta kara rahA hU~ - jI svayaM yaha kahate haiM ki kula 116 pAThabhedoM meM kevala 1 "AusaMteNa" cattArivatthA pannattA, taMjahA-sutI nAmaMege sutI, suInAma ege asuI, ko chor3akara zeSa 115 pAThabheda aise haiM ki jinase artha meM koI pharka cubhNgo| nahIM par3atA- to phira unhoMne aisA kauna sA aparAdha kara diyA jisase evAmeva vattAri purisajAtA pannattA, taMjahA sutI NAma ege sutI, unake zrama kI mUlyavattA ko svIkAra karane ke sthAna para use nakArA cubhNgo| jA rahA hai? Aja yadi AcArAMga ke lagabhaga 40 se adhika saMskaraNa - (caturtha) sthAna, prathama uddezaka, sUtrakramAMka 241, pR0 94) haiM- aura yaha bhI satya hai ki sabhI ne AdarzoM ke AdhAra para hI isa prakAra yahA~ Apa dekheMge ki eka hI sUtra meM "sutI' aura pATha chApe haiM to phira kise zuddha aura kise azuddha kaheM? kyA sabhI "suI" donoM rUpa upasthita hai| isase mAtra zabda-rUpa meM hI bheda nahIM ko samAna rUpa se zuddha mAna liyA jaayegaa| kyA hama byAvara, jaina hotA hai, artha-bheda bhI ho sakatA hai, kyoki "sutI" kA artha hai vizvabhAratI, lADanUM aura mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNoM ko samAna sUta se nirmita, jabaki "suI' (zuci) kA artha hai pvitr| isa prakAra mahattva kA samajheM? bhaya bhela-sela kA nahIM hai, bhaya yaha hai ki adhika isI sUtra meM "NAma" aura "nAma" donoM zabda rUpa eka hI sAtha upasthita prAmANika evaM zuddha saMskaraNa ke nikala jAne se pUrva saMskaraNoM kI haiN| isI sthAnAMgasUtra se eka anya udAharaNa lIjie- sUtra kramAMka sampAdana meM rahI kamiyA~ ujAgara ho jAne kA aura yahI khIja kA mUla 445, pR0 197 para "nimrantha' zabda ke lie prAkRta zabdarUpa "niyaMTha" kAraNa pratIta hotA hai| puna: kyA zraddheya pArakhajI yaha batA sakate haiM prayukta hai to sUtra 446 meM "niggaMtha" aura pAThAntara meM "nitaMTha" rUpa ki kyA koI bhI aisI Adarza prati hai, jo pUrNataH zuddha hai- jaba bhI diyA gayA hai| isI grantha meM sUtra -saMkhyA 458, pR. 197 para AdarzoM meM bhinnatA aura azuddhiyA~ haiM, to unheM dUra karane ke liye dhammatthikAtaM, adhammatthikAtaM aura AgAsasthikAyaM- isa prakAra vidvAn vyAkaraNa ke atirikta kisakA sahArA lege? kyA Aja taka "kAya" zabda ke do bhinna zabda-rUpa 'kAya'aura kAtaM' diye gaye haiN| koI bhI Agama-grantha binA vyAkaraNa kA sahArA liye mAtra Adarza ke yadyapi "ta' zruti prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI pahacAna hai, kintu prastuta AdhAra para chapA hai| pratyeka sampAdaka vyAkaraNa kA sahArA lekara hii| sandarbha meM sutI, niThaMta aura kAtaM meM jo "ta" kA prayoga hai vaha mujhe Adarza kI azuddhi ko ThIka karatA hai| yadi ve svayaM yaha mAnate haiM paravartI lagatA hai| lagatA hai ki "ya" zruti ko "ta" zruti meM badalane ki AdarzoM meM azuddhiyA~ svAbhAvika haiM, to phira unheM zuddha kisa ke prayatna bhI kAlAntara meM hue aura isa prayatna meM binA artha kA vicAra AdhAra para kiyA jAyegA? maiM bhI yaha mAnatA hU~ ki sampAdana meM Adarza kiye "ya" ko "ta" kara diyA gayA hai| zuci kA sutI, nirgrantha kA prati kA AdhAra Avazyaka hai| kintu na to mAtra Adarza se aura na nitaMTha aura kAya kA kAtaM kisa prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke niyama se banegA, mAtra vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se samAdhAna hotA hai, usameM donoM kA sahayoga merI jAnakArI meM to nahIM hai| isase bhI adhika Azcaryajanaka eka udAharaNa Avazyaka hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aneka pratoM ko sAmane rakhakara tulanA hameM harSapuSpAmRta jaina granthamAlA dvArA prakAzita niyuktisaMgraha meM karake evaM viveka se bhI pATha zuddha karanA hotA hai| jaisA ki AcArya oghaniyukti ke prArambhika maMgala meM milatA haizrI tulasI jI ne muni zrI jambUvijaya jI ko apanI sampAdana-zailI namo arihaMtANaM, Namo siddhANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM, kA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue batAyA thaa| Namo loe savyasAhUNaM, AdaraNIya pArakhajI evaM unake dvArA uddhRta muni zrI jambUvijayajI eso paMcanamukkAro, svvpaavppnnaasnno| maMgalANaM ca savvesiM, paDhamaM kA yaha kathana ki AgamoM meM anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha prAyaH havA mNglN||1|| nahIM milate haiM, svayaM hI yaha batAtA hai ki kvacit to milate haiN| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki jahA~ namo arihaMtANaM meM prArambha meM "na' puna: isa sambandha meM DaoN. candrA ne Agamodaya samiti ke saMskaraNa, rakhA gayA jabaki Namo siddhANaM se lekara zeSa cAra padoM meM Adi kA TIkA tathA cUrNi ke saMskaraNoM se pramANa bhI diye haiN| vastuta: lekhana "na" "Na' kara diyA gayA hai| kintu "eso paMcanamukkAro" meM puna: kI suvidhA ke kAraNa hI anunAsika parasavarNa vAle pATha AdarzoM meM "na" upasthita hai| hama AdaNIya pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata kama hote gaye haiN| kintu lokabhASA meM ve Aja bhI jIvita haiN| ataH ho sakate haiM ki bhinna kAloM meM bhinna vyaktiyoM se carcA karate hue prAkRta candrA jI ke kArya ko pramANarahita yA Adarzarahita kahanA ucita bhASA ke bhinna zabda-rUpoM kA prayoga ho sakatA hai| kintu grantha-nirmANa
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________________ . yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha ke samaya aura vaha bhI eka hI sUtra yA vAkyAMza meM do bhinna rUpoM kA prayoga to kabhI bhI nahIM hogA, punaH yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki Agama sarvajJa - vacana haiM, to jaba sAmAnya vyakti bhI aisA nahIM karatA hai, to phira sarvajJa kaise karegA? isa prakAra kI bhinnatA ke lie lekhaka nahIM, apitu pratilipikAra hI uttaradAyI hotA hai ataH aise pAThoM kA zuddhIkaraNa anucita nahIM kahA jA sktaa| eka hI sUtra meM "sutI" aura "suI" "nAma" aura "NAma", "niyaMTha" aura "niragaMva", "kAtaM" aura "kAyaM" aise do zabda rUpa nahIM ho skte| unakA pATha saMzodhana Avazyaka hai| yadyapi isameM bhI yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka hai ki "ta" zruti kI prAcInatA ke vyAmoha meM kahIM sarvatra "ya" kA "ta" nahIM kara diyA jAve, jaise zuci-suha kA "sutI" nirNaya kA "nitaMTha" athavA kArya kA "kAtaM" pATha mahAvIra vidyAlaya vAle saMskaraNa meM hai| hama pArakhajI se isa bAta meM sahamata haiM ki koI bhI pATha Adarza meM upalabdha hue binA nahIM badalA jAya, kintu "Adarza" meM upalabdha hone kA yaha artha nahIM hai ki "sarvatra" aura sabhI "AdazoM" meM upalabdha ho| hA~ yadi AdarzoM yA Adarza ke aMza meM prAcIna pATha mAtra eka do sthaloM para hI mileM aura unakA pratizata 20 se bhI kama ho to vahA~ unheM prAyaH na badalA jaay| kintu yadi unakA pratizata 20 se adhika ho to unheM badalA jA sakatA hai-- zarta yahI ho ki Agama kA vaha aMza paravartI yA prakSipta na ho- jaise AcArAMga kA dUsarA zrutaskandha yA praznavyAkaraNa | kintu eka hI sUtra meM yadi isa prakAra ke bhinna rUpa Ate haiM to eka sthala para bhI prAcIna rUpa milane para anyatra unheM parivartita kiyA jAtA hai| pATha zuddhIkaraNa meM dUsarI sAvadhAnI yaha Avazyaka hai ki AgamoM meM kahIM-kahIM prakSipta aMza hai athavA saMgrahiNiyoM aura niyuktiyoM kI anekoM gAthAe~ bhI avatarita kI gayIM, aise sthaloM para pATha-zuddhikaraNa karate samaya prAcIna rUpoM kI upekSA karanI hogI aura Adarza meM upalabdha pATha ko paravartI hote hue bhI yathAvat rakhanA hogaa| isa tathya ko hama isa prakAra bhI samajhA sakate haiM ki yadi eka adhyayana, uddezaka yA eka pairAgrApha meM yadi 70 yA 80 pratizata prayoga mahArASTrI yA "ya" zruti ke haiM aura mAtra 10 pratizata prayoga prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ke haiN| to vahA~ pATha ke mahArASTrI rUpa ko rakhanA hI ucita hogaa| sambhava hai ki vaha prakSipta rUpa ho, kintu isake viparIta unameM 60 pratizata prAcIna rUpa haiM aura 40 pratizata arvAcIna mahArASTrI ke rUpa haiM, to vahA~ prAcIna rUpa rakhe jA sakate haiN| punaH Agama- saMpAdana aura pATha zuddhakaraNa ke isa upakrama meM diye jAne vAle mUlapATha ko zuddha evaM prAcIna rUpa meM diyA jAya, kintu pAda-TippaNiyoM meM sampUrNa pAThAntaroM kA saMgraha kiyA jaay| isakA lAbha yaha hogA ki kAlAntara meM yadi koI saMzodhana kArya kareM to usameM suvidhA ho / pro. ke. Ara candrA apanI aneka sImAoM ke bAvajUda bhI AgamoM ke pATha saMzodhana kA jo yaha atyanta mahatvapUrNa aura zramasAdhya kArya kara rahe haiM, usakI mAtra AlocanA karanA kathamapi ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki jaina Agama evaM sAhitya ve jo kArya kara rahe haiM vaha na kevala karaNIya hai balki eka sahI dizA dene vAlA kArya hai| hama unheM sujhAva to de sakate haiM lekina anadhikRta rUpa se yenakena prakAreNa sarvajJa aura zAstra zraddhA kI duhAI dekara unakI AlocanA karane kA koI adhikAra nahIM rkhte| kyoMki ve jo bhI kArya kara rahe haiM vaha bauddhika ImAnadArI ke sAtha nirlipta bhAva se tathA sampradAyagata AgrahoM se Upara uThakara kara rahe haiM, unakI niyata meM bhI koI zaMkA nahIM kI jA sktii| ataH maiM jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM se namra nivedana karUMgA ki ve zAntacitta se unake prayatnoM kI mUlyavattA ko samajheM aura apane sujhAvoM evaM sahayoga se unheM isa dizA meM protsAhita kreN| dUsarI ora maiM pro. candrA se bhI nivedana karU~gA ki ve binA pramANa ke aisA koI parizodhana na kreN| AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita hai| digambara- paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalATIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba pranthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSAkRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThI sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ hai harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai, kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navI dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga anya ke viccheda kI carcA hai, zeSa anya to the hii| ina granthoM ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, sudharmA (lohArya) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai| tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvoM ke dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda 159 Cipbiri
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________________ cIndrasUri smArakanatya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa- titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 565 Arya bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke sAtha hI caturdaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa-kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya- ye cAra AcArya ___ mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla 118 varSa rhaa|is prakAra zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yathArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke ke hI jJAtA the| titthogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra (pAThabheda se sarvamitra) dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM ___ ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga-sAhitya kA viccheda ho hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullikhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAn. gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane pUrvagata zruta kA viccheda ho jaaygaa| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra dasa harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM shrvnnbelgolaa| pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai, kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA ke vargoM kA ullekha hai| jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, ve saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya abhinna akSara dasaMpUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa sAkSya upalabdha haiM unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA, anya koI vikalpa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara-paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI gayA hai| zvetAbara-paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aura digambara-paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM pUrva-jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, koI samarUpatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara-paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra bhASya, cUrNi Adi AgAmika vyAkhyA-granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aura digambara-paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke dasa pUrvI hue haiN| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara- paramparA meM bhagavatIArAdhanA ke kartA se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmo meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate huA hai| isakA racanA-kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti haiM kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha nandIsUtra kI kAlika digambara-paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai, kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/ to huA hai, kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotii| ata: isa 704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTata: sAtavIM zatAbdI sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| kI racanA hai| antata: titthogAliya pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita aMga-sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| jo nimnAnusAra haihuA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| titthogAliya meM tIrthaGkaroM vipAkasUtra sahita cha: aMgoM kA viccheda ho jAyegA, isake pazcAt kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcaryoM kA ullekha vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogadvAra tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha saM. 1500 meM AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai, apitu aMga-sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, bhI carcA hai| vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900
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________________ - cIndrararirikagranya- jaina Agama evaM sAhitya meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavaikAlika the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA ke artha kA viccheda hogA- yaha kahA gayA hai| bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara-grantha jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina-sAhitya ke bRhad meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, itihAsa kI bhUmikA (pR. 61) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa pR0 62) Adi kucha vidvAn ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kaa| puna: isa carcA meM artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA haiM ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| carcA digambara-paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara - isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA paramparA ne aMga-sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA, kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa lopa ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara-paramparA meM samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki bhI jo aMga-sAhitya Aja avaziSTa haiM ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM haiM mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha jisa rUpa meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, aMza vilupta ho gye| ata: AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honI caahiye| kA apitu aMga-sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika, ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyata: upadezaparaka, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkadazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sthAnAMga meM dasa anuyogadvAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI haiM, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu / gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyata: haiM, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI-AgamoM devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo / meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maiMne saMkalita kiyA hai| ata: evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta haiN| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye paricAyaka haiN| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAiyA~, jo zaurasenIki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika AgamoM meM ulabdha haiM, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| viccheda kA krama yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke tabhI rukA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| vikAsa-krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita digambara-paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI jo carcA hai usake sambandha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se meM yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM AdhAra-bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama viccheda kI carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza-jJAtA AcAryoM bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA, kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| dharasena ke sambandha meM kundakunda ke grantha aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza-jJAtA carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI
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________________ catIndrasUrismArakagrantha - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya kA abhAva hai, ata: ve sabhI racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| jA sakatI haiN| isI prakAra kaSAyaprAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTasAra Adi isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM anya paramparAoM zaurasenI Agama-granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ata: zaurasenI AgamoM abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi chedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai jJAtAdharma kathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pApityoM kA ata: aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM . jAtI haiN| vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unake kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA Aja kA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaTagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA kI sUkSmatA ke ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza haiM to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA AgamoMmeM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI-ArAdhanA ko, jo apanI se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI haiM jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke RNI haiM, isa koTi anukUla nahIM haiN| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma pratipAdana-samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra-pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI ora kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI-AgamaH zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyAmeM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha- vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki sAhitya ke AdhAra karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura mahArASTrI-Agamika nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai| ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA vyAkhyA-sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya jaina-saMgha kA niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta ke rUpa meM kramaza: niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota haiN| yadyapi hai| vastuta: tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkha mAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla-krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI deza, kAla aura sahagAmA paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sahaja ho jAtA hai| sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kahI jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke AcAra evaM AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka (candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI vicAra meM deza-kAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA / haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAe~ ardhamAgadhI Agama parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI haiN| SaTkhaNDAgama ina parivartanoM ko samajhane ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa-krama aura prajJApanA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI haiM, unakI vistRta ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro.e.ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadvAra evaM itara AgamoM uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka meM bhI pAI jAtI haiM, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agamaadhyayana se mila jAtI hai| RSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, tulya grantha bhI haiM, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko asitadevala, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat hI hai| tiloyapannatti kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti RSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM karakaNDu, naggati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM nArada kI aura bhagavatI ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi irmirrivariantonovarivarioritianitarianitarinitarian 162]niwariniwariniwandardiaritramariwarokariwarandir
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________________ - yatIndramarimarakaMganya - jaina Agama evaM sAhitya - unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAiyA~ aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve anta meM vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena haiN| rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kartRtva ajJAta abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavakAlika aura chedasUtroM ke ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakegeM aura prAmANika rUpa kartRtva ko chor3akara zeSa ke racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivartana jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavaikAlika Arya zayyambhavasUri hue haiN| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsa jI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra ullekha prakSepa lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullikhita mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahIM samajha sakeMge ki hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM meM aura kaise huA haiN| sambhavata: usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa hai? isa sambandha meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA~ haiN| zaurasenI aura pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU-purANoM ke kartA ke rUpa ko yathArtha rUpa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vidvAn merI meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| jaina Agama-sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki meM aneka prayatna hue haiN| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jaikobI unameM sabhI granthoM kA kartRtva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana zubiMga, viNTaranitja Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM rasikalAla kApar3iyA meM 'A History of the Cononical Literature of meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha vilupta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para the Jainas' nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka prAmANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carcA pUrva meM kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRtahI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgacUliyA nAmaka sAhitya kA itihAsa' bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya vidyAzrama zodha-saMsthAna dvArA 'jaina-sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa' yojanA saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha haiM, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama-sAhitya to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye haiN| yadyapi isase devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka 'jainAgama : manana aura mImAMsA' bhI eka yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI ___mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka 'jainAgama AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko aura pAlI-tripiTaka' bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandra jI dvArA likhita 'jaina-sAhitya ke prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA' meM ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya kA aura AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna- kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI cihna upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho Agama-sAhitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA kintu tarkabuddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai gayA hai| ki Agama-sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUri jI ne 'jaina-Agama-sAhitya yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga-grantha kI zloka-saMkhyA : eka anuzIlana' kRti kI sarjanA janasAdhAraNa ko Agama-sAhitya eka dUsare se kramaza: dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14 veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, phira bhI unhoMne itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha thA, AsthA kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| kiyA hai|