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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza * pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya saMskRti meM ati prAcInakAla se hI do samAnAntara dhArAoM kI upasthiti pAI jAtI hai-- zramaNadhArA aura vaidikadhArA / jaina dharma aura saMskRti isI zramaNadhArA kA eka aMga hai| jahA~ zramaNadhArA nivRttiparaka rahI, vahA~ vaidikadhArA prvRttiprk| jahA~ zramaNadhArA meM saMnyAsa kA pratyaya pramukha banA, vahA~ vaidikadhArA meM gRhasthajIvana / zramaNadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko adhika abhivyakti dI aura yaha mAnA ki zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara, ataH usane zarIra aura saMsAra donoM se hI mukti ko apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya maanaa| usakI dRSTi meM jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlya gauNa rahe aura anAsakti, vairAgya aura AtmAnubhUti ke rUpa meM mokSa yA nirvANa ko hI sarvocca mUlya mAnA gyaa| isake viparIta vaidikadhArA ne sAMsArika jIvana ko vareNya mAnakara jaivika evaM sAmAjika mUlyoM arthAt jIvana ke rakSaNa evaM poSaNa ke prayatnoM ke sAtha-sAtha pArasparika sahayoga yA sAmAjikatA ko pradhAnatA dii| phalataH vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti evaM pArasparika sahayoga hetu prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiM, yathA -- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTha ho, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deM, vanaspati evaM anna pracura mAtrA meM utpanna hoM, hamameM paraspara sahayoga ho aadi| jJAtavya hai ki vedoM meM vairAgya evaM mokSa kI avadhAraNA anapasthita hai jabaki vaha zramaNadhArAkA kendrIya tattva hai| isa prakAra ye donoM dhArAyeM do bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM ko lekara pravAhita huI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa inake sAhitya meM bhI inhIM bhinna-bhinna jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA pratipAdana pAyA jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA ko pradarzita kara tyAga aura vairAgyamaya jIvana zailI kA vikAsa kiyA gayA, jabaki vaidika sAhitya meM aihika jIvana ko adhika sukhI aura samRddha banAne hetu prArthanAoM kI aura sAmAjika-vyavasthA (varNa-vyavasthA) aura bhautika upalabdhiyoM ke hetu vividha karmakANDo kI sRjanA huii| prArambhika vaidika sAhitya, jisameM mukhyataH veda aura brAhamaNa grantha samAhita haiM, meM laukika jIvana ko sukhI aura samRddha banAne vAlI prArthanAoM aura karmakANDoM kA hI prAdhAnya hai, isake viparIta zramaNa paramparA ke prArambhika sAhitya meM saMsAra kI duHkhamayatA aura kSaNabhaMguratA ko pradarzita kara usase vairAgya aura vimukti ko hI pradhAnatA dI gaI hai| saMkSepa meM zramaNa paramparA kA sAhitya vairAgya pradhAna hai| zramaNadhArA aura usakI dhyAna aura yoga sAdhanA kI paramparA ke astittva ke saMketa hameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA kI saMskRti ke kAla se hI milane lagate hai| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki haDappA saMskRti vaidika saMskRti se bhI pUrvavartI hI rahI hai| Rgveda jaise prAcInatama grantha meM bhI vrAtyoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ke ullekha bhI isI tathya kI puSTi karate hai ki usa yuga meM zramaNadhArA kA astitva thaa| jahA~ taka isa prAcIna zramaNa paramparA ke sAhitya kA prazna hai
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza durbhAgya se vaha Aja hameM upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu vedoM meM usa prakAra kI jIvana dRSTi kI upasthiti ke saMketa yaha avazya sUcita karate haiM ki unakA apanA koI sAhitya bhI rahA hogA, jo kAlakrama meM lupta ho gyaa| Aja AtmasAdhanA pradhAna nivRttimUlaka zramaNadhArA ke sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna aMza yadi kahIM upalabdha hai, to vaha aupaniSadika sAhitya meM hai| prAcIna upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karma-kANDoM aura bhautikavAdI jIvana-dRSTi kI AlocanA kI gaI hai, apitu AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke adhiSThAna Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA bhI pratiSThita kI gayI hai| Aja yaha sabase bar3I bhrAnti hai ki hama upaniSadoM ko vaidikadhArA ke pratinidhi grantha mAnate haiM, kintu unameM vaidika karmakANDoM kI spaSTa AlocanA ke jo svara mukharita hue haiM aura tapa-tyAga pradhAna AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI jo pratiSThA huI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki ve mUlataH zramaNa jIvana-dRSTi ke prastotA hai| * yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM meM vaidikadhArA ke bhI kucha saMketa upalabdha haiM kintu yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki upaniSadoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi vaidika nahIM, zramaNa hai| ve usa yuga kI racanA hai, jaba vaidikoM dvArA zramaNa saMskRti ke jIvana mUlyoM ko svIkRta kiyA jA rahA thaa| ve vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kI kahAnI kahate haiN| IzAvAsyopaniSad meM samanvaya kA yaha prayatna spaSTa rUpa se parilakSita hotA hai| usameM tyAga aura bhoga, pravRtti evaM nivRtti, karma aura karma-saMnyAsa, vyakti aura samaSTi, avidyA (bhautika jJAna ) aura vidyA (AdhyAtmika jJAna ) ke madhya eka sundara samanvaya sthApita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM kA pUrvavartI evaM samasAmayika zramaNa paramparA kA jo adhikAMza sAhitya thA, vaha zramaNa paramparA kI anya dhArAoM ke jIvita na raha pAne yA unake bRhad hindU paramparA meM samAhita ho jAne ke kAraNa yA to vilupta ho gayA thA yA phira dUsarI jIvita zramaNa paramparAoM ke dvArA athavA bahada hindu paramparA ke dvArA AtmasAta kara liyA gyaa| kintu usake astitva ke saMketa evaM avazeSa Aja bhI aupaniSadika sAhitya, pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgamoM meM surakSita hai| prAcIna AraNyakoM, upaniSadoM, AcArAMga (prathama zrutaskandha), sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, isibhAsiyAI, theragAthA, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM ina vilupta yA samAhita bhramaNa paramparAoM ke aneka RSiyoM ke upadeza Aja bhI pAye jAte haiN| isibhAsiyAI, sUtrakRtAMga aura uttarAdhyayana meM ullikhita yAjJavalkya, nArada, asitadevala, kapila, pArAzara, AruNi, uddAlaka, nami, bAhuka, rAmaputta Adi RSi ve hI haiM, jinameM se aneka ke upadeza evaM AkhyAna upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI surakSita hai| jaina paramparA meM RSibhASita meM inheM arhata RSi evaM sUtrakRtAMga meM siddhi ko prApta tapodhana mahApuruSa kahA gayA hai aura unheM apanI pUrva paramparA se sambaddha batAyA gayA hai| pAlitripiTaka ke dIghanikAya ke sAmaJaphalasutta meM bhI buddha ke samakAlIna chaha tIrthaMkaroM -- ajitakezakambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, pUrNakazyapa, saMjayavelaTThiputta, maMkhaligozAlaka evaM niggaThanAtaputta kI mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza huA hai, phira cAhe unheM vikRta spa meM hI prastuta kyoM na kiyA gayA ho| isI prakAra ke theragAthA, suttanipAta Adi ke aneka thera (sthavira ) bhI prAcIna bhramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita rahe haiN| isa sabase bhArata meM
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________________ pro. sAmaramala jaina 3 zramaNadhArA ke prAcInakAla meM astitva kI sUcanA mila jAtI hai| padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne pAlitripiTaka meM ajita, araka aura aranemi nAmaka tIrthaMkaroM ke ullekha ko bhI khoja nikAlA hai| jJAtavya hai ki usameM inheM "titthakaro kAmesu vItarAgo" kahA gayA hai-- cAhe hama yaha mAneM yA na mAneM ki inakI saMgati jaina paramparA ke ajita araha aura ariSTanemi nAmaka tIrthakaroM se ho sakatI hai-- kintu itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki ye sabhI ullekha zramaNadhArA ke atiprAcIna astitva ko hI sUcita karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgama vaidika sAhitya meM veda prAcInatama hai| vedoM ke sandarbha meM bhAratIya darzanoM meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ ullikhita haiN| mImAMsakadarzana ke anusAra veda apauruSeya hai arthAt kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA nirmita nahIM hai| unake anusAra veda anAdi-nidhana hai, zAzvata hai, na to unakA koI racayitA hai aura nahIM racanAkAla / naiyAyikoM kI mAnyatA isase bhinna hai, ve veda-vacanoM ko Izvara - sRSTa mAnate haiN| unake anusAra veda apauruSeya nahIM, apitu IzvarakRta haiM / IzvarakRta hote hue bhI Izvara ke anAdi-nidhana hone se veda bhI anAdi-nidhana mAne jA sakate haiM, kintu jaba unheM IzvarasRSTa mAna liyA gayA hai, to phira anAdi kahanA ucita nahIM hai, kyoMki Izvara kI apekSA se to ve sAdi hI hoNge| jahA~ taka jainAgamoM kA prazna hai unheM artha-rUpa meM arthAt kathya-viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA upadiSTa mAnA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se apauruSeya nahIM haiN| ve artha-rUpa meM tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa aura zabda-rUpa meM gaNadharoM dvArA racita mAne jAte haiM, kintu yaha bAta bhI kevala aMga AgamoM ke sandarbha meM hai| aMgabAhaya Agama grantha to vibhinna sthaviroM aura pUrvadhara - AcAryoM kI kRti mAne hI jAte haiN| isa prakAra jaina Agama pauruSeya (puruSakRta ) haiM aura kAla vizeSa meM nirmita haiN| kintu jaina AcAryoM ne eka anya apekSA se vicAra karate hue aMga AgamoM ko zAzvata bhI kahA hai| unake isa kathana kA AdhAra yaha hai ki tIrthakaroM kI paramparA to anAdikAla se calI A rahI hai aura anantakAla taka calegI, koI bhI kAla aisA nahIM, jisameM tIrthaMkara nahIM hote haiN| ataH isa dRSTi se jaina Agama bhI anAdi-ananta siddha hote haiN| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra tIrthaMkara bhinna-bhinna AtmAe~ hotI haiM kintu unake upadezoM meM samAnatA hotI hai aura unake samAna upadezoM ke AdhAra para racita grantha bhI samAna hI hote haiN| isI apekSA se nandIsUtra meM AgamoM ko anAdi-nidhana bhI kahA gayA hai| tIrthakaroM ke kathana meM cAhe zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho, kintu artha-rUpa meM bhinnatA nahIM hotI hai| ataH artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se yaha ekarUpatA hI jainAgAmoM ko pravAha kI apekSA se anAdi-ananta siddha karatI hai| nandIsUtra ( sUtra 58 ) meM kahA gayA hai ki "yaha jo dvAdaza-aMga yA gaNipiTaka hai-- vaha aisA nahIM hai ki yaha kabhI nahIM thA, kabhI nahIM rahegA aura na kabhI hogaa| yaha sadaiva thA, sadaiva hai aura sadaiva rhegaa| yaha dhruva, nitya, zAzvata, akSaya, avasthita aura nitya hai / " isa prakAra jaina cintaka eka ora pratyeka tIrthakara ke
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________________ 4 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza upadeza ke AdhAra para unake pramukha ziSyoM ke dvArA zabda-rUpa meM AgamoM kI racanA hone kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate haiM to dUsarI ora artha yA kathya kI dRSTi se samarUpatA ke AdhAra para yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki artha rUpa se jina-vANI sadaiva thI aura sadaiva rhegii| vaha kabhI bhI naSTa nahIM hotI hai| vicAra kI apekSA se AgamoM kI zAzvatatA aura nityatA mAnya karate hue bhI jaina paramparA unheM zabda rUpa se sRSTa aura vicchinna hone vAlA bhI mAnatI hai / anekAnta kI bhASA meM kaheM to tIrthaMkara kI anavarata paramparA kI dRSTi se Agama zAzvata aura nitya hai, jabaki tIrthaMkara vizeSa kI zAsana kI apekSA se ve sRSTa evaM anitya haiN| vaidika sAhitya aura jainAgamoM meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa antara yaha hai ki vedoM ke adhyayana meM sadaiva hI zabda-rUpa ko mahattva diyA gayA aura yaha mAnA gayA ki zabda-rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM honA caahie| cAhe usakA artha spaSTa ho yA na ho| isake viparIta jaina paramparA meM tIrthaMkaroM ko artha kA pravaktA mAnA gayA aura isalie isa bAta para bala diyA gayA ki cAhe AgamoM meM zabda-rUpa meM bhinnatA ho jAya kintu unameM artha-bheda nahIM honA caahie| yahI kAraNa thA ki zabda-rUpa kI isa upekSA ke kAraNa paravartIkAla meM AgamoM meM aneka bhASika parivartana hue aura Agama pAThoM kI ekarUpatA nahIM raha sakI / yadyapi vibhinna saMgItiyoM ke mAdhyama se ekarUpatA banAne kA prayAsa huA lekina usameM pUrNa saphalatA nahIM mila sakI / yadyapi yaha zabda-rUpa parivartana bhI Age nirbAdha rUpa se na cale isalie eka ora unheM lipibaddha karane kA prayAsa huA to dUsarI ora AgamoM meM pada, akSara, anusvAra Adi meM parivartana karanA bhI mahApApa batAyA gayA / isa prakAra yadyapi AgamoM ke bhASAgata svarUpa ko sthiratA to pradAna kI gayI, phira bhI zabda kI apekSA artha para adhika bala diye jAne ke kAraNa jainAgamoM kA svarUpa pUrNatayA aparivartita nahIM raha sakA, jabaki veda zabda-rUpa meM aparivartita rhe| Aja bhI unameM aisI aneka RcAyeM haiM jinakA koI artha nahIM nikalatA hai (anarthakAri mantrAH ) / isa prakAra veda zabda- pradhAna hai jabaki jaina Agama artha- pradhAna hai| veda aura jainAgamoM meM tIsarI bhinnatA unakI viSaya-vastu kI apekSA se bhI hai| vedoM meM bhautika upalabdhiyoM hetu prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke prati prArthanAe~ hI pradhAna rUpa se dekhI jAtI hai, sAtha hI kucha khagola-bhUgola sambandhI vivaraNa aura kathAe~ bhI hai| jabaki jaina ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM AdhyAtmika evaM vairAgyaparaka upadezoM ke dvArA mana, indriya aura vAsanAoM para vijaya pAne ke nirdeza diye gaye haiN| isake sAtha-sAtha usameM muni evaM gRhastha ke AcAra sambandhI vidhi - niSedha pramukhatA se varNita haiM tathA tapa sAdhanA aura karma-phala viSayaka kucha kathAyeM bhI haiM / khagola- bhUgola sambandhI carcA bhI jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi granthoM meM haiN| jahA~ taka jainadarzana kA prazna hai usakA prArambhika rUpa hI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM upalabdha hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM vedoM ke pazcAt kramazaH brAhmaNa-granthoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA krama AtA hai| inameM brAhmaNa grantha mukhyataH yajJa-yAga sambandhI karmakANDoM kA vivaraNa prastuta karate haiN| ataH unakI zailI aura viSaya-vastu donoM hI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya se bhinna hai / AraNyakoM ke sambandha meM maiM abhI taka samyak adhyayana nahIM kara pAyA hU~ ataH unase ardhamAgadhI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 5 Agama sAhitya kI tulanA kara pAnA mere liye sambhava nahIM hai| kintu AraNyakoM meM vairAgya, nivRtti evaM vAnaprastha jIvana ke aneka tathyoM ke ullekha hone se vizeSa tulanAtmaka adhyayana dvArA unameM aura jaina AgamoM meM samarUpatA ko khojA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka upaniSadoM kA prazna hai upaniSadoM ke aneka aMza AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAI Adi prAcIna ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM bhI yathAvat upalabdha hote haiN| yAjJavalkya, nArada, kapila, asitadevala, aruNa, uddAlaka, pArAzara Adi aneka aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke ullekha evaM upadeza isibhAsiyAI, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga evaM uttarAdhyayana meM upalabdha hai| isibhAsiyAiM meM yAjJavalkya kA upadeza usI rUpa meM varNita hai, jaisA vaha upaniSadoM meM milatA hai| uttarAdhyayana ke aneka AkhyAna, upadeza evaM kathAe~ mAtra nAma-bheda ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM bhI upalabdha haiN| prastuta prasaMga meM vistArabhaya se vaha saba tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| inake tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu icchuka pAThakoM ko isibhAsiyAI kI merI bhUmikA evaM jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AdhAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana khaNDa 1 evaM 2 dekhane kI anuzaMsA karake isa carcA ko yahIM virAma detA huuN| pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama pAlitripiTaka aura jainAgama apane udbhava srota kI apekSA se samakAlika kahe jA sakate hai, kyoMki pAlitripiTaka ke pravaktA bhagavAna buddha aura jainAgamoM ke pravaktA bhagavAna mahAvIra samakAlika hI hai| isalie donoM ke prArambhika granthoM kA racanAkAla bhI samasAmayika hai| dUsare jaina paramparA aura bauddha paramparA donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI zramaNadhArA ke aMga haiM ataH donoM kI mUlabhUta jIvana-dRSTi eka hI hai| isa tathya kI puSTi jainAgamoM aura pAlitripiTaka ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se ho jAtI hai| donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se nivRttiparaka jIvana-dRSTi ko apanAyA gayA hai aura sadAcAra evaM naitikatA kI prasthApanA ke prayatna kiye gaye hai, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se bhI donoM hI paramparAoM ke sAhitya meM samAnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika evaM kucha prakIrNakoM kI aneka gAthAe~, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi meM mila jAtI hai| kintu jahA~ taka donoM ke darzana evaM AcAra niyamoM kA prazna hai, vahA~ spaSTa antara bhI dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki jahA~ bhagavAna buddha AcAra ke kSetra meM madhyamamArgIya the, vahA~ mahAvIra tapa, tyAga aura titikSA para adhika bala de rahe the| isa prakAra AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM kI dRSTiyA bhinna thiiN| yadyapi vicAra ke kSetra meM mahAvIra aura buddha donoM hI ekAntavAda ke samAlocaka the, kintu jahA~ buddha ne ekAntavAdoM ko kevala nakArA, vahA~ mahAvIra ne una ekAntavAdoM meM samanvaya kiyaa| ataH darzana ke kSetra meM buddha kI dRSTi nakArAtmaka rahI hai, jabaki mahAvIra kI sakArAtmaka / isa prakAra darzana aura AcAra ke kSetra meM donoM meM jo bhinnatA thI, vaha unake sAhitya meM bhI abhivyakta huI hai| phira bhI sAmAnya pAThaka kI apekSA se donoM paramparA ke granthoM meM kSaNikavAda, anAtmavAda Adi dArzanika prasthAnoM ko chor3akara ekatA hI adhika parilakSita hotI hai|
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________________ 6 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza AgamoM kA mahattva evaM prAmANikatA pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharma grantha yA zAstra kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hotA hai, kyoMki usa dharma ke dArzanika siddhAnta aura AcAra vyavasthA donoM ke lie "zAstra" hI eka mAtra pramANa hotA hai| hindUdharma meM veda kA, bauddhadharma meM tripiTaka kA, pArasIdharma meM avestA kA, IsAIdharma meM bAibila kA aura islAma meM kurAna kA, jo sthAna hai, vahI sthAna jainadharma meM Agama sAhitya kA hai| phira bhI Agama sAhitya ko na to veda ke samAna apauruSeya mAnA gayA hai aura na bAibila yA kurAna ke samAna kisI paigambara ke mAdhyama se diyA gayA Izvara kA sandeza hI, apitu vaha una arhatoM va RSiyoM kI vANI kA saMkalana hai, jinhoMne apanI tapasyA aura sAdhanA dvArA satya kA prakAza prApta kiyA thaa| jainoM ke lie Agama jinavANI hai. Aptavacana hai. unake dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vartamAna meM jainadharma kA digambara sampradAya upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko pramANabhUta nahIM mAnatA hai, kyoMki usakI dRSTi meM ina AgamoM meM kucha aisA prakSipta aMza hai, jo unakI mAnyatAoM ke viparIta hai| merI dRSTi meM cAhe vartamAna meM upalabdha ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM kucha prakSipta aMza hoM yA unameM kucha parivartana-parivardhana bhI huA ho, phira bhI ve jainadharma ke prAmANika dastAveja haiN| unameM aneka aitihAsika tathya upalabdha hai| unakI pUrNataH asvIkRti kA artha apanI prAmANikatA ko hI nakAranA hai| zvetAmbara mAnya ina ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki ye I.pU. pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavIM zatI arthAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa meM jaina saMgha ke car3hAva-utAra kI eka prAmANika kahAnI kaha dete ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa vartamAna jo Agama grantha upalabdha haiM, unheM nimna rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai-- 11 aMga 1. AyAra (AcArAMga), 2. sUyagaDa ( sUtrakRtAMga), 3. ThANa (sthAnAMga), 4. samavAya (samavAyAMga), 5. viyAhapannatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti yA bhagavatI), 6. nAyAdhammakahAo ( jJAta-dharmakathAH ), 7. uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazAH ), 8. aMtagaDadasAo (antakRddazAH ), 9. anuttarovavAiyadasAo ( anuttaropapAtikadazAH ), 10. paNhAvAgaraNAiM (praznavyAkaraNAni), 11. vivAgasuyaM ( vipAkazrutam ), 12 dRSTivAda ( diTThivAya ), jo vicchinna huA hai| 12 upAMga 1. uvavAiyaM / aupapAtikaM), 2. rAyapaseNaijaM (rAjaprasenajitakaM) athavA rAyapaseNiyaM ( rAjapraznIyaM), 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama, 4. paNNavaNA ( prajJApanA ), 5. sUrapaNNatti ( sUryaprajJapti), 6. jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdrIpaprajJapti), 7. caMdapaNNatti (candraprajJapti), 8-12. nirayAvaliyAsuyakkhaMdha (nirayAvalikAzrutaskandha), 8. nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAvalikAH ), 9. kappavaDisiyAo (kalpAvataMsikAH ), 10. puphiyAo (puSpikAH ), 11. puSkacUlAo (puSpacUlAH ), 12. vaNhidasAo (vRSNidazA ) /
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 7 jahA~ taka uparyukta aMga aura upAMga granthoM kA prazna hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAya inheM mAnya karate haiN| jabaki digambara sampradAya inhIM gyAraha aMgasUtroM ko svIkAra karate hue bhI yaha mAnatA hai ki ve aMgasUtra vartamAna meM vilupta ho gaye haiN| upAMgasUtroM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM meM eka rupatA hai, kintu digambara paramparA meM bAraha upAMgoM kI na to koI mAnyatA rahI aura na ve vartamAna meM ina granthoM ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiN| yadyapi jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dIpasAgaraprajJapti Adi nAmoM se unake yahA~ kucha grantha avazya pAye jAte hai| sAtha hI sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti ko bhI unake dvArA dRSTivAda ke parikarma vibhAga ke antargata svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| 4 mUlasUtra sAmAnyatayA (1) uttarAdhyayana, ( 2 ) dazavaikAlika, (3) Avazyaka aura (4) piNDaniyukti ye cAra mUlasUtra mAne gaye haiN| phira bhI mUlasUtroM kI saMkhyA aura nAmoM ke sandarbha meM zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| jahA~ taka uttarAdhyayana aura dazavaikAlika kA prazna hai inheM sabhI zvetAmbara sampradAyoM evaM AcAryoM ne eka mata se mUlasUtra mAnA hai| samayasundara, bhAvaprabhasUri tathA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM pro. vebara, pro. vUlhara, pro. sArapenTiyara, pro. vinTarnitja, pro. zUbriga Adi ne eka svara se Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra mAnA hai, kintu sthAnakavAsI evaM terApanthI sampradAya Avazyaka ko mUlasUtra ke antargata nahIM mAnate haiN| ye donoM sampradAya Avazyaka evaM piNDaniryukti ke sthAna para nandI aura anuyogadvAra ko mUlasUtra mAnate hai / zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kucha AcAryoM ne piNDaniryukti ke sAtha-sAtha oghaniyukti ko bhI mUlasUtra meM mAnA hai| isa prakAra mUlasUtroM ke vargIkaraNa aura unake nAmoM meM eka rupatA kA abhAva hai| digambara paramparA meM ina mUlasUtroM meM se dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka mAnya rahe haiN| tattvArtha kI digambara TIkAoM meM, dhavalA meM tathA aMgapaNNatti meM inakA ullekha hai / jJAtavya hai ki aMgapaNNatti meM nandIsUtra kI bhA~ti hI Avazyaka ke chaha vibhAga kiye gaye haiM / thApanIya paramparA meM bhI na kevala Avazyaka, uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika mAnya rahe haiM, apitu yApanIya AcArya aparAjita (navIM zatI) ne to dazavaikAlika kI TIkA bhI likhI thI / 6 chedasUtra vedasUtroM ke antargata vartamAna meM 1 AyAradazA ( dazAzrutaskandha), 2. kappa (kalpa), 3. vavahAra (vyavahAra), 4 nisIha ( nizItha ), 5. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha ) aura 6. jIyakappa (jItakalpa) ye chaha grantha mAne jAte haiN| inameM se mahAnizItha aura jItakalpa ko zvetAmbaroM kI terApanthI aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAyeM mAnya nahIM karatI haiN| ve donoM mAtra cAra hI chedasUtra mAnate haiN| jabaki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya uparyukta 6 chedasUtroM ko mAnatA hai| jahA~ taka digambara aura yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai unameM aMgabAhya granthoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra aura nizItha kA ullekha milatA hai| yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM na kevala inakA ullekha milatA hai, apitu inake avataraNa bhI diye gaye haiN| Azcarya yaha hai ki vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM pracalita
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mUlataH yApanIya paramparA ke prAyazcita sambandhI grantha "chedapiNDazAstra" meM kalpa aura vyavahAra ke pramANya ke sAtha-sAtha jItakalpa kA bhI pramANya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra digambara evaM yApanIya paramparAoM meM kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha aura jItakalpa kI mAnyatA rahI hai, yadyapi vartamAna meM digambara AcArya inheM mAnya nahIM karate hai| 10 prakIrNaka isake antargata nimna dasa grantha mAne jAte haiM -- 1. causaraNa (catuHzaraNa ), 2. AurapaccAkkhANa (AturapratyAkhyAna ), 3. bhattaparinnA (bhaktaparijJA), 4. saMthAraya (saMstAraka), 5. taMDulakyAliya (taMdulavaicArika), 6. caMdavejyAya (candravedhyaka), 7. devindatthaya ( devendraratava), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNividyA), 9. mahApaccAkkhANa ( mahApratyAkhyAna) aura 10 vIratthaya (viirstv)| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM meM sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI ina prakIrNakoM ko mAnya nahIM karate haiN| yadyapi merI dRSTi meM inameM unakI paramparA ke viruddha aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai, jisase inheM amAnya kiyA jaaye| inameM se 9 prakIrNakoM kA ullekha to nandIsUtra meM mila jAtA hai| ataH inheM amAnya karane kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| hamane isakI vistRta carcA Agama saMsthAna, udayapura se prakAzita mahApaccakkhANa kI bhUmikA meM kI hai| jahA~ taka dasa prakIrNakoM ke nAma Adi kA prazna hai, zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya ke AcAryoM meM bhI kiMcita matabheda pAyA jAtA hai| lagabhaga 9 nAmoM meM to eka rupatA hai kintu bhattaparinnA, maraNavidhi aura vIrastava ye tIna nAma aise haiM jo bhinna-bhinna AcAryoM ke vargIkaraNa meM bhinna-bhinna rUpa se Aye haiN| kisI ne bhaktaparijJA ko chor3akara maraNavidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai to kisI ne usake sthAna para vIrastava kA ullekha kiyA hai| muni zrI puNyavijayajI ne paiNNayasuttAI, prathama bhAga kI bhUmikA meM prakIrNaka nAma se abhihita lagabhaga nimna 22 granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai inameM se adhikAMza mahAvIra vidyAlaya se paiNNayasuttAI nAma se 2 bhAgoM meM prakAzita hai| aMgavidyA kA prakAzana prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI kI ora se huA hai| ye bAIsa prakIrNaka nimna hai-- 1. catuHzaraNa, 2. AturapratyAkhyAna, 3. bhaktaparijJA, 4. saMstAraka, 5. taMdulavaicArika, 6. candravedhyaka, 7. devendrastava, 8. gaNivijjA, 9. mahApratyAkhyAna, 10. vIrastava, 11. RSibhASita, 12. ajIkkalpa, 13. gacchAcAra, 14. maraNasamAdhi, 15. titthogAliya, 16. ArAdhanAphtAkA, 17. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti, 18. jyotiSkaraNDaka, 19. aMgavidyA, 20. siddhaprAbhRta, 21. sArAklI aura 22. jiivvibhkti| isake atirikta eka hI nAma ke aneka prakIrNaka bhI upalabdha hote hai, yathA--- "AurapaccakkhAna" ke nAma se tIna grantha upalabdha hote haiN| unameM se eka to dasavIM zatI ke AcArya vIrabhadra kI kRti hai| inameM se nandI aura pAkSikasUtra ke utkAlika sUtroM ke varga meM devendrastava, taMdulavaicArika, candravedhyaka, gaNividyA, maraNavibhakti, AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna ye sAta nAma pAye jAte hai
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina aura kAlikasUtroM ke varga meM RSibhASita aura dIpasAgaraprajJapti ye do nAma pAye jAte haiN| isa prakAra nandI evaM pAkSikasUtra meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka samAja ke kucha AcArya jo 84 Agama mAnate hai, ve prakIrNakoM kI saMkhyA 10 ke sthAna para 30 mAnate haiN| isameM pUrvokta 22 nAmoM ke atirikta nimna 8 prakIrNaka aura mAne gaye haiM .. piNDavizuddhi, paryantaArAdhanA, yoniprAmRta, aMgacUliyA, vaMgacUliyA, vRddhacatuHzaraNa, jambUpayannA aura klpsuutr| jahA~ taka digambara paramparA evaM yApanIya paramparA kA prazna hai, vaha spaSTataH ina prakIrNako ko mAnya nahIM karatI haiM, phira bhI mUlAcAra meM AturapratyAkhyAna aura mahApratyAkhyAna se aneka gAthAyeM usake saMkSipta pratyAkhyAna aura bRhat-pratyAkhyAna nAmaka adhyAyoM meM avatarita kI gaI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI maraNavibhakti, ArAdhanAphtAkA Adi aneka prakIrNakoM kI mAthAyeM avatarita hai| jJAtavya hai ki inameM aMga bAhayoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| 2 dhUlikAsUtra cUlikAsUtra ke antargata nandIsUtra aura anuyogaTAra ye do grantha mAne jAte haiN| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM ki sthAnakavAsI paramparA inheM cUlikAsUtra na kahakara mUlasUtra meM vargIkRta karatI hai| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki ye donoM grantha zvetAmbara paramparA ke sabhI sampradAyoM ko mAnya rahe haiN| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 4 mUla, 6 cheda, 10 prakIrNaka, 2 cUlikAsUtra-- ye 45 Agama zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM mAnya hai| sthAnakavAsI va terApanthI isameM se 10 prakIrNaka, jItakalpa, mahAnizItha aura piNDaniyukti -- ina 13 granthoM ko kama karake 32 Agama mAnya karate haiN| jo loga caurAsI Agama mAnya karate hai ve dasa prakIrNakoM ke sthAna para pUrvokta tIsa eskIrNaka mAnate haiN| isake sAtha dasa niyuktiyoM tathA yatijItakalpa, zrAddhajatikalpa, pAkSikasUtra, kSamApanAsUtra, vandittu, tithi-prakaraNa, kavacaprakaraNa, saMzaktaniyukti aura vizeSAvazyakabhASya ko bhI AgamoM meM sammilita karate haiN| isa prakAra vartamAnakAla meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra ke rUpa meM vargIkRta kiyA jAtA hai, kintu yaha vargIkaraNa paryApta paravartI hai| 12vIM zatI se pUrva ke granthoM meM isa prakAra ke vargIkaraNa kA kahIM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai| vargIkaraNa kI yaha zailI sarvaprathama hameM AcArya zrIcanda kI "sukhabodhAsamAcArI" (I.san.1112) meM AMzika rUpa se upalabdha hotI hai| isameM Agama sAhitya ke adhyayana kA jo krama diyA gayA hai usase kevala itanA hI pratiphalita hotA hai ki aMga, upAMga Adi kI avadhAraNA usa yuga meM bana cukI thii| kintu vartamAnakAla meM jisa prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaisA vargIkaraNa usa samaya taka bhI pUrNa rUpa se nirdhArita nahIM huA thaa| usameM mAtra aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka itane hI nAma milate haiN| vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM nandIsUtra va anuyogaddhArasUtra ko bhI prakIrNakoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| sukhabodhAsamAcArI kA yaha
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________________ ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vivaraNa mukhya rUpa se to Agama granthoM ke adhyayana-krama ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isameM muni jIvana sambandhI AcAra niyamoM ke pratipAdaka Agama granthoM ke adhyayana ko prAthamikatA dI gayI hai aura siddhAnta granthoM kA adhyayana bauddhika paripakvatA ke pazcAt ho aisI vyavasthA kI gaI hai| ___ isI dRSTi se eka anya vivaraNa jinaprabha ne apane grantha vidhimArgaprapA meM diyA hai| isameM vartamAna meM ullikhita AgamoM ke nAma to mila jAte haiM, kintu kauna Agama kisa varga kA hai yaha ullekha nahIM hai| mAtra pratyeka varga ke AgamoM ke nAma eka sAtha Ane ke kAraNa yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka cAhe aMga. upAMga Adi kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa parNataH sthira na huA ho, kintu jaisA padmabhUSaNa paM. dalasukhabhAI kA kathana hai ki kauna grantha kisake sAtha ullikhita honA cAhie aisA eka krama bana gayA thA, kyoMki usameM aMga, upAMga, cheda, mUla, prakIrNaka evaM cUlikAsUtroM ke nAma eka hI sAtha milate haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM aMga, upAMga granthoM kA pArasparika sambandha bhI nizcita kiyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM eka matAntara kA ullekha karate hue usameM yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki kucha AcArya candraprajJapti evaM sUryaprajJapti ko bhagavatI kA upAMga mAnate haiN| jinaprabha ne isa grantha meM sarvaprathama vAcanAvidhi ke prArambha meM aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda aura mUla ina vargoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne vidhimArgaprapA ko I. san 1306 meM pUrNa kiyA thA, ataH yaha mAnA jA sakatA hai ki isake Asa-pAsa hI AgamoM kA vartamAna vargIkaraNa pracalana meM AyA hogaa| AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI prAcIna zailI isase bhinna rahI hai| isa prAcIna zailI kA sarvaprathama nirdeza hameM nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasUtra (IsvI san pA~cavIM zatI) meM milatA hai| usa yuga meM AgamoM ko aMgapraviSTa va aMgabAhya-- ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jAtA thaa| aMgapraviSTa ke antargata AcArAMga Adi 12 aMga grantha Ate the| zeSa grantha aMgabAhya kahe jAte the| usameM aMgabAhayoM kI eka saMjJA prakIrNaka bhI thii| aMgaprajJapti nAmaka digambara grantha meM bhI aMgabAhayoM ko prakIrNaka kahA gayA hai| aMgabAhya ko puna: do bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thA-- 1. Avazyaka aura 2. Avazyaka-vyatirikta / Avazyaka ke antargata sAmAyika Adi chaH grantha the| jJAtavya hai ki vartamAna vargIkaraNa meM Avazyaka ko eka hI grantha mAnA jAtA hai aura sAmAyika Adi 6 Avazyaka aMgoM ko usake eka-eka adhyAya rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai, kinta prAcInakAla meM inheM chaha svatantra grantha mAnA jAtA thaa| isakI puSTi aMgapaNNatti Adi digambara granthoM se bhI ho jAtI hai| unameM bhI sAmAyika Adi ko chaha svatantra grantha mAnA gayA hai| yadyapi usameM kAyotsarga evaM pratyAkhyAna ke sthAnapara vainayika evaM kRtikarma nAma milate haiN| Avazyaka-vyatirikta ke bhI do bhAga kiye jAte the-- 1. kAlika aura 2. utkaalik| jinakA svAdhyAya vikAla ko chor3akara kiyA jAtA thA, ve kAlika kahalAte the, jabaki utkAlika granyoM ke adhyayana yA svAdhyAya meM kAla evaM vikAla kA vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| nandIsUtra evaM pAkSikasatra kI AgamoM ke vargIkaraNa kI yaha sUcI nimnAnusAra hai--
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________________ prA. sAgaramala jaina (ka) aMgapraviSTa } 1. AcArAMga 2. sUtrakRtAMga 3. sthAnAMga 4. samavAyAga 5. vyAkhyAprajJapti 6. jJAtAdharmakathA 7. upAsakadazAMga 8. antakRtdazAMga 9. anuttaraupapAtikadazAMga 10. praznavyAkaraNa 11. vipAkasUtra 12. dRSTivAda (ka) kAlika # 1. uttarAdhyayana 2. dazAzrutaskandha 3. kalpa 4. vyavahAra 5. nizItha 6. mahAnizItha 7. RSibhASita 8. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 9. dvIpasAgaraprajJapti 10. candraprajJapti 11. kSullikAvimAna-pravibhakti 12. mahallikAvimAna -pravibhakti 13. aMgacUlikA 14. vaggacUlikA 15. vivAhacUlikA 16. aruNopapAta 17. varuNopapAta 18. garuDopapAta 19. dharaNopapAta 11 zruta (Agama) 1 I (ka) Avazyaka 1 1. sAmAyika 2. caturviMzatistava 3. vandanA 4. pratikramaNa 5. kAyotsarga 6. pratyAkhyAna 20. vaizramaNopapAta 21. velandharopapAta 22. devendropapAta 23. utthAnazruta 26. nirayAvalikA 27. kalpikA 28. kalpAvataMsikA 29. puSpitA 30. puSpacUlikA 31. vRSNidazA (kha) aMgabAhya ' / (kha) Avazyaka vyatirikta 24. samutthAna 25. nAgaparijJApanikA 6. rAjapraznIya 7. jIvAbhigama 8. prajJApanA 9. mahAprajJApanA 10. pramAdApramAda 11. nandI 12. anuyogadvAra 13. devendrastava 1. dazavaikAlika 2. kalpikAkalpika 3. cullakalpazruta 4. mahAkalpazruta 5. aupapAtika (kha) utkAlika 1 16. sUryaprajJapti 17. pauruSImaMDala 14. tandulavaicArika 15. candravedhyaka I 18. maNDalapraveza 19. vidyAcaraNa vinizcaya 20. gaNividyA 21. dhyAnavibhakti 22. maraNavibhakti 23. Atmavizodhi 24. vItarAgazruta 25. saMlekhaNAzruta 26. vihArakalpa 27. caraNavidhi 28. AturapratyAkhyAna 29. mahApratyAkhyAna
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________________ 12 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prakAra nandIsUtra meM 12 aMga, 6 Avazyaka, 31 kAlika evaM 26 utkAlika sahita 78 AgamoM kA ullekha milatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki Aja inameM se aneka grantha anupalabdha haiN| yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM AgamoM kA vargIkaraNa ___ yApanIya aura digambara paramparAoM meM jaina Agama sAhitya ke vargIkaraNa kI jo zailI mAnya rahI hai, vaha bhI bahuta kucha nandIsUtra kI zailI ke hI anurUpa hai| unhoMne use umAsvAti ke tatvArthasUtra se grahaNa kiyA hai| usameM AgoM ko aMga aura aMgabAhaya aise do vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| inameM aMgoM kI bAraha saMkhyA kA spaSTa ullekha to milatA hai, kintu aMgabAhya kI saMkhyA kA spaSTa nirdeza nahIM hai| mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai aMgabAhya aneka prakAra ke haiN| kintu apane tattvArthabhASya (1/20) meM AcArya umAsvAti ne aMga-bAya ke antargata sarvaprathama sAmAyika Adi chaha Avazyako kA ullekha kiyA hai usake bAda dazavakAlika, uttarAdhyayana, dazA, kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha aura RSibhASita ke nAma dekara anta meM Adi zabda se anya granthoM kA grahaNa kiyA hai| kintu aMgabAhya meM spaSTa nAma to unhoMne kevala bAraha hI diye haiN| isameM kalpa-vyavahAra kA ekIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| eka anya sUcanA se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tattvArthabhASya meM upAMga saMjJA kA nirdeza hai| ho sakatA hai ki pahale 12 aMgoM ke samAna yahI 12 upAMga mAne jAte hoN| tattvArthasUtra ke TIkAkAra pUjyapAda, akalaMka, vidyAnandI Adi digambara AcAryoM ne aMgabAhya meM na kevala uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika Adi granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu kAlika evaM utkAlika aise vargoM kA bhI nAma nirdeza (1/201 kiyA hai| harivaMzapurANa evaM dhavalATIkA meM AgamoM kA jo vargIkaraNa upalabdha hotA hai usameM 12 aMgoM evaM 14 aMgabAyoM kA ullekha hai| usameM bhI aMgabAyoM meM sarvaprathama chaha AvazyakoM kA ullekha hai, tatpazcAt dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpa-vyavahAra, kapyAkappIya, mahAkappIya, puNDarIka, mahApuNDarIka va nizItha kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra dhavalA meM 12 aMga aura 14 aMgabAhayoM kI gaNanA kI gyii| isameM bhI kalpa aura vyavahAra ko eka hI grantha mAnA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki tattvArthabhASya kI apekSA isameM kappAkappIya (kalpikAkalpika), mahAkappIya (mahAkalpa), puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka-~ ye cAra nAma adhika hai| kintu bhASya meM ullikhita dazA aura RSibhASita ko chor3a diyA gayA hai| isameM jo cAra nAma adhika hai-- unameM kappAkappIya aura mahAkappIya kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM bhI hai, mAtra puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka ye do nAma vizeSa digambara paramparA meM AcArya zubhacandra kRta aMgaprajJapti (aMgapaNNatti) nAmaka eka grantha milatA hai| yaha grantha dhavalATIkA ke pazcAta kA pratIta hotA hai| isameM dhavalATIkA meM varNita 12 aMgapraviSTa va 14 aMgabAhya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| yadyapi isameM aMgabAhaya granthoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa saMkSipta hI hai| isa grantha meM aura digambara paramparA ke anya granthoM meM aMga bAhayoM ko prakIrNaka bhI kahA gayA hai (3.100 / isameM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAyika pramukha 14 prakIrNaka aMgabAhya hai| isameM diye gaye viSaya-vastu ke vivaraNa se lagatA hai
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina ki yaha vivaraNa mAtra anubhuti ke AdhAra para likhA gayA hai, mUla granthoM ko lekhaka ne nahIM dekhA hai, isameM bhI puNDarIka aura mahApuNDarIka kA ullekha hai| ina donoM granthoM kA ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM mujhe kahIM nahI milA / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ke sUtrakRtAMga meM eka adhyayana kA nAma puNDarIka avazya milatA hai| prakIrNakoM meM eka sArAvalI prakIrNaka hai| isameM puNDarIka mahAtIrtha (zatruMjaya) kI mahattA kA vistRta vivaraNa hai| sambhava hai ki puNDarIka sArAvalI prakIrNaka kA hI yaha dUsarA nAma ho| phira bhI spaSTa pramANa ke abhAva meM isa sambandha meM adhika kucha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA / 13 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prathama zatI se lekara dasavIM zatI taka AgamoM ko nandI sUtra kI zailI meM aMga aura aMgabAhUya punaH aMga bAhyoM ko Avazyaka aura Avazyaka-vyatirikta aise do vibhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka vyatirikta meM bhI kAlika aura utkAlika aise do vibhAga sarvamAnya the| lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI ke bAda se aMga, upAMga, prakIrNaka, cheda, mUla aura cUlikAsUtra yaha vartamAna vargIkaraNa astitva meM AyA hai| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM paramparAoM meM sabhI aMgabAhaya AgamoM ke lie prakIrNaka (paiNNaya) nAma bhI pracalita rahA hai / ---- ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI prAcInatA evaM unakA racanAkAla bhArata jaise vizAla deza meM atiprAcInakAla se hI aneka boliyoM kA astitva rahA hai, kintu sAhityika dRSTi se bhArata meM tIna prAcIna bhASAe~ pracalita rahI haiN| saMskRta, prAkRta aura pAli / inameM saMskRta ke do rUpa pAye jAte haiM-- chAndas aura sAhityika saMskRta / veda chAndas saMskRta meM hai, jo pAli aura prAkRta ke nikaTa hai| upaniSadoM kI bhASA chAndas kI apekSA sAhityika saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha jo sAhitya upalabdha hai, usameM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAcInatama hai| yahA~ taka ki AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha aura RSibhASita to azokakAlIna prAkRta abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai| ye donoM grantha lagabhaga I. pU. pA~cavIM cauthI zatAbdI kI racanAe~ haiN| AcArAMga kI sUtrAtmaka aupaniSadika zailI use upaniSadoM kA nikaTavartI aura svayaM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI siddha karatI hai| bhAva, bhASA aura zailI tInoM ke AdhAra para yaha sampUrNa pAli aura prAkRta sAhitya meM prAcInatama hai| AtmA ke svarUpa evaM astitva sambandhI isake vivaraNa aupaniSadika vivaraNoM ke anurUpa hai| isameM pratipAdita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta bhI alaukikatA aura atizayatA rahita hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha vivaraNa bhI usI vyakti dvadvArA kahA gayA hai, jisane svayaM unakI jIvanacaryA ko nikaTatA se dekhA aura jAnA hogA / ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM hI sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama taskandha ke chaTheM adhyAya, AcArAMgacUlA aura kalpasUtra meM bhI mahAvIra kI jIvanacaryA kA ullekha hai, kintu ve bhI apekSAkRta rUpa meM AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI apekSA paravartI haiM, kyoMki unameM kramazaH alaukikatA, atizayatA aura atiraMjanA kA praveza hotA gayA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita kI sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se rahita udAradRSTi tathA bhAva aura bhASAgata aneka tathya use AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ko chor3akara sampUrNa prAkRta evaM pAlisAhitya meM
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________________ 14 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza prAcInatama siddha karate haiN| pAlisAhitya meM prAcInatama grantha suttanipAta mAnA jAtA hai, kintu aneka tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki RSibhASita, suttanipAta se bhI prAcIna hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA sthUlibhadra ke samaya arthAt IsA pUrva tIsarI zatI meM huI thI, ataH itanA nizcita hai ki usa samaya taka ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya astitva meM A cukA thaa| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke kucha granthoM ke racanAkAla kI uttara sImA I.pU pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI siddha hotI hai, jo ki isa sAhitya kI prAcInatA ko pramANita karatI hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kii| yaha satya hai ki isa sAhitya ko antima spa vIranirvANa samvat 980 meM vallabhI meM sampanna huI vAcanA meM prApta huaa| kintu isa AdhAra para hamAre kucha vidvAna mitra yaha galata niSkarSa nikAla lete haiM ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya IsvI sana kI pAMcavI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| yadi ardhamAgadhI Agama IsA kI pAMcavI zatI kI racanA hai, to vallabhI kI isa antima vAcanA ke pUrva bhI vallabhI, mathurA, khaNDagiri aura pATalIputra meM jo vAcanAyeM huI thIM unameM saMkalita sAhitya kauna sA thA ? unheM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki valabhI meM AgamoM ko saMkalita, suvyavasthita aura sampAdita karake lipibaddha (pustakArur3ha kiyA gayA thA, ataH yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| saMkalana aura sampAdana kA artha racanA nahIM hai| punaH AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu, bhASA aura zailI kI jo vividhatA aura bhinnatA parilakSita hotI hai, vaha spaSTatayA isa tathya kI pramANa hai ki saMkalana aura sampAdana ke samaya unakI maulikatA ko yathAvata rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai, anyathA Aja unakA prAcIna svarUpa samApta hI ho jAtA aura AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI bhASA aura zailI bhI parivartita ho jAtI tathA usake upadhAnazruta nAmaka naveM adhyayana meM varNita mahAvIra kA jIvanavRtta alaukikatA evaM atizayoM se yukta bana jaataa| yadyapi yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kucha prakSipta aMza hai, kintu prathama to aise prakSepa bahuta hI kama hai aura dUsare unheM spaSTa rUpa se pahacAnA bhI jA sakatA hai| ataH isa AdhAra para sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko paravartI mAna lenA sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogii| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya para kabhI-kabhI mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara bhI usakI prAcInatA para saMdeha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu prAcIna hastapratoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka prAcIna hastapratoM meM Aja bhI unakA "ta" zrutipradhAna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa surakSita hai| AcArAMga ke prakAzita saMskaraNoM ke adhyayana se bhI yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki paravartIkAla meM usameM kitane pAThAntara ho gaye haiN| isa sAhitya para jo mahArASTrI prabhAva A gayA hai vaha lipikAroM aura TIkAkAroM kI apanI bhASA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA "rAmaputte" pATha cUrNi meM "rAmAutte" aura zIlAMka kI TIkA meM "rAmagutte" ho gyaa| ataH ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM, mahArASTrI prAkRta ke prabhAva ko dekhakara unakI prAcInatA para saMdeha nahIM karanA caahiye| apitu una granthoM kI vibhinna prato evaM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkAoM ke AdhAra para pAThoM ke prAcIna svarUpoM ko
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________________ pro, sAgaramala jaina 15 surakSita rakhane kA prayatna karanA caahiye| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM vibhinna kAla kI sAmagrI surakSita hai| isakI uttara sImA I.pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI aura nimna sImA I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM kA yA unake kisI aMza vizeSa kA kAla nirdhArita karate samaya unameM upalabdha sAMskRtika sAmagrI, dArzanika cintana kI spaSTatA evaM gahanatA tathA bhASA-zailI Adi sabhI pakSoM para prAmANikatA ke sAtha vicAra karanA caahie| isa dRSTi se adhyayana karane para hI yaha spaSTa bodha ho sakegA ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA kauna sA grantha athavA usakA kauna sA aMza vizeSa kisa kAla kI racanA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza zvetAmbara paramparA meM hameM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra, nandIcUrNI evaM tattvArthabhASya meM tathA digambara paramparA meM tattvArtha kI TIkAoM ke sAtha-sAtha dhavalA aura jayadhavalA meM milate haiN| tattvArthasUtra kI digambara paramparA kI TIkAoM aura dhavalAdi meM unakI viSaya-vastu sambandhI nirdeza mAtra anuzrutiparaka hai, ve granthoM ke vAstavika adhyayana para AdhArita nahIM haiN| unameM diyA gayA vivaraNa tattvArthabhASya evaM paramparA se prApta sUcanAoM para AdhArita hai| jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandI Adi ardhamAgadhI AgamoM aura unakI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM unakI viSaya-vastu kA jo vivaraNa hai vaha una granthoM ke avalokana para AdhArita hai kyoMki prathama to isa paramparA meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA Aja taka jIvita calI A rahI hai| dUsare Agama granthoM kI viSaya-vastu meM kAlakrama meM kyA parivartana huA hai, isakI sUcanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke uparyukta Agama granthoM se hI prApta ho jAtI hai| inake adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisa kAla meM kisa Agama grantha meM kauna sI sAmagrI jur3I aura alaga huI hai| AcArAMga meM AcAracUlA aura nizIya ke jur3ane aura punaH nizItha ke alaga hone kI ghaTanA, samavAyAMga aura sthAnAMga meM samaya-samaya para hue prakSepa, jJAtAdharmakathA ke dvitIya varga meM jur3e hue adhyAya, praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu meM huA sampUrNa parivartana, antakRtdazA, anuttaraupapAtika evaM vipAka ke adhyayanoM meM hue AMzika parivartana-- ina sabakI prAmANika jAnakArI hameM una vivaraNoM kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana karane se mila jAtI hai| inameM praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu kA parivartana hI aisA hai, jisake vartamAna svarUpa kI sUcanA kevala nandIcUrNi ( IsvI san sAtavIM zatI) meM milatI hai| vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa lagabhaga IsvI san kI pA~cavIM-chaThI zatAbdI meM astitva meM AyA hai| isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya lagabhaga eka sahasa varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM kisa prakAra nirmita, parivardhita, parivartita evaM sampAdita hotA rahA hai isakI sUcanA bhI svayaM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya aura usakI TIkAoM se mila jAtI hai| vastutaH ardhamAgadhI Agama vizeSa yA usake aMza vizeSa ke racanAkAla kA nirdhAraNa eka jaTila samasyA hai, isa sambandha meM viSaya-vastu sambandhI vivaraNa, vicAroM kA vikAsakrama, bhASA-zailI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se nirNaya karanA hotA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sthAnAMga meM sAta
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________________ 16 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza nihanavoM aura nau gaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo ki vIranirvANa saM. 584 taka astitva meM A cuke the| kintu usameM boTikoM evaM una paravartI gaNoM, kuloM aura zAkhAoM ke ullekha nahIM hai, jo vIranirvANa saM. 609 athavA usake bAda astitva meM Aye, ataH viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se sthAnAMga ke racanAkAla kI antima sImA vIranirvANa samvat 609 ke pUrva arthAt IsvI san kI prathama zatAbdI kA uttarArdha yA dvitIya zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha siddha hotI hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kI viSaya-vastu evaM bhASA-zailI AcArAMga ke racanAkAla ko ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM sabase prAcIna siddha karatI hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama ke kAla-nirdhAraNa meM ina sabhI pakSoM para vicAra apekSita hai| isa prakAra na to hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM kI yaha dRSTi samucita hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama devarddhigaNi kI vAcanA ke samaya arthAt IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM astitva meM Aye aura na kucha zvetAmbara AcAryoM kA yaha kahanA hI samucita hai ki sabhI aMga Agama apane vartamAna svarUpa meM gaNadharoM kI racanA hai aura unameM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana, parivardhana, prakSepa yA vilopa nahIM huA hai| kintu itanA nizcita hai ki kucha prakSepoM ko chor3akara ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya zaurasenI Agama sAhitya se prAcIna hai| zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kasAyapAhuDasutta bhI IsvI san kI tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI se prAcIna nahIM hai| usake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama, mUlAcAra, bhagaktIArAdhanA, tiloyapaNNatti, piNDachedazAstra, Avazyaka (pratikamaNasUtra) Adi kA krama AtA hai, kintu piNDachedazAstra aura Avazyaka ( pratikramaNa ) ke atirikta ina sabhI granthoM meM guNasthAna siddhAnta Adi kI upasthiti se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ye sabhI grantha pA~cavIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiN| digambara Avazyaka (pratikramaNa) evaM piNDachedazAstra kA AdhAra bhI kramazaH zvetAmbara mAnya Avazyaka aura kalpa-vyavahAra, nizItha Adi chedasatra hI rahe haiN| unake pratikramaNa sUtra meM bhI vartamAna sUtrakRtAMga ke teIsa evaM jJAtAdharmakathA ke unnIsa adhyayanoM kA vivaraNa hai tathA piNDachedazAstra meM jItakalpa ke AdhAra para prAyazcitta dene kA nirdeza hai ye yahI siddha karate haiM ki prAkRta Agama sAhitya meM ardhamAgadhI Agama hI prAcInatama hai, cAhe unakI antima vAcanA pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha (I.san 453 ) meM hI sampanna kyoM na huI ho? isa prakAra jahA~ taka AgamoM ke racanAkAla kA prazna hai use I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI se IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha avadhi meM vyApaka mAnA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upalabdha AgamoM meM sabhI eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| AgamoM ke sandarbha meM aura vizeSa rUpa se aMga AgamoM ke sambandha meM paramparAgata mAnyatA to yahI hai ki ve gaNadharoM dvarA racita hone ke kAraNa I.pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| kintu dUsarI ora kucha vidvAna unheM vallabhI meM saMkalita evaM sampAdita kiye jAne ke kAraNa IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI kI racanA mAna lete haiN| merI dRSTi meM ye donoM hI mata samIcIna nahIM hai| devadhi ke saMkalana, sampAdana evaM tADapatroM para lekhana kAla ko unakA racanA kAla nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMga Agama to prAcIna hI hai| IsA pUrva cauthI zatI meM pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM jinadvAdaza aMgoM kI vAcanA huI thI, ve nizcita rUpa se
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 17 usake pUrva hI bane hoNge| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM meM devadhi kI vAcanA ke samaya athavA usake bAda bhI kucha prakSepa hue hoM, kintu una prakSepoM ke AdhAra para sabhI aMga AgamoM kA racanAkAla I. san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki AgamoM kA prAcIna aMza I. pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se lekara I. pU. tIsarI zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha ke bIca kA hai| na kevala aMga Agama apitu dazAzrutaskandha, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra bhI, jinheM AcArya bhadrabAhu kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai yAkobI aura zubiMga ke anusAra I. pU. caturtha zatI ke uttarArddha se I. pU. tIsarI zatI ke pUrvArddha meM nirmita haiN| paM. dalasukhabhAI Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki AgamoM kA racanAkAla pratyeka grantha kI bhASA, chaMdayojanA, viSaya-vastu aura upalabdha Antarika aura bAhya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAMga kA prathama zrutaskandha apanI bhASA-zailI, viSaya-vastu, kaMdayojanA Adi kI dRSTi se mahAvIra kI vANI ke sarvAdhika nikaTa pratIta hotA hai| usakI aupaniSadika zailI bhI yahI batAtI hai ki vaha eka prAcIna grantha hai| usakA kAla kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. caturtha zatI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| usake dvitIya zrutaskandha ke rUpa meM jo "AyAracUlA " jor3I gayI hai, vaha bhI I. pU. dUsarI yA prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai / sUtrakRtAMga bhI eka prAcIna Agama hai usakI bhASA, chandayojanA evaM usameM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke tathA RSiyoM ke jo ullekha mile haiM unake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vaha bhI I.pU. cauthI - tIsarI zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usake bAda vikasita dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA usameM kahIM koI ullekha nahIM hai / usameM upalabdha vIrastuti meM bhI atiraMjanAoM kA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| aMga AgamoM meM tIsarA krama sthAnAMga kA AtA hai| sthAnAMga, bauddha Agama aMguttaranikAya kI zailI kA grantha hai / grantha lekhana kI yaha zailI bhI prAcIna rahI hai| sthAnAMga meM nau gaNoM aura sAta nihnavoM ke ullekha ko chor3akara anya aisA kucha bhI nahIM hai jisase use paravartI kahA jA ske| ho sakatA hai ki jainadharma ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hone ke kAraNa ye ullekha usameM antima vAcanA ke samaya prakSipta kiye gaye hoN| usameM jo dasa dazAoM aura unameM pratyeka ke adhyAyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai, vaha bhI una AgamoM kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA nirdeza karatA hai| yadi vaha vallabhI ke vAcanAkAla meM nirmita huA hotA to usameM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai vaha bhinna hotI / ataH usakI prAcInatA meM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga kI apekSA eka paravartI grantha hai| isake prArambha meM dvAdaza aMgoM kA spaSTa ullekha hai| sAtha hI isameM uttarAdhyayana ke 36, RSibhASita ke 44, sUtrakRtAMga ke 23. sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke 16, AcArAMga ke cUlikA sahita 25 adhyayana, dazA, kalpa aura vyavahAra ke 26 adhyayana Adi kA ullekha hone se itanA to nizcita hai ki yaha grantha isameM nirdiSTa AgamoM ke svarUpa ke nirdhArita hone ke pazcAt hI banA hogA / punaH isameM caturdaza guNasthAnoM kA jIvasthAna ke rUpa meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki guNasthAna kA yaha siddhAnta umAsvAti ke pazcAt arthAt IsA kI caturtha zatI ke bAda hI astitva meM AyA hai| yadi isameM jIvaThANa ke rUpa meM caudaha guNasthAnoM ke ullekha ko bAda meM prakSipta bhI mAna liyA jAya to bhI apanI bhASA-zailI aura viSaya-vastu kI dRSTi se isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI
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________________ r 18 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza 3-4 zatI se pahale kA nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai usake kucha aMza prAcIna hoM, lekina Aja unheM khoja pAnA ati kaThina kArya hai| jahA~ taka bhagavatIsUtra kA prazna hai, vidvAnoM ke anusAra isake aneka stara haiN| isameM kucha stara avazya hI I.pU. ke haiM, kintu samavAyAMga kI bhA~ti bhagavatI meM bhI paryApta prakSepa huA hai| bhagavatIsUtra meM aneka sthaloM para jIvAjIvAbhigama, prajJApanA, anuyogadvAra, nandI Adi paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza huA hai| inake ullekha hone se yaha spaSTa hai ki isake sampAdana ke samaya isameM ye aura isI prakAra kI anya sUcanAyeM de dI gayI haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki vallabhI vAcanA meM isameM paryApta rUpa se parivardhana aura saMzodhana avazya huA hai, phira bhI isake kucha zatakoM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| kucha pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAna isake prAcIna evaM paravartI staroM ke pRthakkaraNa kA kArya kara rahe haiN| unake niSkarSa prApta hone para hI isakA racanAkAla nizcita kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1 I upAsakadazA Agama sAhitya meM zrAvakAcAra kA varNana karane vAlA prathama grantha hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyayanoM aura unakI viSaya-vastu meM kisI prakAra ke parivartana hone ke saMketa nahIM milate haiN| ataH maiM samajhatA hU~ ki yaha grantha bhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM I.pU. kI hI racanA hai aura isake kisI bhI adhyayana kA vilopa nahIM huA hai AvakavatoM ke aNuvrata aura zikSAvrata ke rUpa meM vargIkRta karane ke sambandha meM tattvArthasUtra meM spaSTataH isakA anusaraNa dekhA jAtA hai ataH yaha tattvArtha se arthAt IsA kI tIsarI zatI se paravartI nahIM ho sakatA hai| jJAtavya hai ki anuttaraupapAtika meM upalabdha vargIkaraNa paravartI hai, kyoMki usameM guNavrata kI avadhAraNA A gayI hai| aMga Agama sAhitya meM antakRdazA kI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha hameM sthAnAMgasUtra meM milatA hai / usameM isake nimna dasa adhyAya ullikhita haiM-- nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmaputta, sudarzana, jamAli, bhagAli, kiMkima, pallanetiya, phAla ambaDaputra / inameM se sudarzana sambandhI kucha aMza ko chor3akara vartamAna antakRdazAsUtra meM ye koI bhI adhyayana nahIM milate haiM / kintu samavayAMga aura nandIsUtra meM kramazaH isake sAta aura ATha vargoM ke ullekha milate haiN| isase yaha pratiphalita hotA hai ki sthAnAMga meM ullikhita antakRdazA kA prAcIna aMza vilupta ho gayA hai| yadyapi samavAyAMga aura nandI meM kramazaH isake sAta evaM ATha vargoM kA ullekha hone se itanA taya hai ki vartamAna antakRdazA samadAyAMga aura nandI kI racanA ke samaya astitva meM A gayA thA / ataH isakA vartamAna svarUpa IsA kI cauthI - pA~cavIM zatI kA hai| usake prAcIna dasa adhyAyoM ke jI ullekha hameM sthAnAMga meM milate haiM unhIM dasa adhyayanoM ke ullekha digambara evaM yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM meM yathA akalaMka ke rAjavArtika, dhavalA, aMgaprajJapti Adi meM bhI milate haiN| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki isa aMga Agama ke prAcIna svarUpa ke vilupta ho jAne ke pazcAt bhI mAdhurI vAcanA kI anuzruti se sthAnAga meM ullikhita isake dasa adhyAyoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| ho sakatA hai ki isakI mAthurI vAcanA meM ye dasa adhyayana rahe hoNge| bahuta kucha yahI sthiti anuttaropapAtikadazA kI hai| sthAnAMgasUtra kI sUcanA ke anusAra isameM nimna dasa adhyayana kaha gaye haiM-- 1. RSidAsa 2. dhanya 3. sunakSatra 4. kArttika,
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________________ grA. mAgaramala jaina 19 5. saMsthAna, 6. zAlibhadra, 7. Ananda, 8. tetalI, 9. dazArNabhadra, 10. atimukt| upalabdha anuttaropapAtikadazA meM tIna varga haiM usameM dvitIya varga meM RSidAsa, dhanya aura sunakSatra aise tIna adhyayana milate haiM inameM bhI dhanya kA adhyayana hI vistRta hai| sunakSatra aura RSidAsa ke vivaraNa atyanta saMkSepa meM hI hai| sthAnAMga meM ullikhita zeSa sAta adhyAya vartamAna anuttaraupapAtikasUtra meM upalabdha nahIM hote| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki yaha grantha vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya hI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM AyA hogaa| jahA~ taka praznavyAkaraNadazA kA prazna hai itanA nizcita hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa kI viSaya-vastu na kevala sthAnAMga meM ullikhita usakI viSaya-vastu se bhinna hai, apitu nandI aura samavAyAMga kI ullikhita viSaya-vastu se bhI bhinna hai| praznavyAkaraNa kI vartamAna Asava aura saMvara dvAra vAlI viSaya-vastu kA sarvaprathama nirdeza nandIcUrNi meM milatA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki vartamAna praznavyAkaraNasUtra nandI ke pazcAt I.san. kI pA~cavIM-chaThavIM zatI ke madhya hI kabhI nirmita huA hai| itanA to nizcita hai ki nandI ke racayitA devavAcaka ke sAmane yaha grantha apane vartamAna svarUpa meM nahIM thaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRdazA aura anuttaraupapAtikadazA meM jo parivartana hue the, ve nandIsUtrakAra ke pUrva ho cuke the kyoMki ve unake isa parivartita svarUpa kA vivaraNa dete haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA maine apane eka svatantra lekha meM kI hai jo "jaina Agama sAhitya", sampAdaka DaoN. ke. Ara. candrA, ahamadAbAda, meM prakAzita hai| isI prakAra jaba hama upAMga sAhitya kI ora Ate haiM to usameM rAyapaseNiyasutta meM rAjA paseNIya dvArA AtmA ke astitva ke sambandha meM jo prazna uThAye gaye haiM unakA vivaraNa hama pAlitripiTaka meM bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki aupapAtika kA yaha aMza kama se kama pAlitripiTaka jitanA prAcIna to hai hii| jIvAjIvAbhigama ke racanAkAla ko nizcita rUpa se batA pAnA to kaThina hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki vaha grantha I.pU. kI racanA honI caahiye| upAMga sAhitya meM prajJApanAsUtra ko to spaSTataH Arya zyAma kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya zyAma kA AcAryakAla vI.ni.saM. 335-376 ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai| ataH isakA racanAkAla I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI ke lagabhaga nizcita hotA hai| isI prakAra upAMga varga ke antargata varNita candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti -- ye tIna prajJaptiyA~ bhI prAcIna hI haiN| vartamAna meM candraprajJapti aura sUryaprajJapti meM koI bheda nahIM dikhAI detA hai| kintu sUryaprajJapti meM jyotiSa sambandhI jo carcA hai vaha vedAMga jyotiSa ke samAna hai, isase isakI prAcInatA spaSTa ho jAtI hai| yaha grantha kisI bhI sthiti meM I.pU. prathama zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ina tInoM prajJaptiyoM ko digambara paramparA meM bhI dRSTivAda ke eka aza -- parikarma ke antargata mAnA hai| ataH yaha grantha bhI dRSTivAda ke pUrNa viccheda evaM sampradAya-bheda ke pUrva kA hI honA caahiye| chedasUtroM meM dazAzruta, bRhatkalpa aura vyavahAra ko spaSTataH bhadrabAhu prathama kI racanA mAnA
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________________ 20 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza gayA hai ataH isakA kAla I.pU. caturtha-tRtIya zatAbdI ke bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA hai| ye sabhI grantha acela paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe haiM isI prakAra nizItha bhI apane mUla rUpa meM to AcArAMga kI hI eka cUlA rahA hai, bAda meM use pRthak kiyA gayA hai| ataH isakI prAcInatA meM bhI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yAkobI, zUbiMga Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne ekamata se chedasUtroM kI prAcInatA svIkAra kI hai| isa varga meM mAtra jItakalpa hI aisA grantha hai jo nizcita hI paravartI hai| paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ke anusAra yaha AcArya jinabhadra kI kRti hai| ye jinabhadra vizeSAvazyakabhASya ke kartA haiN| inakA kAla aneka pramANoM se I.san kI sAtavIM zatI hai| ataH jItakalpa kA bhI kAla vahI honA caahiye| merI dRSTi meM paM. dalasukhabhAI kI yaha mAnyatA nirApada nahIM hai, kyoMki digambara paramparA meM indranandi ke chedapiNDazAstra meM jItakalpa ke anusAra prAyazcitta dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, isase phalita hotA hai ki yaha grantha spaSTa rUpa se sampradAya bheda se pUrva kI racanA honI caahiye| ho sakatA hai isake kartA jinabhadra vizeSAvazyaka ke kartA jinabhadra se bhinna hoM aura unake parvavartI bhI hoN| kinta itanA nizcita hai ki nandIsUtra aura pAkSikasUtra meM jo AgamoM kI sUcI milatI hai usameM jItakalpa kA nAma nahIM hai| ataH yaha usake bAda kI hI racanA hogii| isakA kAla bhI I. sana kI pAMcavIM zatI kA uttarArddha honA caahiye| isakI digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM mAnyatA tabhI saMbhava ho sakatI hai jaba yaha spaSTa rUpa se saMghabheda ke pUrva nirmita huA ho| spaSTa saMgha-bheda pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM astitva meM AyA hai| cheda varga meM mahAnizItha kA uddhAra AcArya haribhadra ne kiyA thA, yaha sunizcita hai| AcArya haribhadra kA kAla I.san kI AThavIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ataH yaha grantha usake pUrva hI nirmita huA hogaa| haribhadra isake uddhAraka avazya haiM kintu racayitA nahIM / mAtra itanA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne isake truTita bhAga kI racanA kI ho| isa prakAra isakA kAla bhI AThavIM zatI se pUrva kA hI hai| mUlasUtroM ke varga meM dazavaikAlika ko Arya zayyaMbhava kI kRti mAnA jAtA hai| inakA kAla mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa bAda hai| ataH yaha grantha I. pU. pA~cavIM-cauthI zatAbdI kI racanA hai| uttarAdhyayana yadyapi eka saMkalana hai kintu isakI prAcInatA meM koI zaMkA nahIM hai| isakI bhASA-zailI tathA viSaya-vastu ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne ise I.pU. cauthI-tIsarI zatI kA grantha mAnA hai| merI dRSTi meM yaha pUrva praznavyAkaraNa kA hI eka vibhAga thaa| isakI aneka gAthAyeM tathA kathAnaka pAlitripiTaka sAhitya tathA mahAbhArata Adi meM yathAvat milate haiN| dazavakAlika aura uttarAdhyayana yApanIya aura digambara paramparA meM mAnya rahe haiM ataH ye bhI saMgha bheda yA sampradAya bheda ke pUrva kI racanA hai| ataH inakI prAcInatA meM koI sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| Avazyaka zramaNoM dainandina kriyAoM kA grantha thA ataH isake kucha prAcIna pATha to bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samakAlika hI mAne jA sakate haiN| cU~ki dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana aura Avazyaka ke sAmAyika Adi vibhAga digambara aura yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahe hai, ataH inakI prAcInatA asaMdigdha hai| prakIrNaka sAhitya meM nau prakIrNakoM kA ullekha nandIsUtra meM hai ataH ye sabhI nadIsUtra se to
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________________ 21 pro. sAgaramala jaina prAcIna haiM hI, isameM sandeha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| punaH AturapratyAkhyAna, mahApratyAkhyAna, maraNasamAdhi Adi prakIrNakoM kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatIArAdhanA meM pAyI jAtI hai, mUlAcAra evaM bhagavatIArAdhanA bhI chaThavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM hai| ataH ina nau prakIrNakoM ko to I.sana kI cauthI-pAMcavIM zatI se paravartI nahIM mAne jA sktaa| yadyapi vIrabhadra dvArA racita kucha prakIrNaka navIM-dasavIM zatI kI racanAe~ hai| isI prakAra cUlikAsUtroM ke antargata nandI aura anuyogadvAra sUtroM meM bhI anuyogadAra ko kucha vidvAnoM ne AryarakSita ke samaya kA mAnA hai| ataH vaha I.san kI prathama zatI kA grantha honA caahie| nandIsUtra ke kartA devavAcaka devadhi se pUrvavartI haiM ataH unakA kAla bhI pAcavIM zatAbdI se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki upalabdha AgamoM meM prakSepoM ko chor3akara adhikAMza grantha to I.pU. ke haiN| yaha to eka sAmAnya carcA huI, abhI ina granthoM meM se pratyeka ke kAla-nirdhAraNa ke lie svatantra aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se adhyayana kI AvazyakatA banI huI hai| AzA hai jaina vidvAnoM kI bhAvI pIDhI isa dizA meM kArya kregii| AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ yaha satya hai ki vartamAna meM upalabdha zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke antima svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa vallabhI vAcanA meM vi. ni. saMvat 980 yA 993 meM huA kintu usake pUrva bhI AgamoM kI vAcanAe~ to hotI rahI haiN| jo aitihAsika sAkSya hameM upalabdha haiM unake anusAra ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI pA~ca vAcanAe~ hone ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama vAcanA -- prathama vAcanA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| paramparAgata mAnyatA to yaha hai ki madhyadeza meM dAdazavarSIya bhISaNa akAla ke kAraNa kacha mani kAla-kavalita ho gaye aura kucha samudra ke taTavartI pradezoM kI ora cale gye| akAla kI samApti para ve munigaNa vApasa lauTe to unhoMne yaha pAyA ki unakA Agama-jJAna aMzataH vismRta evaM vizrRMkhalita ho gayA hai aura kahIM-kahIM pAThabheda ho gayA hai| ata: usa yuga ke pramukha AcAryoM ne pATalIputra meM ekatrita hokara AgamajJAna ko vyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA / dRSTivAda aura pUrva sAhitya kA koI viziSTa jJAtA vahA~ upasthita nahIM thaa| ataH gyAraha aMga to vyavasthita kiye gaye hai kintu dRSTivAda aura usameM antarnihita sAhitya ko vyavasthita nahIM kiyA jA sakA, kyoMki usake viziSTa jJAtA bhadrabAhu usa samaya nepAla meM the| saMgha kI vizeSa prArthanA para unhoMne sthUlibhadra Adi kucha muniyoM ko pUrva sAhitya kI vAcanA denA svIkAra kiyaa| sthUlibhadra bhI unase dasa pUrvo taka kA hI adhyayana artha sahita kara sake aura zeSa cAra pUrvo kA mAtra zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara paaye| isa prakAra pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM bAdaza aMgoM ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA kintu unameM ekAdaza aMga hI suvyavasthita kiye jA ske| daSTivAda aura usameM antarbhukta pUrva sAhitya ko pUrNataH surakSita nahIM kiyA jA sakA aura usakA kramazaH vilopa honA prArambha ho gyaa| phalataH usakI viSaya-vastu ko lekara aMga bAhya grantha nirmita kiye jAne
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________________ ---- 22 lage / dvitIya vAcanA AgamoM kI dvitIya vAcanA I.pU. dvitIya zatAbdI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt ur3IsA ke kumArI pUrvavat para samrATa khAravela ke kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sandarbha meM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai mAtra yahI jJAta hotA hai ki isameM zruta ke saMrakSaNa kA prayatna huA thA / vastutaH usa yuga meM AgamoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI paramparA guru-ziSya ke mAdhyama se maukhika rUpa se hI calatI thii| ataH dezakAlagata prabhAvoM tathA vismRti- doSa ke kAraNa unameM svAbhAvika rUpa se bhinnatA A jAtI thI / ataH vAcanAoM ke mAdhyama se unake bhASAyI svarUpa tathA pAThabheda ko suvyavasthita kiyA jAtA hai| kAlakrama meM jo sthaviroM ke dvArA navIna granthoM kI racanA hotI thI. usa para bhI vicAra karake unheM inhIM vAcanAoM meM mAnyatA pradAna kI jAtI thii| isI prakAra paristhitivaza AcAra-niyamoM meM evaM unake Agamika sandarbhoM kI vyAkhyA meM jo antara A jAtA thA, usakA nirAkaraNa bhI inhIM vAcanAoM meM kiyA jAtA thA / khaNDagiri para huI isa dvitIya vAcanA meM aise kina vivAdoM kA samAdhAna khojA gayA thA -- isakI prAmANika jAnakArI upalabdha nahIM hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza tRtIya vAcanA AgamoM kI tRtIya vAcanA vi.ni. 827 arthAt I. san kI tIsarI zatAbdI meM mathurA meM Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM huii| isalie ise mAdhurI vAcanA yA skandilI vAcanA ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai| mAthurI vAcanA ke sandarbha meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAe~ nandIcUrNi meM haiN| prathama mAnyatA ke anusAra sukAla hone ke pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM zeSa rahe muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para kAlikasUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| anya kucha kA mantavya yaha hai ki isa kAla meM sUtra naSTa nahIM huA thA kintu anuyogadhara svargavAsI ho gaye the| ataH eka mAtra jIvita skandila ne anuyogoM kA punaH pravartana kiyaa| -- caturtha vAcanA - caturtha vAcanA tRtIya vAcanA ke samakAlIna hI hai| jisa samaya uttara pUrva aura madhya kSetra meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha mathurA meM ekatrita huA, usI samaya dakSiNa-pazcima meM vicaraNa karane vAlA muni saMgha vallabhI (saurASTra ) meM Arya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meM ekatrita huA / ise nAgArjunIya vAcanA bhI kahate haiN| Arya skandila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI vallabhI vAcanA samakAlika haiN| nandI sUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna ke madhya Arya himavaMta kA ullekha hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna samakAlika hI rahe hogeM / nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI meM Arya skaMdila ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA ki unakA anuyoga Aja bhI dakSiNArddha bharata kSetra meM pracalita hai| isakA eka tAtparya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake dvArA sampAdita Agama dakSiNa bhArata meM pracalita the| aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke vibhAjana ke phalasvarUpa jisa yApanIya sampradAya kA vikAsa huA thA usameM Arya skaMdila ke dvArA sampAdita Agama hI mAnya kiye jAte the aura isa yApanIya sampradAya kA prabhAva kSetra madhya aura dakSiNa bhArata thA / AcArya pAlyakIrti zAkaTAyana ne to strI- nirvANa prakaraNa meM
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________________ 23 mo. sAgaramala jaina spaSTa rUpa se mathurAgama kA ullekha kiyA hai| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki yApanIya sampradAya jina AgamoM ko mAnya karatA thA, ve mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA Adi yApanIya AgamoM meM vartamAna meM zvetAmbara mAnya AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, kalpa, vyavahAra saMgrahaNIsUtroM evaM niyuktiyoM Adi kI saikar3oM gAthAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha ho rahI hai| isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki yApanIyoM ke pAsa mAdhurI vAcanA ke Agama the| hama yaha bhI pAte haiM ki yApanIya granthoM meM jo AgamoM kI gAthAeM milatI haiM ve na to ardhamAgadhI meM haiM, na mahArASTrI prAkRta meM, apitu ve zaurasenI meM hai| mAtra yahI nahIM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, kalpasUtra, nizItha Adi se jo aneka avataraNa diye haiM ve sabhI ardhamAgadhI meM na hokara zaurasenI meM hai| isase yaha phalita hotA hai ki skaMdila kI adhyakSatA vAlI mAthurI vAcanA meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI bhASA para zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| dUsare mAdhurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI pATha bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA Adi meM upalabdha hote hai, unameM vallabhI vAcanA ke vartamAna AgamoM se pAThabheda bhI dekhA jAtA hai| sAtha hI acelakatva kI samarthaka kucha gAthAe~ aura gadyAMza bhI pAye jAte haiN| kundakunda ke granthoM meM anuyogadArasUtra, prakIrNakoM evaM niyukti Adi kI kucha gAthAe~ kvacit pAThabheda ke sAtha milatI haiM-- sambhavataH unhoMne ye gAthAyeM yApanIyoM ke mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se hI lI hogii| eka hI samaya meM Arya skaMdila dvArA mathurA meM aura nAgArjuna dvArA vallabhI meM vAcanA kiye jAne kI eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki donoM meM kinhIM bAtoM ko lekara matabheda the| sambhava hai ki ina matabhedoM meM vastra-pAtra Adi sambandhI prazna bhI rahe hoN| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa -- pUrva pIThikA (pR. 500 ) meM mAthurI vAcanA kI samakAlIna vallabhI vAcanA ke pramukha ke rUpa meM devardhigaNi kA ullekha kiyA hai, yaha unakI bhrAnti hai| vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki mAthurI vAcanA kA netRtva Arya skaMdila aura vallabhI kI prathama vAcanA kA netRtva Arya nAgArjuna kara rahe the aura ye donoM samakAlika the, yaha bAta hama nandIsUtra ke pramANa se pUrva meM hI kaha cuka hai| yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya skaMdila aura nAgArjuna kI vAcanA meM matabheda thaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI ne yaha prazna uThAyA hai ki yadi ballabhI vAcanA nAgArjuna kI thI to devardhi ne vallabhI meM kyA kiyA ? sAtha hI unhoMne yaha bhI kalpanA kara lI ki vAdivetAlazAntisUri vallabhI kI vAcanA meM nAgArjunIyoM kA pakSa upasthita karane vAle AcArya the| hamArA yaha durbhAgya hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zvetAmbara sAhitya kA samagra evaM niSpakSa adhyayana kiye binA mAtra yatra-tatra uddhRta yA aMzataH paThita aMzoM ke AdhAra para aneka bhrAntiyA~ khar3I kara dii| isake pramANa ke rUpa meM unake dvArA uddhRta mUla gAthA meM aisA kahIM koI ullekha hI nahIM hai, ki zAntisari vallabhI vAcanA ke samakAlika the| yadi hama Agamika vyAkhyAoM ko dekheM to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aneka varSoM taka nAgArjunIya aura devadhi kI vAcanAyeM sAtha-sAtha calatI rahIM hai, kyoMki inake pAThAntaroM kA ullekha mUla granthoM meM kama aura TIkAoM meM adhika
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________________ 24 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza huA hai| paMcama vAcanA -- vI. ni. ke 980 varSa pazcAt I. sana kI pA~cavIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA aura Arya nAgArjuna kI kallabhI vAcanA ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAta devardhigaNikSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM punaH vallabhI meM eka vAcanA huii| isa vAcanA meM mukhyataH AgamoM ko pustakAsTa karane kA kArya kiyA gyaa| aisA lagatA hai ki isa vAcanA meM mAdhurI aura nAgArjunIya donoM vAcanAoM ko samAnvita kiyA gayA hai aura jahA~ matabheda parilakSita huA vahA~ "nAgArjunIyAstu paThanti" aisA likhakara nAgArjunIya pATha ko bhI sammilita kiyA gyaa| pratyeka vAcanA ke sandarbha meM prAyaH yaha kahA jAtA hai ki madhyadeza meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla ke kAraNa zramaNasaMgha samudrataTIya pradezoM kI ora calA gayA aura vRddha muni, jo isa akAla meM lambI yAtrA na kara sake kAlagata ho gye| sakAla hone para jaba manisaMgha lauTakara AyA to usane yaha pAyA ki inake zrutajJAna meM vismRti aura visaMgati A gayI hai| pratyeka vAcanA se pUrva akAla kI yaha kahAnI mujhe buddhigamya nahIM lagatI hai| merI dRSTi meM prathama vAcanA meM zramaNa saMgha ke vizrRMkhalita hone kA pramukha kAraNa akAla kI apekSA magadha rAjya meM yuddha se utpanna azAMti aura ArAjakatA hI thI kyoMki usa samaya nandoM ke atyAcAroM evaM candragupta maurya ke AkramaNa ke kAraNa magadha meM azAMti thii| usI ke phalasvarUpa zramaNa saMgha sudUra samudrItaTa kI ora yA nepAla Adi parvatIya kSetra kI ora calA gayA thaa| bhadrabAhu kI nepAla yAtrA kA bhI sambhavataH yahI kAraNa rahA hogaa| jo bhI upalabdha sAkSya hai usase yaha phalita hotA hai ki pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya pradaza aMgoM ko hI vyavasthita karane kA prayatna huA thaa| usameM ekAdaza aMga suvyavasthita hue aura bArahaveM dRSTivAda, jisameM anya darzana evaM mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA sAhitya samAhita thA, isakA saMkalana nahIM kiyA jA skaa| isI sandarbha meM sthUlibhadra ke dvArA bhadrabAha ke sAnnidhya meM nepAla jAkara caturdaza pUrvo ke adhyayana kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| kintu sthUlibhadra bhI mAtra dasa pUrvo kA hI jJAna artha sahita grahaNa kara sake, zeSa cAra pUrvo kA kevala zAbdika jJAna hI prApta kara sake / isakA phalitArtha yahI hai ki pATalIputra kI vAcanA meM ekAdaza aMgoM kA hI saMkalana aura saMpAdana huA thaa| kisI bhI caturdaza pUrvavid kI upasthiti nahIM hone se dRSTivAda ke saMkalana evaM saMpAdana kA kArya nahIM kiyA jA skaa| upAMga sAhitya ke aneka grantha jaise prajJApanA Adi, chedasUtroM meM AdhAradazA, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi tathA cUlikAsUtroM meM nandI, anuyogadAra Adi -- ye sabhI paravartI kRti hone se isa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM kiye gaye hoNge| yadyapi Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana Adi grantha pATalIputra kI vAcanA ke pUrva ke hai kintu isa vAcanA meM inakA kyA kiyA gayA, yaha jAnakArI prApta nahIM hai| ho sakatA hai ki sabhI sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke liye inakA svAdhyAya Avazyaka hone ke kAraNa inake vismRta hone kA prazna hI na uThA ho| pATalIputra vAcanA ke bAda ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata ( khaNDagiri) para khAravela ke rAjya
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 25 kAla meM huI thii| isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM mAtra itanA hI jJAta hai ki isameM bhI zruta ko suvyavasthita karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA thaa| saMbhava hai ki isa vAcanA meM I. pU. prathama zatI se pUrva racita granthoM ke saMkalana aura sampAdana kA koI prayatna kiyA gayA ho / vyavahAra, jahA~ taka mAthurI vAcanA kA prazna hai itanA to nizcita hai ki usameM I. san kI cauthI zatI taka ke racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana evaM sampAdana kA prayatna kiyA gayA hogaa| isa vAcanA ke kArya ke sandarbha meM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usameM isa vAcanA meM kAlikasUtroM ko vyavasthita karane kA nirdeza hai| nandisUtra meM kAlikasUtra ko aMga bAhya Avazyaka vyatirikta zrutoM kA hI eka bhAga batAyA gayA hai| kAlikasUtroM ke antargata uttarAdhyayana, RSibhASita, dazAzruta, kalpa, nizItha tathA vartamAna meM upAMga ke nAma se abhihita aneka grantha Ate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki aMga sUtroM kI jo pATalIputra kI vAcanA calI A rahI thI vaha mathurA meM mAnya rahI ho, kintu upAMgoM meM se kucha ko tathA kalpa Adi cheda sUtroM ko suvyavasthita kiyA gayA ho / kintu yApanIya granthoM kI TIkAoM meM jo mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM ke uddharaNa milate haiM, una para jo zaurasenI kA prabhAva dikhatA hai, usase aisA lagatA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA meM na kevala kAlika sUtroM kA apitu usa kAla taka racita sabhI granthoM ke saMkalana kA kAma kiyA gayA thA / jJAtavya hai ki yaha mAthurI vAcanA acelatA kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA meM bhI mAnya rahI hai| yApanIya granthoM kI vyAkhyAoM evaM TIkAoM meM isa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke avataraNa tathA ina AgamoM ke prAmANya ke ullekha milate haiN| Arya zAkaTAyana ne apane strI- nirvANa prakaraNa evaM apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJaTIkA meM na kevala mathurA Agama kA ullekha kiyA hai, apitu unakI aneka mAnyatAoM kA nirdeza bhI kiyA hai tathA aneka avataraNa bhI diye haiN| isI prakAra bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aparAjita kI TIkA meM bhI AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha Adi ke avataraNa pAye jAte haiM, yaha hama pUrva meM kaha cuke hai| Arya skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA vastutaH uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha ke sacela-acela donoM pakSoM ke liye mAnya thI aura usameM donoM hI pakSoM ke sampoSaka sAkSya upasthita the / yahA~ yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se uThatA hai ki yadi mAthurI vAcanA ubhaya pakSoM ko mAnya thI to phira usI samaya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM vAcanA karane kI kyA AvazyakatA thI / merI mAnyatA hai ki aneka praznoM para skaMdila aura nAgArjuna meM matabheda rahA hogaa| isI kAraNa se nAgArjuna ko svatantra vAcanA karane kI AvazyakatA par3I / isa samasta carcA se paM. kailAzacandrajI ke isa prazna kA uttara bhI mila jAtA hai ki vallabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA meM kyA kiyA gayA ? eka ora muni zrI kalyANavijayajI kI mAnyatA yaha hai ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko mAtra pustakAsTa kiyA gayA to dUsarI ora paM. kailAzacandrajI yaha mAnate haiM ki vallabhI meM AgamoM ko naye sire se likhA gayA, kintu ye donoM hI mata mujhe ekAMgI pratIta hote haiN| yaha satya hai ki vallabhI meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakAsTa kiyA gayA, apitu unheM saMkalita evaM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA kintu yaha saMkalana evaM sampAdana nirAdhAra nahIM thaa| na to digambara paramparA kA yaha kahanA ucita hai ki vallabhI meM zvetAmbaroM ne apanI
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________________ r 26 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAnyatA ke anurUpa AgamoM ko naye sire se raca DAlA aura na yaha kahanA hI samucita hogA ki vallabhI meM jo Agama saMkalita kiye gaye ve akSuNNa rUpa se vaise hI the jaise -- pATalIputra Adi kI pUrva vAcanAoM meM unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA thaa| yaha satya hai ki AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sAtha-sAtha aneka Agama grantha bhI kAlakrama meM vilupta hue haiN| vartamAna AgamoM kA yadi samyak prakAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jAya to isa tathya kI puSTi ho jAtI hai| Aja AcArAMga kA sAtavA~ adhyayana vilupta hai| isI prakAra antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtika va vipAkadazA ke bhI aneka adhyAya Aja anupalabdha hai| nandisUtra kI sUcI ke aneka Agama grantha Aja anupalabdha haiN| isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA hamane AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kI hai| jJAtavya hai ki devadhi kI vallabhI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamoM ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hai, apitu unheM sampAdita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa sampAdana ke kArya meM unhoMne AgamoM kI avaziSTa upalabdha viSaya-vastu ko apane DhaMga se punaH vargIkRta bhI kiyA thA aura paramparA yA anubhuti se prApta AgamoM ke ve aMza jo unake pUrva kI vAcanAoM meM samAhita nahIM the, unheM samAhita bhI kiyA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jJAtAdharmakathA meM sampUrNa dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa varga aura adhyayana isI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye gaye haiM, kyoMki zvetAmbara, yApanIya evaM digambara paramparA ke pratikramaNasUtra evaM anyatra usake unnIsa adhyayanoM kA hI ullekha milatA hai| prAcIna granthoM meM dvitIya zrutaskandha ke dasa vargoM kA kahIM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| isI prakAra antakRdazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA aura vipAkadazA ke sandarbha meM sthAnAMga meM jo dasa-dasa adhyayana hone kI sUcanA hai usake sthAna para inameM bhI jo vargoM kI vyavasthA kI gaI vaha devadhi kI hI dena hai| unhoMne inake vilupta adhyAyoM ke sthAna para anuzruti se prApta sAmagrI jor3akara ina granthoM ko naye sire se vyavasthita kiyA thaa| yaha eka sunizcita satya hai ki Aja praznavyAkaraNa kI Asava- sa~vara ra sambandhI jo viSaya-vastu upalabdha hai vaha kisake dvArA saMkalita va saMpAdita hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina kArya hai kintu yadi hama yaha mAnate haiM ki nandIsUtra ke racayitA devadhiM na hokara deva vAcaka haiM, jo devadhi se pUrva ke haiM to yaha kalpanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki devadhi ne Asava va saMvara bara sambandhI viSaya-vastu ko lekara praznavyAkaraNa kI prAcIna viSaya-vastu kA jo viccheda ho gayA thA, usakI pUrti kI hogii| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma se lekara vipAkasUtra taka chaH aMga AgamoM meM jo AMzika yA sampUrNa parivartana hue haiM, ve devadhi ke dvArA hI kiye hue mAne jA sakate haiN| yadyapi yaha parivartana unhoMne kisI pUrva paramparA yA anuzruti ke AdhAra para hI kiyA hogA yaha vizvAsa kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake atirikta devadhi ne eka yaha mahattvapUrNa kArya bhI kiyA ki jahA~ aneka AgamoM meM eka hI viSaya-vastu kA vistRta vivaraNa thA vahA~ unhoMne eka sthala para vistRta vivaraNa thA rakhakara anyatra usa grantha kA nirdeza kara diyaa| hama dekhate haiM ki bhagavatI Adi kucha prAcIna staroM ke AgamoM meM bhI, unhoMne prajJApanA, nandI, anuyogadvAra jaise paravartI AgamoM kA nirdeza karake AgamoM meM viSaya-vastu ke punarAvartana ko kama kiyaa| isI prakAra jaba eka hI Agama meM koI vivaraNa bAra-bAra A rahA thA to usa vivaraNa ke prathama zabda ke bAda
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________________ 27 pro.sAgaramala jaina "jAva" zabda rakhakara antima zabda kA ullekha kara use saMkSipta banA diyaa| isake sAtha hI unhoMne kucha mahattvapUrNa sUcanAe~ jo yadyapi paravartIkAla kI thIM, unheM bhI AgamoM meM de diyA jaise sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta nihnavoM aura sAta gaNoM kA ullekha / isa prakAra vallabhI kI vAcanA meM na kevala AgamAM ko pustakAruda kiyA gayA apitu unakI viSaya-vastu ko suvyavasthita aura saMpAdita bhI kiyA gyaa| sambhava hai ki isa sandarbha meM prakSepa aura vilopana bhI huA hogA kintu yaha saba bhI anuzruti yA paramparA ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA thA anyathA AgamoM ko mAnyatA na miltii| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcanAoM meM kevala anuzruti se prApta AgamoM ko hI saMkalita kiyA jAtA thA kintu merI dRSTi meM vAcanAoM meM na kevala Agama pAThoM ko sampAdita evaM saMkalita kiyA jAtA apitu unameM navanirmita granthoM ko mAnyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI aura jo AcAra aura vicAra sambandhI matabheda hote the unheM samanvita yA nirAkRta bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta ina vAcanAoM meM vAcanA sthaloM kI apekSA se AgamoM ke bhASika svarUpa meM bhI parivartana huA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jo Agama paTanA athavA ur3IsA ke kumArI parvata (khaNDagiri) meM suvyavasthita kiye gaye the, unakI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI, kintu jaba ve Agama mathurA aura vallabhI meM punaH sampAdita kiye gaye to unameM bhASika parivartana A gye| mAthurI vAcanA meM jo AgamoM kA svarUpa taya huA thA, usa para vyApaka rUpa se zaurasenI kA prabhAva A gayA thaa| durbhAgya se Aja hameM mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama upalabdha nahIM hai, kintu ina AgamoM ke jo uddhRta aMza uttara bhArata kI acela dhArA yApanIya saMgha ke granthoM meM aura unakI TIkAoM meM uddhata milate haiM, unameM hama yaha pAte haiM ki bhAvagata samAnatA ke hote hue bhI zabda-rUpoM aura bhASika svarUpa meM bhinnatA hai| uttarAdhyayana, AcArAMga, nizItha, kalpa, vyavahAra Adi se jo aMza bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta hai ve apane bhASika svarUpa aura pAThabheda kI apekSA se vallabhI ke AgamoM se kiMcit bhinna haiN| ataH ina vAcanAoM ke kAraNa AgamoM meM na kevala bhASika parivartana hue apitu pAThAntara bhI astitva meM Aye haiN| vallabhI kI antima vAcanA meM vallabhI kI hI nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara to liye gaye, kintu mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara samAhita nahIM haiN| yadyapi kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAdhurI vAcanA ke Agama the aura yahI kAraNa thA ki unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pAThAntara diye hai| kintu merA mantavya isase bhinna hai| merI dRSTi meM unakI vAcanA kA AdhAra bhI paramparA se prApta nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke pUrva ke Agama rahe hoMge, kintu jahA~ unheM apanI paramparAgata vAcanA kA nAgArjunIya vAcanA se matabheda dikhAyI diyA, vahA~ unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA kA ullekha kara diyA, kyoMki mAdhurI vAcanA spaSTataH zaurasenI se prabhAvita thI, dUsare usa vAcanA ke AgamoM ke jo bhI avataraNa Aja milate haiM unameM kucha vartamAna AgamoM kI vAcanA se mela nahIM khAte haiN| unase yahI phalita hotA hai ki devardhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra skaMdila kI vAcanA to nahIM rahI hai| tIsare mAthurI
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________________ 28 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza vAcanA ke jo avataraNa Aja yAyanIya granthoM meM milate haiM, unase itanA to phalita hotA hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke AgamoM meM bhI vastra-pAtra sambandhI evaM strI kI tadbhava mukti ke ullekha to the, kintu unameM acelatA ko utsarga mArga mAnA gayA thaa| thApanIya granthoM meM uddhRta, acelapakSa ke sampoSaka kucha avataraNa to vartamAna vallabhI vAcanA ke AgamoM yathA AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha Adi meM milate hai kintu kucha avataraNa vartamAna vAcanA meM nahIM milate haiN| ataH mAthurI vAcanA ke pAThAntara vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA meM samAhita nahIM hue haiM, isakI puSTi hotI hai| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki vallabhI kI devadhi kI vAcanA kA AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama na hokara unakI apanI hI guru-parampara se prApta Agama rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM unhoMne nAgArjunIya vAcanA ke hI pAThAntara apanI vAcanA meM samAhita kiye -- kyoMki donoM meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM hI dRSTi se kama hI antara thaa| mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama yA to unheM upalabdha hI nahIM the athavA bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu donoM kI apekSA bhinnatA adhika hone se unhoMne use AdhAra na banAyA ho| phira bhI devadhi ko paramparA se prApta jo Agama the, unakA aura mAdhurI vAcanA ke AgamoM kA mUlasrota to eka hI thaa| ho sakatA hai ki donoM meM kAlakrama meM bhASA evaM viSaya-vastu kI apekSA kvacit antara A gaye hoN| ataH yaha dRSTikoNa bhI samucita nahIM hogA ki devardhi kI vallabhI vAcanA ke Agama mAdhurI vAcanA ke AgamoM se nitAnta bhinna the| yApanIyoM ke Agama yApanIya saMgha ke AcArya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, kalpa, nizItha, vyavahAra, Avazyaka Adi AgamoM ko mAnya karate the| isa prakAra AgamoM ke viccheda hone kI jo digambara mAnyatA hai, vaha unheM svIkArya nahIM thii| yApanIya AcAryoM dvArA nirmita kisI bhI grantha meM kahIM bhI yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki aMgAdi-Agama vicchinna ho gaye haiN| ve AcAsaMga, sUtrakRtAMga, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, nizItha, bRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, kalpa Adi ko apanI paramparA ke granthoM ke spa meM uddharita karate the| isa sambandha meM AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 91 ) kA yaha kathana draSTavya hai-- "aksara granthakAra kisI mata kA khaNDana karane ke lie usI mata ke granthoM kA havAlA diyA karate haiM aura apane siddhAnta ko puSTa karate haiN| parantu isa TIkA ( arthAt bhagavatI-ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA ) meM aisA nahIM hai, isameM to TIkAkAra ne apane hI AgamoM kA havAlA dekara acelatA siddha kI hai|" AgamoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kara unake adhyayana aura svAdhyAya sambandhI nirdeza bhI yApanIya grantha mUlAdhAra meM spaSTa rUpa se upalabdha hote haiN| mUlAcAra (5/80-82) meM cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA ullekha hai-- 1. gaNadhara kathita, 2. pratyekabuddha kathita, 3. zrutakevali kathita aura 4. abhinna dazapUrvI kthit| isake sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMyamI puruSoM evaM striyoM arthAt muniyoM evaM AryikAoM ke lie asvAdhyAyakAla meM inakA svAdhyAya karanA varjita hai kintu inake atirikta kucha anya aise grantha hai jinakA asvAdhyAyakAla meM pATha kiyA jA sakatA hai, jaise -- ArAdhanA
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 29 ( bhagavatI ArAdhanA yA ArAdhanApatAkA), niryukti, maraNAvibhakti, saMgraha ( paMcasaMgraha yA saMgrahaNIsUtra), stuti (deviMdatyu), pratyAkhyAna (AurapaccakkhANa evaM mahApaccakkhANa), dharmakathA ( jJAtAdharmakathA ) tathA aise hI anya grantha / yahA~ para cAra prakAra ke Agama granthoM kA jo ullekha huA hai, usa para thor3I vistRta carcA apekSita hai, kyoMki mUlAcAra kI mUlagAthA meM mAtra ina cAra prakAra ke sUtroM kA ullekha huA hai| usameM ina granthoM kA nAma nirdeza nahIM hai| mUlAcAra ke TIkAkAra vasunandi na to yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha the aura na unake sammukha ye grantha hI the| ataH isa prasaMga meM unakI pratyeka-buddhakathita kI vyAkhyA pUrNataH bhrAnta hI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, agalI gAthA kI TIkA meM unhoMne "thudi", "paccakkhANa" evaM " dhammakahA" ko jina granthoM se samIkRta kiyA hai vaha to aura bhI adhika bhrAmaka hai| Azcarya hai ki ve "thudi" se devAgamastotra aura parameSThistotra ko samIkRta karate haiM, jabaki mUlAdhAra kA mantavya anya hI hai| jahA~ taka gaNadhara kathita granthoM kA prazna hai vahA~ lekhaka kA tAtparya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga Adi aMga granthoM se hai, pratyekabuddhakathita granthoM se tAtparya praznavyAkaraNa, uttarAdhyayana aura RSibhASita Adi se hai, kyoMki ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita mAne jAte haiN| ye grantha pratyekabuddhakathita haiM, aisA spaSTa ullekha bhI samavAyAMga, uttarAdhyayana niryukti Adi meM hai| zrutakevalikathita granthoM se tAtparya AcArya zayyambhavaracita dazavaikAlika, AcArya bhadrabAhu (prathama) racita bRhatkalpa, dazAzrutaskandha (AyAradasA ), vyavahAra Adi se hai tathA abhinna dazapUrvIkathita granthoM se unakA tAtparya kammapayaDI Adi "pUrva" sAhitya ke granthoM se hai / yahA~ smaraNa rakhane yogya tathya yaha hai ki yadi thApanIya paramparA meM ye grantha vicchinna mAne jAte, to phira inake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza lagabhaga IsA kI chaThIM zatAbdI ke grantha mUlAcAra meM kaise ho pAtA / digambara paramparA ke anusAra to vIranirvANa ke 683 varSa pazcAt arthAt IsA kI dUsarI zatI meM AcArAMga dhAriyoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gaI thI phira vIranirvANa ke eka hajAra varSa pazcAt bhI AcArAMga Adi ke svAdhyAya karane kA nirdeza dene kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jAtA hai| jJAtavya hai ki bhUlAcAra kI yahI gAthA kundakunda ke suttapAhuDa meM bhI milatI hai, kintu kundakunda AgamoM ke uparyukta prakAroM kA ullekha karane ke pazcAt unakI svAdhyAya vidhi ke sambandha meM kucha nahIM kahate haiN| jabaki mUlAcAra spaSTa rUpa se unake svAdhyAya kA nirdeza karatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM mUlAcAra meM AgamoM ke adhyayana kI upadhAna vidhi arthAt tapa pUrvaka AgamoM ke adhyayana karane kI vidhi kA bhI ullekha hai| AgamoM ke adhyayana kI yaha upadhAna vidhi zvetAmbaroM meM Aja bhI pracalita hai| vidhimArgaprapA (pR. 49-51 ) meM isakA vistRta ullekha hai| isase yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se pramANita ho jAtA hai ki mUlAcAra AgamoM ko vicchinna nahIM mAnatA thA / yApanIya paramparA meM ye aMga Agama aura aMgabAhya Agama pracalana meM the, isakA eka pramANa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI meM yApanIya AcArya aparAjita bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM na kevala ina AgamoM se aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM, apitu svayaM dazavaikAlika para TIkA bhI likha rahe haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM, yApanIya paryuSaNa ke avasara para kalpasUtra kA vAcana bhI karate the, aisA nirdeza svayaM digambarAcArya kara rahe haiM / kyA yApanIya Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se bhinna the ?
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________________ 30 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza isa prasaMga meM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yApanIyoM ke ye Agama kauna se the ? kyA ve ina nAmoM se upalabdha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM se bhinna the yA yahI the ? hamAre kucha digambara vidvAnoM ne yaha kahane kA atisAhasa bhI kiyA hai ki ye Agama vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM se sarvathA bhinna the| paM. kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa, pUrva pIThikA, pR. 525) ne aisA hI anumAna kiyA hai, ve likhate haiM "jaina paramparA meM digambara aura zvetAmbara ke samAna eka yApanIya saMgha bhI thaa| yaha saMgha yadyapi nagnatA kA pakSadhara thA, tathApi zvetAmbarIya AgamoM ko mAnatA thaa| isa saMgha ke AcArya aparAjitasUri kI saMskRta TIkA bhagavatIArAdhanA nAmaka prAcIna grantha para hai| jo mudrita bhI ho cukI hai| usameM nagnatA ke samarthana meM aparAjitasUri ne Agama granthoM se aneka uddharaNa diye haiM, jinameM se aneka uddharaNa vartamAna AgamoM meM nahIM milte| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne yahA~ jo "aneka" zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai vaha bhrAnti utpanna karatA hai| maiMne aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta Agamika sandarbho kI zvetAmbara AgamoM se tulanA karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha pAyA hai ki lagabhaga 90 pratizata sandarbho meM AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI prAkRta para zaurasenI prAkRta ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa hue AMzika pAThabheda ko chor3akara koI antara nahIM hai! jahA~ kiMcit pAThabheda hai vahA~ bhI artha-bheda nahIM hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne isa grantha meM bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA (pR. 320-327) se eka uddharaNa diyA hai, jo vartamAna AcArAMga meM nahIM milatA hai| unake dvArA prastuta vaha uddharaNa nimna hai-- tathA coktamAcArage -- suda *Aussatto* bhagavadA evamakkhAdA iha khalu saMyamAbhimukha duvihA itthI purisA jAdA hvNti| taM jahA savvasamaNNAgade No savvasamaNNAgade cev| tatya je savvasamaNNAgade thiNAra hatthapANIpAde savvidiya samaNNAgade tassa NaM No kappadi eAmavi vattha dhAriuM evaM parihiuM evaM aNNattha egeNa paDilehageNa iti| nizcaya hI uparyukta sandarbha AcArAMga meM isI rUpa meM zabdazaH nahIM hai kintu "savvasamannAgaya" nAmaka pada aura ukta kathana kA bhAva AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aSTama adhyayana meM Aja bhI surakSita hai| ataH isa AdhAra para yaha kalpanA karanA anucita hogA ki yApanIya paramparA kA AcArAMga, vartamAna meM zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha AcArAMga se bhinna thaa| kyoMki aparAjitasUri dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga ke anya sandarbha Aja bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ke isI AcArAMga meM upalabdha hai| aparAjita ne AcArAMga ke "lokavicaya" nAmaka dvitIya adhyayana ke paMcama uddezaka kA ullekhapUrvaka jo uddharaNa diyA hai, vaha Aja bhI usI adhyAya ke usI uddezaka meM upalabdha hai| isI prakAra usameM "ahaM puNa evaM jANejja upAtikate hemate-- Thavijja" jo yaha pATha AcArAMga se uddhRta hai-- vaha bhI vartamAna AcArAMga ke aSTama adhyayana ke caturtha uddezaka meM hai| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, kalpa Adi ke sandarbho kI bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti hai| aba hama uttarAdhyayana ke sandarbho para vicAra kregeN| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ne jaina sAhitya kI pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjita kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA kI nimna do gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM--
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________________ 31 pro. sAgaramala jaina paricattesu vatthesu Na puNo celmaadie| acelapavare bhikkhU jiNarUpadhare sdaa|| sacelago sukhI bhavadi asukhI vA vi acelgo| ahaM to sacelo hokkhAmi idi bhikkhu na ciNte|| paMDitajI ne inheM uttarAdhyayana kI gAthA kahA hai aura unheM vartamAna uttarAdhyayana meM anupalabdha bhI batAyA hai| kintu jaba hamane svayaM paMDitajI dvArA hI sampAdita evaM anuvAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA dekhI to usameM inheM spaSTa rUpa se uttarAdhyayana kI gAthAyeM nahIM kahA gayA hai| usameM mAtra "imAni ca sUtrANi acelatAM darzayanti" kahakara inheM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| AdaraNIya paMDitajI ko yaha bhrAnti kaise ho gaI, hama nahIM jaante| punaH ye gAthAe~ bhI cAhe zabdazaH uttarAdhyayana meM na hoM, kintu bhAvarUpa se to donoM hI gAthAe~ aura zabda-spa se inake ATha caraNoM meM se cAra caraNa to upalabdha hI haiN| uparokta uddhRta gAthAoM se tulanA ke lie uttarAdhyayana kI ye gAthAe~ prastuta hai-- "parijuNNehiM vatyehi hokkhAmi tti acele| aduvA "sacelae hokvaM" idaM bhikkhU na vinte|| "egayA acelae hoi sacele yAvi egyaa|" evaM dhammahiyaM naccA nANI no prideve|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 2/12-13 jisa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM hI cUrNi meM Agata pAThoM aura zIlAMka yA abhayadeva kI TIkA meM Agata pAThoM meM ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kI dRSTi se pAThabheda rahA hai, usI prakAra yApanIya paramparA ke Agama ke pATha mAthurI vAcanA ke hone ke kAraNa zaurasenI prAkRta se yukta rahe hoNge| kintu yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki prAcIna stara ke sabhI Agama grantha mUlataH ardhamAgadhI ke rahe haiN| unameM jo mahArASTrI yA zaurasenI ke zabda-rUpa upalabdha hote haiM, ve paravartI haiN| vijayodayA meM AcArAMga Adi ke sabhI Agamika sandarbho ko dekhane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ve pUrNataH zaurasenI prabhAva se yukta haiN| mUlataH AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi Agama to nizcita hI ardhamAgadhI meM rahe haiN| yahA~ do sambhAvanAe~ ho sakatI hai, prathama yahI hai ki mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya una para zaurasenI kA prabhAva AyA ho aura yApanIyoM ne use mAnya rakhA ho| dUsare yaha hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA una AgamoM kA zaurasenIkaraNa karate samaya zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya AcArAMga Adi se unameM pAThabheda ho gayA ho, kintu isa AdhAra para bhI yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogA ki yAyanIya aura zvetAmbara paramparA ke Agama bhinna the| aisA pAThabheda to eka hI paramparA ke AgamoM meM bhI upalabdha hai| svayaM paM. kailAzacandrajI ne apane grantha jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa-pUrvapIThikA meM aparAjitasUri kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI TIkA se AcArAMga kA jo uparyukta pATha diyA hai, usameM aura svayaM unake dvarA sampAdita bhagavatIArAdhanA kI aparAjitasUri kI TIkA meM uddhRta pATha meM hI antara hai-- eka meM "thINa" pATha hai-- dUsare meM "thIrAMga" pATha hai, jisase artha-bheda bhI hotA hai| eka hI lekhaka aura
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________________ 32 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza sampAdaka kI kRti meM bhI pAThabheda ho to bhinna paramparAoM meM kiMcit pAThabheda honA svAbhAvika hai, kintu usase unakI pUrNa bhinnatA kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| punaH yApanIya paramparA dvArA uddhRta AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi ke uparyukta pAThoM kI acelakatva kI avadhAraNA kA prazna hai, vaha zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM Aja bhI upalabdha hai| isI prasaMga meM uttarAdhyayana kI jo anya gAthAyeM uddhRta kI gaI haiM, ve Aja bhI uttarAdhyayana ke 23veM adhyayana meM kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha upalabdha hai| ArAdhanA kI TIkA meM uddhRta ina gAthAoM para bhI zaurasenI kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki mUla uttarAdhyayana ardhamAgadhI kI racanA hai| isase aisA lagatA hai ki yApanIyoM ne apane samaya ke avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM ko mAnya karate hue bhI unheM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA, anyathA aparAjita kI TIkA meM mUla AgamoM ke uddharaNoM kA zaurasenI rUpa na milakara ardhamAgadhI rUpa hI miltaa| isa sambandha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 60 ) kA nimna vaktavya vicAraNIya hai-- ____ "zvetAmbara sampradAya mAnya jo Agama grantha hai, yApanIya saMgha zAyada una sabhI ko mAnatA thA, parantu aisA jAna par3atA hai ki donoM ke AgamoM meM kucha pAThabheda thA aura usakA kAraNa yaha ho ki upalabdha vallabhI vAcanA ke pahale kI koI vAcanA (saMbhavataH mAthurI vAcanA) yApanIya saMgha ke pAsa thI, kyoMki vijayodayA TIkA meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa haiM ve zvetAmbara AgamoM meM bilkula jyoM ke tyoM nahIM balki kucha pAThabheda ke sAtha milate haiN| yApanIyoM ke pAsa skaMdila kI mAthurI vAcanA ke Agama the yaha mAnane meM eka bAdhA AtI hai, vaha yaha ki skaMdila kI vAcanA kA kAla vIranirvANa 827-840 arthAt IsA kI tRtIya zatI kA anta aura caturthazatI kA prArambha hai, jabaki saMghabheda usake lagabhaga 200 varSa pahale hI ghaTita ho cukA thaa| kintu paM. nAthUrAmajI yaha zaMkA isa AdhAra para nirasta ho jAtI haiM ki vAstavika sampradAya-bheda IsvI san kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM na hokara pA~cavIM zatI meM huaa| yadyapi yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki phalgumitra kI paramparA kI koI vAcanA thI, kintu isa vAcanA ke sambandha meM spaSTa nirdeza kahIM bhI upalabdha nahIM hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki yApanIya Agama vahI the, jo una nAmoM se Aja zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha haiN| mAtra unameM kiMcit pAThabheda thA tathA bhASA kI dRSTi se zaurasenI kA prabhAva adhika thaa| yApanIya granthoM meM AgamoM ke jo uddharaNa milate haiM unameM kucha to vartamAna zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM, kucha pAThAntara ke sAtha upalabdha hai| jo anupalabdha haiM, unake sambandha meM do vikalpa hai-- prathama yaha ki mUlAgamoM ke ve aMza bAda ke zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne agalI vAcanA meM nikAla diye aura dUsarA yaha ki ve aMza yApanIya mAnyatA ke prakSipta aMza hoN| kintu prathama vikalpa meM isalie vizvAsa nahIM hotA ki yadi paravartI vAcanAoM meM ve saba bAteM, jo usa yuga ke AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM thIM yA unakI paramparA ke viruddha thIM, nikAla dI gaI hotI to vartamAna zvetAmbara AgamoM meM acelatA ke samarthaka sabhI aMza nikAla diye jAne cAhie the| mujhe aisA lagatA hai ki AgamoM kI vAcanAoM (saMkalana) ke samaya kevala ve hI aMza nahIM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 33 A pAye the jo vismRta ho gaye the athavA punarAvRtti se bacane ke lie "jAva" pATha dekara vahA~ se haTA diye gaye the| mAnyatA bheda ke kAraNa kucha aMza jAnabUjhakara nikAle gaye hoM, aisA koI bhI vizvasanIya pramANa hameM nahIM milatA hai| kintu yaha ho sakatA hai ki ve aMza kisI anya gaNa kI vAcanA ke rahe hoM, jinake pratinidhi usa vAcanA meM sammilita nahIM the / kucha aise pramANa upalabdha haiM ki vibhinna gaNoM meM vAcanA-bheda yA pAThabheda hotA thaa| vibhinna gaNoM ke nirmANa kA eka kAraNa vAcanA bheda bhI mAnA gayA hai| yaha kahA jAtA hai ki mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadharoM kI nau vAcanAe~ thIM arthAt mahAvIra ke kAla meM bhI vAcanA-bheda thaa| kyoMki pratyeka vAcanAcArya kI -adhyApana zailI bhinna hotI thI / jJAtavya hai ki jaina paramparA meM zabda ke sthAna para artha para bala diyA jAtA thA, tIrthaMkara ko artha kA pravartaka mAnA gayA thA jabaki vaidika paramparA zabda pradhAna thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ne yaha mAnA ki cAhe zabda-bheda ho, para artha-bheda nahIM honA cAhie / yahI kAraNa hai ki vAcanA bheda bar3hate gye| hameM yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika uddharaNoM se vartamAna AgamoM ke pAThoM kA jo pAThabheda milatA hai unakA kAraNa vAcanA-bheda hai, artha-bheda nahIM, kyoMki aise anupalabdha aMzoM yA pAThabhedoM meM viSaya pratipAdana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa antara nahIM hai / kintu isa sambhAvanA se pUrI taraha inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki svayaM yApanIyoM ne bhI apanI mAnyatA kI puSTi ke lie kucha aMza jor3e hoM athavA parivartita kiye ho / zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI vallabhI vAcanA meM yA usake pazcAt bhI AgamoM meM kucha aMza jur3ate rahe haiM-- isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| hama paNDita kailAzacandrajI (jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa pUrvapIThikA, pR. 527) ke isa kathana se sahamata haiM ki vallabhI vAcanA ke samaya aura usake bAda bhI AgamoM ke svarUpa meM kucha parivartana hue haiN| kintu unake dvArA prayukta " bahuta " zabda Apattijanaka hai| phira bhI dhyAna rakhanA hogA ki inameM prakSepa hI adhika huA hai, vismRti ko chor3akara jAna-bUjhakara nikAlA kucha nahIM gayA hai| 1 kintu aisA prakSepa mAtra zvetAmbaroM ne kiyA hai aura digambaroM tathA yApanIyoM ne nahIM kiyA hai-- yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| sambhava hai ki yApanIya paramparA ne bhI AgamoM meM apane anukUla kucha aMza prakSipta kiye hoN| mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi granthoM ko dekhane se aisA spaSTa lagatA hai ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI hI saikar3oM gAthAyeM zaurasenI prAkRta meM rUpAntarita karake apane ina granthoM ko racanA kI hai, mUlAcAra kA lagabhaga AdhA bhAga prakIrNakoM, niyuktiyoM evaM AgamoM kI gAthAoM se nirmita hai| yaha to nizcita hai ki prAcIna Agama sAhitya ardhamAgadhI meM thA / yApanIya granthoM meM upalabdha Agamika sandarbha ke sadaiva zaurasenI rUpa hI milate hai, jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM ki unhoMne ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko zaurasenI meM apane' DhaMga se rUpAntarita karane kA prayatna kiyA hogA aura isa prayatna meM unhoMne apane mata kI puSTi kA bhI prayAsa kiyA hogaa| ataH isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki yApanIya AcAryoM ne bhI mUla AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a kI thI aura apane mata kI puSTi hetu unhoMne unameM parivardhana aura prakSepa bhI kiye|
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________________ 34 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza mAtra zvetAmbara aura yApanIya hI AgamoM ke sAtha cher3achAr3a karane ke doSI nahIM haiM, balki digambara AcArya aura paNDita bhI isa daur3a meM pIche nahIM rahe haiN| yApanIya granthoM meM digambara paramparA ke dvArA jo prakSepaNa aura parivartana kiye gaye hai ve to aura bhI adhika vicAraNIya haiM, kyoMki inake kAraNa aneka yApanIya granthoM kA yApanIya svaspa hI vikRta ho gayA hai| hamAre digambara vidvAn zvetAmbara granthoM meM prakSepaNa kI bAta to kahate hai kintu ve isa bAta ko vismRta kara jAte haiM ki svayaM unhoMne yApanIya aura apane granthoM meM bhI kisa prakAra hera-phera kiye haiN| isa sambandha meM maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara vizanoM kA mata prastuta karanA caahuuNgaa| paM. kailAzacandrajI sva-sampAdita "bhagavatIArAdhanA" kI prastAvanA (pR. 9) meM likhate haiM-- "vijayodayA ke adhyayana se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake sAmane TIkA likhate samaya jo mUlagrantha upasthita thA, usameM aura vartamAna mUla (grantha) meM antara hai| aneka gAthAoM meM ve zabda nahIM milate jo TIkAoM meM haiN|" isase spaSTa hotA hai ki jaba digambara AcAryoM ne isa yApanIya grantha ko apane meM samAhita kiyA hogA to isakI mUla gAthAoM ke zabdoM meM bhI hera-phera kara diyA hogaa| yadi paM. kailAzayandrajI ne una sabhI sthaloM kA jahA~ unheM pAThabheda pratIta huA, nirdeza kiyA hotA to sambhavataH hama adhika prAmANikatA se kucha bAta kaha sakate the| TIkA aura mUla ke sAre antaroM ko hama bhI abhI taka khoja nahIM pAye haiN| ataH abhI to unake mata ko hI vizvasanIya mAnakara saMtoSa kreNge| svayaMbhU ke riTThanemicariu (harivaMzapurANa) meM bhI isI prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a huI thii| isa sandarbha meM paM. nAthUrAmajI premI (jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, pR. 202 ) likhate hai-- "isameM to saMdeha nahIM hai ki isa antima aMza meM muni jasakitti (yazakIrti) kA bhI hAtha hai parantu yaha kitanA hai yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| bahuta kucha soca-vicAra ke bAda hama isa nirNaya para pahuMce haiM ki muni jasakitti ko isa grantha kI koI aisI jIrNa-zIrNa prati milI thI jisake antima patra naSTa-bhraSTa the aura zAyada anya pratiyA durlabha thI, isalie unhoMne gopagiri (gvAliyara) ke samIpa kumaranagarI ke jaina mandira meM vyAkhyAna karane ke lie ise ThIka kiyA arthAt jahA~-jahA~ jitanA aMza padA nahIM gayA thA yA naSTa ho gayA thA, usako svayaM racakara jor3a diyA aura jahA~-jahA~ jor3A, vahA~-vahA~ apane parizrama ke evaja meM apanA nAma bhI jor3a diyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha digambara AcAryoM ne dUsaroM kI racanAoM ko bhI apane nAma para car3hA liyaa| _isI prakAra tiloyapaNNatti meM bhI paryApta rUpa se milAvaTa huI hai| jahA~ "tilAyapaNNatti" kA grantha-parimANa 8000 zloka batAyA gayA hai vahA~ vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti kA zloka-parimANa 9340 hai arthAt lagabhaga 1340 zloka adhika haiN| paM. nAthUrAmajI premI ke zabdoM meM -- ye isa bAta ke saMketa dete haiM ki pIche se isameM milAvaTa kI gayI hai| isa sandarbha meM paM. phUlacandrazAstrI ke, jaina sAhitya bhAskara, bhAga 11, aMka prathama meM prakAzita "vartamAna tiloyapaNNatti aura
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________________ 35 pro. sAgaramala jaina usake racanAkAra kA vicAra" nAmaka lekha ke AdhAra para ve likhate haiM-- "usase mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha grantha apane asala rUpa meM nahIM rahA hai| usameM na kevala bahuta sA lagabhaga eka aSTamAMza prakSipta hai, balki bahuta-sA parivartana aura parizodha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jo mUla grantha kartA ke anukUla nahIM hai|" isI prakAra kasAyapAhuDasutta kI mUla gAthAe~ 180 thIM, kintu Aja usameM 233 gAthAe~ milatI haiM-- arthAt usameM 53 gAthAe~ paravartI AcAryoM dvArA prakSipta haiN| yahI sthiti kundakunda ke samayasAra, vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra Adi kI bhI hai| prakAzita saMskaraNoM meM bhI gAthAoM kI saMkhyAoM meM bahuta adhika antara hai| samayasAra ke jJAnapITha ke saMskaraNa meM 415 gAthAyeM hai to ajitAzrama saMskaraNa meM 437 gaathaayeN| mUlAcAra ke digambara jainagranthamAlA ke saMskaraNa meM 1242 gAthAe~ hai to phalaTaNa ke saMskaraNa meM 1414 gAthAe~ haiM arthAt 162 gAthAe~ adhika hai, yaha saba isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki digambara paramparA ke AcAryoM ne zvetAmbaroM aura yApanIyoM kI apekSA bahuta adhika prakSepa evaM parivartana kiyA hai| ina ullekhoM ke atirikta vartamAna meM bhI isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ke prayAsa hue haiN| jaise "dhavalA" ke sampAdana ke samaya mUla grantha SaTkhaNDAgama se "saMjada" pada ko haTA denA, tAki usa grantha ke yApanIya svarUpa yA strI-mukti ke samarthaka hone kA pramANa naSTa kiyA jA ske| isa sandarbha meM digambara samAja meM kitanI UhApoha macI thI aura pakSa-vipakSa meM kitane lekha likhe gaye the, yaha tathya kisI se chipA nahIM hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki anta meM malaprati meM "saMjada" pada pAyA gyaa| tathApi tAmrapatra vAlI prati meM vaha pada nahIM likhA gayA, sambhavataH bhaviSya meM vaha eka naI samasyA utpanna kregaa| isa sandarbha meM bhI maiM apanI ora se kucha na kahakara digambara paramparA ke mAnya vivan paM. kailAzakndrajI ke zabdoM ko hI uddhRta kara rahA huuN| paM. bAlacandrazAstrI kI kRti "SaTkhaNDAgama-parizIlana" ke apane pradhAna sampAdakIya meM ve likhate haiM-- "samUcA grantha prakAzita hone se pUrva hI eka aura vivAda uTha khar3A huaa| prathama bhAga ke sUtra 93 meM jo pATha hameM upalabdha thA, usameM artha-saMgati kI dRSTi se "saMjadAsaMjada" ke Age "saMjada" pada jor3ane kI AvazyakatA pratIta huI, kintu isase phalita hone vAlI saiddhAntika vyavasthAoM se kucha viddhAnoM ke mana AloDita hue aura ve "saMjada" pada ko vahA~ jor3anA eka anadhikAra ceSTA kahane lge| isa para bahuta bAra maukhika zAstrArtha bhI hue aura uttara-pratyuttara rUpa lekhoM kI zrRMkhalAe~ bhI cala par3IM, jinakA saMgraha kucha svatantra granthoM meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isake maukhika samAdhAna hetu jaba sampAdakoM ne tAr3apatrIya pratiyoM ke pATha kI sUkSmatA se jAMca karAyI taba patA calA ki vahA~ kI donoM bhinna pratiyoM meM hamArA sujhAyA gayA saMjada pada vidyamAna hai| isase do bAteM spaSTa huI-- eka to yaha ki sampAdakoM ne jo pATha-saMzodhana kiyA hai, vaha gambhIra cintana aura samajhadArI para AdhArita hai aura dUsarI yaha ki mUla pratiyoM se pATha milAna kI AvazyakatA aba bhI banI huI hai, kyoMki jo pAThAntara mUDabidrI se prApta hue the aura tRtIya bhAga ke anta meM samAviSTa kiye gaye the unameM yaha saMzodhana nahIM milaa|" mere uparyukta lekhana kA tAtparya kisI kI bhAvanAoM ko Thesa pahu~cAnA nahIM hai kintu mUlagranyoM ke sAtha aisI cher3a-chAr3a karane ke lie zvetAmbara, digambara, yApanIya-- sabhI samAnaspa se doSI haiN| jahA~ zvetAmbaroM ne apane hI pUrva avibhakta paramparA ke AgamoM se aisI cher3a-chAr3a
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________________ 36 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza kI, vahA~ yApanIyoM ne zvetAmbara mAnya AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se aura digambaroM ne yApanIya paramparA ke granthoM se aisI hI cher3a-chAr3a kii| niSkarSa yaha hai ki isa prakAra kI cher3a-chAr3a prAcIna kAla se lekara vartamAna kAla taka hotI rahI hai| koI bhI paramparA isa sandarbha meM pUrNa nirdoSa nahIM kahI jA sktii| ataH kisI bhI paramparA kA adhyayana karate samaya yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama una prakSipta athavA parivardhita aMzoM para niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM, kyoMki isa cher3a-chAr3a meM kahIM kucha aisA avazya raha jAtA hai, jisase yathArthatA ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| { parivardhanoM aura parivartanoM ke bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara AgamoM kI eka vizeSatA hai, vaha yaha ki ve saba bAteM bhI jinakA unakI paramparA se spaSTa virodha hai, unameM yathAvat rUpa se surakSita haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zvetAmbara Agama jaina dharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kI jAnakArI dene meM Aja bhI pUrNatayA sakSama haiN| AvazyakatA hai niSpakSa bhAva se unake adhyayana kii| kyoMki unameM bahuta kucha aisA mila jAtA hai, jisameM jainadharma ke vikAsa aura usameM Aye parivartanoM ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| yaha bAta kisI sImA taka yApanIya aura digambara granthoM ke sandarbha meM bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, yadyapi zvetAmbara sAhitya kI apekSA vaha alpa hI hai| prakSepa aura pariSkAra ke bAda bhI samagra jaina sAhitya meM bahuta kucha aisA hai, jo satya ko prastuta karatA hai, kintu zarta yahI hai ki usakA adhyayana aitihAsika aura sampradAya nirapekSa dRSTi se ho, tabhI hama satya ko samajha skeNge| AgamoM ke viccheda kI avadhAraNA Agama ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA jainadharma ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI sampradAyoM meM ullikhita haiN| digambara paramparA meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI yaha avadhAraNA tiloyapaNNatti, SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi meM milatI hai| ina saba granthoM meM tiloyapaNNatti apekSAkRta prAcIna hai| tiloyapaNNatti kA racanAkAla vidvAnoM ne IsA kI chaThIM sAtavIM zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA hai| isake pazcAt SaTkhaNDAgama kI dhavalA TIkA, harivaMzapurANa, AdipurANa Adi grantha Ate haiM jo lagabhaga I. kI navIM zatI kI racanAe~ hai / harivaMza purANa meM Agama-viccheda kI carcA ko kucha vidvAnoM ne prakSipta mAnA hai kyoMki vaha yApanIya paramparA kA grantha hai aura yApanIyoM meM navIM dasavIM zatAbdI taka AgamoM ke adhyayana aura una para TIkA likhane kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| sambhava yaha bhI hai ki jisa prakAra zvetAmbaroM meM AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA hote hue bhI AgamoM kI paramparA jIvita rahI usI prakAra yApanIyoM meM bhI zruta viccheda kI paramparA kA ullekha hote hue bhI zruta ke adhyayana evaM una para TIkA Adi ke lekhana kI paramparA jIvita rahI hai| punaH harivaMzapurANa meM bhI mAtra pUrva evaM aMga grantha ke viccheda kI carcA hai zeSa grantha to the hii| ina granthoM 'anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt gautama, sudharmA (lohArya ) aura jambU ye tIna AcArya kevalI hue, ina tInoM kA sammilita kAla 62 varSa mAnA gayA hai|
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 37 tatpazcAt viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu ye pA~ca AcArya caturdaza pUrvo ke dhAraka zrutakevalI hue| ina pA~ca AcAryoM kA sammilita kAla 100 varSa hai| isa prakAra bhadrabAhu ke kAla taka aMga aura pUrva kI paramparA avicchinna banI rhii| usake bAda prathama pUrva sAhitya kA viccheda prArambha huaa| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt vizAkha, proSThila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtisena, vijaya buddhila, dharmasena aura gaMgadeva -- ye gyAraha AcArya dasa pUrvo ke dhAraka hue| inakA sammilita kAla 183 varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke pazcAt 345 varSa taka pUrvadharoM kA astitva rhaa| isake bAda pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sAtha hI pUrva jJAna kA viccheda ho gyaa| inake pazcAt nakSatra, yazapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kaMsa -- ye pA~ca AcArya ekAdaza aMgoM ke jJAtA hue| inakA sammilita kAla 220 varSa mAnA gyaa| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra nirvANa ke 565 varSa pazcAt AcArAMga ko chor3akara zeSa aMgoM kA bhI viccheda ho gyaa| inake bAda subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu aura lohAcArya -- ye cAra AcArya AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| inakA kAla118 varSa rhaa| isa prakAra vIranirvANa ke683 varSa pazcAta aMga evaM parva sAhitya ke granthoM ke pUrNajJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA samApta ho gii| inake bAda AcArya dharasena taka aMga aura pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA (AMzikajJAtA) AcAryoM kI paramparA clii| usake bAda pUrva aura aMga sAhitya kA viccheda ho gyaa| mAtra aMga aura pUrva ke AdhAra para unake ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM dvArA nirmita grantha hI zeSa rhe| aMga aura pUrvadharoM kI yaha sUcI hamane harivaMzapurANa ke AdhAra para dI hai| anya granthoM evaM zravaNa belagolA ke kucha abhilekhoM meM bhI yaha sUcI dI gayI hai kintu ina sabhI sUciyoM meM kahIM nAmoM meM aura kahIM krama meM antara hai, jisase inakI prAmANikatA saMdehAspada bana jAtI hai| kintu jo kucha sAhityika aura abhilekhIya sAkSya upalabdha hai unheM hI AdhAra banAnA hogA anya koI vikalpa bhI nahIM hai| yadyapi ina sAkSyoM meM bhI eka bhI sAkSya aisA nahIM hai, jo sAtavIM zatI se pUrva kA ho| ina samasta vivaraNoM se hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki digambara paramparA meM zruta viccheda kI isa carcA kA prArambha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM huA aura usameM aMga evaM pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM pUrva jJAna ke viccheda kI carcA to niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi Adi Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM huI hai| kintu aMga-AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA mAtra titthogAliya prakIrNaka ke atirikta anyatra kahIM nahIM milatI hai| titthogAliya prakIrNaka ko dekhane se lagatA hai ki yaha grantha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isakA racanA kAla aura kucha viSaya-vastu bhI tiloyapaNNatti se samarUpa hI hai| isa prakIrNaka kA ullekha, nandIsUtra kI kAlika aura utkAlika granthoM kI sUcI meM nahIM hai kintu vyavahArabhASya (10/704) meM isakA ullekha huA hai| vyavahArabhASya spaSTataH sAtavIM zatAbdI kI racanA hai| antataH tityogAliya pAMcavIM zatI ke pazcAt tathA sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva arthAt lagabhaga IsvI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hogaa| yahI kAla tiloyapaNNatti kA bhI hai| ina donoM granthoM meM hI sarvaprathama zruta ke viccheda kI carcA hai| tityogAliya meM tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke caudaha svapna, strI-mukti tathA dasa AzcayoM kA ullekha hone se evaM nandIsUtra, anuyogavara tathA Avazyakaniyukti se isameM
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________________ 38 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza aneka gAthAe~ avatarita kiye jAne se yahI siddha hotA hai ki yaha zvetAmbara grantha hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM prakIrNaka rUpa meM isakI Aja bhI mAnyatA hai| isa grantha kI gAthA 807 se 857 taka meM na kevala pUrvo ke viccheda kI carcA hai apitu aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI bhI carcA hai| titthogAliya evaM anya granthoM ke sAkSya se jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra antima caturdazapUrvadhara Arya bhadrabAhu hue| Arya bhadrabAhu svargavAsa ke sAtha hI cartudaza pUrvadharoM kI paramparA samApta ho gyii| inakA svargavAsa kAla vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt mAnA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt sthUlibhadra dasa pUrvo ke artha sahita aura zeSa cAra pUrvo ke mUla mAtra ke jJAtA hue| yadhArtha meM to ve dasa pUrvo ke hI jJAtA the| tityogAliya meM sthUlibhadra ko dasa pUrvadharoM meM prathama kahA gayA hai| usameM antima dasapUrvI satyamitra pAThabheda se sarvamitra ko batAyA gayA hai, kintu unake kAla kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| usake bAda usa grantha meM yaha ullekhita hai ki anukrama se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 1000 varSa pazcAt vAcaka vRSabha ke samaya meM pUrvagata zruta kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt bhI pUrvadharoM kI paramparA calatI rahI hai, zvetAmbaroM meM abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara aura bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara, aise do prakAra ke vargo kA ullekha hai, jo sampUrNa dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote, ve abhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahe jAte the aura jo AMzika rUpa se dasa pUrvo ke jJAtA hote the, unheM bhinna-akSara dasapUrvadhara kahA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki caturdaza pUrvadharoM ke viccheda kI isa carcA meM donoM paramparA meM antima caturdazapUrvI bhadrabAhu ko hI mAnA gayA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra vIranirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra 162 varSa pazcAt caturdaza pUrvadharoM kA viccheda huaa| yahA~ donoM paramparAoM meM mAtra ATha varSoM kA antara hai| kintu dasa pUrvadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM koI samaspatA nahIM dekhI jAtI hai| zvetAmbara paramparAnusAra Arya sarvamitra aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra Arya dharmasena yA Arya siddhArtha antima dasa pUrvI hue hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM Arya sarvamitra ko antima dasa pUrvadhara kahA gayA hai| digambara paramparA meM bhagavatI ArAdhanA ke kartA zivArya ke guruoM ke nAmoM meM sarvaguptagaNi aura mitragaNi nAma Ate hai kintu donoM meM koI samarUpatA ho yaha nirNaya karanA kaThina hai| digambara paramparA meM dasa pUrvadharoM ke pazcAt ekadeza pUrvadharoM kA ullekha to huA hai kintu unakI koI sUcI upalabdha nahIM hotI / ataH isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kara pAnA sambhava nahIM hai| pUrva sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA ke pazcAt titthogAliya meM aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai, jo nimnAnusAra hai-- usameM ullikhita hai ki vIranirvANa ke 1250 varSa pazcAt vipAkasUtra sahita cha. aMgoM kA viccheda ho jaayegaa| isake pazcAt vIranirvANa saM. 1300 meM samavAyAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1350 meM sthAnAMga kA, vIranivANa saM. 1400 meM kalpa-vyavahAra kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1500 meM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 39 AyAradazA kA, vIranirvANa saM. 1900 meM sUtrakRtAMga kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 2000 meM nizIthasUtra kA viccheda hogaa| jJAtavya hai ki isake pazcAt lagabhaga aThAraha hajAra varSa taka viccheda kI koI carcA nahIM hai| phira vIranirvANa saM. 20,000 meM AcArAMga kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20500 meM uttarAdhyayana kA, vIranirvANa saM. 20900 meM dazavaikAlika mUla kA aura vIranirvANa saM. 21,000 meM dazavakAlika ke artha kA viccheda hogA -- yaha kahA gayA hai| jJAtavya hai ki paNDita dalasukhabhAI ne jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa kI bhUmikA ( pU. 61 ) meM AcArAMga kA viccheda vIranirvANa ke 2300 varSa pazcAt likhA hai kintu mUla gAthA se kahIM bhI yaha artha phalita nahIM hotaa| unhoMne kisa AdhAra para yaha artha kiyA yaha hama nahIM jAnate haiN| ho sakatA hai ki unake pAsa isa gAthA kA koI dUsarA pAThAntara rahA ho| isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki aga AgamoM ke viccheda kI carcA zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI calI hai, kintu isake bAvajUda bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne aMga sAhitya ko, cAhe AMzika rUpa se hI kyoM na ho, surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| prathama to prazna yaha hai ki kyA viccheda kA artha tat-tat grantha kA sampUrNa rUpa se vinAza hai ? merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA artha yaha nahIM ki usa grantha kA sampUrNa loya ho gyaa| merI dRSTi meM viccheda kA tAtparya usake kucha aMzoM kA viccheda hI mAnanA hogaa| yadi hama niSpakSa dRSTi se vicAra kareM to jJAta hotA hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM bhI jo aMga sAhitya Aja avaziSTa hai ve usa rUpa meM to nahIM hai jisa rUpa se unakI viSaya-vastu kA ullekha sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, nandIsUtra Adi meM huA hai| yaha satya hai ki na kevala pUrva sAhitya kA apitu aMga sAhitya kA bhI bahuta kucha aMza vicchinna huA hai| Aja AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha kA sAtavA~ mahAparijJA nAmaka adhyAya anupalabdha hai| bhagavatIsUtra, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA, anutaraupapAtika, praznavyAkaraNa, vipAkdazA Adi granthoM kI bhI bahuta kucha sAmagrI vicchinna huI hai, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kyoMki sthAnAMga meM dasa dazAoM kI jo viSaya-vastu varNita hai, vaha unakI vartamAna viSaya-vastu se mela nahIM khAtI hai| unameM jahA~ kucha prAcIna adhyayana vilupta hue hai, vahIM kucha navIna sAmagrI samAviSTa bhI huI hai| antima vAcanAkAra devardhigaNi ne svayaM bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki mujhe jo bhI truTita sAmagrI milI hai, usako hI maine saMkalita kiyA hai| ataH Agama granthoM ke viccheda kI jo carcA hai, usakA artha yahI lenA cAhiye ki yaha zruta-saMpadA yathAvat rUpa meM surakSita nahIM raha skii| vaha AMzika rUpa se vismRti ke garbha meM calI gii| kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka yaha sAhitya maukhika rahA aura maukhika paramparA meM vismRti svAbhAvika hai| vicdeda kA krama tabhI skA jaba AgamoM ko likhita rUpa de diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM zruta-viccheda sambandhI yaha jo carcA hai usake sambandha meM yaha bAta vizeSa spa se jJAtavya hai ki usameM zrutadharoM ke arthAt zruta ke jJAtA AcAryoM ke viccheda kI carcA huI hai na ki zruta granthoM ke viccheda carcA huI hai| dUsare yaha ki pUrva aura aMga ke isa viccheda kI
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________________ 40 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza carcA meM bhI pUrva aura aMgoM ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kA astitva to svIkAra kiyA hI gayA hai| gharasena ke sambandha meM bhI mAtra yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve aMga aura pUrvo ke ekadeza jJAtA the| inake bAda aMga evaM pUrva ke ekadeza jJAtA AcAryoM kI paramparA bhI samApta ho gayI ho, aisA ullekha hameM kisI bhI digambara grantha meM nahIM milaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paM. dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA (vahI, pR. 62 ) Adi kucha vidvAna ina ullekhoM ko zrutadharoM ke viccheda kA ullekha mAnate haiM na ki zruta ke viccheda kA punaH isa carcA meM mAtra pUrva aura aMga sAhitya ke viccheda kI hI carcA huI hai| kAlika aura utkAlika sUtroM ke athavA chedasUtroM ke viccheda kI kahIM koI carcA digambara paramparA meM nahIM uThI hai| durbhAgya yaha hai ki digambara vidvAnoM ne zrutadharoM ke viccheda ko hI zruta kA viccheda mAna liyA aura kAlika, utkAlika Adi AgamoM ke viccheda kI koI carcA na hone para bhI unakA viccheda svIkAra kara liyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaba zruta ke adhyayana kI paramparA maukhika ho to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda mAnanA hogA kintu jaba zruta likhita rUpa meM bhI ho, to zrutadhara ke viccheda se zruta kA viccheda nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| dUsare maukhika paramparA se cale A rahe zruta meM vismRti Adi ke kAraNa kisI aMza-vizeSa ke viccheda ko pUrNa viccheda mAnanA bhI samIcIna nahIM hai| viccheda kI isa carcA kA tAtparya mAtra yahI hai ki mahAvIra kI yaha zruta-sampadA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura usake kucha aMza vilupta ho gye| ataH AMzika rUpa meM jinavANI Aja bhI hai, ise svIkAra karane meM kisI ko koI vipratipatti nahIM honA caahiye| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu sarala hai ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu mukhyataH upadezaparaka, AcAraparaka evaM kathAparaka hai| bhagavatI ke kucha aMza, prajJApanA, anuyogaTAra, jo ki apekSAkRta paravartI hai, ko chor3akara unameM prAyaH gahana dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcAoM kA abhAva hai| viSaya-pratipAdana sarala, sahaja aura sAmAnya vyakti ke lie bhI bodhagamya hai| vaha mukhyataH vivaraNAtmaka evaM upadezAtmaka hai| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM meM ArAdhanA aura mUlAcAra ko chor3akara lagabhaga sabhI grantha dArzanika evaM saiddhAntika carcA se yukta hai| ve paripakva dArzanika vicAroM ke paricAyaka hai| guNasthAna aura karmasiddhAnta kI ve gaharAIyA~, jo zaurasenI AgamoM meM upalabdha hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM unakA prAyaH abhAva hI hai| kundakunda ke samayasAra ke samAna unameM saiddhAntika dRSTi se adhyAtmavAda ke pratisthApana kA bhI koI prayAsa parilakSita nahIM hotaa| yadyapi ye saba unakI kamI bhI kahI jA sakatI hai, kintu cintana ke vikAsa krama kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya prAthamika stara kA hone se prAcIna bhI hai aura sAtha hI vikasita zaurasenI AgamoM ke lie AdhAra bhUta bhii| samavAyAMga meM jIvasthAnoM ke nAma se 14 guNasthAnoM kA mAtra nirdeza hai, jabaki SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA prAcIna zaurasenI Agama bhI unakI gambhIratA se carcA karatA hai| mUlAcAra, bhagavatIArAdhanA: kundakunda ke ganya aura gommaTasAra Adi sabhI meM guNasthAnoM kI vistRta carcA hai| cU~ki tattvArtha meM guNasthAnoM kI carcA kA evaM syAdvAda-saptabhaMgI kA abhAva hai, ataH ye sabhI
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAe~ tattvArtha ke bAda kI kRtiyA~ mAnI jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama, gommaTTasAra Adi zaurasenI Agama granthoM meM karmasiddhAnta kI jo gahana carcA hai, vaha bhI ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya meM anupalabdha hai| ataH zaurasenI AgamoM kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI sarala, bodhagamya evaM prAthamika stara kI vivaraNAtmaka zailI unakI prAcInatA kI sUcaka hai| tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM tathyoM kA sahaja saMkalana kiyA gayA hai ataH aneka sthAnoM para saiddhAntika dRSTi se unameM bhinnatAe~ bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| vastutaH ye grantha akRtrima bhAva se race gaye haiM aura unheM unake sampAdana kAla meM bhI saMgatiyukta banAne kA koI prayAsa nahIM kiyA gayA hai| eka ora utsarga kI dRSTi se unameM ahiMsA ke sUkSmatA ke sAtha pAlana karane ke nirdeza hai to dUsarI ora apavAda kI apekSA se aise aneka vivaraNa bhI hai jo isa sUkSma ahiMsaka jIvanazailI ke anukUla nahIM hai| isI prakAra eka ora unameM muni kI acelatA kA pratipAdana samarthana kiyA gayA hai, to dUsarI ora vastra, pAtra ke sAtha-sAtha muni ke upakaraNoM kI lambI sUcI bhI mila jAtI hai| eka ora kezaloca kA vidhAna hai to dUsarI kSura-muNDana kI anujJA bhI hai| uttarAdhyayana meM vedanIya ke bhedoM meM krodha vedanIya Adi kA ullekha hai, jo ki karmasiddhAnta ke granthoM meM yahA~ taka ki svayaM uttarAdhyayana ke karmaprakRti nAmaka adhyayana meM bhI anupalabdha hai, ukta sAkSyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya jaina saMgha kA, niSpakSa itihAsa prastuta karatA hai| tathyoM kA yathArtha rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa usakI apanI vizeSatA hai| vastutaH tathyAtmaka vividhatAoM evaM antarvirodhoM ke kAraNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke granthoM ke kAla krama kA nirdhAraNa bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jainasaMgha ke itihAsa kA prAmANika rUpa yadi hama ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM, to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina paramparA ke AcAra evaM vicAra meM dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa kAlakrama meM kyA -kyA parivartana hue isako jAnane kA AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama hI hai, kyoMki ina parivartanoM ko samajhAne ke lie unameM una tathyoM ke vikAsa krama ko khojA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke spa meM jainadharma meM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRr3ha-mUla hotA gayA, isakI jAnakArI RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se mila jAtI hai| aSibhASita meM nArada, maMkhaligozAla, asitadevala, tArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, bAhuka Adi RSiyoM ko arhat aSi kahakara sammAnita kiyA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI kapila, nami, karakaNDu, nAgati, gardabhAlI, saMjaya Adi kA sammAnapUrvaka smaraNa kiyA gayA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inameM se kucha ko AcArabheda ke bAvajUda bhI paramparA-sammata mAnA gyaa| kintu jJAtAdharmakathA meM bhArada kI aura bhagavatI ke pandrahaveM zataka meM maMkhalI gozAla kI samAlocanA bhI kI gaI hai| isa AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM anya
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________________ 42 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza paramparAoM ke prati udAratA kA bhAva kaise parivartita hotA gayA aura sAmpradAyika abhiniveza kaise dRDhamUla hote gaye, isakA yathArtha citraNa unameM upalabdha ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra AcArAMga prathama zrutaskandha, AcAracUlA, dazavaikAlika, nizItha Adi vedasUtra tathA unake bhASya aura cUrNiyoM ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jainAcAra meM kAlakrama meM kyA-kyA parivartana huA hai| isI prakAra RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA Adi ke adhyayana se spaSTa hotA hai ki pApityoM kA mahAvIra ke saMgha para kyA prabhAva par3A aura donoM ke bIca sambandhoM meM kaise parivartana hotA gyaa| isI prakAra ke aneka prazna, jinake kAraNa AjakA jaina samAja sAmpradAyika kaThagharoM meM banda hai, ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana ke mAdhyama se sulajhAye jA sakate haiN| zaurasenI AgamoM meM mAtra mUlAcAra aura bhagaktIArAdhanA ko, jo apanI viSaya-vastu ke liye ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ke prANI hai, isa koTi meM rakhA jA sakatA hai, kintu zeSa Agamatulya zaurasenI grantha jainadharma ko sImita gheroM meM Abaddha hI karate haiN| ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI-Agama aura paravartI mahArASTrI vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra ardhamAgadhI-Agama zaurasenI Agama aura mahArASTrI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra rahe haiN| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI vyAkhyA ke rUpa meM kramazaH niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi, vRtti, TabbA Adi likhe gaye haiM, ye sabhI jainadharma evaM darzana ke prAcInatama srota hai| yadyapi zaurasenI Agama aura vyAkhyA sAhitya meM cintana ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha deza, kAla aura sahagAmI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se bahuta kucha aisI sAmagrI bhI hai, jo unakI apanI maulika kaha jA sakatI hai phira bhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ko unake aneka granthoM ke mUlasrota ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAtra mUlAcAra meM hI tIna sau se adhika gAthAe~ uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, Avazyakaniyukti, jIvasamAsa, AturapratyAkhyAna, candravedhyaka ( candAvejjhaya) Adi meM upalabdha hotI hai| isI prakAra bhagavatIArAdhanA meM bhI aneka gAthAyeM ardhamAgadhI Agama aura vizeSa rUpa se prakIrNakoM (painnA) se milatI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama aura prazAphnA meM bhI jo samAnatAe~ parilakSita hotI hai, unakI vistRta carcA paNDita dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA ne (pro. e.ena. upAdhye vyAkhyAnamAlA meM) kI hai| niyamasAra kI kucha gAthAe~ anuyogadAra evaM itara AgamoM meM bhI pAI jAtI hai, jabaki samayasAra Adi kucha aise zaurasenI Agama grantha bhI hai, jinakI maulika racanA kA zreya unake kartAoM ko hI hai| tiloyaphannati kA prAthamika rUpa vizeSa rUpa se Avazyakaniyukti tathA kucha prakIrNakoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra huA thA, yadyapi bAda meM usameM paryApta rUpa se parivartana aura parivardhana kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaurasenI AgamoM ke niSpakSa adhyayana se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki unakA mUla AdhAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya hI rahA hai tathApi unameM jo saiddhAntika gaharAIyoM aura vikAsa parilakSita hote haiM, ve unake racanAkAroM kI maulika dena hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA kRrtatva ajJAta ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM prajJApanA, dazavaikAlika aura chedasUtroM ke kRrtatva chor3akara zeSa ke
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________________ 43 pro. sAgaramala jaina racanAkAroM ke sambandha meM hameM koI spaSTa jAnakArI prApta nahIM hotI hai| yadyapi dazavakAlika Arya zayambhavasUri kI, tIna chedasUtra AryabhadrabAhu kI aura prajJApanA zyAmAcArya kI kRti mAnI jAtI hai, mahAnizItha kA usakI dImakoM se bhakSita prati ke AdhAra para AcArya haribhadra ne samuddhAra kiyA thA, yaha svayaM usI meM ullekhita hai, tathApi anya AgamoM ke kartAoM ke bAre meM hama andhakAra meM hI hai| sambhavataH usakA mUla kAraNa yaha rahA hogA ki sAmAnyajana meM isa bAta kA pUrNa vizvAsa banA rahe ki ardhamAgadhI Agama gaNadharoM athavA pUrvadharoM kI kRti hai, isaliye kartAoM ne apane nAma kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| yaha vaisI hI sthiti hai jaisI hindU purANoM ke kartA ke spa meM kevala veda vyAsa ko jAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi ve aneka AcAryoM kI aura paryApta paravartIkAla kI racanAe~ haiN| isake viparIta zaurasenI AgamoM kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unameM sabhI granthoM kA kRrtatva sunizcita hai| yadyapi unameM bhI kucha parivartana aura prakSepa paravartI AcAryoM ne kiye haiN| phira bhI isa sambandha meM unakI sthiti ardhamAgadhI Agama kI apekSA kAphI spaSTa hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM to yahA~ taka bhI huA hai ki kucha kluipta kRtiyoM ke sthAna para paryApta paravartI kAla meM dUsarI kRti hI rakha dI gii| isa sambandha meM praznavyAkaraNa kI sampUrNa viSaya-vastu ke parivartana kI carvA pUrva meM hI kI jA cukI hai| abhI-abhI aMgacUliyA aura baMgaliyA nAmaka do vilupta AgamoM kA patA calA, ye bhogIlAla leharacanda bhAratIya saMskRti vidyAmandira meM upalabdha hai, jaba inakA adhyayana kiyA gayA to patA calA ki ve lokAzAha ke pazcAt arthAt solahavIM yA satrahavIM zatAbdI meM kisI ajJAta AcArya ne banAkara rakha diye hai| yadyapi isase yaha niSkarSa bhI nahIM nikAla lenA cAhie ki yaha sthiti sabhI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI hai| satya to yaha hai ki unake prakSepoM aura parivartanoM ko AsAnI se pahacAnA jA sakatA hai, jabaki zaurasenI AgamoM meM hue prakSepoM ko jAnanA jaTila hai| __ AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jisa atizayatA kI carcA paravartI AcAryoM ne kI hai, vaha unake kathana kI vizvasanIyatA para prazna cinha upasthita karatI hai| hamArI zraddhA aura vizvAsa cAhe kucha bhI ho kintu tarka, buddhi aura gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu ko bar3hA-car3hAkara batAyA gyaa| yaha kahanA ki AcArAMga ke Age pratyeka aMga grantha kI zloka saMkhyA eka dUsare se kramazaH dviguNita rahI thI athavA 14veM pUrva kI viSaya-vastu itanI thI ki use caudaha hAthiyoM ke barAbara syAhI se likhA jA sakatA thA, vizvAsa kI vastu ho sakatI hai, kintu buddhigamya nahIM hai| anta me vidvAnoM se merI yaha apekSA hai ki ve AgamoM aura vizeSa rUpa se ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA adhyayana zvetAmbara, digambara, mUrtipUjaka, sthAnakavAsI yA terApaMthI dRSTi se na kareM apitu ina sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara kareM, tabhI hama unake mAdhyama se jainadharma ke prAcIna svarUpa kA yathArtha darzana kara sakege aura prAmANika rUpa se yaha bhI samajha sakegeM ki kAlakrama meM unameM kaise aura kyA parivatana hue hai| Aja AvazyakatA hai paM. becaradAsajI jaisI niSpakSa evaM taTastha buddhi se unake adhyayana kii| anyathA digambara ko usameM vastrasambandhI ullekha prakSepa
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________________ 44 ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya : eka vimarza lageMge, to zvetAmbara sAre vastrapAtra ke ullekhoM ko mahAvIrakAlIna mAnane lagegA aura donoM hI yaha nahI samajha sakege ki vastra-pAtra kA kramika vikAsa kina paristhitiyoM aura kaise huA hai ? isa sambandha meM niyukti bhASya, cUrNi aura TIkA kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai kyoMki ye inake adhyayana kI kuMjiyA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI unameM nihita satya ko yathArtha spa se Alokita kara skegaa| AzA hai yuvA-vivAn merI isa prArthanA para dhyAna degeN| jaina Agama sAhitya kA paricaya dene ke uddezya se sampratikAla meM aneka prayatna hue hai| sarvaprathama pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM harmana jekobI zUbiMga, vinTaranija Adi ne apanI bhUmikAoM evaM svatantra nibandhoM meM isa para prakAza ddaalaa| isa dizA meM aMgrejI meM sarvaprathama hIrAlAla rasikalAla kApaDiyA ne A History of the cononical Literature of the Jainas nAmaka pustaka likhii| yaha grantha atyanta zodhaparaka dRSTi se likhA gayA aura Aja bhI eka pramANika grantha ke rUpa meM mAnya kiyA jAtA hai| isake pazcAt pro. jagadIzacandra jaina kA grantha 'prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa bhI isa kSetra meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna kI jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa yojanA ke antargata prakAzita prathama tInoM khaNDoM meM prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isI dizA meM AcArya devendramunizAstrI kI pustaka jainAgama manana ora mImAMsA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kRti hai| muni nagarAjajI kI pustaka jainAgama aura pAlI-tripiTaka bhI tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa hai| paM. kailAzacandrajI dvArA likhita jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA aura usake prathama bhAga meM zaurasenI Agama sAhitya kA ullekha huA hai kintu usameM niSpakSa dRSTi kA nirvAha nahIM huA hai aura ardhamAgadhI Agama sahitya ke mUlya aura mahattva ko samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA gayA hai| pUjya AcArya zrI jayantasenasUrijI ne prastuta kRti kI sRjanA jana-sAdharaNa ko Agama sAhitya kI viSaya-vastu kA paricaya dene ke uddezya kI hai, kintu jaba maine isa kRti ko dekhA to mujhe lagA ki unhoMne pUrI prAmANikatA ke sAtha saMzodhanAtmaka dRSTi kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai, jo unakI sahaja vidvattA kI paricAyaka hai| sAtha hI unhoMne isake lekhana meM apane ko sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se bhI mukta rakhA hai, isase unakI udAra evaM vyApaka dRSTi kA paricaya bhI mila jAtA hai| prastuta kRti bAraha adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama tIna adhyAya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM ke mahattva, pramANya, vargIkaraNa evaM racanAkAla kA ullekha karate haiN| isa carcA meM AcArya zrI ne pUrNataH anveSaka dRSTi kA nirvAha kiyA hai| adhyAya kramAMka cAra se sAta taka cAra adhyAyoM meM AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu kA vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| AThavA adhyAya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se sambandhita hai| nave adhyAya meM Agama meM varNita samAja-vyavasthA kA, dasaveM meM zAsana-vyavasthA kA, gyArahaveM meM artha-vyavasthA kA aura bArahaveM meM dharma-vyavasthA kA citraNa hai| ye antima cAra adhyAya sAmAnya pAThaka dvarA AgamoM ke mUlya evaM mahattva ko samajhane meM ati sahAyaka hai| AzA hai, pAThakagaNa isa kRti ke paThana se AgamoM ke viSaya kA sahaja hI
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________________ 45 pro. sAgaramala jaina rasAsvAdana kara skeNge| isa hetu hama AcAryazrI ke AbhArI raheMge ki unhoMne AgamoM kI viSaya-vastu ko sahaja aura bodhagamya rUpa meM hamAre sAmane prastuta kiyA hai| maiM vyaktigata rUpa se bhI AcAryazrI kA AbhArI hU~ ki unhoMne bhUmikA likhane ke mAdhyama se mujhe Agama-sAhitya ke AloDana kA sahaja avasara diyaa| *pro. sAgaramala jaina, pArzvanAtha zodhapITha, vArANasI