Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kavivara banArasIdAsa kI catuHzatI ke avasara para vizeSa lekha arddhakathAnaka' : purnAvalokana * DA0 kailAza tivArI prAcArya, zAsa0 mahAvidyAlaya, majhaulI hindI sAhitya meM 'addhaM kathAnaka' ko hindI kA prathama Atmacarita svIkAra karate hue isake racanAkAra ko prathama AtmakathA sAhitya kA janmadAtA bhI kahA gayA hai / sAhitya itihAsa meM inakA ullekha madhyakAla ke anya kaviyoM ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / banArasIdAsa ne itihAsa ke tIna zAsakoM - akabara, jahA~gIra aura zAhajahA~ ke yuga ko dekhA thA / yaha bhI pramANita hai ki unheM zAhajahA~ se saMrakSaNa prApta thA / ataH kisI na kisI rUpa meM ina zAsakoM kI rAjya vyavasthA aura samAja-dazA kI jhalaka 'arddhakathAnaka' meM mila jAyegI / 'arddhakathAnaka' ke atirikta lagabhaga 23 anya kAvya racanAe~ bhI unakI haiM / ina kAvya racanAoM kA viSaya yA to dharma hai yA upadeza" / vastutaH ina racanAoM ke jariye unhoMne jaina-dharma ko sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie grAhya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura isake lie unhoMne bolacAla kI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA hai| ina jaise racanAkAroM ke prayAsa ke phalasvarUpa hI saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha hI sAtha janabhASA meM bhI jainadharma ke siddhAntoM aura kendrIya vicAroM ko bhI prastuta kiyA jAne lagA thaa| isa taraha se unakI do upalabdhiyA~ haiM - eka to janabhASA ke mAdhyama se jainadharma ke siddhAMtoM ko loka-sulabha banAnA aura dUsarA kavi ke lie AtmakathA lekhana kA mArga kholanA / yaha satya haiM ki banArasIdAsa ke bAda bhI madhyakAla meM kisI kavi yA racanAkAra ne Atma-kathA ( lekhana) kI ora dhyAna nahIM diyA thA / hindI racanAkAroM kA yaha durbala pakSa hI kahA jAyegA ki unhoMne apane vyaktigata jIvana kI ( pratyakSa ) jAnakAro AtmakathA ke rUpa meM nahIM dI / pariNAmasvarUpa kaviyoM ke jIvana preraka prasaGgoM kI jAnakArI ke lie hameM unakI kAvya kI antardhArA para hI nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai / banArasIdAsa ne isa lIka se haTa 'sva-carita' ko 'vikhyAta' karane kI vAMchA AyI hai / 'saMrakSaNa- kavi' hone ke nAte unameM apane 'carita' unhoMne jaisA 'sunA' aura 'vilokA' vahI kaha diyA hai / isa kahA gayA hai / yaha sArA kathana 'sthUla rUpa' meM hA hai | kI hai / yaha icchA (Atmacarita ) arddhakathAnaka ke rUpa meM ko likhane kI preraNA jAgI ho to koI Azcarya nahIM / 'pUraba dasA caritra' meM 'guNa-doSa' ko bhI nizchala bhAva se 'arddhakathAnaka' ke do pakSa haiM - vyakti pakSa aura samAja pakSa | vyakti pakSa meM kavi ne apane jovana ghaTanAoM ko nirAvRta rUpa meM rakhA hai / cUMki kathana ke lie unhoMne 'thUla rUpa' ko hI tarAz2oha dI haiM, isalie usameM Atma-gopana aura * 'arddha-kathAnaka' madhyakAla kI viziSTa kRti haiM- viziSTa isa dRSTi se hai ki isane racanAkAroM meM Atma-carita likhane kI pravRtti kA zrIgaNeza kiyA / Atma-carita lekhana itihAsa puruSoM kA kSetra nahIM raha gyaa| bhAratIya kavi isa vidhA se usa samaya anabhijJa hoMge - aisA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA para unameM Atma-carita lekhana ke prati saMkoca bhAva ho sakatA haiM / isa saMkoca ko tor3ane kA kAma 'arddhakathAnaka' karatA | 'arddhakathAnaka' meM sIdhI-sapATa tathya-baddha zailI ko apanAyA gayA hai jisameM dRzya - gatizIlatA haiM -- saMvedana udvega nahIM / Aja bhale hI yaha racanA-vidhi Adarza na ho para prArambhika kRti ke lie Adarza hI mAnI jAyego /
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 6] kavivara banArasIdAsa kI catuHzatI ke avasara para vizeSa lekha arddhakathAnaka : punarvilokana 439 AtmazlAghA nahIM hai / Atma-carita meM AtmazlAghA se baca nikalanA kaThina kAma hotA hai| isa mAyane meM banArasIdAsa mukta rahe haiN| 'arddhakathAnaka' meM samAja-pakSa prasaMgavaza hai| isalie isameM kisI gambhIra aitihAsika tathya ko jAna pAnA kaThina hai-AMzika rUpa meM ullikhita itihAsa sandarbho meM jo bhI sUcanAeM milatI hai, unakI upayogitA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Atmacarita kI eka (sAhityika) upalabdhi yaha bhI hai ki hama kavi kI antardRSTi se tAdAtmya ke sAtha hI sAtha usakI racanAoM se bhI paricita hote haiN| koI bhI lekhaka apanI sRjanAtmaka prAptiyoM kA anubodha AtmakathA meM avazya karAtA hai / aisA hone se kisI bhI kavi ke mUlyAMkana meM sahAyatA milatI hai| 'arddhakathAnaka' banArasIdAsa kI 'nijakathA hai| jisameM AsmAnveSaNa ke sthAna para Atma-pIr3A hai| jIvana se jahI sthitiyoM kI Atma-svIkArokti isameM hai| ina Atma-svIkAroktiyoM ko dekhakara isa Atmacarita ko 'Adhanika' AtmakathA lekhana ke nikaTa mAna liyA gayA hai| unhoMne isameM apane (vyApArI) parivAra kI Apa bItI kahI hai| ina saMyojita vRttoM meM saMyogavaza jaga-bIti bhI jur3a gayA hai aura vyApArika yAtrAoM meM saMsmaraNa ke taura para kucha ghaTanAoM kA isameM jur3anA bhI jarUrI thaa| 'saMsmaraNa' ke taura para jur3e 'addhakathAnaka' meM ye aMza itihAsa sandarbha bana gae haiN| addhakathAnaka meM kyA hai ? ___ isameM racanAkAroM ke Adhe jIvana kI gAthA hai| usane manuSya kI Ayu ko eka sau dasa varNa mAnA hai ki isameM usane apane AdhI jIvana-yAtrA ko sameTA hai, isalie isa nava-gAthA ko 'addhaM kathAnaka' kahatA hai; kRti kA nAma bhI yahI rakhA gayA hai|" mUladAsa-kathA prArambha meM vaMza paricaya hai aura usake bAda sv-kthaa| inake dAdA kA nAma mUladAsa thA aura pitA kA nAma kharagasena / dAdA mUladAsa mugaloM ke modo the aura usakI jAgora se udhArI dene kA kAma karate / saMvat 1608 meM banArasI dAsa ke pitA kharagasena kA janma huA / 2 saMvat 1613 meM mUladAsa kI mRtyu ho gyii| mUladAsa kI sArI sampatti zAsaka (magala) ne rAjasAt kara lI / kharagadAsa mAlavA chor3akara jaunapUra cale ge| kharagasega kathA kharagasena apane mAmA madanasiMgha zrImAla ke yahA~ pahu~ce / ATha varSa kI avasthA hone para unakI vyavasAyika zikSA zaru hyii| bAda meM sikke parakhane aura rehana rakhane kA hisAba karane lge| bAraha varSa kI avasthA meM ve baMgAla meM lodI khA~ ke dIvAna 'dhannA' rAya zrImAla ke potadAra bane / " dhannA kI mRtyu ke bAda ve phira jaunapura lauTe / saMvata 1626 meM Agare meM Akara ve sarAphI karane lage, 22 varSa kI avasthA meM unakA vivAha haa| Agare meM cacerI bahana kI byAha kara phira ve vApasa jaunapura lauTa Ae aura sAjhe meM vyApAra karane lge| saMvata 1643 meM banArasIdAsa kA janma huaa| banArasIdAsa vyathA pitA ke samAna ATha varSa ko avasthA meM zikSA zuru huI aura bAraha varSa (saMvat 1654) kI avasthA meM vivAha / " isI varSa jaunapura ke hAkima kilIca khA~ ne vyApAriyoM se 'bar3I vastu' (bheMTa) na milane para jauhariyoM ko
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 440 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [khaNDa kor3e lagavAe / vyApArI bhAga nikle| kharagasena saijAdapura cale ge| kilIca khAM ke Agare cale jAne para ve (saMvat 1656) jaunapura Ae / banArasIdAsa ne isI varSa kaur3I becakara vyApAra kA zubhArambha kiyA thaa| 14 varSa kI avasthA taka banArasIdAsa ne nAmamAlA, anekArtha, jyotiSa aura kokazAstra par3ha DAle aura vyApAra chor3a 'AzikI' karane lge| pariNAma-upadeza / kisI prakAra rogamukta hue phira dharma AsthA (jainI) se jur3e vyApAra se judd'e| saMvat 1664-67 taka vyavasAya meM ghATA utthaayaa| para vibhinna vyavasAyoM se jur3e rhe| vyApAra ke sandarbha meM paTanA/AgarA kI yAtrAeM kii| saMvat 1673 meM pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda kapar3e kA vyApAra kiyaa| apanA hisAba cukAne AgarA gae, rAste meM musIbateM jhelii| yaha unakI antima yAtrA thii| banArasIdAsa ke 'arddhakathAnaka' se usa kAla kI kucha sUcanAeM milatI hai / adhyAtmika goSThiyAM AgarA meM una dinoM AdhyAtmika goSThiyA~ huA karatI thiiN| banArasIdAsa bhI aisI goSThiyoM meM zAmila hote the| ye goSThiyA~ mugala darabAra paramparA kI aMga thii| ina goSThiyoM se adhyAtma ke prati rujhAna utpanna hotA thaa| ye sAdhanA ko sahI dizA dene meM asamartha rahatI thii| banArasIdAsa bhI bhaTakAva meM ulajhe the|" saMvat 1682 meM sahI patha-pradarzaka rUpacanda pANDe ke kAraNa unheM sahI jJAna milA / itihAsa aura samAja ____ addhakathAnaka meM aitihAsika sUcanAeM bhI haiM jaise-akabara kI mRtyu, jahA~gIra kA siMhAsanArUr3ha honA aura usakI mRtyu; aura zAhajahA~ kA bAdazAha honA ye sabhI sUcanAe~ aitihAsika tithiyoM kI puSTi karatI haiM / isameM aneka nagaroM ke nAma hai para jaunapura nagara kA vizeSa paricaya diyA gayA hai| madhyakAla meM yaha samRddha nagara thaa| banArasIdAsa ne jonAsAi ko isa nagara ko basAne vAlA kahA / 18 itihAsa ke anusAra san 1389 meM ise phiroja tugalaka ke putra sultAna muhammada ke dAsa ne ise basAyA thaa| yaha dAsa hI jaunAzAha ho sakatA hai| 'addhaMkathAnaka' meM isakI bhavyatA kI sUcanA hai| yahA~ satamaMjile makAna, bAvana sarAya, 52 paragane; 52 bAjAra aura bAvana maMDiyAM thiiN| nagara meM cAroM varga ke loga the / zUdra chattIsa prakAra ke the| _ 'arddhakathAnaka' ke mAdhyama se samAja kI halkI sI jhalaka milatI hai| jaunapura nagara-varNana meM vibhinna kArIgarajAtiyoM kA jo byaurA hai, usase yahI lagatA hai ki vArSika vRttiyoM meM lage logoM ko samAja meM nIcA darjA diyA gayA thA-inheM zUdra kahA jAtA thaa| yahAM taka ki citrakAra, halavAI aura kisAna bhI zUdroM kI zreNI meM Ate the| banArasIdAsa ne zUdroM ko jaunapura meM upasthita kucha jAtiyoM (vargo) kA ullekha kiyA hai / banArasIdAsa ne mugala-zAsana-vyavasthA ke do prasaMga rakhe hai-kilIca khAM" dvArA ugAhI aura yAtrA ke samaya musIbata meM par3ane para hAkimoM dvArA rizvata lenaa| kilIca khAM jaba jaunapura kA hAkima banA, to manacAhI bheMTa na milane para jauhariyoM ko akAraNa daNDita kiyA / 2 ina dinoM hAkimoM kI manamAnI aura sva-icchA pramukha thii| jaunapura se AgarA kI yAtrA meM nakalI sikkoM ke calAne ke abhiyoga meM banArasIdAsa ke sAthiyoM ko pakar3A gyaa| rizvata dekara hI unheM aura unake sAthiyoM ko isa jhUThe abhiyoga se trANa milA thaa|23 samAja meM zikSA-vyavasthA paramparAgata DhaMga se kI jAtI tho / vyApAriyoM ke lie adhika par3hanA-likhanA ThIka nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| par3hane-likhane kA kAma brAhmaNoM ora bhAdoM ke jimme thaa| vyApAro kA adhika par3hane kA artha thA bhIkha mAMganA :
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ kavivara banArasIdAsa kI catuHzatI ke avasara para vizeSa lekha addhakathAnaka : punarvilokana 41 bahuta par3ha bAmana aura bhATa / banika putra to baiThe hATa / ___ bahuta par3ha so mAMge bhIkha / mAnahu pUta bar3e kI sIkha // 23/200 (vartamAna sandarbha meM bhI yaha kathana AMzika sahI hai) isa kAla meM vyApArI lambI yAtrAeM karate the / para ye yAtrAe~ nirApada nahIM thI24 / yadyapi bAdazAha yAtrAoM aura yAtriyoM kI surakSA-suvidhA kA dhyAna rakhate the / 25 cora aura DAkuoM kA bhaya rahatA hI thaa| kharagasena luTa cuke the aura kavi svayaM bhI coroM ke gAMva pahu~ca gayA thaa| 'addhakathAnaka' meM Agare meM pahalI bAra phaile 'gA~ThikA roga' (plega) kI bAta kahI hai| gAMTha nikalate hI AdamI mara jAtA thaa| bhaya ke mAre loga AgarA chor3akara cale gaye the| banArasIdAsa ne bhI ajIjapura gA~va meM DerA jamAyA thA / 26 yaha ghaTanA saMvat 1673 kI hai / tujuka ke jahA~gIrI meM bhI isakA jikra hai / para usameM yaha nahIM kahA gayA hai ki Agare para bhI isakA prabhAva huA thaa| 'arddhakathAnaka' se patA calatA hai ki bAdazAhoM kI dRSTi jaina sampradAya evam inakI upAsanA kI AjAdo ke prati narama evam udAra thii| do saMgha yAtrAoM-hIrAnanda mukIma, aura dhannArAya kI-meM jahA~gora ora paThAna sulatAna ne sahayoga diyA thaa|28 sandarbha 1. isa nibandha ke likhane meM 'arddhakathAnaka' [tRtIya saMskaraNa], prakAzaka akhila bhAratIya jaina yuvA pheDarezana, jayapura kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| sandarbha ullekha meM pahale pRSTha saMkhyA aura phira chanda saMkhyA dI gayI hai| 2. hindI kA yaha prathama Atmacarita hai hI, para anya bhAratIya bhASAoM meM isa prakAra kI aura itanI purAnI pustaka milanA AsAna nahIM hai / banArasodAsa caturvedo bhUmikA pR0 29 / 3. kavivara banArasIdAsa : vyaktitva aura vartRtva : adhyAtma prabhAjaina pR0 61 / 4. banArasIdAsa, bhaSaNa, matirAma. vedAMga rAya, harInAtha Adi hindI ke vidvAna zAhajahAM se saMrakSaNa prApta kie hue the / madhyakAlIna bhArata : ela0 pI0 zarmA pR0 506 / 5. hindI sAhitya koza bhAga 2, pR0 345 / 6. madhya deza ko bolI bola / gabhita bata kaDauM hiya khola / arddhakathA 2/7 / 7. hindI sAhitya koza bhAga 2, pR0 344 / 8. so banArasI nija kathA / kahai Apa so Apa : a0 kathA0 2/3 / 9. kahauM atIta-doSa guNavAda / vartamAna nAI marajAda / jaisI suno bilokI naina / taisI kachU kaho mukha baina 2/5 / 10. kavivara banArasIdAsa kA dRSTikoNa Adhunika Atmacarita lekhakoM ke dRSTikoNa se milatA-julatA thaa| vanArasIdAsa caturvedI pR0 29 bhUmikA se|
Page #5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 442 paM0 jaganmohanalAla zAstrI sAdhuvAda grantha [ khaNDa 11. arddhakathA 74/664-665 / 12. vaho0 3/16 / 13. vahI0 7/46, 47 / 14. vahI0 8/56 / 15. vahI0 13/105 / 16. vahI0 13/110 / 17. vahI0 67/602, 605 / 18. kula paThAna jInAsaha nA~u / tina tahA~ AI basAyo gAU~ / vaho-4/26 / 19. madhya kAlIna bhArata : ela0 pI0 zarmA, pR0 150 evam 193 / 20. zUdroM ko zreNiyAM-sIsagara, darajI, taMnolI, raMgabAla, gvAla, bAr3haI, saMgatarAsa, telI, dhobI, dhuniyAM / kaMDhoI, kahAra, kAcho, kalAla, kulAla (kumAra) mAlI, kundIgara, kAgadI, kisAna, paTa buniyA~, citerA, biMdherA, bArI, lakherA, uTherA, rAja, paTuvA, chapparabaMdha, bAI, bhAramuniyA~, sunAra, luhAra, sikalIgara, havAI bhara, dhIvara, camAra / a0 kA 5/29 21. kilIca khAM akabara kA vizvasta senApati thA : akabaranAmA pR0 284 meM isakA ullekha hai / 22. a0 kathA0 13/111, 113 / 23. a0 kathA0 60/540, 541 / 24. (jahA~gIra) zAsana vyavasthA sudRr3ha aura vyavasthita nahIM thii| sar3ake tathA mArga asurakSita the| corI aura DAke janI hotI thii| prAMtIya sUbedAra aura adhikArI nirdayI aura atyAcArI hote the| ma0 kA0 bhArata : pR0 194 zarmA 25. AdezAnusAra Agare se aTaka taka mArga ke donoM aura vRkSa lagAeM jAyeM / prati kosa para mola stambha khar3A kiyA jAya; prati tIsare mIla para eka kuA~ taiyAra kiyA jAya, tAki yAtrI loga sukha zAMti se yAtrA kara sakeM / tujuka-e-jahA~gIrI pR0 255 (anu0 mathurA prasAda zarmA) 26. isa hI samaya Iti bistarI / parI Agarai pahilI marI / jahA~ tahA~ saba bhAge loga / paragaTa bhayA gA~ThikA roga // 63/572 nikasai gAMThi marai china mAMhi / kAha kI basAi kicha nAMhi / cUhai bharahiM baida mari jAMhi / bhaya sauM lIga aMna na dikhAhiM // 64/573, 574 27. isI varSa yA mere rAjyAroharaNa (san 1611) ke dasaveM varSa hindustAna ke kucha sthAnoM para eka bar3A roga (plega) phailaa| isakA prArambha paMjAba ke paraganoM se huA thA phira yaha sarahinda aura doAba taka phaila gayA aura dillI A phuNcaa| usane AsapAsa ke paraganoM aura gAMvoM meM phailakara sabako barabAda kara diyA / isa deza meM yaha bImArI kabhI prakaTa nahIM huI thii| tujuka-e-jahA~gIrI : pR0 163 28, a0 kathA0 25/224 /